RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(AUTONOMOUS)
Thandalam, Chennai – 602 105
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
ME17602 – HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

PART-A

UNIT I : CONDUCTION

1. Define heat transfer.

Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one region to
another due to temperature difference.
2. What are the modes of heat transfer?
(i) Conduction
(ii)Convection
(iii) Radiation
3. What is conduction?
Heat conduction is a mechanism of heat transfer from a region of high
temperature to a region of low temperature within a medium (solid, liquid or gases)
or different medium in direct physical contact. In conduction energy exchange
takes place by the kinematic motion or direct impact of molecules. Pure conduction
is found only in solids.
4. Define Convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface
and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures. Convection is
possible only in the presence of fluid medium.
5. Define Radiation.
The heat transfer from one body to another body without any transmitting
medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
6. State Fourirer’s law of conduction.
The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the
direction of heat flow and to the temperature gradient in that direction.
7. Define Thermal conductivity.
Thermal conductivity is defined as the ability of a substance to conduct heat.
8. State Newton’s law of cooling.
The law states that Heat transfer rate is directly proportional to area and
temperature difference.
9. Define heat transfer coefficient.
It is defined as the heat transfer rate through unit area and maintaining unit
temperature difference.
10. Define fins (or) Extended surfaces
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface of heat
transfer. The surfaces used for increasing heat transfer are called extended
surfaces or sometimes known as fins.
11. State the application of fins.
The main application of fins are
1. Cooling of electronic components
2. Cooling of motor cycle engines
3. Cooling of transformers.
4. Cooling of small capacity compressors.
12. Define fin efficiency
The efficiency of a fin is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer by the fin to the
maximum possible heat transferred by the fin.
13. Define Fin effectiveness.
Fin effectiveness is the ratio of heat transfer with fin to that of heat transfer without
fin.
14. What is meant by steady state conduction?
If the temperature of the body does not vary with time, it is said to be in a steady
state and that type of conduction is known as steady state heat conduction.
15. What is meant by Transient heat conduction or unsteady state conduction?
If the temperature of a body varies with time, it is said to be in a transient state
and that type of conduction is known as transient heat conduction or unsteady
state conduction.
16. What is periodic heat flow?
In periodic heat flow, the temperature varies on a regular basis.
Example:
1. Cylinder of an IC engine.
2. Surface of earth during a period of 24 hours.
17. What is non periodic heat flow?
In non periodic heat flow, the temperature at any point within the system varies
non linearly with time.
Example:
1. Heating of an ingot in a furnace
2. Cooling of bars.
18. What is meant by Newtonian heating or cooling process?
The process in which the internal resistance is assumed as negligible in
comparison with its surface resistance is known as Newtonian heating or cooling
process.
19. What is meant by Lumped heat analysis?
In a Newtonian heating or cooling process the temperature throughout the solid is
considered to be uniform at a given time. Such an analysis is called Lumped heat
capacity analysis.
20. What is meant by Infinite solids?
A solid which extends itself infinitely in all directions of space is known as infinite
solid. In infinite solid, the Biot number value is between 0.1 and 100.
21. Define Biot number.
It is defined as the ratio of internal conductive resistance to the surface convective
resistance.
22. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity?
1. Moisture.
2. Density of Material.
3. Pressure.
4. Temperature
5. Structure of material.
23. Explain the significance of thermal diffusivity.
The physical significance of thermal diffusivity is that it tells us how fast heat is
propagated or it diffuses through a material during changes of temperature with
time.

24. What are Heisler Charts?

In Heisler chart, the solutions for temperature distributions and heat flows in plane
walls, long cylinders and spheres with finite internal and surface resistance are
presented. Heisler charts are nothing but analytical solutions in the form of
graphs.
 UNIT II : CONVECTION

1. What is dimensional analysis?

Dimensional analysis is the mathematical method which makes use of the
study of the dimensions for the dimensions for solving several engineering
problems. This method can be applied to all types of fluid resistances, heat flow
problems in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics.
2. State Buckingham π theorem.
Buckingham π theorem states as follows : “if there are n variables in a
dimensionally homogeneous equation and if these contain m fundamental
dimensions, then the variables are arranged into (n-m) dimensionless terms.
These dimensionless terms are called π terms.
3. What are all the advantages of dimensional analysis?
(i) It expresses the functional relationship between the variables in
dimensional terms.
(ii) It enables getting up a theoretical solution in a simplified
dimensionless form.
(iii) The results of one series of tests can be applied to a large number
of other similar problems with the help of dimensional analysis.
4. What are all the limitations of dimensional analysis?
(i) The complete information is not provided by dimensional analysis. It
only indicates that there is some relationship between the parameters.
(ii) No information is given about the internal mechanism of physical
phenomenon.
(iii) Dimensional analysis does not give any clue regarding the selection
of variables.
5. Define Reynold’s number (Re).
It is a dimensionless number and is defined a s the ratio between inertia force to
viscous force.
6. Define Prandtl number (Pr).
 It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal diffusivity.
7. Define Nusselt number (Nu).
It is defined as the ratio of heat flow by convection process under an unit
temperature gradient to the heat flow rate by conduction under an unit
temperature gradient through a stationary thickness (L) of metre.
8. Define Grashoff number (Gr)
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the
square of viscous force.
9. Define Stanton number.(St)
It is the ratio of Nusselt number to the product of Reynolds number and Prandtl
number.

10. What is meant by Newtonion and non Newtonian fluids?

The fluids which obey the newton’s law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids
and those which do not obey are called non Newtonian fluids.
11. What is meant by Laminar flow?
Laminar flow sometimes called stream line flow. In this type of flow, the fluid
moves in layers and each fluid particle follows a smooth continuous path. The
fluid particles in each layer remain in an orderly sequence without mixing with
each other.
12. What is meant by Turbulent flow?
In addition to the laminar type of flow, a distinct irregular flow is frequently
observed in nature. This type of flow is called turbulent flow. The path of any
individual particle is zig-zag and irregular.
13. What is hydrodynamic boundary layer?
In hydrodynamic boundary layer, velocity of the fluid is less than 99% of free
stream velocity.
14. Define convection.
Convection is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a solid surface
and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures.
15. State Newton’s law of convection.
Heat transfer from the moving fluid to solid surface is given by the equation
Q= h A (Tw-T∞)
This equation is referred to as Newton’s law of cooling.
Where h= Local heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K.
A=Surface Area in m2.
Tw= Surface (or) wall temperature in K.
T∞ = Temperature of fluid in K.
16. What is meant by natural or free convection?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free or natural convection.
17. What is forced convection?
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like blower or
fan, that type of heat transfer is known as forced convection.
18. According to Newton’s law of cooling the amount of heat transfer from a solid
surface of area A at a temperature Ts to a fluid temperature T∞ is given by
Ans. Q = h A (Ts-T∞)
19. What is the form of equation used to calculate heat transfer for flow through
cylindrical pipes?
Nu = 0.023 (Re)0.8(Pr)n.
n = 0.4 for heating of fluids.
n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids.
20. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced convection?
1. Reynold’s number(Re)
2. Nusselt number (Nu)
3. Prandtl number (Pr)
21. Define Boundary layer thickness.
The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the
surface at which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external
velocity or temperature.
 UNIT III : BOILING AND CONDENSATION

1. Define Boiling.
The change of phase from liquid to vapour state is known as boiling.
2. What is meant by condensation?
The change of phase from vapour to liquid state is known as condensation.
3. Give the application of boiling and condensation
Boiling and condensation process finds wide applications as mentioned below
(i) Thermal and nuclear power plant.
(ii) Refrigerating systems.
(iii) Process of heating and cooling
(iv) Air conditioning systems.
4. What is meant by pool boiling?
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling process is
referred to as pool boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is
essentially stagnant and its motion near the surface is due to free convection and
mixing induced by bubble growth and detachment.
5. What are the modes of condensation?
There are two modes of condensation
(i) Filmwise condensation
(ii) Dropwise condensation.
6. What is meant by Filmwise condensation?
The liquid condensate wets the solid surface, spreads out and forms a continuous
film over the entire surface is known as filmwise condensation.
7. What is meant by Dropwise condensation?
In dropwise condensation, the vapour condenses into small liquid droplets of
various sizes which fall down the surface in a andom fashion.

8. Give the merits of dropwise condensation.

 In dropwise condensation, a large portion of the area of the plate is directly
exposed to vapour. The heat transfer rate in dropwise condensation is 10 times
higher than in film condensation.
9. What is heat exchanger?
A heat exchanger is defined as an equipment which transfers the heat from a hot
fluid to a cold fluid.
10. What are the types of heat exchangers?
The types of heat exchangers are as follows:
1. Direct contact heat exchangers.
2. Indirect contact heat exchangers.
3. Surface heat exchangers.
4. Parallel flow heat exchangers
5. Counter flow heat exchangers.
6. Cross flow heat exchangers.
7. Shell and tube heat exchangers.
8. Compact heat exchangers.
11. What is meant by Direct Heat exchanger (or) open heat exchanger?
In direct contact heat exchanger, the heat exchange takes place by direct mixing
of hot and cold fluids.
12. What is meant by Indirect contact heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchangers, the transfer of heat between two fluids could be
carried out by transmission through wall which separates the two fluids.
13. What is meant by Regenerators?
In this type of heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow alternatively through the
same space.
Example :IC Engines, Gas Turbines.
14. What is meant by Recuperators (or) Surface heat exchangers?
This is the most common type of heat exchangers in which the hot and cold fluid
do not come into direct contact with each other but are separated by a tube wall or
a surface.Examples: Automobiles radiators, Air preheaters, economisers etc.
15. What is meant by parallel flow heat exchangers?
 In this type of heat exchanger hot and cold fluid move in the same direction.

16. What is meant by counter flow heat exchanger?

In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move in parallel but opposite
directions.
17. What is meant by cross flow heat exchanger?
In this type of heat exchanger, hot and cold fluids move at right angles to each
other.
18. What is meant by shell and tube heat exchanger?
In this type of Heat exchanger, one of the fluids move through a bundle of tubes
enclosed by a shell. The other fluid is forced through the shell and it moves over
the outside surface of the tubes.
19. What is meant by compact heat exchangers?
There are many special purpose heat exchangers called compact heat
exchangers. They are generally employed when convective heat transfer
coefficient associated with one of its fluids is much smaller than that associated
with the other fluid.
20. What is meant by LMTD?
We know that the temperature difference between the hot and cold fluids in the
heat exchanger varies from point to point. In addition various modes of heat
transfer are involved. Therefore based on the concept of appropriate mean
temperature difference, also called the logarithmic mean temperature difference,
the total heat transfer rate in the heat exchanger is expressed as
Q= UA (ΔT)m
where U = Overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m2K
A=Area m2,
(ΔT)m = Logarthmic mean temperature difference.
21. What is meant by Fouling factor?
We know, the surfaces of a heat exchangers do not remain clean after it has been
in use for some time. The surfaces become fouled with scaling or deposits. The
 effect of these deposits affecting the value of overall heat transfer coefficient. This
effect is taken care of by introducing an additional thermal resistance called the
fouling resistance.
22. What is meant by effectiveness?
The heat exchanger effectives is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the
maximum possible heat transfer.

Effectiveness ε = Actual heat transfer = Q

Maximum possible heat transfer Qmax

UNIT IV : RADIATION

1. Define Radiation.
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is
known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.
2. Define emissive power [Eb]
The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body
per unit time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
3. Define monochromatic emissive power [Ebλ]
The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in
all directions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
4. What is meant by absorptivity?
Absorptivity is defined as the ratio between radiation absorbed and incident
radiation.
Absorptivity α = Radiation absorbed
Incident radiation
5. What is meant by reflectivity?
Reflectivity is defined as the ratio of radiation reflected to the incident radiation.
Reflectivity ρ = Radiation reflected
Incident radiation
6. What is meant by transmissivity?
Transmissivity is defined as the ratio of radiation transmitted to the incident
radition
Transmissivity τ = Radiation transmitted
Incident radiation
7. What is black body?
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties:
1. A black body absorbs all incident radiation, regardless of wave
length and direction.
2. For a prescribed temperature and wave length, no surface can emit
more energy than black body.
8. State Planck’s distribution law.
The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power of a black body and
wave length of a radiation at a particular temperature is given by the following
expression, by Planck.
9. State Wein’s displacement law.
The Wein’s law gives the relationship between temperature and wave length
corresponding to the maximum spectral emissive power of the black body at that
temperature.
λmax T = c
where c = 2.9 x 10-3 [ Radiation constant]
λmax T = 2.9 x 10-3 mK
10. State Stefan Boltzmann law.
The emissive power of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of absolute
temperature.
Eb α T 4
Eb = σ T4.
Where Eb = Emissive power W/m2
σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4.
T = Temperature, K
11. Define emissivity.
It is defined as the ability of the surface of a body to radiate heat. It is defined as
the ratio of emissive power of any body to the emissive power of a black body of
equal temperature.
Emissivity ε = E/Eb
12. What is meant by gray body?
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their
wave length, the body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body
is always less than that of the black body.
13. State Kirchoff’s law of radiation.
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the absorptivity is constant
for all surfaces which are in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. It also
states that the emissivity of the body is always equal to its absorptivity when the
body remains in thermal equilibrium.
14. Define intensity of radiation (Ib)
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a space in a given direction per unit solid
angle per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space.
Ib = E b / π
15. State Lambert’s cosine law.
It states that the total emissive power Eb from a radiating plane surface in any
direction proportional to the cosine of the angle of emission.
E b α cos θ
16. What is the purpose of radiation shield?
Radiation shields constructed from low emissivity (high reflective) materials. It is
used to reduce the net radiation transfer between two surfaces.
17. Define irradiation(G)
It is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit
area. It is expressed in W/m2.
18. What is radiosity (J)
It is used to indicate the total radiation leaving a surface per unit time per unit
area. It is expressed in W/m2.
19. What are the assumptions made to calculate radiation exchange between the
surfaces?
1. All surfaces are considered to be either black or gray.
2. Radiation and reflection process are assumed to be diffuse
3. The absorptivity of a surface is taken equal to its emmisivity
and independent of temperature of the source of the incident
radiation.
20. What is meant by shape factor?
The shape factor is defined as the fraction of the radiative energy that is diffused
from one surface element and strikes the other surface directly with no intervening
reflections. It is represented by Fij. Other names for radiation shape factor are
view factor, angle factor and configuration factor.

UNIT V : MASS TRANSFER

1. What is mass transfer?

The process of transfer of mass as result of the species concentration difference
in a mixture s known as mass transfer.
2. Give the examples of mass transfer.
Some examples of mass transfer are:
1. Humidification of air in cooling water.
2. Evaporation of petrol in the carburetor of an IC engine.
3. The transfer of water vapour into dry air.
3. What are the modes of mass transfer?
There are basically two modes of mass transfer
1. Diffusion mass transfer
2. Convective mass transfer
4. What is molecular diffusion?
 The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or
gases is known as molecular diffusion.
5. What is Eddy diffusion?
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
6. What is convective mass transfer?
Convective mass transfer is process of mass transfer that will occur between
surface and a fluid medium when they are at different concentrations.
7. State Fick’s law of diffusion.
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an
element per unit area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.
8. What is free convective mass transfer?
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from
concentration gradients, the mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural
convective mass transfer.
Example : Evaporation of alcohol.
9. Define forced convective mass transfer.
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower
or fan, that type of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer.
Example : The evaporation of water from an ocean when air blows over it.
10. Define Schmidt number.
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular
diffusivity of mass.
11. Define Sherwood number.
It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary.
12. Define Molar concentration.
It is defined as the number of moles of species per unit volume of the
mixture .
13. Define Equimolar counter Diffusion.
In equimolar counter-diffusion, the molar fluxes or A and B are equal, but
opposite in direction, and the total pressure is constant throughout..
 PART-B
UNIT I : CONDUCTION
Problems for Practice.
1. Derive the general heat conduction equation in
(i) Cartesian co-ordinates (ii) cylindrical co-ordinates
(iii) spherical co-ordinates
2. What is lumped capacity? What are the assumptions for lumped capacity
analysis?
3. A wall of 0.5m thickness is to be constructed from a material which has an
average thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/mK. The wall is to be insulated with
a material having an average thermal conductivity of 0.35 W/mK so that the
heat loss per square meter will not exceed 1450W. Assuming that the inner
and outer surface temperatures are 1200°C and 15°C respectively. Calculate
the thickness of insulation required.
4. The door of a cold storage room is made of two 6mm thick glass sheets
separated by a uniform air gap of 2mm. the temperature of air inside the
room is -20°C and the ambient air temperature is 30°C. Assuming the heat
transfer co-efficient between the glass and the air is to be
23.26W/m2K.determine the rate of heat leaking in to the room per unit area
of the door. Neglect convection effects in the air gap.
5. A 3-m-high and 5-m-wide wall consists of long 16-cm x 22-cm cross section
horizontal bricks (k = 0.72 W/m•°C) separated by 3-cm-thick plaster layers
(k = 0.22 W/m•°C). There are also 2 cm-thick plaster layers on each side of
the brick and a 3-cm-thick rigid foam (k =0.026 W/m • °C) on the inner side
 of the wall. The indoor and the outdoor temperatures are 20°C and -10°C,
and the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and the outer sides
are h1=10 W/m2•°C and h2=25W/m2•°C, respectively. Assuming one-
dimensional heat transfer and disregarding radiation, determine the rate of
heat transfer through the wall.
6. Consider a 0.8-m high and 1.5-m wide glass window with a thickness of 8
mm and a thermal conductivity of k = 0.78 W/m · °C. Determine the steady
rate of heat transfer through this glass window and the temperature of its
inner surface for a day during which the room is maintained at 20°C while
the temperature of the outdoors is -10°C. Take the heat transfer coefficients
on the inner and outer surfaces of the window to be h1 = 10 W/m2 · °C and
h2 = 40 W/m2 · °C.
7. A furnace wall is made up of three layers of thickness 25 cm, 10cm, and 15
cm with thermal conductivities as 1.65 W/mK and 9.2 W/Mk. The inside is
exposed to gases at 1250°C with a convection co-efficient of 25W/m2K and
the inside surface is as 1100°C, the outside surface is exposed to air at 25°C
with convection co-efficient of 12 W/m2K. Determine (i). the unknown
thermal conductivity (ii). The overall heat transfer co-efficient (iii). All the
surface temperature.
8. A composite wall consists of 10cm thick layer of building brick,
k=0.7W/mK and 3 cm thick plaster, k=0.5W/mK. An insulating material of
k=0.08W/mK is to be added to reduce the heat transfer through wall by
40%. Find its thickness.
9. A furnace wall is made up of three layers, inside layer with thermal
conductivity 8.56W/mK, the middle layer with 0.25W/mK, the outer layer
with 0.08W/mK the thickness of inner, middle and outer layers are 25cm, 5
cm and 3 cm respectively. The inside and outside wall temperatures are
 600°C and 50 °C. Draw the equivalent electrical circuit for conduction of
heat through the wall and find the thermal resistance, heat flow /m2 and all
interface temperature.
10.A 3-mm-diameter and 5-m-long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 2-
mm thick plastic cover whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.15 W/m · °C.
Electrical measurements indicate that a current of 10 A passes through the
wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the insulated wire is
exposed to a medium at T= 30°C with a heat transfer coefficient of
h=12W/m2· °C, determine the temperature at the interface of the wire and
the plastic cover in steady operation. Also determine whether doubling the
thickness of the plastic cover will increase or decrease this interface
temperature.
11.A steel tube with 5 cm inner dia, 7.6 cm outer dia and k=15W/m°C is
covered with an insulating covering of thickness 2cm and k=0.2W/m°C. A
hot gas at 330°C with h=400w/m2°C, flows inside the tube. The outer
surface of the insulation is exposed to cooler air at 30°C with h=60w/m2°C.
Calculate the heat loss from the tube to the air for 10m of the tube and the
temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistance of the hot gas flow,
the steel tube, the insulating layer and the outside air.
12.A 3cm outer dia steam pipe is to be covered with two layers of insulation
each having a thickness of 2.5cm. The average thermal conductivity of one
insulation is 5times that of the other. Determine the percentage decrease in
heat transfer if better insulating material is next to pipe than it is the outer
layer. Assume that the outside and inside temperatures of the composite
insulation are fixed.
13.Steam in a heating system flows through tubes whose outer diameter is
D1=3 cm and whose walls are maintained at a temperature of 120°C.
 Circular aluminium fins (k=180 W/m · °C) of outer diameter D2=6 cm and
constant thickness t=2 mm are attached to the tube. The space between the
fins is 3 mm, and thus there are 200 fins per meter length of the tube. Heat is
transferred to the surrounding air at T=25°C, with a combined heat transfer
coefficient of h=60 W/m2°C. Determine the increase in heat transfer
from the tube per meter of its length as a result of adding fins.
14.An aluminum rod (k=204W/mK), 2 cm in diameter and 20 cm long
protrudes from a wall which is maintained at 300 °C. The end of the rod is
insulated and surface of the rod exposed to surrounding air temperature of
30°C. The heat transfer co-efficient between the rod and air is 10 W/m2K.
Calculate the heat lost by the rod and the temperature of the rod at a distance
of 10 cm from the wall.
15.A cylinder 1m long and 5 cm in diameter is placed in an atmosphere at
45°C. It is provided with 10 longitudinal straight fins of material having
k=120W/mK. The height of 0.76mm thick fins is 1.27cm from the cylinder
surface. The heat transfer co-efficient between cylinder and atmosphere is 17
W/m2k. Calculate the rate of heat transfer and the temperature at the end of
fins, if surface temperature of cylinder is 150°C.
16.A turbine blade 6cm long and having a cross- sectional area 4.65cm2 and
perimeter 12 cm is made of stainless steel (k=23.2W/mK). The temperature
at the root is 500°C. The blade is exposed to a hot gas at 870°C. The heat
transfer co-efficient between the blade surface and gas is 442W/m2K.
Determine the temperature distribution and rate of heat flow at root of the
blade. Assume tip of the blade to be insulated.
17.A circumferential rectangular fin of 140 mm wide and 5mm thick are fitted
on a 200 mm diameter tube. The fin base temperature is 170°C and the
ambient temperature is 25°C. Estimate fin efficiency and heat lost per fin.
 Take thermal conductivity, k= 220W/mK. Heat transfer co-efficient
h=140W/m2K.

UNIT II : CONVECTION

1. Explain the concept of velocity and thermal boundary layers.

2. Explain the thermal and velocity boundary layers for flow over a horizontal
flat plate.
3. A 2-m x 3-m flat plate is suspended in a room, and is subjected to air flow
parallel to its surfaces along its 3-m-long side. The free stream temperature
and velocity of air are 20°C and 7 m/s. The total drag force acting on the
plate is measured to be 0.86 N. Determine the average convection heat
transfer coefficient for the plate.
4. Engine oil at 60°C flows over the upper surface of a 5-m-long flat plate
whose temperature is 20°C with a velocity of 2 m/s. Determine the total drag
force and the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate.
5. The local atmospheric pressure in Ooty, Tamilnadu (elevation 1610 m), is
83.4 kPa. Air at this pressure and 20°C flows with a velocity of 8 m/s over a
1.5 m x 6 m flat plate whose temperature is 140°C. Determine the rate of
heat transfer from the plate if the air flows parallel to the (a) 6-m-long side
and (b) the 1.5-m side.
6. The forming section of a plastics plant puts out a continuous sheet of plastic
that is 1.2m wide and 0.1cm thick at a velocity of 9m/min. The temperature
of the plastic sheet is 95°C when it is exposed to the surrounding air, and a
6m-long section of the plastic sheet is subjected to air flow at 25°C at a
velocity of 3 m/s on both sides along its surfaces normal to the direction of
motion of the sheet. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer from the plastic
sheet to air by forced convection and radiation and (b) the temperature of the
 plastic sheet at the end of the cooling section. Take the density, specific heat,
and emissivity of the plastic sheet to be ρ =1200kg/m3, Cp =0.4 kJ/kg · °C,
and ε =0.9.
7. A 2.2-cm-outer-diameter pipe is to cross a river at a 30-m-wide section
while being completely immersed in water. The average flow velocity of
water is 4 m/s and the water temperature is 15°C. Determine the drag force
exerted on the pipe by the river.
8. A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is
110°C passes through some open area that is not protected against the winds.
Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length when the
air is at 1 atm pressure and 10°C and the wind is blowing across the pipe at a
velocity of 8 m/s.
9. A 25-cm-diameter stainless steel ball (ρ =8055 kg/m3, Cp =480 J/kg · °C) is
removed from the oven at a uniform temperature of 300°C. The ball is then
subjected to the flow of air at 1 atm pressure and 25°C with a velocity of 3
m/s. The surface temperature of the ball eventually drops to 200°C.
Determine the average convection heat transfer coefficient during this
cooling process and estimate how long the process will take.
10.Water enters a 2.5-cm-internal-diameter thin copper tube of a heat exchanger
at 15°C at a rate of 0.3 kg/s, and is heated by steam condensing outside at
120°C. If the average heat transfer coefficient is 800 W/m2 °C, determine
the length of the tube required in order to heat the water to 115°C.
11.Consider the flow of oil at 20°C in a 30-cm-diameter pipeline at an average
velocity of 2 m/s. A 200-m-long section of the pipeline passes through icy
waters of a lake at 0°C. Measurements indicate that the surface temperature
of the pipe is very nearly 0°C. Disregarding the thermal resistance of the
pipe material, determine (a) the temperature of the oil when the pipe leaves
 the lake, (b) the rate of heat transfer from the oil, and (c) the pumping power
required to overcome the pressure losses and to maintain the flow of the oil
in the pipe.
12.Water is to be heated from 15°C to 65°C as it flows through a 3-cm-
internaldiameter 5-m-long tube. The tube is equipped with an electric
resistance heater that provides uniform heating throughout the surface of the
tube. The outer surface of the heater is well insulated, so that in steady
operation all the heat generated in the heater is transferred to the water in the
tube. If the system is to provide hot water at a rate of 10 L/min, determine
the power rating of the resistance heater. Also, estimate the inner surface
temperature of the pipe at the exit.
13.Hot air at atmospheric pressure and 80°C enters an 8–m-long uninsulated
square duct of cross section 0.2 m x 0.2 m that passes through the attic of a
house at a rate of 0.15 m3/s. The duct is observed to be nearly
isothermal at 60°C. Determine the exit temperature of the air and the rate of
heat loss from the duct to the attic space.
14.A 6-m-long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe shown in
passes through a large room whose temperature is 20°C. If the outer surface
temperature of the pipe is 70°C, determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe
by natural convection.
15.Consider a 0.6-m x 0.6-m thin square plate in a room at 30°C. One side of
the plate is maintained at a temperature of 90°C, while the other side is
insulated. Determine the rate of heat transfer from the plate by natural
convection if the plate is (a) vertical, (b) horizontal with hot surface facing
up, and (c) horizontal with hot surface facing down.
UNIT III : PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

1. Explain briefly the physical mechanism of boiling. Enumerate the

applications of boiling heat transfer.

2. What is subcooled boiling? Write a brief note on heat transfer during

boiling and condensation.

3. With a neat and labelled sketch, explain the various regimes in boiling heat
transfer.

4. Explain how heat exchangers are classified.

BOILING:

5. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a mechanically polished

stainless steel pan placed on top of a heating unit. The inner surface of the
bottom of the pan is maintained at 108°C. If the diameter of the bottom of
the pan is 30 cm, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer to the water and (b)
the rate of evaporation of water.
6. Water in a tank is to be boiled at sea level by a 1-cm-diameter nickel plated
steel heating element equipped with electrical resistance wires inside.
Determine the maximum heat flux that can be attained in the nucleate
boiling regime and the surface temperature of the heater surface in that case.
7. Water is boiled at atmospheric pressure by a horizontal polished copper
heating element of diameter D =5 mm and emissivity is0.05 immersed in
 water. If the surface temperature of the heating wire is 350°C, determine the
rate of heat transfer from the wire to the water per unit length of the wire.

CONDENSATION:
8. Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 2-m-high and 3-m
wide vertical plate that is maintained at 80°C by circulating cooling water
through the other side . Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer by
condensation to the plate and (b) the rate at which the condensate drips off
the plate at the bottom.
9. Saturated steam at atmospheric pressure condenses on a 2-m-high and 3-
mwide vertical plate that is maintained at 80°C by circulating cooling water
through the other side. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer by
condensation to the plate and (b) the rate at which the condensate drips off
the plate at the bottom. What would your answer be to the preceding
example problem if the plate were tilted 30° from the vertical.
10.The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 7.38 kPa.
Steam at this pressure condenses on the outer surfaces of horizontal pipes
through which cooling water circulates. The outer diameter of the pipes is 3
cm, and the outer surfaces of the pipes are maintained at 30°C. Determine
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water circulating in the pipes and
(b) the rate of condensation of steam per unit length of a horizontal pipe.
11.The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 7.38 kPa.
Steam at this pressure condenses on the outer surfaces of horizontal pipes
through which cooling water circulates. The outer diameter of the pipes is 3
cm, and the outer surfaces of the pipes are maintained at 30°C. Determine
(a) the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water circulating in the pipes and
 (b) the rate of condensation of steam per unit length of a horizontal pipe, if
12 horizontal tubes arranged in a rectangular array of 3 tubes high and 4
tubes wide.

HEAT EXCHANGERS

12.Hot oil is to be cooled in a double-tube counter-flow heat exchanger. The

copper inner tubes have a diameter of 2 cm and negligible thickness. The
inner diameter of the outer tube (the shell) is 3 cm. Water flows through the
tube at a rate of 0.5 kg/s, and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.8 kg/s.
Taking the average temperatures of the water and the oil to be 45°C and
80°C, respectively, determine the overall heat transfer coefficient of this heat
exchanger.

13.A double-pipe (shell-and-tube) heat exchanger is constructed of a stainless

steel (k = 15.1 W/m · °C) inner tube of inner diameter Di = 1.5 cm and outer
diameter Do =1.9 cm and an outer shell of inner diameter 3.2 cm. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is given to be h i = 800 W/m2 · °C on the
inner surface of the tube and ho = 1200 W/m2 · °C on the outer surface. For a
fouling factor of Rf,i = 0.0004 m2 · °C/W on the tube side and
Rf,o = 0.0001 m2· °C/W on the shell side, determine (a) the thermal
resistance of the heat exchanger per unit length and (b) the overall heat
transfer coefficients, Ui and Uo based on the inner and outer surface areas of
the tube, respectively.

14.Steam in the condenser of a power plant is to be condensed at a temperature

of 30°C with cooling water from a nearby lake, which enters the tubes of the
 condenser at 14°C and leaves at 22°C. The surface area of the tubes is 45
m2, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 2100 W/m2 · °C. Determine
the mass flow rate of the cooling water needed and the rate of condensation
of the steam in the condenser.

15.A counter-flow double-pipe heat exchanger is to heat water from 20°C to

80°C at a rate of 1.2 kg/s. The heating is to be accomplished by geothermal
water available at 160°C at a mass flow rate of 2 kg/s. The inner tube is thin-
walled and has a diameter of 1.5 cm. If the overall heat transfer coefficient
of the heat exchanger is 640 W/m2 · °C, determine the length of the heat
exchanger required to achieve the desired heating.

16.A 2-shell passes and 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerin
from 20°C to 50°C by hot water, which enters the thin-walled 2-cm-diameter
tubes at 80°C and leaves at 40°C . The total length of the tubes in the heat
exchanger is 60 m. The convection heat transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2 · °C
on the glycerin (shell) side and 160 W/m2 · °C on the water (tube) side.
Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat exchanger (a) before any
fouling occurs and (b) after fouling with a fouling factor of 0.0006 m2 ·
°C/W occurs on the outer surfaces of the tubes.
17.Hot oil is to be cooled by water in a 1-shell-pass and 8-tube-passes heat
exchanger. The tubes are thin-walled and are made of copper with an
internal diameter of 1.4 cm. The length of each tube pass in the heat
exchanger is 5 m, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 310 W/m2 · °C.
Water flows through the tubes at a rate of 0.2 kg/s, and the oil through the
shell at a rate of 0.3 kg/s. The water and the oil enter at temperatures of 20°C
 and 150°C, respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the heat
exchanger and the outlet temperatures of the water and the oil.

UNIT IV : RADIATION

18.A furnace wall emits radiation at 200 K .Treating it as black body radiation,
calculate
1. Monochromatic radiant flux density at 1 µm wave length.
2. Wave length at which emission is maximum and the corresponding
emissive power.
3. Total emissive power.
19.Two large parallel plates at 800K and 600K have emissivities of 0.5 and 0.8
respectively. A radiation shield having of 0.1 on one side and an emissivity of
0.05 on the other side is placed between the plates. Calculate the heat transfer
rate by radiation per square meter with and without radiation shield. Comment
on the results.
20.Two parallel plate of size 1m x1m are spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very
large room, the walls of which are maintained at a temperature of 27˚C. One
plate is maintained at a temperature of 900 ˚C and the other at 400 ˚C. Their
emissivities are 0.2 and 0.5. If the plate’s exchanges heat between themselves
and the surroundings, find the net heat transfer to each plate and to the room.
Consider only the plate surfaces facing each other.
21.Two circular discs of dia 20 cm each are placed 2m apart. Calculate the radiant
heat exchanges for these disc if there are maintained at 800 ˚C and 300 ˚C
respectively and the corresponding emissivity’s are 0.3 and 0.5.
22.A surface at 100 K with emissivity of 0.10 is protected from a radiation flux of
 1250 W/m2 by a shield with emissivity of 0.05. Determine the percentage cut
off and the shield temperature. Assume the shape factor as 1.
23.Consider the 5-m x 5-m x 5-m cubical furnace, whose surfaces closely
approximate black surfaces. The base, top, and side surfaces of the furnace are
maintained at uniform temperatures of 800 K, 1500 K, and 500 K, respectively.
Determine (a) the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the base and the
side surfaces, (b) the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the base and the
top surface, and (c) the net radiation heat transfer from the base surface.
24.Determine the view factor (F14) for the figure shown below :

25.Find the shape factor F12 for the area shown in figures.
 UNIT V: MASS TRANSFER

1. A mixture of O2 and N2 with their partial pressures in the ratio 0.21 to

0.71 is in a container at 25oC. Calculate the molar concentrations, the mass
density, the mole fraction and the mass fraction of each species for a total
pressure of 1 bar. What would be the average molecular weight of the
mixture?
2. The tyre tube of a vehicle has a surface area 0.62 m2 and wall thickness
12mm. The tube has air filled in it at a pressure 2.4 x 105 N/m2 . The air
pressure drops to 2.3 x 105 N/m2 in 10 days. The volume of air in the tube is
0.034 m3. Calculate the diffusion co-efficient of air in rubber at the
temperature of 315 K. Gas constant value = 287. Solubility of air in rubber
tube = 0.075 m3 of air/m3 of rubber tube at one atmosphere.
3. The molecular weights of the two components A and B of a gas mixture are
24 and 28 respectively. The molecular weight of the gas mixture is found to
be 30. If the mass concentration of the mixture is 1.3 kg/m3, determine the
following :
a) density of component A and B
b) molar fractions
c) mass fractions and
d) total pressure if the temperature of the mixture is 290 K.

4. Hydrogen gas at 47OC and 3 atm flows through a ruber tubing of 1.5 cm
 inner radius and 2.5 cm outer radius. The diffusivity of hydrogen through

rubber is stated to be 0.792 x 10-4 m2/s and the solubility of hydrogen is

0.06 m3 of hydrogen / m3 of rubber at 1 atmosphere. If the gas constant for

hydrogen is 4160 KJ/kg and the concentration of hydrogen at the outer
surface of tubing is negligible, calculate the diffusion flux rate of hydrogen
per meter length of the rubber tubing.
5. Oxygen at 25°C and pressure of 2 bar is flowing through a rubber pipe of
inside diameter of 25mm and wall thickness 2.5mm. The diffusivity of O2
through rubber is 0.21x10-9 m2/s and the solubility of O2 in rubber is
3.12x 10-3 kg-mole/m3-bar. Find the loss of O2 by diffusion per meter length
of pipe.
6. Dry air at 20°C [ρ=1.2 kg/m3, Ѵ=15x10-6m2/s. D=4.2x10-5m2/s] flows over
a flat plate of length 50 cm which is covered with a thin layer of water at a
velocity of 1 m/s. estimate the local mass transfer co-efficient at a distance
of 10 cm from the leading edge and the average mass transfer co-efficient
7. Two large vessels contain uniform mixture of nitrogen and CO2 at 1 atm,
T = 289 K but at different concentration. Vessel 1 contains 90% N2 and
80 % CO2 by moles. The two vessels are connected by a duct of 0.152 m ID
and 1.22 m long. Determine the rate of transfer of nitrogen between the two
vessels by assuming that steady state transfer takes place in view of the large
capacity of the two reservoirs. Take the mass diffusivity for N2 - CO2

mixture as 0.16 x 10-4 m2/s.

8. Air at 25oC and atmospheric pressure flows with a velocity of 3 m/s inside a
10 mm diameter tube of 1 m length. The inside surface of the tube contains a
deposit of napthalene. Determine the average mass transfer co-efficient. Air
at 1 atm and 25°C containing small quantities of iodine, flows with a
velocity of 6.2m/s inside a 35 mm diameter tube. Calculate the mass transfer
coefficient for iodine. The thermo-physical properties of air are υ =15.5

X10-6 m2/s D= 0.82 X10-5 m2/s .