1. Define Heat transfer?

Heat transfer can b e de fined as the transmission o f energy from one region to another region to
temperature difference. `
2. What are the modes of heat transfer?
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
3. What is conduction?
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high temperature to a region of
low temperature with in a medium (Solid, liquid or Gases) or different medium in direct physical contact.
In conduction, energy exchange takes place by the kinematics motion or direct impact of molecules. Pure
conduction is found only in solids.
4. State Fouriers law of conduction.
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction of heat
flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
5. Define Thermal conductivity
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
6. List down the types of boundary conditions
Prescribed temperature
Prescribed heat flux Boundary conditions
7. Define convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between solid surface and a fluid medium
when they are at different temperatures. Convection is possible only in the presence of fluid medium.
8. Define Radiation
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as
radiation .It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
9. State Newtons law o f cooling o r convection law.
Heat transfer by convection is give n by Newtons law of coo ling Q = hA(Ts-T )
Where;-
A- Area exposed to heat transfer in m2
h - Heat transfer coefficient of the surface inw/m2K
T s-Temperature of the surface in K
T - Temperature of the fluid in K
10.Define overall he at tran sfer co-e fficien t.
The ove rall he at tran sfer b y combined mode s is usually expresse d in terms of an overall con ductan ce
o r overall hea t transfer co-effic ient Heat tra nsfe r, Q
1 1.Define fins o r extended surfaces.
It is p ossib le to in crea se the heat tran sfer rate by inc reasing the su rface of h ea t tra nsfe r. The
surfaces u sed fo r in crea sing h ea t transfe r are c alled exte nded surfa ce s some times kn own a s fin s.
1 2.State the app lic atio ns o f fin s.
1. Coo ling o f e le ctronic components.2. Coolin g of motor cyc le engines.3. Cooling o f sma l ca pa city
comp ressors4. Coo ling o f transformers.
1 3.Define fin effic ie nc y.
The effic iency of a fin is d efin ed a s the ratio of ac tual heat tran sferred to the ma ximum po ssible to
heat tran sferred by th e fin .
=Qfin /Qmax
1 4.Define F in e ffectiv eness.
F in effectiveness is the ratio of heat tran sfer with fin to that w ithout fin
F in e f fe c t iv e n e s s = Q w it h f i n /Q w i t h o u t f in .
1 5.What is mea nt by stead y sta te hea t c onduc tio n?
If th e temperature of a bo dy does not va ry with time , it is sa id to b e in a ste ady state and tha t type of
con ductio n is known a s stead y sta te h ea t c onduc tio n.
1 6.What is mea nt by transient he at co ndu ction o r un stea dy state conduc tion ?
If th e te mpe rature of a bod y va rie s with time, it is sa id to be in a transie nt state a nd tha t ty pe of con
ductio n is k nown a s transie nt hea t conduction or unsteady state cond uc tion .
1 7.What is Pe riod ic heat flow?
In Pe riod ic hea t flow, the temp erature va rie s on a re gu la r ba sis E xa mple;
1. Cylind er o f a n IC engin e.
2. Su rfac e of ea rth durin g a pe rio d of 24 hours.
1 8.What is non Pe riod ic hea t flow?
In non P eriodic heat flow , the temperature a t an y po in t within th e sy stem varies n on lin early with
time. Examp le :
1. Hea ting of an ingo t in furnace .
2. Coo ling o f b ars.
1 9.What is mea nt by Newtonia n heating or cooling proc ess?
The process in which the inte rnal resistan ce is a ssume d as n egligible in compa rison with its surfa ce re
sista nce is kno wn a s Newtonian hea tin g or coo lin g proc ess.
2 0.What is mea nt by Lumped he at analysis?
In a Newton ian he ating or coo lin g proce ss the tempera tu re th roughou t the so lid is
considered to be uniform a t a give n time. Such an ana lysis is ca lle d Lumped h ea t capacity analysis.
2 1.What is mea nt by semi-in fin ite solid s?
In sem i-infin ite solids, at any in stan t of time , the re is a lw ays a po in t where the effec t
of hea tin g or cooling at one o f its b ounda rie s is not felt a t all .At this po in t the temp erature rema ins
unchan ge d .In semi infin ite solid s, the bio t nu mbe r value s is
2 2.What is mea nt by infinite solid?
A so lid whic h extends itself infin itely in all d irec tio ns o f sp ac e is kn own a s infin ite so lid. In in
finite so lid s, th e biot nu mbe r va lue is in be tween0.1 a nd 100. 0.1 < Bi< 1 00
2 3.Define Bio t nu mbe r.
It is d efined a s the ratio of interna l cond uc tiv e re sista nce to the surface conductive re sista nc e.
Interna l cond uctive resistan ce Bi= -----------------------------------su rfac e conductive resistan ce .
2 4.What is the signific ance o f Biot number?
Biot number is u se d to find Lumped he at a na ly sis, Se mi infin ite solid s an d in fin ite solid s If Bi<
0.1 Lumped heat analysis.Bi= 0.1 < Bi< 10 025.
2 5.What are the factors affec ting the therma l co nduc tivity?
1. Mo isture2. Density o f mate rial3 . P ressu re4. Tempe ratu re 5. Structural of material.
2 6.Exp lain th e sign ific ance o f therma l diffu sivity.
The physic al signific ance of thermal diffusivity is that it te lls us h ow fa st heat is prop agated or it d
iffuses throu gh a material during change s of temperature with time .
2 7.What are He islers c harts?
In Heisle rs c ha rt, the solution s fo r temp erature distribution s and heat flows in plane wa ls, lo ng cy lin
ders and sphere s w ith finite in te rnal a nd surfa ce resistance are prese nted. He islers ch arts are no
thing but a ana lytic al so lu tio ns in the form of graph s

UNIT II
PART -A
QUE STION AND ANSWER
2 8.What is dimen sio nal analysis?
Dimen sional ana lysis is a ma th ema tic al me thod which ma kes use of the stu dy o f the d ime nsions
for so lv ing seve ral e ngin ee ring p ro blems. T his method can be applie d to all types o f fluid re sista
nce, hea t flow prob le ms in flu id mec han ics and the rmodynamics.
2 9.State Buck in gh ams the orem. Buck in ghams theo rem state s as fo llow s:
If there are n v aria bles in a dimen sionally homogene ou s equa tion and if th ese contain M dimen sion
s, then the v ariable s are a rran ged in to (n-m) d imension le ss te rms. Th ese dime nsio na l terms a re
called B uck ingh ams the orem.
3 0.What are a l th e advantages of d imensiona l a na ly sis?
1. It e xp re sses the fu nc tional re latio nship be tween the va ria bles in d im ensiona l terms.
2. It enable s ge tting u p a theoretic al so lu tio n in a simplifie d dimen sional fo rm.
3. The results of one series o f test can be app lie d to a la rge nu mbe r of o ther simila r prob le ms with
the he lp of d imen sion al ana lysis.
3 1.What are a l th e limitations of d imensional a na lysis?
1. The comp lete information is no t p ro vided by d ime nsiona l a na ly sis .It on ly in dica te s th at there
is so me relationship between the p arame ters.
2. No information is g iv en abo ut the in ternal mechanism o f ph ysical phenomenon .
3. Dimen sional ana lysis doe s not giv e any clu e re gard ing the selectio n of variab le s.
3 2.Define Re ynolds numb er (Re)
It is de fin ed a s the ratio of in ertia force to v isco us force. Inertia force R e= --------------- Viscous force.
3 3.Define P ra ndtl number (P r)
It is the ratio of th e momentum d iffusiv ity to the the rma l d iffusiv ity. P r=Mo men tum diffusivity /
the rma l d iffusiv ity
3 4.Define Nu sselts Nu mbe r (Nu).
It is d efined a s th e ra tio of the heat flow by convec tio n p roce ss unde r an u nit temp erature grad ient
to the hea t flo w ra te b y conduction unde r an unit temp erature gra dient through a sta tio nary thic kne
ss (L) of meter.
3 5.Define Grasho f number (Gr).
It is de fined as the ratio o f p roduc t o f ine rtia forc e and b uoy ancy force to the squa re o f visc ou s
force
3 6.Define S ta nton number (St)
It is the ratio of Mu ssels numbe r to the p rodu ct o f Reyno lds numbe r and P ran dtl numbe r.
3 7.What is mea nt by Newtonia n and non- Newton ia n flu ids?
The flu id s whic h obey the N ewton s la w of v isco sity are calle d Newtonian s flu ids a nd those wh
ich do not obey a re ca lled non Newton ia n flu ids.
3 8.What is mea nt by lamin ar flow and turbulent flow?
Laminar flow :
Laminar flow is so metimes called streams line flow .In this type o f flo w , the flu id m ove s in la ye r
and each fluid pa rticle fo llo ws a smooth c ontinuous pa th . The flu id p artic als in each layer remain in
an orderly seque nce with out mixing with ea ch o ther.
Tu rb ulen t flo w:
In add ition to the lamina r type of flow, a d istin ct irre gu la r flo w is fre quen tly ob se rved in n ature.
This type of flow is ca lled tu rb ulen t flo w .T he pa th o f a ny ind iv id ua l pa rticle is z igza g an d
irregular.
3 9.What is hydro dynamic s bo unda ry layer?
In hy drodynamics b oun da ry layer, velo city o f the fluid is less th an 9 9% of free stre am ve locity.
4 0.What is therma l boun dary layer?
In the rmal b ou nda ry la ye r, te mpe ra tu re o f the fluid is le ss tha n 99 % o f free stre am temp erature.
4 1.Define con vec tio n.
Convection is a process o f he at tran sfer that will o ccur betwe en a solid su rfac e and a flu id mediu m
w hen th ey a re at d ifferen t temperatures.
4 2.What is mea nt by free or na tu ra l c on vectio n?
If the flu id mo tio n is p ro du ced due to c han ge in density resultin g from temp erature
gra dients, the mode of hea t transfe r is said to be free o r na tural c onvection.
4 3.What is fo rc ed convection?
If th e flu id m otio n is artific ially crea ted by means o f an exte rnal force lik e a blow er o f fan ,that
type of h ea t tra nsfe r is k nown as forc ed convec tio n.
4 4.What is th e fo rm of equation u sed to calcu late transfe r fo r flo w through cylindrica l pipe s?
Nu = 0 .023 (R e) 0 .8 (P r) n n = 0.4 for hea tin g of fluids=0.3 for co olin g of flu ids
4 5.What are the d imensional p arameters used in forced c onv ec tio n?
1. Re yno lds n umbe r (Re )
2. Nusselt Nu mbe r (Nu)
3. Prandtl n umber (P r)
4 6.Define bounda ry la ye r thickness.
The th ickness of the boundary layer has been defin ed a s the d istanc e from the su rface at w hich the
loc al veloc ity o r te mpe rature reache s 99% o f th e exte rnal velocity o r te mpe ra ture.
4 7.In dica te th e concep t of sign ifica nce of bou ndary laye r.
In the boundary laye r c oncep t the flow fie ld o ve r a body is d iv ided in to two regio ns: A th in reg ion
ne ar the b ody called the b ounda ry la yer whe re the v eloc ity and the temp erature grad ients are large .
The re gion ou tside the boun da ry lay er where the ve locity and the te mpera tu re gra dien ts a re very
ne arly equal to th eir fre e stre am va lues.
4 8.Define d isplac ement th ickn ess.
The disp lacement thickne ss is the d istan ce , measured pe rpen dicu lar to the boun da ry , by which the
free stream is d isp lac ed on accoun t of fo rmatio n of bou ndary laye r.
4 9.Define mo men tu m th ic kness.
The momentum thickness is de fin ed as the dista nce through wh ich the total lo ss o f
momentum per seco nd be equal to if it were passing a stationa ry plate.
5 0.Define ene rgy th ickness.
The energy thic kne ss can be defined as the distance, measured perpend ic ular to the o f the solid b od y
,by which the bounda ry should be displac ed to compensate fo r the reduction in k in etic ene rgy of the
flo win g flu id on ac count o f boundary la ye r formation

UNIT III
PART -A
QUE STION AND ANSWERS
5 1.Define boilin g.
The ch an ge o f phase fro m liqu id to v apour state is known as boiling
5 2.What is mea nt by c onden sa tio n?
The ch an ge o f phase fro m vapou r to liq uid state is known as con densation.
5 3.Give the app lic atio n of boiling a nd conden sa tio n.
Bo iling a nd con den sa tio n process fin ds wid e application a s mentio ned be lo w.
1. Thermal and nuc lea r power poin t
2. Re frigeration systems.
3. Process of he atin g and cooling.
4. Air cond ition in g sy stem .
5 4.What is mea nt poo l boilin g?
If hea t is ad ded to a liquid fro m a submerge d so lid surfa ce , the bo iling p rocess is referred to as pool
bo iling. In th is c ase the liquid a bove the hot surface is e ssen tia lly sta gn ant and it motion ne ar th e
su rfac e is due to free c onvectio n and mixing ind uced by bub ble growth and detachm ent.
5 5.What are the mode s of co ndensation ?
The re are two modes of c ondensatio n
1. Film wise co ndensation.
2. Drop wise conde nsation
5 6.What is Film wise cond ensation?
The liq uid co nde nsate we ts th e so lid surfa ce , spread ou t and fo rm s a continuo us film over th e en
tire surface is k nown as film wise co ndensation .
5 7.What is Drop wise condensation?
The vapo ur conden se s into sma ll liq uid drop le ts of various size s whic h fa ll do wn the surfa ce in a
rando m fa shion.
5 8.What is heat exchange?
The hea t e xchan ge is d efin ed a s equipment which tran sfers the hea t fro m a h ot fluid to a co ld fluid.
5 9.What are the types of hea t e xchan ge r?
The type s o f heat excha nger are as fo llow s.
1. Direc t con tact heat e xcha ngers.
2. In dire ct con tac t heat exchangers
3. Surface he at e xc hangers
4. Parallel flow hea t exchan ge r
6 0.What is mea nt by in direc t contact hea t e xchan ge rs?
In this typ e of heat exc hangers, the tran sfer o f heat between two flu id s cou ld be
ca rried out by transmission throu gh a wa ll wh ic h sepa ra tes the two fluids
6 1.What is mea nt by Re ge ne ra to rs?
In th is type o f heat exchangers, ho t an d co ld fluids flow a lterna tely th rough the same . Examp le s:
IC engin es, Ga s turbine .
6 2.What is mea nt by Recu pe ra to rs or surface heat exchangers?
Th is is th e most common type of heat e xchangers in which the h ot and cold flu id do no t come into
dire ct contac t with each othe r bu t are se pa ra ted by a tube wall o r a surfa ce E xamples: Au to mob ile
rad ia tors, Air pre he aters, e con omiz ers
6 3.What is mea nt by p aralle l flow heat exch angers?
In th is ty pe o f h ea t exchan ge rs, h ot and c old flu ids move in the same dire ction.
6 4.What is mea nt by Coun te r flo w he at e xc hangers?
In th is typ e of hea t exchan gers, ho t an d cold flu ids move in p arallel b ut o pposite d irec tio n
6 5.What is mea nt by c ro ss flow heat exchan gers?
In th is ty pe o f h ea t exchan ge rs, h ot and c old flu ids move a t right angles to e ach othe r.
6 6.What is mea nt by S hell and tube hea t exch an ge rs?
In th is ty pe of hea t e xchan ge rs, one of th e fluids move s through a bund le o f tube s
enclosed by a she ll. T he oth er fluid is fo rc ed throu gh the she ll an d it mov es o ve r the ou tside
surface of the tu be s.
6 7.What is mea nt by Compact heat e xcha ngers?
There are man y specia l pu rp ose hea t e xch an ge rs c alled co mpact hea t exchan gers. They a re gene
rally e mployed wh en c onvec tio n hea t transfe r co-effic ie nt a ssoc ia ted with one of the fluid s is
much sma lle r tha n that associated with the other flu id .
6 8.What is mea nt by LMT D?
We know tha t the temperature diffe renc e be tween the ho t an d co ld fluids in the h ea t exch an ge rs
varies from po in t to po in t. In addition various modes o f heat exchan ger are inv olved. Therefore ba
sed on c oncep t of app ropriate mea n tempe ra tu re d ifference , also ca lle d lo ga rithmic mean
temperatu re d ifference
6 9.What is mea nt Fou lin g fa ctor?
We know, the surfa ce s of heat e xcha nge rs do n ot remain clean after it has be en in use for some time
.The su rface beco me fou led with scalin g or deposits .T he effec t of th ese depo sits affecting the value
o f overall hea t tra nsfe r co e fficien t. This e ffec t is taken ca re of by intro du cing a n additio na l the
rma l resistan ce called fou ling re sista nce .
7 0.What is mea nt by Effec tive ne ss?
The hea t e xchan ge r effec tivene ss is d efined a s the ratio of actua l heattra nsfe r to the ma ximum
possib le heat transfer. =actual heat transfer/ma ximu m po ssible h ea t tra nsfe r

UNIT IV
PART A
QUE STION AND UNIT ANSWERS
7 1.Define Ra diation?
The h ea t transfe r from on e body to anoth er withou t any transm ittin g mediu m is known a s radia tion
.It is a n elec tromagnetic wave phenomenon.
7 2.Define emissiv e po wer?
The emissive p owe r is de fin ed a s th e total amount of rad iatio n emitte d by a body pe r un it time and
unit a rea .It is expressed in W/m2.
7 3.Define mo nochromatic emissive powe r.
The en ergy emitte d by the surfac e at a given length pe r un it time a rea in all dire ction is known as
mono chro matic emissive powe r.
7 4.What is mea nt by a bsorptiv e?
Ab so rp tive is define d as the ra tio b etween rad ia tion absorbed a nd inc iden t rad ia tio n
7 5.What is mea nt by reflec tivity?
Re flec tiv ity is d efin ed a s the ratio of radiation reflec te d to the incid ent radia tion
7 6.What is mea nt by transmissivity ?
T ran smissivity is de fine d as th e ratio of rad ia tio n transmitted to the inc iden t rad iatio n
7 7.What is blac k body?
Blac k b ody is a n id eal su rfac e having the fo llo wing prop erties.1. A black bo dy ab so rb s a ll in cide
nt rad ia tio n, rega rdless o f wave length an dd irec tio n.2. For a prescribed tempe ra tu re and wave le
ngth, n o su rface ca n em it more energy than black body.
7 8.State Wien s d ispla cemen t law.
T h e W ie n s d isp la ce men t law give s the relation ship b etween temperature and wave len gth co
rrespondin g to the ma ximum spe ctra l e missiv e power o f the bla ck body a t tha t temperature.Tma x=
C3C3= 2.9 * 1 0-3 Tma x= 2.9 * 10-3mk
7 9.State the S te fan Boltzma nn law.
The emissive p owe r of a black body is proportion al to the fou rth power of a bsolute temp erature.Eb=
Emissive p owe r W/m2
Boltz mann constant = 5.67 * 10-8W/m2 K4
8 0.Define Emissiv ity.
It is de fine d as the ab ility of the surface of a bod y to radiate hea t .It is a lso d efin ed a s the ratio of
emissive powe r of anybo dy to the e missiv e po wer of a b lack body o f eq ua l temp erature
8 1.What is mea nt by gray bo dy?
If a bo dy absorbs a definite pe rcen ta ge o f inc id en t radia tion irre sp ec tive of the ir wave len gth, the
bo dy is kn own a s gray bo dy. The emissive p owe r of a gray b ody is a lway s less tha n that of the
black body.
8 2.State Kircho ffs law of radiation .
Th is la w states that th e ra tio o f total emissive p owe r to the ab so rp tiv ity is co nstant fo r all surfac
es wh ich are in therma l equilib rium with th e su rround in g. It a lso sta tes tha t the e missiv ity o f the
body is a lway s equa l to its absorptivity when the body rema ins in the rma l equilibriu m w ith its su
rrou ndin gs.
8 3.Define inten sity of ra diation (Ib ).
It is de fined as the ra te o f energy leavin g a spac e in a given d ire ctio n pe r un it so lid an gle p er unit
a rea of the e mittin g surfa ce normal to the mean direc tion in space.
8 4.State Lambe rts co sin e la w.
It state s that the total emissive po wer Eb from a rad iatin g plane surfac e in a ny direc tion propo rtional
to the cosine o f the angle of e missio n
8 5.What is the purpose of ra diation shie ld ?
Radiation shield c onstructed from lo w emissivity (high re fle ctiv e) materials. It is used to redu ce the ne
t radia tion tran sfer be tween two surfaces.
8 6.Define Irra diation (G)?
It is de fin ed a s th e total ra diation inc id en t upon a su rface pe r unit time per un it area . It is expresse
d in W/m2
8 7.What is ra diosity ( J)
It is used to ind ic ate the tota l radia tion le avin g a su rface pe r unit time pe r un it area. It is expresse d
in W/m2.
8 8.What are the a ssumptio ns made to calcu late radia tion e xc hange be tween the su rfa ces?
1. All surfa ce s are con side red to be e ith er b la ck of gray.
2. Ra diation and refle ction p roce ss a re assu med to b e diffu se .
3. The a bsorptivity o f a surface is tak en equa l to the emissiv ity and in depen dent o f temp erature o f
the sou rce of the incid ent radiation.
8 9.What is mea nt by shape fac tor and mention its physic al sign ifica nce .
The sh ape facto r is de fined a s
The fraction o f the rad ioac tive ene rgy tha t is diffu se d from one su rface e le men t a nd strikes th e
othe r su rface direc tly with no intervening reflection it is rep re sented by Fij.O th er na mes for radia
tion shape fa ctor are view factor, an gle fa ctor a nd configura tion fac to r .The shape facto r is u se d in
the analysis of rad io ac tive h ea t exch an ge between two surface s
9 0.Disc uss th e rad ia tio n charac te ristics of c arbo n dioxide a nd wa te r v apour.
T h e C O 2 andH2 O both ab so rb and emit ra diation over ce rtain wa ve len gth re gion s ca lle d ab so
rp tion ban ds. The radiation in these ga se s is a vo lu me phen omenon. The em issivity of CO2and the
emissiv ity of H2O at a pa rticula r temperature inc reases w ith pa rtial pressu re and mean beam length.