SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.

CIVIL ENGINEERING

SEMBODAI RUKMANI VARATHARAJAN ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
SEMBODAI 614809
(Approved By AICTE,Newdelhi Affiliated To ANNA UNIVERSITY::Chennai)

CE 6411 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

(REGULATION-2013)

LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Prepared By, Approved By,

MADHUSOFI.S.M SATHIYAVATHI.K
AP/Civil/SRVEC HOD/Civil/SRVEC

CE 6411 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS/ MADHUSOFI.S.M/AP/CIVIL/SRVEC 1

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

(REGULATION 2013)
AS PER ANNA UNIVERSITY SYLLABUS

SYLLABUS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Tension Test On Mild Steel Rod

2. Compression Test On Wood

3. Double Shear Test On Metal

4. Torsion Test On Mild Steel Rod

5. Impact Test On Metal Specimen (Izod And Charpy)

6. Hardness Test On Metals (Rockwell And Brinell Hardness Tests)

7. Deflection Test On Metal Beam

8. Compression Test On Helical Spring

9. Deflection Test On Carriage Spring

10. Test On Cement

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING
TABLE OF CONTENT
Sl.No DATE EXPERIMENTS MARK SIGN

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

TENSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

Experiment No.: Date:

Aim:
Toconducttensiontestonthegivenmildsteelrodfordeterminingtheyieldstress,
ultimatestress,breakingstress,percentageofreductioninarea,percentageofelon
gation over a gauge length and youngs modulus.
Apparatus required:
Universal Testing Machine, Mild Steel Rod, Vernier caliper/Scale.
Theory:
The tensile testismostapplied one,ofall mechanical tests. In thistest
endsoftest piece
andfixedintogripsconnectedtoastrainingdeviceandtoaloadmeasuringdevice.I
fthe
appliedloadissmallenough,thedeformationofanysolidbodyisentirelyelastic.A
nentirely
deformedsolidwillreturntoitsoriginalformassoonasloadisremoved.However,i
fthe
loadistoolarge,thematerialcanbedeformedpermanently.Theinitialpartofthete
nsion
curve,whichisrecoverableimmediatelyafterunloading,istermedaselasticandth
erestof
thecurve,whichrepresentsthemannerinsolidundergoesplasticdeformationister
medas
plastic.Thestressbelowwhichthedeformationisessentiallyentirelyelasticiskno
wnasthe
yieldstrengthofmaterial.Insomematerialstheonsetofplasticdeformationisdeno
tedbya
suddendropinloadindicationbothanupperandaloweryieldpoint.However,som
e
materialsdonotexhibitasharpyieldpoint.Duringplasticdeformation,atlargerext
ensions
strainhardeningcannotcompensateforthedecreaseinsectionandthustheloadpas

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ses
throughthemaximumandthenbeginstodecrease.Atthisstagetheultimatestren
gths,
whichisdefinedastheratiooftheloadonthespecimentotheoriginalcrosssectiona
lare,
reachesthemaximumvalue.Furtherloadingwilleventuallycausenick formati
onand rupture.
Usuallyatensiontestisconductedatroomtemperatureandthetensileloadis
appliedslowly.Duringthistesteitherroundofflatspecimensmaybeused.Therou
nd
specimensmayhavesmooth,shoulderedorthreadedends.Theloadonthespecim
enis applied mechanicallyor hydraulicallydependingon thetype of testing
machine.

Specification:
i. Power supply : 440V
ii. Load capacity : 0 40000 kgf / Least count : 08 kgf.
Procedure:
1. Measurethediameter ofthe rod usingVernier caliper.
2. Measuretheoriginal length of therod.
3. Select theproperjawinserts and
completetheupperandlowerchuckassemblies.
4. Applysomegraphitegreasetothetaperedsurfaceofthegripsurfaceforthes
moothmotion.
5. Operatetheuppercrossheadgripoperationhandleandgripfullytheuppere
ndof the test piece.
6. TheleftvalveinUTMiskeptinfullyclosedpositionandtherightvalveinnor
mal open position.
7. Opentheright valve andclose it after the lower table is slightlylifted.
8. Adjusttheloadtozerobyusinglargepushbutton.
9. Operatethelowergripoperationhandleandliftthelowercrossheadupandg
rip
fullythelowerpartofthespecimen.Thenlockthejawsinthispositionbyope
rating the jawlockinghandle.
10. Turntherightcontrolvalveslowlytoopenposition(anticlockwise)untilwe

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geta desired loadings rate.
11. Afterthatwewillfindthatthespecimenisunderloadandthenunclampthelo
cking handle.
12. Now thejawswillnotslidedownduetotheirownweight.Then
goonincreasingthe load.
13. Ataparticularstagetherewillbeapauseintheincreaseofload.Theloadatthi
s pointisnotedasyield pointload.
14. Applytheloadcontinuously,whentheloadreachesthemaximumvalue.Thi
sis noted asultimate load.
15. Notedowntheloadwhenthetestpiecebreaks,theloadissaidtobeabreaking
load.
16. Whenthetestpieceisbrokenclosetherightcontrolvalve,takeoutthebroken
pieces of thetestpiece. Thentaper theleft control valve to takethe piston
down.

Formula used:
i. Original area of the rod (Ao) = , in mm2

ii. Neck area of the rod (An) = , in mm2

Where,
Do- Original diameter of the MS rod
Dn - Neck diameter of the MS rod
Observation:
Yield load (Wy) =
Ultimate load (Wu) =
Breaking load (Wb) =
Tabulation:

Area (mm2) Percentage of Percentage of

Specimen

Length (mm) Diameter (mm)

Elongation in Reduction
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final length (%) area (%)

MS
rod

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Precautions:
The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.
Take reading carefully.
After breaking specimen stop to m/c.

Result:
1. Final length of the specimen = mm
2. Diameter of the Neck (Dn) = mm
3. Percentage of Reduction = %
4. Percentage of Elongation = %
5. Yield stress of MS bar = N/mm2
6. Ultimate stress of MS bar = N/mm2
7. Breaking stress of MS bar = N/mm2
8. Youngs Modulus of MS bar = N/mm2
Graph:
Draw a graph between stress and strain relationship.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.
1. What is uniformly distributed load?
2. Define: Shear force.
3. Define: Bending Moment at a section.
4. What is meant by positive or sagging BM?
5. What is meant by negative or hogging BM?

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

COMPRESSION TEST ON WOOD

Experiment No.: Date:

Aim:
To determine the compressive strength of wood in given sample material.
Apparatus required:
Compressometer (or) Compression Testing Machine, Wooden specimen.
Procedure:
1. Calculate the material required for preparing the wood of given
specification.
2. Immediately after being made, they should be covered with wet mats.
3. Compression tests of wood specimens are made as soon as practicable
after removal from making factory. Test-specimen during the period of
their removal from the making factory and till testing, are kept moist by a
wet blanket covering and tested in a moist condition.
4. Place the specimen centrally on the location marks of the compression
testing machine and load is applied continuously, uniformly and without
shock.
5. Also note the type of failure and appearance cracks.

Formula used:
The compressive strength of wooden specimen =

Observation and Tabulation:

Trial
Specimen 1 2 Mean value N/mm2

Load on wood.KN
Result:

The compressive stress of the wooden specimen = ---------------N/mm2

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

DOUBLE SHEAR TEST ON METAL

Experiment No.: Date:

Aim:
To conduct shear test on given specimen under double shear.
Apparatus required:
Universal Testing Machine with double shear chuck, Mild Steel Rod, Vernier
caliper.
Theory:
Inactualpracticewhenabeamisloadedtheshearforceatasectionalwaysco
mes
toplayalongwithbendingmoment.Ithasbeenobservedthattheeffectofshearingst
ress
ascomparedtobendingstressisquitenegligible.Butsometimes,theshearingstres
sata section assumesmuch importance indesigncalculations.
Universal testingmachine is usedfor performingshear,
compressionandtension. There aretwo types ofUTM.
1.Screwtype
2.Hydraulic type.
Hydraulicmachinesareeasiertooperate.Theyhaveatestingunitandcontrolunit
connected toeachother withhydraulicpipes. Ithasa
reservoirofoil,whichispumpedintoa
cylinder,whichhasapiston.Bythisarrangement,thepistonismadetomoveup.Sameoil
istakeninatubetomeasurethepressure.Thiscausesmovementofthepointer,which
gives reading for the load applied.
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter ofthehole accurately.
2. Insertthespecimeninpositionandgriponeendoftheattachmentinthe
upperportion andtheotherend in the lower portion.
3. Switch on themain switch on the universal testing machine.
4. Bring thedrag indicator in contact with themain
indicator.
5. Graduallymovetheheadcontrolleverinlefthanddirectiontillthespe
cimen shears.

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6. Note down theloadat which specimenshears.
7. Stop themachine andremove thespecimen.

Formula used:
Shear strength =
Observation and Tabulation:
Diameter of the specimen (d) =
Cross sectional area of the Double shear = =
Shear load taken by specimen at the time of failure (P) =
Specification:
Capacity = 400 kN ( Range : 0 400 kN)
Precaution:
The inner diameter of the hole in the shear stress attachment is
slightly greater than that of the specimen.

Result:

The shear strength of the given metal specimen = -------------------- N/mm2

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define: Shear strength.

2. Define: Shear Chuck.
3. How to calculate the shear strength of the specimen?

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

TORSION TEST ON MILD STEEL ROD

Experiment No.: Date:

Aim:
To conduct the torsion test on the given specimen for the following.
1. Modulus of Rigidity.
2. Shear stress.
Apparatus required:
Torsion test apparatus, Vernier caliper/Scale, Specimen.
Theory:
Atorsiontestisquiteintrudedindeterminingthevaluesofmodulusofrigidi
tyof
metallicspecimenthevaluesofmodulusofrigiditycanbefoundoutthroughobser
vation made during experimentbyusing torsion equation
T/G= C/L
Procedure:
1. Measure the diameter and lengthof the given rod.
2. Therod isfixingintothegrip of machine.
3. Set thepointeronthetorquemeasuringscale.
4. The handle of machine is rotate in onedirection.
5. Thetorqueandangle of test arenotedfor five degree.
6. Nowthehandle is rotated in reversedirection and rod is taken out
Formula used:
Modulus of Rigidity (C) = in N/mm2 where,

Shear stress (t) = in N/mm2 .

Observation:
Diameter of the specimen = mm
Gauge length of the specimen = mm

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Tabulation:
Torque ModulusofR ShearStr
AngleOfTwi TwistinR igidity(N/m ess(N/m
S.NO st od m2 ) m2 )
N-M N-MM

Precautions:
1. The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.
2. The specimen should be properly to get between the jaws.
3. Take reading carefully.
4. After breaking specimen stop to m/c.

Result:

Modulus of Rigidity of the specimen is = -----------------N/m2

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is
torsional
bending?
2. What is axial
load?
3. Define: Column
and strut.
4. What are the types of column failure?
5. What is slenderness ratio (buckling factor)? What is its relevance in column?

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

IMPACT TEST ON IZOD SPECIMEN

Experiment No.: Date:
Aim:
To determinethe impact strength ofthe given material usingIzod impacttest.
Apparatus required:
Impact tester, Specimen, Vernier caliper/Scale, Specimen Fitter.
Theory:
Animpacttestsignifiestoughnessofmaterialthatisabilityofmaterialtoabsorbenergyd
uringplasticdeformation.Statictensiontestsofunnotchedspecimensdonot
alwaysrevealthesusceptibilityofametaltobrittlefracture.Thisimportantfactoris
determentbyimpacttest.Toughnesstakesintoaccountboththematerial.Several
engineeringmaterialhavetowithstandimpactorsuddenlyloadswhileinservice.Impac
tstrengthsaregenerallylowerascomparedtostrengthsachievedunderslowlyappliedlo
adsofalltypesofimpacttests,thenotchedbartestaremostextensivelyused.Therefore,
impacttestmeasurestheenergynecessarytofractureastandardnotchedbarbyapplying
an impulse load. The est measures the notch toughness of
materialundershockingloading.Valuesobtainedfromthesetestsarenotofmuchutility
todesignproblemsdirectlyandarehighlyarbitrary.Stillitisimportanttonotethatitprovi
desagoodwayofcomparingtoughnessofvariousmaterialsortoughnessofsamemateri
alunderdifferentconditions.Thistestcanalsobeusedtoassesstheductilebrittletransiti
ontemperatureofthematerial occurring dueto lowering of temperature.
Specification:
i. Impact capacity = 164joule
ii. Least count of capacity (dial) scale = 2joule
iii. Weight of striking hammer = 18.7 kg.
iv. Swing diameter of hammer = 1600mm.
v. Angle of hammer before striking = 90
vi. Distance between supports = 40mm.
vii. Striking velocity of hammer = 5.6m/sec.
viii. Specimen size = 75x10x10 mm.
ix. Type of notch = V-notch
x. Angle of notch = 45
xi. Depth of notch = 2 mm.

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING
Procedure:
1. Raise theswingingpendulum weightand lockit.
2. Release thetrigger andallowthe pendulumto swing.
3. This actuatesthe pointer tomove
inthedial.
4. Note down thefrictionalenergy absorbed bythebearings.
5. Raise thependulumweightagain andlockitin position.
6. PlacethespecimeninbetweenthesimpleanvilsupportkeepingtheU
notchin the direction opposite tothestrikingedgeofhammer
arrangement.
7. Release thetrigger andallowthe pendulumto
strikethespecimenat its midpoint.
8. Note down theenergy spentin breaking (or)bending
thespecimen.
9. Tabulatetheobservation.
Formula used:
Impact strength of the specimen = in N/mm2
Observation and Tabulation:
Area of the given sample specimen = mm2

Energyspenttobre Energyabsorbe
Energyabsorbedby ImpactSt
Material akthespecimen(B) dbythespecime
S.No force(A) rength
Used (J) n(A-B)J
(J) J/mm2

Precaution:
The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.
Take reading more frequently.
Make the loose pointer in contact with the fixed pointer after setting the
pendulum.
Do not stand in front of swinging hammer or releasing hammer.
Place the specimen proper position.

Result:
The impact strength of the given specimen = ----------------- J/mm2.

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Who postulated the theory of curved beam?
2. What is the shape of distribution of bending stress in a curved beam?
3. Where does the neutral axis lie in a curved beam?
4. What is the nature of stress in the inside section of a crane hook?
5. Where does the maximum stress in a ring under tension occur?

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

IMPACT TEST ON CHARPY SPECIMEN

Experiment No.: Date:
Aim:
To determinethe impact strength ofthe given material usingCharpy impacttest.
Apparatus required:
Impact tester, Specimen, Vernier caliper/Scale, Specimen Fitter.
Theory:
Animpacttestsignifiestoughnessofmaterialthatisabilityofmaterialtoabsorbenergyd
uringplasticdeformation.Statictensiontestsofunnotchedspecimensdonot
alwaysrevealthesusceptibilityofametaltobrittlefracture.Thisimportantfactoris
determentbyimpacttest.Toughnesstakesintoaccountboththematerial.Several
engineeringmaterialhavetowithstandimpactorsuddenlyloadswhileinservice.Impac
t
strengthsaregenerallylowerascomparedtostrengthsachievedunderslowlyappliedlo
ads
ofalltypesofimpacttests,thenotchedbartestaremostextensivelyused.Therefore,the
impacttestmeasurestheenergynecessarytofractureastandardnotchedbarbyapplying
animpulse load. Thetest measures the notch toughness of
materialundershockingloading.
Valuesobtainedfromthesetestsarenotofmuchutilitytodesignproblemsdirectlyandar
e highlyarbitrary.Stillitisimportanttonotethatitprovidesagoodwayofcomparing
toughnessofvariousmaterialsortoughnessofsamematerialunderdifferentconditions
.
Thistestcanalsobeusedtoassesstheductilebrittletransitiontemperatureofthematerial
occurring dueto lowering of temperature.
Specification:
Impact capacity = 300joule
Least count of capacity (dial) scale = 2joule
Weight of striking hammer = 18.7 kg.
Swing diameter of hammer = 1600mm.
Angle of hammer before striking = 160
Distance between supports = 40mm.
Striking velocity of hammer = 5.6m/sec.
Specimen size = 55x10x10 mm.
Type of notch = V-notch

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING
Angle of notch = 45
Depth of notch = 2 mm.

Procedure:
1. Raise theswingingpendulum weightand lockit.
2. Release thetrigger andallowthe pendulumto swing.
3. This actuatesthe pointer tomove
inthedial.
4. Note down thefrictionalenergy absorbed bythebearings.
5. Raise thependulumweightagain andlockitin position.
6. PlacethespecimeninbetweenthesimpleanvilsupportkeepingtheUno
tchin the direction opposite tothestrikingedgeofhammer
arrangement.
7. Release thetrigger andallowthe pendulumto strikethespecimenat
its midpoint.
8. Note down theenergy spentin breaking (or)bending thespecimen.
9. Tabulatetheobservation.
Formula used:
Impact strength of the specimen = in N/mm2
Observation and Tabulation:
Area of the given sample specimen = mm2

Energyspenttobre Energyabsorbe
Energyabsorbedby ImpactSt
Material akthespecimen(B) dbythespecime
S.No force(A) rength
Used (J) n(A-B)J
(J) J/mm2

Precaution:
The specimen should be prepared in proper dimensions.
Take reading more frequently.
Make the loose pointer in contact with the fixed pointer after setting the
pendulum.
Do not stand in front of swinging hammer or releasing hammer.
Place the specimen proper position.

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

Result:
The impact strength of the given specimen = ------------------ J/mm2.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the planes along which the greatest shear stresses occur?
2. Define: Strain Energy
3. Define: Unit load method.
4. Give the procedure for unit load method.

Fig. 1. Impact test specimen (Charpy)

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

ROCKWELL HARDNESS TEST ON METAL

Experiment No.: Date:
Aim:
To determinethe Rockwell hardness number of thegiven specimen.
Apparatus required:
Rockwell Hardness apparatus, Ball indentor, MS bar / Cast-iron Specimen,
Microscope.
Theory:
InRockwellhardnesstestconsistsintouchinganindenterofstandardconeor
ballinto thesurface ofa testpieceintwooperations and measuring
thepermanentincrease ofdepth
ofindentationofthisindenterunderspecifiedcondition.FromitRockwellhardne
ssis
deduced.Theball(B)isusedforsoftmaterials(e.g.mildsteel,castiron,Aluminu
m,brass. Etc.)Andthecone(C)for hard ones(Highcarbonsteel. etc.)
HRB means Rockwell hardnessmeasured on Bscale
HRC means Rockwell hardnessmeasured on Cscale
Procedure:
1. Clean the surfaceof thespecimen with anemery sheet.
2. Place thespecimenonthe testing platform.
3. Raise theplatform until the longerneedlecomesto rest.
4. Release the load.
5. Applythe load andmaintainuntil the longerneedle comestorest.
6. After releasing the load,note down thedial reading.
7. Thedial reading gives theRockwell hardness number of
thespecimen.
8. Repeat thesameprocedurethree times with specimen.
9. Find the average. Thisgives theRockwellhardness number of
thegiven specimen.
Precautions :
The specimen should be clean properly.
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Take reading more carefully and correct.
Place the specimen properly.
Jack adjusting wheel move slowly.

Observation and Tabulation:

Name of the Indentor :
Rockwell hardness Rockwell
S.No. Material Scale Load (kgf) Number hardness
Number
1 2 3 (Mean)

Result:
Rockwell hardness number of thegiven materialis -------------
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Stress.
2. Define strain.
3. Define Modulus of Elasticity.
4. State Bulk Modulus.
5. Define poisons ratio.

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

BRINELL HARDNESS TEST ON METAL

Experiment No.: Date:
Aim:
Tofindthe Brinell Hardness numberforthegiven metal specimen.
Apparatus required:
Brinell hardness apparatus, Diamond Indentor, MS specimen, Brinell
microscope.
Theory:
Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratchingand
cutting, hardness after gives clear identification of strength. In all hardness
testes, a define force is mechanically applied on the test piece for about 15
seconds. The indentor, which transmits the load to the test piece, varies in size
and shape for different tests. Common indenters are made of hardened steel or
diamond. In Brinell hardness testing, steel balls are used as indentor. Diameter
of the indentor and the applied force depend upon the thickness of the test
specimen, because for accurate results, depth of indentation should be less than
1/8 of the thickness of the test pieces. According to the thickness of the test
piece increase, the diameter of the indentor and force are changed
Description:
Itconsistsofpressingahardenedsteelballintoatestspecimen.Inthisusually
a steelballofDiameterDunderaloadPisforcedinto
thetestpieceandthemeandiameterdoftheindentationleftinthesurfaceafterrem
ovalofloadismeasured.AccordingtoASTMspecificationsa10mmdiameterballi
susedforthepurpose.Lower loads are used
formeasuringhardnessofsoftmaterialsandviceversa.TheBrinellhardnessisobta
inedbydividingthetestloadPbycurvedsurfaceareaofindentation.Thiscurvedsu
rfaceis assumedtobe portion of thesphereofdiameter D.
Specifications :

Usualballsizeis10mm+0.0045mm.Sometimes5mmsteelballisalsoused.It
shallbehardenedandtemperedwithahardnessofatleast850VPN.(Vickers
Pyramid Number). It shall be polished andfreefromsurface defects.
Specimenshouldbesmoothandfreefromoxidefilm.Thicknessofthepiecetobe
tested shall not be lessthan 8 timesfrom thedepth ofindentation.

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Diameteroftheindentationwillbemeasuredntwodirectionsnormaltoeachother
withanaccuracyof+0.25%ofdiameterofballundermicroscopeprovidedwith
crosstables andcalibrated measuringscrews.
Procedure:
1. Specimenisplacedontheanvil.Thehandwheelisrotatedsothatthespecimen
alongwith theanvil moves upandcontact with the ball.
2. Thedesiredloadisappliedmechanically(bygeardrivenscrew)andtheballpr
esses into thespecimen.
3. Thediameteroftheindentationmadeinthespecimenbythepressedballis
measuredbytheuseofamicrometermicroscope,havingtransparentengrave
d scale in thefield ofview.
4. Theindentationdiameterismeasuredattwoplacesatrightanglestoeachother
, and theaverageof two readingsistaken.
5. TheBrinellHardnessNumber(BHN)whichisthepressureperunitsurfacear
eaof theindentation is noteddown.
Formula used :
Brinell hardness number (BHN) =

Where,
P - Loadapplied in Kgf.
D - Diameter of the indenter in mm.
d- Diameterof the indentation inmm.
Observation And Tabulation:
Diameter of
DiameterOf the indentation Brinell
Load theIndenter Hardness
in mm
S.No. Material in Kgf in mm Number(BH
1 2 3
N)

Precautions :

1. Brinelltestshouldbeperformedonsmooth,flatspecimensfromwhichd
irtandscale have been cleaned.
2. Thetestshouldnotbemadeonspecimenssothinthattheimpressionsho
ws

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throughthemetal,norshouldimpressionsbemadetooclosetotheedgeo
fthe specimen.
Result:
Thusthe Brinell hardness of theGiven Specimen is

Mild Steel=-------------------BHN
EN 8=-------------------BHN
EN 20=-------------------BHN

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define buckling factor and buckling load.
2. Define safe load.
3. State Hookes law.
4. Define Factor of Safety.
5. State the tensile stress & tensile strain.

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEFLECTION TEST ON METAL BEAM
Experiment No.: Date:
Aim:
TodeterminetheYoungsmodulusofthegivenspecimenbyconductingbendin
g test.
Apparatus required:
Bending test apparatus, Metal beam, Dial gauge, Chalk/Pencil, Scale, weight.

Theory:
Bending test is perform on beam by using the three point loading system.
Thebending fixture is supported on the platform of hydraulic cylinder. The
loading is held in the middle cross head. At a particular load the deflection at
the center of the beam is determined by using a dial gauge.

Procedure:
1. Measure the length (L) of thegiven specimen.
2. Markthecentre of thespecimen usingpencil / chalk.
3. MarktwopointsA&Batadistanceof350mmoneithersideofthecentre
mark.The distance between A &B isknown as spanof thespecimen
(l)
4. Fixtheattachment for the bending test in themachine properly.
5. Placethespecimenoverthetwosupportsofthebendingtableattachm
entsuchthat
thepointsA&Bcoincidewithcentreofthesupports.Whileplacing,e
nsurethatthe tangential surfacenearerto heartwill be the top
surfaceandreceives the load.
6. Measure the breadth(b)and depth(d)of thespecimen usingscale.
7. Placethedialgaugeunderthisspecimenatthecentreandadjustthedial
gauge reading tozeroposition.
8. Placetheloadcellattopofthespecimenatthecentreandadjusttheload
indicator in thedigital boxto zeroposition.
9. Selecta strainrate of2.5mm / minute using thegear box in
themachine.
10. Applytheloadcontinuouslyataconstantrateof2.5mm/minuteandn
otedownthe
deflectionforeveryincreaseof0.25tonneloaduptoamaximumof6se

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tsof readings.
11. CalculatetheYoungsmodulusofthegivenspecimen.

Formula used:

Youngs Modulus of Metal beam (E) = in N/mm2

Where,
W = Load in N
a = Deflectometer distance from left support
in mm
b = Load distance from left support in mm
I = bd3/12 mass moment of
inertia
L = Span of the beam in mm
y= Deflection meter reading in mm
Observation :
Material ofthe specimen =
Length of the specimen,L = mm
Breadthof thespecimen, b = mm
Depthof thespecimen, d = mm
Span of thespecimen,l = mm
Leastcount of thedialgauge,LC = mm

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

Tabulation:

Loadin Deflectioninmm YoungsMod

S.No ulusin(N/mm
kg N Loading Unloading Mean 2)

Average
Precautions:

Test piece should be properly touch the fixture.

Test piece should be straight.
Take reading carefully.
Elastic limit of the beam should not be exceeded.

Result:
Theyoungsmodulus of thegiven specimen is ------------------------------ N/mm2.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Difference between Beam & Cantilever beam & Overhanging & Propped
cantilever & Simply supported beam.
2. What is meant by transverse loading on beams?
3. How do you classify the beams according to its supports?

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CE 6411 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS/ MADHUSOFI.S.M/AP/CIVIL/SRVEC 27

SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

COMPRESSION TEST ON HELICAL SPRING

Experiment No.: Date:
Aim:
To determinethestiffness ofspring,modulus of rigidityof
thespring wire and maximumstrainenergystored.
Apparatus required:
Spring testing machine, Open helical coil, Vernier caliper.
Theory:
This is the test to know strength of a material under compression.
Generallycompression test is carried out to know either simple compression
characteristics of material or column action of structural members. It has been
observed that for varying height of member, keeping cross-sectional and the
load applied constant, there is an increased tendency towards bending of a
member. Member under compression usually bends along minor axis, i.e, along
least lateral dimension. According to column theory slenderness ratio has more
functional value. If this ratio goes on increasing, axial compressive stress goes
on decreasing and member buckles more and more. Effective length is taken as
0.5 L where L is actual length of a specimen.
Procedure:
1. ByusingVerniercalipermeasurethediameterofthewireofthespringandals
o thediameter ofspring coil.
2. Count thenumber of turns.
3. Insertthespringinthespringtestingmachineandloadthespringbyasuitable
weight and note the correspondingaxial deflection in compression.
4. Increasethe load andtakethecorrespondingaxial deflectionreadings.
5. Plotacurvebetweenloadanddeflection.Theshapeofthecurvegivesthe
stiffness of thespring.
Formula used :

(i) Deflection ( in mm.

Where, W - Loadapplied in Newton.
R - Mean radius ofspring coil
=
n - No ofCoils.

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING
- Helix angle ofspring.
N - Modulus ofrigidityof spring Material.
E - Youngs modulusof the spring material.
(ii) Tan = Pitch / 2 R
(iii) Pitch = (L-d) / n
Where,
d - Dia of spring wire
in mm.
L - Length of spring in
mm.
N - no of turns in
spring.
(iv) Stiffness of spring (K) = W
/
Where,
- Deflection of spring in mm.
W - Load applied in
Newtons.
(v) Maximum energy stored = 0.5xWmaxx
Where,
Wmax - Maximum load applied
Maximum
deflection
Observation :
Outer diameter of spring (d o) =
Length of th spring (l) =
Number of turns (n) =
Material of spring = Steel
Youngs modulus (E) =
Tabulation:
Rigidity
Scale readings in Deflection in Stiffness
Sl.No Load in N modulus
2
Mm Mm in N/mm in N/mm

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING
Precaution:
Place the specimen at center of compression pads.
Stop the machine as soon as the specimen fails.
Cross sectional area of specimen for compression test should be kept
large as compared to the specimen for tension test: to obtain the proper
degree of stability.

Result:
Under compression test on open coil helical
spring
1. Rigidity Modulus (N) = --------------
---N/mm2
2.Stiffness of spring (K) = --------------
---N/mm
3. Maximum energy stored = ----------------
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define principal stresses and principal plane?
2. What is the radius of Mohrs circle?
3. What is the use of Mohrs circle?

Fig.2.Open Helical springs.

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT
Experiment No.: Date:
Aim:
To determine the consistency of given cement sample.

Apparatus required :
Vicats apparatus, Needle, Weighing balance, Measuring jar, Mixing trowel
and tray.

Procedure :
1. Weight out 400 grams of cement on to a large non porous plate from
and make it into a depression in center to hold the mixing water.
2. Find out the volume of water to give a percentage of 25 by weight of dry
cement and this amount carefully to the cement.
3. Mix the cement and water together throughly the process of mixing shall
includes kneading and threading. The total time elapsed from the amount
of moment of adding water to the cement and mixing completed shall not
be less than 4 minutes.
4. Fill the mould completely with the cement paste so gauged and strike off
the top to a level with the top of the mould, slightly shake the jar and the
mould with the cement to drive at entrapped air.
5. Keep the mould under the vicat plunger and supporting the moving ring
by the plunger of the dash pot, release the rod.
6. After the plunger has come to rest, note the reaching against the index.
7. Repeat the experiment with trial paste of varying percentage of water till
the plunger comes to rest between 5mm and 7mm from the bottom used.

Specification :

The limitation of the standard consistency of plunger penetrate depth is

33 35 mm.

Observation :

Weight of cement sample = grams.

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Tabulation :
Water cement ratio Depth of penetration
Sl No Water content (ml)
(%) (mm)

Result:
The standard consistency of the cement = -------------------%, --------------------
mm.
VIVA QUESTIONS :
1. Define: Consistency.
2. Define: Workability.
3. What are the composition of cement?
4. What are the types of cement?
5. Enlist the grade of cement.

Fig. 3. Consistency of cement.

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

Experiment No.: Date:
Aim:
To determine the Initial and Final setting time of cement.
Apparatus required:
Vicats apparatus, 1 mm needle, plunger, stopwatch, measuring jar, tray, trowel.
Procedure:
1. Take 400 grams of cement and 85% water required for making cement
paste of normal consistency.
2. The paste shall be gauged and filled into the vicat mould in specified
manner with in 3 5 minutes.
3. Start the time watch the moment water is added to the cement. The
temperature of water and that of the test room at the time of gauging
temperature shall be within 27 2oc.
4. When the needle for initial setting time brought in contact with the top
surface and release quickly, fails to penetrate the paste block for 5 to 7
mm measure from the bottom of the mould is taken as initial setting
time.
5. When the needle for final setting time place gently on the surface
makes an impression on the paste but the circular setting edge to the
attachment fails to do so, it takes as final setting time.

Observation :
Weight of cement Water content Initial setting time Final setting time
Sl.No
(g) (g) (min) (min)

Tabulation :

Sl.No Initial time (min) Penetration (mm)

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SRV ENGINEERING COLLEGE B.E.CIVIL ENGINEERING

Result:

The Initial setting time of cement is ------------ minutes.

The Final setting time of cement is ------------ minutes.

Viva questions :

1. Define: Initial setting time.

2. Define: Final setting time.
3. What are the limitation of consistency?

CE 6411 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS/ MADHUSOFI.S.M/AP/CIVIL/SRVEC 34