Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research

Print ISSN: 2350-0077; Online ISSN: 2350-0255; Volume 1, Number 3; October, 2014 pp. 47-52
Krishi Sanskriti Publications
http://www.krishisanskriti.org/jbaer.html

Experimental & Computational Study

on Compound Delta Wing
M. Naimuddin1, G. Chopra2, G. Sharma3
1,2,3
Aeronautical Engineering Department
Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad

Abstract: Experimental and computational studies have been Streakline pattern over the surface reveals the local flow over
made on compound delta wing at angles of attack in the range of the wing surface. Important flow features like separation,
0 to 15 degrees in the pitch plane. The flow field of compound attachment line can also be observed using wing surface
delta wing is dominated by leading edge vortices. Characteristics streakline pattern. Therefore, a lot of work has been done to
of leading edge vortices vary with increasing angle of attack, at
understand the flow-field over delta wings using surface flow
high angles they undergo breakdown or bursting .
Experiments consisted of Surface Oil flow visualization over a visualization techniques. [1] Studied effect of angle of attack
Sharp Edged 47-69 compound delta wing at free stream and Reynolds number on vertical flow behavior on 76-40
Reynolds Number of 3.5105 based on root chord length of the double-delta wing. [2] Carried out oil flow visualization and
wing model. Oil flow visualization reveals the Streakline pattern stero particle image velocimetry (SPIV) technique to
and this pattern have been used to infer the flow field over the understand the effect of leading edge radius on Aerodynamics
surface of the wing. Subsequently computations were made using of 50 sweep delta wing. [2] Reported the enlargement and
commercially available software ANSYS FLUENT. spanwise outward movement of primary vortex due to vortex
Computational domain was meshed by 3 dimensional structured breakdown at 10 angle of attack and upstream movement of
grid and Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) based steady
vortex breakdown point with increasing angle of attack.[3]
state computations were carried out. The results from present
study indicate that the wing surface vortices dilate with increase
in angle of attack and burst at high angle of attack. Moreover,
the results could provide valuable inputs for vortex bursting
control and design of wing structure.

1. INTRODUCTION
Compound delta wing configuration is adopted in many
modern high speed fighter aircrafts like HAL Tejas (Light
Combat Aircraft). Compounded delta wing configuration
possibly provides better stability and maneuverability, which
is essential for fighter aircrafts. Moreover, delta wing
configuration also gives low supersonic drag and to further
improves this thin or sharp leading edges are adopted. Due to
pressure difference across the wing, flow over the lower
surface moves in span-wise direction towards the upper
surface and flow separates along the leading edge. This causes
generation of two counter rotating leading edge vortices
(LEV) over the surface of wing moving towards downstream
as shown in figure 1. Vortices dominated flow-field causes
aerodynamic characteristics of the wing to become highly
non-linear. Moreover, with increasing angle of attack the
characteristics of LEV vary and undergo breakdown or
bursting. This phenomenon causes highly unsteady Figure 1. Schematic of flow field over delta wing [11].
aerodynamic loads on the wing might lead to buffeting.
Consequently, precise information about vortex breakdown is Performed numerical and experimental study on 65 sweep
important for designers. delta wing at different angles of attack and sideslip angles. [3]
48 M. Naimuddin, G. Chopra, G. Sharma

Reported asymmetric behavior of vortex breakdown. Flow All the experiments have been made using the low Subsonic
over single beveled 76- 40 double delta wing was Wind Tunnel at Aeronautical Engineering department of
investigated by [4]. Detailed study on vortical flow structure is Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad. The test
reported by [5-7]. Various vortices control techniques are section has dimensions of 300mm 300 mm 1200mm and is
reported by [8-10]. provided with transparent windows on top and sides walls.

Present study is focused on experimentally investigating Experiments were carried out at free-stream velocity of 31 m/s
surface flow over a sharp edged 47-69 compound delta at Reynolds Number of 3.5105 based on root chord of wing
wing. Experiments were carried out at 0, 5, 10 and 15 model. The studies have been made at angle of attack in the
angles of attack and Reynolds Number of 3.5105 based on range of 0 to 15.
root chord length of the wing model. Surface flow pattern is
obtained by oil flow visualization technique. The experimental The wing model is a wooden flat plate 47-69 compound
methodology and results are discussed in following sections. double delta wing having sharp leading edges. The leading
edge is single beveled with 14 bevel angle. The trailing edge
2. EXPERIMENTAL METHODOLOGY of the wing has a plane blunt edge. The root chord of the wing
model is 191 mm and the wing span is 206 mm. The wing
thickness is 10 mm. The schematic drawing of the double
delta wing is shown in figure 3.

The surface of the model was painted black in color to ensure

the proper and distinct visibility of surface flow patterns. A
mixture of titanium dioxide and oleic acid oil in the
appropriate volumetric ratio of has been used for surface flow
visualization studies. The mixture is painted uniformly as a
thin layer on upper flat surface of the wing model.

3. COMPUTATIONAL METHODOLOGY
3D model is developed to study the flow over a compound
Figure 2. Schematic of Low subsonic wind tunnel setup. delta wing. One half of the model is constructed for the
purpose of computation as the whole object is symmetrical.
Computational domain is shown in figure 4.

Figure 3. Geometry of compound delta wing. Figure 4. Computational domain.

Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research (JBAER)

Print ISSN: 2350-0077; Online ISSN: 2350-0255; Volume 1, Number 3; October, 2014
Experimental & Computational Study on Compound Delta Wing 49

Figure 5 shows the meshed geometry of the symmetric one Du p xx yx zx

half of the wing used for analysis. = + + + + fx (In X- Direction)
Dt x x y z

Conservation of Energy

D V2 T T T ( up ) ( vp ) ( wp )
e + = q + k + k + k
Dt 2 x x y y z z x y z
( u xx ) ( u yx ) ( u zx ) ( v xy ) ( v yy ) ( v zy )
+ + + + + +
x y z x y z
( ( w)xz ) ( ( w) yz ) ( ( w) zz )
+ + + + f V Eqn. 4.
x y z

For the accurate prediction of aerodynamic performance, the

study of vortices around the wing has to be thoroughly
understood. Inviscid solvers are not capable of predicting the
Figure 5.Surface mesh used for computation.
vortex phenomena hence there lies a requirement of
introduction of turbulence model therefore; Spalart Allmaras
(SA) model is used. SA is a one equation turbulence model
which requires less computation time when compared to other
turbulence models and is very suitable for predicting
aerodynamic flows. The equations can be described as:

 + M 
V '
=
1
h
+  +  + h
' ' '
+

is transport variable (analogous to the turbulent kinematic

viscosity except near-wall (viscous-affected) region). is
production of turbulent viscosity, is the destruction of

wall blocking and viscous damping, and h are constants

turbulent viscosity that occurs in the near-wall region due to

and v is the molecular kinematic viscosity, is user-defined

source term.

Turbulent viscosity, # , is computed from:

# = Q

Where Q is viscous damping function and it is given by:

j
Q = j
+ j
Figure 6. Meshed grid.

The conservation equations of mass, momentum and energy


are solved for obtaining solution over the double delta wing.

is modelled as:
Conservation of Mass

+ ( v ) = 0
t

+ Q
h h h
Conservation of Momentum

Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research (JBAER)

Print ISSN: 2350-0077; Online ISSN: 2350-0255; Volume 1, Number 3; October, 2014
50 M. Naimuddin, G. Chopra, G. Sharma

Qh = 1
1 + Q

and are constants, d is the distance from the wall, and S

is a scalar measure of the deformation tensor.

h
The destruction term:

= z Qz

1 + zj
/
Qz =
+ zj

=  + zh  


h h

z , zh and zj are constants. Modifications done to include

the effects of mean strain on S will also affect the value of
Figure 7. Surface flow pattern at 0 angle of attack.

2
used to compute r.
= 0.1355, h = 0.622, = , = 7.1, z
Moreover, as the angle of attack is increased to 5 the flow
3
1 + h 
field changes significantly, as shown in figure 8. The point of

= h + , zh = 0.3, zj = 2,
emergence of vortex has moved up from the kink to the apex.

The vortex appears to enlarge as it moves downstream. The
= 0.4187
attachment line moves inboard, this may be due to vortex
enlargement.
is set to zero.
Modified turbulent kinematic viscosity 
The meshing of the model has been done using GAMBIT
software. As the structure of the wing is symmetrical so half
of the body is used in the domain to save computation time. A
stationary no slip boundary condition is imposed on the walls
of the wing. Schematic of the discretized domain is shown in
figure 5. Grid independence tests have been performed on the
model. A total of 612400 cells have been used in the model.
Figure 6 shows the meshed geometry along with whole
domain of the flow. Coupled scheme has been used for the
solution purpose. Y+ and other Turbulence parameters have
been maintained for all the computations at different angle of
attack.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A typical surface flow pattern obtained by oil flow
visualization technique on the surface of wing at 0 angle of
attack is shown in figure 7. Most flow features like axially Figure 8. Surface flow pattern at 5 angle of attack.
attached flow lines, separation line and attachment line are
clearly visible on the surface flow pattern obtained by oil flow Wing surface streakline pattern obtained from computations is
visualization technique. At 0 angle of attack vortex appears to able to capture the flow phenomenon with appreciable degree
emerge from the kink and move downstream along with wing of accuracy. The vital flow features like attachment line,
tip. Near the root of the wing flow is observed to be attached separation line are comprehensible as shown in figures 9, 10.
and move in axial direction. Therefore, Computational and experimental surface flow
patterns are in good agreement with each other.

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Experimental & Computational Study on Compound Delta Wing 51

Figure 9. Computational and Experimental surface flow pattern

at 0 angle of attack. Figure 11. Computational and Experimental surface flow pattern
at 10 angle of attack.
As the angle of attack is further increased to 10, the flow
Figure 12 shows surface flow pattern at 15 angle of attack.
features become clearly visible and significant on the surface
The flow features are easily discernable; this may be because
flow pattern as shown in figure 11. This may be because of
of increase in strength and size of vortex. Furthermore, the
increasing strength and size of vortex. The attachment line
vortex gets distorted at this angle of attack, this can be
moves further inwards. Vortex appears to emerge from apex
observed from outward movement of flow near the trailing
of the wing and move downstream. At the root flow remains
edge of the wing. Flow-field indicates towards the vortex
attached and moves in axial direction.
breakdown or bursting phenomenon, this is accompanied by
unsteady and asymmetric behavior.

Figure 10. Computational and Experimental surface flow pattern Figure 12. Computational and Experimental surface flow pattern
at 5 angle of attack. at 15 angle of attack.

Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research (JBAER)

Print ISSN: 2350-0077; Online ISSN: 2350-0255; Volume 1, Number 3; October, 2014
52 M. Naimuddin, G. Chopra, G. Sharma

5. CONCLUSION Aerospace Sciences Meeting Including the New Horizons

Forum and Aerospace Exposition, 2010, Florida.
A preliminary investigation is presented of flow over 47-69 [3] Nath. B., Das. S. And Prasad. J.K., Investigation of flow field
compound delta wing at angles of attack in the range of 0 to over blunted Delta wing, 3TH International Symposium on
15. Applied Aerodynamics and Design of Aerospace Vehicles,
SAROD-2007, Thiruvananthapuram
Strength and size of the vortex increase with the angle of [4] Saha. S., Majumdar. B., Modeling and Simulation on Double
Delta Wing, Journal of Advanced Computer Research, Vol. 3,
attack. Moreover, the attachment line moves inward as angle
No. 1, Issue 8, 2013.
of attack is increased. Vortex breakdown or bursting was
[5] Ahmad. Z. Al-Garni, Farooq Saeed, Abdullah M.Al-Garni,
observed at 15 angle of attack.
Ayman Abdullah, Ayman Kassem, Experimental and
Numerical Investigation of 65-deg delta and 65/40 deg double
Computational and experimental wing surface flow pattern are delta wings, AIAA paper 2006-0063.
in good agreement and provide comprehensible surface flow [6] Honkan. A., and Andreopoulos. J., Instantaneous three
pattern. Vortical flow features like separation, attachment lines dimensional vorticity measurements in vertical flow over a delta
and phenomenon lie vortex bursting are clearly noticeable for wing, AIAA Journal, Vol.35, No.10, 1997.
investigation [7] Yanitepe. B., and Rockwell. D., Flow structure on a Delta wing
of low sweep angle, AIAA Journal, Vol.42, No.3, March. 2004,
This investigation provides us a good platform to study more pp. 513-523.
about the flow physics and various vortex bursting control [8] Gutmark Ephraim J and Guillot Stephen A., Control of vortex
techniques. The present computational model can be used for breakdown over highly swept wings, AIAA Journal, Vol.43,
testing the effectiveness and understand the working of these No.5, Sept. 2005, pp.2065-2069.
techniques. [9] Gursul. I., Wang. Z. and Vardaki E., Review of Flow Control
Mechanisms of Leading-Edge Vortices, AIAA paper 2006-
3508.
REFERENCES
[10] J.J. Wang, Q.S. Li, J.Y. Liu, Effect of vectored trailing jet on
[1] Verhaagen N.G. and Jobe C.E., Wind tunnel study on a 65-deg delta wing vortex breakdown, Experiments in fluids 34(2003)
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[2] Verhaagen N.G., Effects of Leading-Edge Radius on Hill Inc., USA, pp. 356-361. 1991.
Aerodynamic Characteristics of 50 Delta Wings, 48th AIAA

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