Application Engineering Data

Part Two

1. Spindle Sizing 46
Power / Speed Requirements 46
2. Design Data Section 47
Cutting Speeds and feeds 47
Tbl 1. Recommended values for precision boring/turning 47
Tbl 2. Recommended values for precision milling 47
Tbl 3. Recommended values for drilling 47
Tbl 4. Recommended values for gun drilling Carbide Tool 48
Estimating Machining Power 49
Tbl 5. Machining Power calculation: 49
Tbl 6. N- tool rotating speed calculation: 49
Tbl 7. Feed Factors, C, for Power Constants 50
Tbl 8. Tool Wear Factors W 51
Tbl 9. Power Constants for Ferrous Cast Metals -- Sharp Cutting Tools 51
Tbl 10. Power Constant for High-Temperature Alloys, Tool Steel Stainless 52
Steel and Nonferrous Metal, Using Sharp Cutting Tools 52
Tbl 11. Power Constants for Wrought Steels, Using Sharp Cutting Tools 53
Tbl 12. Formulas for Calculating the Metal Removal Rate, Q 54
DRILLING 55
Estimating Drilling Thrust, Torque, and Power 55
Tbl 13. Thrust, Torque and Power at Drilling with a Sharp Drill 55
Tbl 14. Work Material Factor for Drilling with a Sharp Drill 56
Tbl 15. Chisel Edge Factors for Torque and Thrust 56
Tbl 16. Feed Factors Ff for Drilling 57
Tbl 17. Drill Diameter Factors: FT for Thrust; FM for Torque 57
GRINDING 58
Grinding Forces, Torque and Power 58
Tbl 18. PG Grinding Power 58
Tbl 19. Approximately KC can be taken in next ranges: 58
ECT Equivalent chip thickness in Grinding 59
Tbl 20. ECT = equivalent chip thickness 59
Tbl 21. MRR = metal removal rate 60
Basic Rules 61
Tbl 22. Typical grinding parameter recommendations 61
Surface Finish Ra 62
Side Feed, Roughing and Finishing 62
Tbl 23. C- fraction of grinding wheel width 62
Grinding Data Selection 63
 Work materials 63
Tbl 24. Grindability Groups 63
Maximum wheel speeds 63
Tbl 25. Max. Peripheral Speeds for Grinding Wheels- ANSI B7.1-1988 64
Tbl 26. Formulas for calculating the rotational speed 65
3. The Driving Motor Characteristics 66
Driving Motor Power 66
Tbl 27. Driving Motor Power 66
Tbl 28. Machine Tool Efficiency Factors 66
Driving Motor Torque 66
Tbl 29. Formulas for calculating of Driving Motor Torque 66
Electrical source parameters 67
Tbl 30. Electrical Formulas 67
Tbl 31. Motor Amps at Full Load: 67
IEC Protection Indexes 68
IEC Cooling and Duty Cycle Indexes 69
4. Flowcharts 70
FLOWCHART FOR TURNING, BORING AND MILLING 70
FLOWCHART FOR DRILLING 71
FLOWCHART FOR GRINDING 72
5. Sizing Instructions 73
General rules for sizing 73
"DN" Value 74
Threads Rotation Guide 74
6. Most Common Spindle Nose Design 75
External Taper - G 75
Milling Taper per ANSI B5.18 M 75
Milling Taper per ANSI B5.50 MV 75
HSK per DIN 69893 - HA 76
HSK per DIN 69893 - HB 76
HSK per DIN 69893 - HC 76
Komet ABSConnection - K 76
Other common available spindle nose designs 77
7. Conversion Constants and Formulas 78
Tbl 32. Length Conversion 78
Tbl 33. Weight Conversion 78
Tbl 34. Area Conversion 78
Tbl 35. Volume Conversion 78
Tbl 36. Force and Torque Conversion 79
Tbl 37. Power and Heat Conversion 79
Tbl 38. Pressure Conversion 79
Tbl 39. Temperature Conversion Table 80
 Dynomax Information
Part Three

1. Corporate Overview 82
2. Offering Overview 82
2.1 Design Offering 82
2.2 Manufacturing Offering 83
2.3 Service Offering 83
3. Request for Quote 84
1. SPINDLE SIZING

Power / Speed Requirements

For proper spindle sizing, the machining power and speed requirements must be known or determined. The
optimum spindle size for a specific application is depended on the operating speed of the spindle and the
power that needs to be transmited by the spindle to accomplish the machining operation.

A major factor in selecting the proper spindle for a specific machining application is the amount of power
required to do the work. This power requirement, is defined as the Unit Power. The Unit Power utilizes
published machining data, based on the machining operation and recommended cutting speeds and feed rates
as determined by the material and hardness of the workpiece, and geometry of the cutter.

After determining the recommended cutting speed and feed rate, the next step is to find the forces, torque and
power, which will be present at the desired machining.

Information provided in the Design Data section, has been compiled to assist in applying the DYNOMAX
high speed precision spindles to specific application requirements. This information is provided as a guide for
a quick and simple means of approximating machining application requirements.

Consult a cutting tool specialist to obtain best results for final machining requirements. The Design Data
section contains machining data tables and equations to calculate approximata power, speed and feed rates.

For grinding applications it is recommended that a grinding wheel manufacturer be conctacted to determine
the proper safe operating speeds and power requirements to ensure that the grinding wheel is not operated
above the maximum rated speeds.

The Flowchart section, provides an overview with step-by-step procedure to calculate the required spindle
speed and power.

A short Spindle Sizing rules are given in the Sizing instruction section, to help with the selecting of the
right spindle from DYNOMAX Spindle Catalogue.

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2. DESIGN DATA SECTION

Cutting Speeds and feeds

Table 1. Recommended values for precision boring/turning
Hardness Cutting speed - High speed steel Cutting speed - Carbide uncoated Feed rate per revolution
Workpiece material
[Bhn] Vc [feet/min] Vc [m/min] Vc [feet/min] Vc [m/min] f [inch] f [mm]
MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX
Cast irons 190...320 16 197 5 60 33 492 10 150 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500
Steel - plain carbon 85...200 49 394 15 120 197 919 60 280 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500
Steel - alloys 35...50Rc 16 131 5 40 66 492 20 150 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500
Steel - tool 50...58Rc 16 66 5 20 49 197 15 60 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500
Steel - stainless 150...450 16 98 5 30 98 394 30 120 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500
Aluminum alloys 30. . .150 492 1181 150 360 492 2625 150 800 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500
Copper alloys 80...100Rb 98 591 30 180 164 1378 50 420 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500
Nickel alloys 80. ..360 16 131 5 40 16 394 5 120 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500
Titanium 250...375 16 98 5 30 33 328 10 100 0,003 0,020 0,080 0,500

Table 2. Recommended values for precision milling

Hardness Cutting speed - High speed steel Cutting speed - Carbide uncoated Feed rate per tooth
Workpiece material
[Bhn] Vc [feet/min] Vc [m/min] Vc [feet/min] Vc [m/min] ft [inch] ft [mm]
MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX
Cast irons 190...320 16 197 5 60 33 492 10 150 0,005 0,012 0,120 0,300
Steel - plain carbon 85...200 49 394 15 120 197 919 60 280 0,005 0,012 0,120 0,300
Steel - alloys 35...50Rc 16 131 5 40 66 492 20 150 0,005 0,012 0,120 0,300
Steel - tool 50...58Rc 16 66 5 20 49 197 15 60 0,005 0,012 0,120 0,300
Steel - stainless 150...450 16 98 5 30 98 394 30 120 0,005 0,012 0,120 0,300
Aluminum alloys 30. . .150 492 1181 150 360 492 2625 150 800 0,005 0,012 0,120 0,300
Copper alloys 80...100Rb 98 591 30 180 164 1378 50 420 0,012 0,012 0,300 0,300
Nickel alloys 80...360 16 131 5 40 16 394 5 120 0,005 0,012 0,120 0,300
Titanium 250...375 16 98 5 30 33 328 10 100 0,005 0,012 0,120 0,300

Table 3. Recommended values for drilling

Hardness Cutting speed Feed rate per revolution
Workpiece material Cutting material
[Bhn] Vc [feet/min] Vc [m/min] f [inch] f [mm]
MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX
Cast irons 190...320 High speed steel 33 295 10 90 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200
Steel - plain carbon 85. . .200 High speed steel 49 148 15 45 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200
Steel - alloys 35...50Rc High speed steel 16 66 5 20 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200
Steel - tool 50. . .58Rc High speed steel 16 66 5 20 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200
Steel - stainless 150...450 High speed steel 16 33 5 10 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200
Aluminum alloys 30. . . 150 High speed steel 16 377 5 115 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200
Copper alloys 80...100Rb High speed steel 66 230 20 70 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200
Nickel alloys 80...360 High speed steel 33 66 10 20 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200
Titanium 250...375 High speed steel 16 49 5 15 0,002 0,008 0,050 0,200

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 Table 4. Recommended values for gun drilling Carbide Tool
Gun Drill Diameters [inch]
Workpiece Hardness Cutting speed 5/64" - 5/32" 5/32" - 1/4" 1/4" - 1/2" 1/2" - 3/4" 3/4" - 1" 1" - 2"
material [Bhn] Vc [feet/min] Vc [m/min] Feed - f [inch/revolution]
MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX
Cast irons- soft 120-220 250 350 76 107 0,0003 0,001
0,00015 0,00025 0,0015 0,001 0,003 0,002 0,005 0,003 0,007 0,003
Cast irons - hard 220-320 150 200 46 61 0,0003 0,0005
Ductile Iron 140-260 200 300 61 91 0,00015 0,00025 0,0003 0,0005 0,0006 0,001 0,002 0,002
Malleable Iron 110-240 250 350 76 107 0,00015 0,00025 0,0003 0,0005 0,0006 0,001 0,002 0,002
Steel - soft 85...200 425 675 130 206
Steel - Medium 200-325 225 450 69 137 0,00015 0,00025 0,0003 0,0005 0,0006 0,001 0,001 0,002
Steel - Hard 325-450 130 200 40 61
Stainless Steel-Soft 135-275 250 300 76 91
0,00015 0,00025 0,0003 0,0005 0,0006 0,001 0,001 0,002
Stainless Steel-Hard 275-425 150 225 46 69
Aluminum alloys-
650 198
except Die casting
0,00015 0,00025 0,0003 0,001 0,003 0,005 0,008 0,01
Alum.Die casting 650 198
Magnesium 650 198
Brass and Bronze 500 600 152 183 0,001 0,003 0,003 0,005 0,005 0,008 0,008 0,01
0,00015 0,00025 0,0003 0,0005
Copper 350 107 0,001 0,003 0,005 0,008

Gun Drill Diameters [inch]

Hardness Cutting speed 2,0 - 4,0 4,0 - 6,5 6,5 - 12,5 12,5 - 19,0 15,0 - 25,0 25,0 - 50,0
Workpiece material
[Bhn] Vc [feet/min] Vc [m/min] Feed - f [mm/revolution]
MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX
Cast irons- soft 120-220 250 350 76 107 0,008 0,025
Cast irons - hard 220-320 150 200 46 61 0,0038 0,0064 0,008 0,013 0,038 0,025 0,076 0,051 0,127 0,064 0,178 0,076
Ductile Iron 140-260 200 300 61 91 0,0038 0,0064 0,008 0,013 0,015 0,02 0,038 0,051
Malleable Iron 110-240 250 350 76 107 0,0038 0,0064 0,008 0,013 0,015 0,02 0,038 0,051
Steel - soft 85...200 425 675 130 206
Steel - Medium 200-325 225 450 69 137
Steel - Hard 325-450 130 200 40 61 0,0038 0,0064 0,008 0,013 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,038
Stainless Steel - Soft 135-275 250 300 76 91
Stainless Steel - Hard 275-425 150 225 46 69 0,0038 0,0064 0,008 0,013 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,038
Aluminum alloys-
650 198
except Die casting
Alum.Die casting 650 198
Magnesium 650 198 0,0038 0,0064 0,008 0,025 0,076 0,127 0,203 0,254
Brass and Bronze 500 600 152 183 0,025 0,076 0,076 0,127 0,127 0,203 0,203 0,254
Copper 350 107 0,0038 0,0064 0,008 0,013 0,025 0,076 0,127 0,203

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Estimating Machining Power

Knowledge of the power required to perform machining operations is useful when planning new machining
operations, for optimizing existing machining operations, and finally to perform a properly Spindle sizing.

The available power on any machine tool Spindle, places a limit on the size of the cut that it can take. When
much metal must be removed from the workpiece it is advisable to estimate the cutting conditions that will
utilize the maximum power on the machine. Many machining operations require only light cuts to be taken for
which the machine obviously has ample power; in this event estimating the power required is a wasteful effort.
Conditions in different shops may vary and machine tools are not all designed alike, so some variations
between the estimated results and those obtained on the job are to be expected.

However, by using the methods provided in this section a reasonable estimate of the power required can be
made, which will suffice in most practical situations.

The measure of power in customary inch units is the horsepower; in SI metric units it is the kilowatt, which is
used for both mechanical and electrical power The power required to cut a material depends upon the rate at
which the material is being cut and upon an experimentally determined power constant Kp, which is also
called the unit horsepower, unit power or specific power consumption. The power constant is equal to the
horsepower required to cut a material at a rate of one cubic inch per minute; in SI metric units the power
constant is equal to the power in kilowatts required to cut a material at a rate of one cubic centimeter per
second, or 1000 cubic millimeters per second (1 cm3 = 1000 mm3). Different values of the power constant are
required for inch and for metric units, which are related as follows: to obtain the SI metric power constant
multiply the inch power constant by 2.73; to obtain the inch power constant divide the SI metric power
constant by 2.73 .

Table 5. Machining Power calculation:

Pc [HP] = Kp[HP/ in.3/min]CQ[in.3/min]W Pc [kW] = Kp[kW/ cm3/s]CQ[cm3/s]W

where: Pc = power at the cutting tool; HP, or kW

Kp = power constant, HP/ in.3/min or kW/ cm3/s (Tables 9, 10 and 11)
Q = metal removal rate; in.3/min. or cm3/s (Table 12)
C = feed factor for power constant (Table 7)
W = tool wear factor (Table 8)
VC = cutting speed, fpm, or m/min (Table 1, 2, 3 and 4)
N = tool rotating speed, rpm or min-1
f = feed rate for turning; in./rev. or mm/rev (Table 1)
f = feed rate for planing and shaping; in./stroke, or mm/stroke
ft = feed per tooth; in./tooth, or mm/tooth (Table 2)
fm = feed rate; in./min. or mm/min
dt = maximum depth of cut per tooth: in. or mm
d = depth of cut; in. or mm
nt = number of teeth on milling cutter
D = Tool diameter in inch or mm

Table 6. N- tool rotating speed calculation:

Inch Units SI Metric Units
VC [ fpm] VC [m / min ]
N- Tool rotating speed [rpm] N = 3.82 N = 318,47
D[in.] D[mm]

- 49 -
The value of the power constant is essentially unaffected by the cutting speed, the depth of cut and the cutting
tool material. Factors that do affect the value of the power constant and thereby the power required to cut a
material include the hardness and microstructure of the work material the feed rate, the rake angle of the
cutting tool and whether the cutting edge of the tool is sharp or dull. Values are given in the power constant
tables for different material hardness levels, whenever this information is available. Feed factors (C) for the
power constant are given in Table 7. All metal cutting tools wear but a worn cutting edge requires more power
to cut than a sharp cutting edge.

Factors to provide for tool wear are given in Table 8. In this table, the extra-heavy-duty category for milling
and turning occurs only on operations where the tool is allowed to wear more than a normal amount before it
is replaced, such as roll turning. The effect of the rake angle usually can be disregarded. The rake angle for
which most of the data in the power constant tables are given is positive 14 degrees. Only when the deviation
from this angle is large is it necessary to make an adjustment Using a rake angle that is more positive reduces
the power required approximately 1 per cent per degree; using a rake angle that is more negative increases the
power required; again approximately 1 per cent per degree.

Many indexable insert cutting tools are formed with an integral chip breaker or other cutting edge
modifications, which have the effect of reducing the power required to cut a material The extent of this effect
cannot be predicted without a test of each design. Cutting fluids will also usually reduce the power required,
when operating in the lower range of cutting speeds. Again, the extent of this effect cannot be predicted
because each cutting fluid exhibits its own characteristics.

Table 7. Feed Factors, C, for Power Constants

Inch Unit SI Metric Unit
Feed Feed Feed Feed
a
C a
C b
C C
in. in. mm. mm.b
0.001 1.60 0.014 0.97 0.02 1.70 0.35 0.97
0.002 1.40 0.015 0.96 0.05 1.40 0.38 0.95
0.003 1.30 0.016 0.94 0.07 1.30 0.40 0.94
0.004 1.25 0.018 0.92 0.10 1.25 0.45 0.92
0.005 1.19 0.020 0.90 0.12 1.20 0.50 0.90
0.006 1.15 0.022 0.88 0.15 1.15 0.55 0.88
0.007 1.11 0.025 0.86 0.18 1.11 0.60 0.87
0.008 1.08 0.028 0.84 0.20 1.08 0.70 0.84
0.009 1.06 0.030 0.83 0.22 1.06 0.75 0.83
0.010 1.04 0.032 0.82 0.25 1.04 0.80 0.82
0.011 1.02 0.035 0.80 0.28 1.01 0.90 0.80
0.012 1.00 0.040 0.78 0.30 1.00 1.00 0.78
0.013 0.98 0.060 0.72 0.33 0.98 1.50 0.72
a Tuming-in/rev; milling-in./tooth; planing and shaping-in./stroke; broaching-in./tooth.
b Tuming-mm/rev; milling-mm/tooth; planing and shaping-mm/stroke; broaching-mm/tooth.

- 50 -
 Table 8. Tool Wear Factors W

Type of Operation W
For all operations with sharp cutting tools: 1.00
Finish turning (light cuts) 1.10
Turning Normal rough and semifinish turning 1.30
Fxtra-heavy-duty rough turning 1.60 - 2.00
Slab milling 1.10
Milling End milling 1.10
Light and medium face milling 1.10 - 1.25
Extra-heavy-duty face milling 1.30 - 1.60
Normal drilling 1.30
Drilling
Drilling hard-to-machine materials and drilling with a very dull
1.50
drill
Normal broaching 1.05 - 1.10
Broaching
Heavy-duty surface broaching 1.20 - 1.30
Note: For planing and shaping use values given for turning.

Power Constants Kp

Values of the power constant in Tables 9, 10, and 11 can be used for all machining operations except drilling
and grinding. Values given are for sharp tools.

Table 9. Power Constants Kp for Ferrous Cast Metals Using Sharp Cutting Tools
Brinell Kp Kp Brinell Kp Kp
Material Hardness Inch SI Metric Material Hardness Inch SI Metric
Number Unit Unit Number Unit Unit
110-120 0.28 0.76 Malleable Iron
120-140 0.35 0.96 150-175 0.42 1.15
Ferritic
140-160 0.38 1.04 175-200 0.57 1.56
Gray Cast
160-180 0.32 1.42 200-250 0.82 2.24
Iron Pearlitic
180-200 0.60 1.64 250-300 1.18 3.22
200-220 0.71 1.94
220-240 0.91 2.48 150-175 0.62 1.69
150-175 0.30 0.82 Cast Steel 175-200 0.78 2.13
Alloy Cast
175-200 0.63 1.72 200-250 0.86 2.35
Iron
200-250 0.92 2.51

- 51 -
 Table 10. Power Constant, KP, for High-Temperature Alloys, Tool Steel Stainless
Steel and Nonferrous Metal, Using Sharp Cutting Tools

Material Brinell KP KP Material Brinell KP KP

Hardness Inch Metric Hardness Inch Metric
Number Units Units Number Units Units
High-Temp. Alloys 150-175 0.60 1.64
A 286 165 0.82 2.24 Stainless Steel 175-200 0.72 1.97
A 286 285 0.93 2.54 200-250 0.88 2.40
Chromology Zinc Die Cast
200 0.87 3.22 0.25 0.68
Alloys
Chromology 310 1.18 3.00 Pure Copper 0.91 2.48
Inco 700 330 1.12 3.06 Brass:
Inco 702 230 1.10 3.00 Hard 0.83 2.27
Hastelloy-B 230 1.10 3.00 Medium 0.50 1.36
M-252 230 1.10 3.00 Soft 0.25 0.68
M-252 310 1.20 3.28 Leaded 0.30 0.82
Ti-150 A 340 0.65 1.77 Bronze:
U-500 375 1.10 3.00 Hard 0.91 2.48
Monel Metal 1.00 2.73 Medium 0.50 1.36
175-200 0.75 2.05 Aluminum:
200-250 0.88 2.40 Cast 0.25 0.68
Tool Steel 250-300 0.98 2.68 Rolled (Hard) 0.33 0.90
300-350 1.20 3.28 Magnesium
0.10 0.27
350-400 1.30 3.55 Alloys

- 52 -
 Table 11. Power Canstants, Kp for Wrought Steels, Using Sharp Cutting Tools

Brinell Kp Kp
Material
Hardness Inch SI Metric
Number Units Units
Plain Carbon Steels
All Plain Carbon Steels 80-100 0.63 1.72
100-120 0.66 1.80
120-140 0.69 1.88
140-160 0.74 2.02
160-180 0.78 2.13
180-200 0.82 2.24
200-220 0.85 2.32
220-240 0.89 2.43
240-260 0.92 2.51
260-280 0.95 2.59
280-300 1.00 2.73
300-320 1.03 2.81
320-340 1.06 2.89
340-360 1.14 3.11
Free Machining Steels
AISI 1108, 1109, 1110, 1115, 1116, 1117,1118,1119, 100-120 0.41 1.12
1120, 1125, 1126, 1132 120-140 0.42 1.15
140-160 0.44 1.20
160-180 0.48 1.31
180-200 0.50 1.36
AISI 1137, 1138, 1139, 1140, 1141, 1144, 1145, 1146, 180-200 0.51 1.39
1148, 1151 200-220 0.55 1.50
220-240 0.57 1.56
240-260 0.62 1.69
Alloy Steels
AISI 4023, 4024, 4027, 4028, 4032 4037, 4042, 4047, 140-160 0.62 1.69
4137, 4140, 4142 4145, 4147, 4150, 4340, 4640, 4815, 160-180 0.65 1.77
4817, 4820, 5130 5132 5135, 5140 5145, 5150, 6118, 180-200 0.69 1.88
6150, 8637, 8640, 8642, 8645, 8650, 8740 200-220 0.72 1.97
220-240 0.76 2.07
240-260 0.80 2.18
260-280 0.84 2.29
280-300 0.87 2.38
300-320 0.91 2.48
320-340 0.96 2.62
340-360 1.00 2.73
AISI 4130, 4320, 4615, 4620, 4626, 5120, 8615, 8617, 140-160 0.56 1.53
8620, 8622, 8625, 8630, 8720 160-180 0.59 1.61
180-200 0.62 1.69
200-220 0.65 1.77
220-240 0.70 1.91
240-260 0.74 2.02
260-280 0.77 2.10
280-300 0.80 2.18
300-320 0.83 2.27
320-340 0.89 2.43
AISI 1330, I335, 1340, E52100 160-180 0.79 2.16
180-200 0.83 2.27
200-220 0.87 2.38
220-240 0.91 2.48
240-260 0.95 2.59
260-280 1.00 2.73

- 53 -
Formulas for calculating the metal removal rate, Q, for different machining operations are given in Table 12.
These formulas are used together with others given below. The following formulas can be used with either
customary inch or with SI metric units.

Table 12. Formulas for Calculating the Metal Removal Rate, Q

Metal Removal Rate

Operation For Inch Units Only For SI Metric Units Only
Q = in.3/min Q = cm3/s
P P P P

Single-Point Tools VC f d
12 VC f d
U UB UB

(Turning, planing, and Shaping) 60

B B

fm w d
Milling fm w d
U UB UB U

60,000
B B

VC w nc dt
Surface Broaching 12 VC w nc dt
U UB UB UB UB UB UB

60
B B B B B B

nc B =
B number of teeth engaged in work
w = width of cut; in. or mm
VC B B = cutting speed, fpm, or m/min (see Table 1, 2, 3 and 4)
f = feed rate for turning; in./rev. or mm/rev (see Table 1)
f = feed rate for planing and shaping; in./stroke, or mm/stroke
fm
B B = feed rate; in./min. or mm/min
dt B B = maximum depth of cut per tooth: in. or mm
d = depth of cut; in. or mm

Whenever possible the maximum power available on a machine tool should be use when heavy cuts must be
taken.
The cutting conditions for utilizing the maximum power should be selected in the following order:
1) select the maximum depth of cut that can be used;
2) select the maximum feed rate that can be used;
3) estimate the cutting speed that will utilize the maximum power available on the machine.

This sequence is based on obtaining the longest tool life of the cutting tool and at the same time obtaining as
much production as possible from the machine.
The life of a cutting tool is most affected by the cutting speed then by the feed rate, and least of all by the depth
of cut. The maximum metal removal rate that a given machine is capable of machining from a given material is
used as the basis for estimating the cutting speed that will utilize all the power available on the machine.

- 54 -
DRILLING

Estimating Drilling Thrust, Torque, and Power

Although the lips of a drill cut metal and produce a chip in the same manner as the cutting edges of other
metal cutting tools, the chisel edge removes the metal by means of a very complex combination of extrusion
and cutting. For this reason a separate method must be used to estimate the power required for drilling. Also,
it is often desirable to know the magnitude of the thrust and the torque required to drill a hole. The formulas
and tabular data provided in this section are based on information supplied by the National Twist Drill
Division of Regal-Beloit Corp.
The values in Tables 13 through 16 are for sharp drills and the tool wear factors are given in Table 8. For
most ordinary drilling operations 1.30 can be used as the tool wear factor. When
drilling most difficult-to-machine materials and when the drill is allowed to become very dull, 1.50 should be
used as the value of this factor. It is usually more convenient to measure the web thickness at the drill point
than the length of the chisel edge; for this reason, the approximate w/d ratio corresponding to each c/d ratio
for a correctly ground drip is provided in Table 14. For most standard twist drills the c/d ratio is 0.18, unless
the drill has been ground short or the web has been thinned. The c/d ratio of split point drills is 0.03.
The formulas given below can be used for spade drills as well as for twist drills.

Separate formules are required for use with customary inch units and for SI metric units:

Table 13. Thrust, Torque and Power at Drilling with a Sharp Drill
Inch Units SI Metric Units
Thrust T = 2 Kd Ff FT BW+ Kd d2 J W [lb]
B B B T= 0.05 Kd Ff FT B W + 0.007 Kd d2 J W [N]
B B B B B P P B B B B B B B B P P

Torque M= Kd Ff FM A W
B B B B [in.-lb] M= 0.000025 Kd Ff FM A W
B B [Nm] B B B B B B

Power at
Pc = M N / 63.025 [HP] Pc = M N / 9550 [kW]
the cutter
B B B B

where:
Pc B B = Power at the cutter; hp, or kW
M = Torque; in.- Ib, or Nm
T = Thrust; Ib, or N
Kd B B = Work material factor (See Table 14)
FfB B = Feed factor (See Table 16)
FTB B = Thrust factor for drill diameter (See Table 17)
FMB B = Torque factor for drill diameter (See Table 17)
A = Chisel edge factor for torque (See Table 15)
B = Chisel edge factor for thrust (See Table 15)
J = Chisel edge factor for thrust (See Table 15)
W = Tool wear factor (See Table 8)
N = Spindle speed; rpm
D = Drill diameter; in, or mm
c = Chisel edge length; in, or mm (See Table 15)
w = Web thickness at drill point; in, or mm (See Table 15)

- 55 -
 Table 14. Work Material Factor, Kd for Drilling with a Sharp Drill
B B

Work Material Constant Kd B B

AISI 1117 (Resulfurized free machining mild steel) 12,000

Steel, 200 Bhn 24,000
Steel, 300 Bhn 31,000
Steel, 400 Bhn 34,000
cast Iron, 150 Bhn 14,000
Most Aluminum Alloys 7,000
Most Magnedum Alloys 4,000
Most Brasses 14,000
Leaded Brass 7,000
24,000a for Torque
Austenitic Stainless Steel (Type 316)
P P

35,000a for Thrust

P P

18000a for Torque

Titanium Alloy T16A
P P

29,000a for Thrust

P P

Rent 41 40,000ab min. P P

30,000a for Torque

Hastelloy-c
P P

37,000a for Thrust

P P

aValues
P P based upon a limited number of tests.
bWill increase with rapid wear
P P

Table 15. Chisel Edge Factors for Torque and Thrust

Torque Thrust Thrust Torque Thrust Thrust

Approx. Approx.
c/d Factor Factor Factor c/d Factor Factor Factor
w/d w/d
A B J A B J
0.03 0.025 1.000 1.100 0.001 0.18 0.155 1.085 1.355 0.030
0.05 0.045 1.005 1.140 0.003 0.20 0.175 1.105 1.380 0.040
0.08 0.070 1.015 1.200 0.006 0.25 0.220 1.155 1.445 0.065
0.10 0.085 1.020 1.235 0.010 0.30 0.260 1.235 1.500 0.090
0.13 0.110 1.040 1.270 0.017 0.35 0.300 1.310 1.575 0.120
0.15 0.130 1.080 1.310 0.022 0.40 0.350 1.395 1.620 0.160
Note:
For drills of standard design, use c/d = 0.18
For split point drills, use c/d= 0.03
c/d = Length of Chisel Edge / Drill Diameter
w/d= Web Thickness at Drill Point / Drill Diameter

- 56 -
 Table 16. Feed Factors Ff for Drilling B B

Inch Units SI Metric Units

Feed Ff
B B Feed Ff
B B Feed Ff B B Feed Ff B B

inch/rev. inch/rev. mm/rev. mm/rev.

0.0005 0.0023 0.012 0.029 0.01 0.025 0.30 0.382
0.001 0.004 0.013 0.031 0.03 0.060 0.35 0.432
0.002 0.007 0.015 0.035 0.05 0.091 0.40 0.480
0.003 0.010 0.018 0.040 0.08 0.133 0.45 0.528
0.004 0.012 0.020 0.044 0.010 0.158 0.50 0.574
0.005 0.014 0.022 0.047 0.12 0.183 0.55 0.620
0.006 0.017 0.025 0.052 0.15 0.219 0.65 0.708
0.007 0.019 0.030 0.060 0.18 0.254 0.75 0.794
0.008 0.021 0.035 0.068 0.20 0.276 0.90 0.919
0.009 0.023 0.040 0.076 0.22 0.298 1.00 1.000
0.010 0.025 0.050 0.091 0.25 0.330 1.25 1.195

Table 17. Drill Diameter Factors: FT for Thrust; FM for Torque

B B B B

Inch Units SI Metric Units

Drill Drill Drill Drill
Dia. FT
B B FM B Dia.
B FTB B FM B B Dia. FTB B FM BDia. B FT
B B FM B B

inch inch mm mm
0.063 0.110 0.007 0.875 0.899 0.786 1.60 1.46 2.33 22.00 11.86 260.8
0.094 0.151 0.014 0.938 0.950 0.891 2.40 2.02 4.84 24.00 12.71 305.1
0.125 0.189 0.024 1.000 1.000 1.000 3.20 2.54 8.12 25.50 13.34 340.2
0.156 0.226 0.035 1.063 1.050 1.116 4.00 3.03 12.12 27.00 13.97 377.1
0.188 0.263 0.049 1.125 1.099 1.236 4.80 3.51 16.84 28.50 14.58 415.6
0.219 0.297 0.065 1.250 1.195 1.494 5.60 3.97 22.22 32.00 16.00 512.0
0.250 0.330 0.082 1.375 1.290 1.774 6.40 4.42 28.26 35.00 17.19 601.4
0.281 0.362 0.102 1.500 1.383 2.075 7.20 4.85 34.93 38.00 18.36 697.6
0.313 0.395 0.124 1.625 1.475 2.396 8.00 5.28 42.22 42.00 19.89 835.3
0.344 0.426 0.146 1.750 1.565 2.738 8.80 5.96 50.13 45.00 21.02 945.8
0.375 0.456 0.171 1.875 1.653 3.100 9.50 6.06 57.53 48.00 22.13 1062
0.438 0.517 0.226 2.000 1.741 3.482 11.00 6.81 74.90 50.00 22.86 1143
0.500 0.574 0.287 2.250 1.913 4.305 12.50 7.54 94.28 58.00 25.75 1493
0.563 0.632 0.355 2.500 2.081 5.203 14.50 8.49 123.1 64.00 27.86 1783
0.625 0.687 0.429 2.750 2.246 6.177 16.00 9.19 147.0 70.00 29.93 2095
0.688 0.741 0.510 3.000 2.408 7.225 17.50 9.87 172.8 76.00 31.96 2429
0.750 0.794 0.596 3.500 2.724 9.535 19.00 10.54 200.3 90.00 36.53 3293
0.813 0.847 0.689 4.000 3.031 12.13 20.00 10.98 219.7 100.00 39.81 3981

Twist drills are generally the most highly stressed of all metal cutting tools. They must not resist the cutting
forces on the lips, but also the drill torque resulting from these forces and the very large thrust force required
to push the drill through the hole. Therefore, often when drilling smaller holes, the twist drill places a limit on
the power used and for very large holes, the machine may limit the power.

- 57 -
GRINDING
Grinding Forces, Torque and Power

Formulas to calculate the tangential cutting force, torque and required machining power are the same as for
other metal cutting operations (see Estimating Machining Power Section), but the values of KC , specific B B

cutting force or specific energy, are approximately 30 to 40 times higher in grinding than in turning, milling
and drilling. This is primarily due to the fact that the ECT values in grinding are 1000 to 10000 times smalles,
and also due to the negative rake angles of the grit. Average grinding rake angles are arround 35 to 45
degrees.

Another difference compared to turning is the influence of the negative rake angles, illustrated by the ratio of
FH/FC, where FH is the normal force and FC the tangential grinding force acting in the wheel speed direction. FH
B B B B B B B B B B

is much larger than the grinding cutting force.

Generally FH/FC ratio is approximately 2 to 4.B B B B

It is apparent that both KC and FH/FC attain maximum values for given small values of ECT. This fact
B B B B B B

illustrates that forces and wheel-life are closely linked. For example, wheel speed has a maximum for constant
wheel-life at appoximately the same values of ECT. As a matter of fact, force relationships obey the same type
of relationships as those of wheel-life.

The informations compiled in this section is intended as a guide in selecting the proper parameters for a
particular grinding operation.
The process of selecting the proper power, speed feed wheel etc., should be based on experience and testing.
There are no general equation that can adequately describe the selection process without use of test results for
the particular application.

Grinding Power

The relationship for the Grinding power calculation can be expressed as:

PG = KC x MRR [HP] or [kW]

B B B B

Table 18. PG Grinding Power B B

Inch Units SI Metric Units

Grinding K C MRR K C MRR
PG = [HP] PG = [kW]
Power 396,270 60,000,000

where :
PG
B B = Grinding power at the grinding wheel; HP, or kW
KC B B = specific cutting force [psi] or [N/mm2] see Table 19. P P

MRR = metal removal rate [mm3/min] or [in3/min] see Table 21.

P P P P

Table 19. Approximately KC can be taken in next ranges: B B

Material KC [N/mm2] KC [psi]

B B P P B B

unhardened steel 50,000 to 70,000 N/mm2 7,250,000 to 10,150,000 P P

hardened steel 150,000 to 200,000 N/mm2 21,750,000 to 29,000,000 P P

The grinding cutting forces are relatively small because chip area is very small.

- 58 -
As in the other metal cutting operations, the forces vary with ECT - equivalent chip thickness and to a smaller
extent with the weel speed V.

ECT Equivalent chip thickness in Grinding

A
The definition of ECT is: ECT = [mm] or [inch]
CEL

where: A- cross sectional area of cut (approximately = feed x depth of cut) [mm2] or [inch2] P P P P

CEL cutting edge length (tool contact rubbing length) [mm] or [inch]

In turning, milling and drilling, ECT varies between 0.05 and 1 mm, and is always less than the feed/rev or
feed/tooth; its value is usually about 0.7 to 0.9 times the feed.

ECT is much smaller in grinding than in milling, ranging from about 0.0001 to 0.001 mm (0.000004 to
0.00004 inch).

In turning and milling, ECT is defined as the volume of chips removed per unit cutting edge length per
revolution of the work or cutter. In milling specifically, ECT is defined as the ratio of (number of teeth z x feed
per tooth f, x radial depth of cut ar x axial depth of cut aa) and (cutting edge length CEL divided by D) where D
B B B B

is the cutter diameter, thus,

D z f z ar aa
ECT =
CEL
In grinding, the same definition of ECT applies if we replace the number of teeth with the average number of
grits along the wheel periphery, and replace the feed per tooth by the average feed per grit. This definition is
not very practical, however, and ECT is better defined by the ratio of the specific metal removal rate - SMMR,
and the wheel speed - V.
Keeping ECT constant when varying SMRR requires that the wheel speed must be changed proportionally.

In milling and turning ECT can also be redefined in terms of SMRR divided by the work and the cutter speeds
respectively, because SMRR is proportional to the feed rate FR. B B

ECT = equivalent chip thickness =f(ar,V,VW,fS) [mm] or [inch]

B B B B B B

VW f S (a r + 1) V a
ECT = = approximately w r
V V

Table 20. ECT = equivalent chip thickness

Inch Units SI Metric Units
SMRR f S SMRR f S
ECT ECT = [inch] ECT = [mm]
V 12 V 1000

- 59 -
 Table 21. MRR = metal removal rate
MRR = SMRR x fS B B

MRR = (1000 x ar x VW) x fS [mm3/min] or [in3/min]

B B B B B B P P P P

Inch Units SI Metric Units

MRR MRR = ECT V 12 [in3/min] P P MRR = ECT V 1000 [mm3/min] P P

Terms and Definitions:

aa B B = width of cut [mm] or [inch]

ar B B = radial depth of cut [mm] or [inch]
C = fraction of grinding wheel width
CEL = cutting edge length, [mm] or [inch]
D = wheel diameter, [mm] or [inch]
DIST = grinding distance, [mm] or [inch]
dW B B = work diameter [mm] or [inch]
FR B B = feed rate, [mm/min] or [inch/min]
=fS x RPM, for cylindrical grinding
B B

=fi x RPM, for plunge (in-feed) grinding

B B

fi B B = in-feed in plunge grinding [mm/rev of work]

fS
B B = side feed or engaged wheel width in cylindrical grinding [mm] or [inch]
fS
B B = C x Width = aa approximately equal to the cutting edge length - CEL
B B

SMRR = specific metal removal rate obtained by dividing MRR by the engaged wheel width fS B

SMRR = 1000 x ar x VW [mm3/mm width/min]

B B B B

100 [mm3/mm/min] = 0.155 [in3/in/min] P P P P

1 [in3/in/min] = 645.16 [mm3/mm/min] P P P P

Width = wheel width [mm]

Grindingratio = MRR/W* = SMRR x T / W* = 1000 x ECT x V x T /W*

T, TU B B =wheel-life = Grinding ratio x W/(1000 x ECTx V) [minutes]

W* P P =volume wheel wear [mm3] P P

tC B B = grinding time per pass = DIST/FR [min] B B

= DIST/FR + tSP [min] - when spark-out time is included

B B B B

= # Strokes x (DIST/FR + tSP) [min] when spark-out time and strokes are included B B B B

tSP B B = spark-out time, [minutes]

V,VU B B = wheel speed, [m/min] or [feet/min]
VW,VWU B B B B = work speed = SMRR / (1000 x ar) [m/min] or [feet/min] B B

W* = volume wheel wear [mm3] P P

Width = wheel width [mm]

RPM = wheel speed = (1000 x V)/(D x ) [rpm] for SI Metric Unit

RPMW = work speed = (1000 x VW)/(DW x ) [rpm] for SI Metric Unit B B B B B B

- 60 -
Basic Rules

Grinding data are scarely available in handbooks, which usually recommend a small range of depth and work
speeds at constant wheel speed, including small variations in wheel and work material composition. Wheel life
or grinding stiffness are seldom considered.

Table 22. Grinding parameter recommendations typically range as follows:

Recommended grinding
SI- Metric Units Inch Units
parameter
Wheel speed 1200 to 1800 m/min 4000 to 6000 fpm
Work speed 20 to 40 m/min 70 to 140 fpm
Depth of cut for roughing grinding 0.01 to 0.025 mm 0.0004 to 0.001 inch
Depth of cut for finish grinding around 0.005 mm around 0.0002 inch
Grit sizes for roughing grinding for
46 to 60
easy-to-grind materials
Grit sizes for roughing grinding for
> 80
difficult-to-grind materials
Internal griding grit sizes for small
100 to 320
holes
200 to 500 0.3 to 0.75
Specific metal removal rate SMRR *
mm3/mm width/min in3/inch width/min
P P

P P P P

*Specific
P P metal removal rate SMRR, represents the rate of material removal per unit of wheel contact width

- Grinding stiffness is a major variable in determining wheel-life and spark out time. A typical value of
system stiffness in outside-diameter grinding, for 10:1 length/diameter ratio, is approximately KST = 30 B B

50 N/m. System stiffness KST is calculated from the stiffness of the part KW and the machine fixtures
B B B B

Km. Machine values can be obtained from manufacturers, or can be measured using simple equipment
B B

along with the part stiffness.

- Generally a lower wheel hardness (soft wheel) is recommended when the system stiffness is poor or when a
better finish is desired.

The primary parameters that determine wheel-life, forces and surface finish in grinding are:
- the wheel speed V

- equivalent chip thickness ECT

The following general rules and recommendations, using ECT, are based on extensive laboratory and industry
tests both in Europe and USA. The relationships and shapes of curves pertaining to grinding tool-life, grinding
time, and cost are similar to those of any metal cutting operation such as turning, milling and drilling. In
turning and milling, the ECT theory says that if the product of feed times depth of cut is constant, the tool-life
is constant no matter how the depth of cut or feed is varied, provided that the cutting speed and cutting edge
length are maintained constant.

In grinding, wheel-life T remains constant for constant cutting speed V, regardless of how depth of cut ar or B B

work speed V, are selected as long as the specific metal removal rate

SMMR = Vw x ar is held constant (neglecting the influence of grinding contact width).

B B B B

- 61 -
Surface Finish Ra B B

In cylindrical grinding, a reduction of side feed fS improves Ra, as well. Small grit sizes are very important
B B B B

when very small finishes are required.

The finish is improved by decreasing the value of ECT. Because ECT is proportional to the depth of cut, a
smaller depth of cut is favorable for reducing surface roughness when the work speed is constant.

Shorter wheel-life improves the surface finish, which means that either an increased wheel speed (wheel-life
decreases) at constant ECT, or a smaller ECT at constant speed (wheel-life increases), will result in an
improved finish. For a required surface finish, ECT and wheel-life have to be selected appropriately in order to
also achieve an optimum grinding time or cost. In cylindrical grinding a reduction of side feed fs, improves Ra
B B

as well.

In terms of specific metal removal rate, reducing SMRR will improve the surface finish Ra.B B

Side Feed, Roughing and Finishing

In cylindrical grinding, the side feed: fs = C x Width

B B

does impact on the feed rate FR, where the fraction of the wheel width C is usually selected for roughing and in
B B

finishing operations, as shown in the following table

Table 23. C- fraction of grinding wheel width

Work Material Roughing, C Finishing, C
Steel 2/3 3/4 1/3 3/8
Stainless Steel 1/2 1/4
Cast Iron 3/4 3/8
Hardened Steel 1/2 1/4

The depth of cut in rough grinding is determined by the allowance and usually set at
ar = 0.01 to 0.025 mm (0.254 to0.635 inch).
B B

The depth of cut for finishing is usually set at ar = 0.0025 mm (0.0635 inch) and accompanied by higher wheel
B B

speeds in order to improve surface finish. However the most important criterion for critical parts is to increase
the work speed in order to avoid thermal damage and surface cracks.

- 62 -
Grinding Data Selection

Work materials

The first estimate settings is based on dividing work materials into 10 groups, based on grindability, as given in
next

Table 24. Grindability Groups

Group Examples
Group 1 Unhardened Steels
Group 2 Stainless Steels
U U SAE 30201-30347, 51409-51501
Group 3 Cast iron
Group 4 Tool Steels M1, M8, T1, H, O, L, F 52100
Group 5 Tool Steels M2, T2, T5, T6, D2, H41, H42, H43, M50
Group 6 Tool Steels M3, M4, T3, D7
Group 7 Tool Steels T15, M15
Group 8 Heat Resistaut Steels Inconel, Rene etc.
Group 9 Carbide Materials P30 Diamond Wheel
Group 10 Ceramic Materials U U

The grinding data machinability system is based on the basic parameters equivalent chip thickness ECT, and
wheel speed V, and is used to determine specific metal removal rates SMRR and wheel-life T, including the
work speed VW, after the grinding depths for roughing and finishing are specified.
B B

Maximum wheel speeds

The maximum peripheral speed of the wheels in regular High-Speed Cylindrical Grinding is generally 6500
feet per minute; the commonly used grinding wheels and machines are designed to operate efficiently at this
speed.

Recently, efforts were made to raise the productivity of different grinding metbods, including cylindrical
grinding, by increasing the peripheral speed of the grinding wheel to a substantially higher than traditional
level such as 12,000 feet per minute or more. Such methods are designated by the distinguishing term of high-
speed grinding.

For high-speed grinding, special grinding machines have been built with high dynamic stiffness and static
rigidity, equipped with powerful drive motors, extra-strong spindles and bearings, reinforced wheel guards,
etc, and using grinding wheel expressly made and tested for operating at high peripheral speeds. The higher
stock-removal rate accomplished by high-speed grinding represents an advantage when the work
configuration and material permit and the removable stock alowance warrants its application.

The general design of the grinding machines must ensure safe operation under normal conditions. The
bearings and grinding wheel spindle must be dimensioned to withstand the expected forces and ample driving
power should be provided to ensure maintenance of the rated spindle speed.

- 63 -
The Table 25. shows the permissible wheel speeds in surface feet per minute (sfpm) units and [m/min],
whereas the tags on the grinding wheels state, for the convenience of the user, the maximum operating speed
in revolutions per minute (rpm).

Table 25. Max. Peripheral Speeds for Grinding Wheels- Based on ANSI B7.1-1988
Maximum Operating Surface Speeds
sfpm feet per minute
Classification
Types of Wheelsa (m/min)
No.
P P

Depending on Streingth of Bond

Inorganic Bonds Organic Bonds
Straight wheels - Type 1, except
classsifications 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12 below
Type 4b - Taper Side Wheels
5,500 to 6,500 6,500 to 9,500
P P

1 Types 5, 7, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26

(1674 to 1980) (1980 to 2898)
Dish wheels - Type 12
Saucer wheels - Type 13
Cones and plugs - Types 16, 17, 18, 19
Cylinder wheels - Type 2 5,000 to 6,000 5,000 to 7,000
2
Segments (1524 to 1830) (1524 to 2136)
Cup shape tool grinding wheels Types 6 4,500 to 6,000 6,000 to 8,500
3
and 11 (for fixed base machines) (1374 to 1830) (1830 to 2592)
Cup shape snagging wheels - Types 6 and 11 4,500 to 6,500 6,000 to 9,500
4
(for portable machines) (1374 to 1980) (1830 to 2898)
5,500 to 6,500 5,500 to 8,500
5 Abrasive disks
(1674 to 1980) (1674 to 2592)
Reinforced wheels - except cutting-off wheels 9,500 to 16,000
6
(depending on diameter and thickness) (2898 to 4878)
Type 1 wheels for bench and pedestal
5,500 to 7,550 6,500 to 9,500
7 grinders, Types 1 and 5 also in certain sizes
(1674 to 2304) (1980 to 2898)
for surface grinders
Diamond and cubic boron nitride wheels to 6,500 (1980) to 9,500 (2898)
8 Metal bond to 12,000 (3660)
Steel centered cutting off to 16,000 (4878) to 16,000 (4878)
Cutting-offwheels -- Larger than 16- 9,500 to 14,200
9
inch diameter ~ncL reinforced organic) U U (2898 to 4326)
Cutting-offwheels - l6-inch diameter 9,500 to 16,000
10
and smaller (incl. reinforced organic) (2898 to 4878)
8,000 to 12,000 8,000 to 12,000
11 Thread and flute grinding wheels
(2436 to 3660) (2436 to 3660)
5,500 to 8,500 6,500 to 9,500
12 Crankshaft and camshaft grinding wheels
(1674 to 2592) (1980 to 2898)
a
P Source and reference ANSI B7.1-1988
P

b
P Nonstandard shape. For snagging wheels, 16 inch and larger-Type 1, internal wheels- Types 1 and 5, and mounted wheels, see ANSI
P

B7.1-1988. Under no conditions should a wheel be operated faster than the maximum operating speed established by the manufacturer.
- Walues in this table are for general information only.

- 64 -
Special Speeds: Continuing progress in grinding methods has led to the recognition of certain advantages
that can result from operating grinding wheels above, sometimes even higher than twice, the speeds
considered earlier as the safe limits of grinding wheel operations Advantages from me application of high
speed grinding are limited to specific processes, but the Standard admits, and offers code regulations for the
use of wheels at special high speeds. These regulations define the structural requirements of the grinding
machine and the responsibilities of the grinding wheel manufacturers, as well as of the users. High speed
grinding should not be applied unless the machines particularly guards, spindle assemblies, and drive motors,
are suitable for such methods. Also, appropriate grinding wheels expressly made for special high speeds must
be used and, of course, the maximum operating speeds indicated on the wheel' s tag must never be exceeded.

Table 26. shows the formulas for calculating the rotational speed from the given peripheral (surface) speed -
V and grinding wheel diameter - D.

Separate formules are required for use with customary inch units and for SI metric units:

Table 26. Formulas for calculating the rotational speed

Inch Units SI Metric Units

Rotational Speed 12 V 1000 V

N= N=
N [RPM] D D

where:
N = grinding wheel rotational speed [rpm]
V = peripheral (surface) wheel speed [feet/min] or [m/s]
D = grinding wheel diameter [inch] or [mm]

- 65 -
3. THE DRIVING MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS

The machine tool transmits the power from the driving motor to the workpiech where it is used to cut the
material. The effectiveness of this transmission is measured by the machine tool efficiency factor E.
Average values of this factor are given in Table 28.

Driving Motor Power

The Power at the Driving motor, for all kind of machining is given below:

Table 27. Driving Motor Power

Inch Units SI Metric Units

P[HP ] P[kW ]
Driving Motor
Power
Pm = [HP] Pm = [kW ]
E E
where
P = power at the cutting tool; HP, or kW
Pm = power at the motor; HP, or kW
B B

E = machine tool efficiency factor (see Table 28)

Table 28. Machine Tool Efficiency Factors E

Type of Drive E
Direct and belt drive 0.90
Back Gear Drive 0.75
Geared Head Drive 0.70 0.80
Oil-Hydraulic Drive 0.60 0.90

Driving Motor Torque

Separate formulas are required for use with customary inch units and for SI metric units:

Table 29. Formulas for calculating of Driving Motor Torque

Inch Units SI Metric Units

Motor Torque 63,025 Pm [HP ] 9550 Pm [kW ]

Tm = [lb-in] Tm = [Nm]
at 100% Load N [rpm] N [rpm]

where:
Tm - B B motor torque [lb-in] or [Nm];
Pm -
B B motor power [HP] or [kW];
N - motor rotational speed [rpm]

and some additional units combination:

5,252 Pm [HP ] 84,454 Pm [kW ] 7,127 Pm [HP ]

Tm = [lb-feet] Tm = [lb-in] Tm = [Nm]
N [rpm] N [rpm] N [rpm]

- 66 -
Electrical source parameters
When we know the required driving motor power, we need to calculate the appropriate electrical source
characteristics. Some electrical formulas given below will be helpful in that task.

Table 30. Electrical Formulas

Alternating Current Alternating or
To Find To Find
Single Phase Three Phase Direct Current
Amperas when
Amperas when HP 746 HP 746 Voltage and E
Horsepower is I= I= I= [A]
known V E pf 1.73 V E pf Resistance are R
known
Amperas when KW 1000 KW 1000 Voltage when
Kilowatts are I= I= Resistance and V = I R [V]
known V pf 1.73 V pf Current are known
KVA 1000 KVA 1000 Resistance when E
Amperas when
KVA are known
I= I= Voltage and R= [Ohm]
V 1.73 V Current are known I
I V pf 1.73 I V pf
Kilowatts General information (Approximation)
1000 1000 at 100% Load:
I V 1.73 I V
KVA -at 575 V, 3-phase motor draws 1.0 A/HP
1000 1000 -at 460 V, 3-phase motor draws 1.25 A/HP
Horsepower = I V E pf 1.73 I V E pf -at 230 V, 3-phase motor draws 2.5 A/HP
(Output) -at 230 V, 1-phase motor draws 5.0 A/HP
746 746 -at 115 V, 1-phase motor draws 10.0 A/HP
I- Current[A]; V= Voltage[V]; E= Efficiency- see Table 26.; 120 Frequency
pf= power factor- estimated at 80% for most motors; RPM =
KVA=Kilovoltsamperes; KW=Kilowatts; R=Resistance[Ohm];
Number of poles

Table 31. Motor Amps at Full Load:

Alternating Current Alternating
[A] Current [A]
HP HP
Single- 3- DC Single- 3- DC
Phase phase [A] Phase phase [A]
0.5 4.9 2.0 2.7 25 60 92
1 8.0 3.4 4.8 30 75 110
1.5 10.0 4.8 6.6 40 100 146
2 12.0 6.2 8.5 50 120 180
3 17.0 8.6 12.5 60 150 215
5 28 14.4 20 75 180 268
7.5 40 21.0 29 100 240 355
10 50 26.0 38 125 300 443
15 38.0 56 150 360 534
20 50.0 74 200 480 712

Note: Values given in Table 31. are for all speeds and frequences at 230V. Amperas at voltage other than 230
Volts can be figured:

230 Amp. fromTable

A= [A]
NewVoltage

- 67 -
IEC Protection Indexes
IEC has designation indicating the protection provided by motor's enclosure, spindles housing and connector
housings.

Designation of the Protection Indexes:

U

-Protection against contact or approach to live and moving parts inside the enclosure
-Protection against ingress of solid foreign objects
-Protection against the harmful effects due to ingress of water

Protection Against Solid Objects Protection Against Liquids

Number Definition Number Definition
0 No protection 0 No protection
Protected against water vertically
Protected against solid
dripping
1 objects of over 50mm (e.g. 1
(condensation).
accidental hand contact)
Protected against solid
Protected against water dripping
2 objects of over 12mm 2
up to 15 from the vertical.
(e.g.finger)
Protected against solid
Protected against rain falling
3 objects of over 2.5mm 3
at up to 60 from the vertical.
(e.g. tools, wire)
Protected against solid
Protected against water splashes
4 objects of over 1mm 4
from all directions.
(e.g. thin wire)
Protected against jets of water
5 Protected against dust 5
from all directions.
Protected against jets of water
6 Totally protected against dust 6 comparable to heavy seas.

Protected against the effects of

immersion to depths of between
7
0.15 and 1m.

Protected against the effects of

8
prolonged immersion at depth.

For example:
IP 64 indicates Housing totally protected against dust and protected against water splashes from all
directions.
IP 65 indicates Housing totally protected against dust and protected against jets of water from all directions.

- 68 -
IEC Cooling and Duty Cycle Indexes
IEC has additional two digit designations indicating how a motor is cooled:

Designation Cooling design

IC 01 Open design
IC 40 TENV -Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated
IC 41 TEFC -Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled
IC 43 TEAO -Totally Enclosed Air Over

Duty cycles could be designated as continuous, intermittent, or special duty (typically

expressed in minutes), IEC uses eight duty cycle designations.

Duty Cycle
Description
Designation
Continuous duty. The motor works at a constant load for enough
S1
time to reach temperature equilibrium.
Short-time duty. The motor works at a constant load, but not long
S2 enough to reach temperature equilibrium, and the rest periods are
long enough for the motor to reach ambient temperature.
Intermittent periodic duty. Sequential, identical run and rest cycles
S3 with constant load. Temperature equilibrium is never reached.
Starting current has little effect on temperature rise.
Intermittent periodic duty with starting. Sequential, identical start,
S4 run and rest cycles with constant load. Temperature equilibrium is
not reached, but starting current affects temperature rise.
Intermittent periodic duty with electric braking. Sequential, identical
S5 cycles of starting, running at constant load, electric braking,
and rest. Temperature equilibrium is not reached.
Continuous operation with intermittent load. Sequential, identical
S6 cycles of running with constant load and running with no load. No
rest periods.
Continuous operation with electric braking. Sequential identical
S7 cycles of starting, running at constant load and electric braking. No
rest periods.
Continuous operation with periodic changes in load and speed.
Sequential, identical duty cycles of start, run at constant load and
S8
given speed, then run at other constant loads and speeds. No rest
periods.

- 69 -
4. FLOWCHARTS

FLOWCHART FOR TURNING, BORING AND MILLING

FLOWCHART
FOR TURNING
BORING
MILLING

WORKPIECE
MATERIAL
AND
TOOL TYPE

VARIABLES DEFINED:
KP - TABLE 9,10,11
VC , f TABLE 1
B B

C - TABLE 7
B B

TABLE 2 VC - Cutting Speed

W - TABLE 8
B B

Q - TABLE 12
f - Feed Rate

E - TABLE 28 Kp B B - Power Constant

C - Feed Factor
W - Tool Wear Factor
Q - Metal Removal Rate

ROTATION SPEED MACHINING D - Tool or Work diameter

V POWER
N= C
D E - Machine Efficiency
P = KPCQW
B B

Factor
TABLE 6 TABLE 5
N - Rotation Speed
DRIVE MOTOR
POWER P - Machine Power
P
PM = PM - Drive Motor Power
E B B

TABLE 27 TM
B B - Drive Motor Torque

DRIVE MOTOR
TORQUE
30 PM
TM =
N

TABLE 29

CALCULATED DATA FOR SPINDLE

SELECTION:
1. ROTATION SPEED -N THE SPINDLE BOOK
2. DRIVE MOTOR POWER - PM PART 3.
DYNOMAX Spindle catalogue
B

3. DRIVE MOTOR TORQUE - TM B

- 70 -
 FLOWCHART
FOR DRILLING
FLOWCHART FOR DRILLING
WORKPIECE
MATERIAL
AND
TOOL TYPE

Kd B - TABLE B 14 VARIABLES DEFINED:

VC , f TABLE 3
B B Ff
B - TABLE
B 16
TABLE 4 FT, FM - TABLE 17
B B B B

VC - Cutting Speed
A,B,J - TABLE 15
B B

W - TABLE 8
f - Feed Rate
c/D - TABLE 15
w/D - TABLE 15 Kd B B - Work material factor
E - TABLE 28 Ff B B - Feed factor
FT B B - Thrust factor
FM B B - Torque factor
ROTATION SPEED
THRUST A - Chisel edge factor for
VC T= KdFfFTBW+ torque
N= B - Chisel edge factor for
B B B B B B

Kdd2JW
D
P

thrust
B B P

TABLE 6 TABLE 13 J - Chisel edge factor for

thrust
TORQUE W - Tool Wear Factor
c - Chisel edge length
M= KdFfFMAW B B B B B B
w - Web thickness at drill
point
TABLE 13
D - Drill diameter

MACHINING POWER E - Machine Efficiency

N Factor
P =M
30
TABLE 13
N - Rotation Speed
DRIVE MOTOR POWER
P T - Thrust
PM =
E
M - Torque
TABLE 27
P - Machine Power
DRIVE MOTOR PM - Drive Motor Power
TORQUE
B B

30 PM TM - Drive Motor Torque

TM = B B

TABLE 29

CALCULATED DATA FOR SPINDLE

SELECTION:
1. ROTATION SPEED -N THE SPINDLE BOOK
2. DRIVE MOTOR POWER - PM B

PART 3.
3. DRIVE MOTOR TORQUE - TM B

DYNOMAX Spindle catalogue

- 71 -
 FLOWCHART
FOR GRINDING
FLOWCHART FOR GRINDING
WORK-PIECE MATERIAL
AND WHEEL DATA:
- Width
- D (Diameter)

VARIABLES DEFINED:
V TABLE 22, 25 KC
B B - TABLE 19
VW - TABLE 22 SMRR - TABLE 22
KC - Specific cutting force
B B

C - TABLE 23 B B

E - TABLE 28 SMRR- Specific Metal Removal

Rate
Width- Grinding wheel width
D - Grinding wheel diameter
fS = C Width
DW - Work-piece diameter
B B

B B

V - Wheel speed
WORK-PIECE SMRR fS VW - Work-piece speed
ECT =
B B

ROTATION SPEED V C - Fraction of grinding wheel

VW TABLE 20 width
NW = fS - Side feed
D W B B

MRR = ECT V ECT - Equivalent chip thickness

TABLE 21 MRR - Metal Removal Rate

WHEEL
ROTATION SPEED E - Machine Efficiency
MACHINING POWER
V Factor
N= C
D PG = KCMRR
B B B B

TABLE 26 TABLE 18 N - Wheel Rotation Speed

DRIVE MOTOR POWER NW B B - Work-piece Rotation speed

P
PM = G PG - Grinding Power
E B B

PM - Drive Motor Power

TABLE 27
B B

T - Drive Motor Torque

DRIVE MOTOR
TORQUE
30 PM
TM =
N

TABLE 29

CALCULATED DATA FOR SPINDLE

SELECTION:
1. ROTATION SPEED -N THE SPINDLE BOOK
2. DRIVE MOTOR POWER - PM B

PART 3.
3. DRIVE MOTOR TORQUE - TM B

DYNOMAX Spindle catalogue

- 72 -
5. SIZING INSTRUCTIONS

General rules for sizing

Proper spindle sizing is important to ensure a long and dependable life. To help in selecting the correct spindle
the following factors should be considered.

1. Always select the largest spindle that will fit your particular space and comply with the speed requirements.
This will give you the maximum spindle stiffness and longest life.

2. Keep tool overhang to a minimum, particularly when boring, and millling or nonsupported arbor milling. As
you move further from the spindle bearings, bearing loads increase and spindle stiffness decreases. Use the
specification charts to find the maximum overhang distance.

3. When boring, the spindle nose bearing bore should be approximately as large or larger than the hole being
machined.

4. To minimize any shaft or bearing loading, keep within the maximum torque rating given on the specification
charts.

5. Consider the environment in which the spindle is used. If the conditions are dusty, air purging is
recommended. If there is heavy coolant or chips, it is advisable to suplly a deflector cover to keep coolant or
chips from directly attacking the spindle. Contact seals should be used unless speed requirements do not allow.

6. Specify the correct bearing arrangement. For mostly radial loaded applications, use a bearing pair at the
nose end. For high axial loads, combination axial and radial loading or heavy or interrupted cuts, use a triplex
bearing set at the nose end.

7. Dynomax engineering and sales staff is always available to help in selecting the correct spindles for your
applications. When asking for assistance, please supply the following information:
a) Type of operation and stock removal amounts
b) Tooling description
c) Part material specification
d) Spindle orientation
e) Environmental conditions
f) Space limitations
g) Horsepower and RPM required

Whenever possible, supply a part print along with any other information that may be useful in spindle
selection.

- 73 -
"DN" Value
the "DN" value plays a significant role in the overall design of high speed spindles. From the initial design
stage to the finished product the "DN" value determines bearing precision, bearing mounting arrangement,
machining tolerances, bearing preload, type and method of lubrication, material and heat treat process,
balancing requirement, vibration acceptance level, and final inspection method that a spindle is processed.

The "DN" value is calculated as follows (using the largest bearing in the spindle):

"DN" = Bearing Mean diameter [mm] spindle RPM

* See
P P "The Spindle Book" - Part 1 for more information on DN numbers and limits.

Threads Rotation Guide

Depending of the Spindle rotation direction, the proper threads direction should be select.
General rule for proper threads direction selection is given below:

SPINDLE ROTATION COUNTERCLOCKWISE

SPINDLE ROTATION CLOCKWISE

SPINDLE ROTATION EITHER DIRECTION

- 74 -
6. MOST COMMON SPINDLE NOSE DESIGN

Generaly, the Machine Tool's spindles, and particularly Dynomax super precision spindles, ilustrated in The
Spindle Book Part 3, can accommodate various alternate spindle nose configurations. Described in this
Section are the most common alternate spindle nose designs.

External Taper - G
External taper nose for adapting wheel holders in grinding applications. Standard thread is R.H. Collar nut
furnished as standard with spindle.

Size* Bearing** D E F T Thread Key

1.00 30 25.400 47.00 44.00 13.00 .500-13 None
1.25 35 31.750 60.00 57.00 19.00 .500-13 6.35
1.62 45 41.275 74.00 71.00 27.00 .750-16 6.35
2.25 60 57.150 99.00 96.00 39.00 1.125-12 6.35
2.62 70 66.675 114.00 111.00 45.00 1.500-12 9.53
3.00 80 76.200 123.00 120.00 45.00 1.500-12 9.53
3.75 100 95.250 162.00 159.00 64.00 2.250-12 9.53
4.50 120 114.300 194.00 191.00 77.00 2.750-12 9.53
5.00 140 127.000 207.00 204.00 77.00 2.750-12 9.53
*Size specifies guage diameter [inch]
** Minimum front bearing bore size [mm]

Milling Taper per ANSI B5.18 M

Milling taper nose for adapting milling tool shanks in milling applications. Include drive keys and hole thru
arbor for optional manual drawbar.

Size Bearing* A D E B F C
30 40 31.750 69.832 13.00 14.29 15.88 12.70
40 50 44.450 88.882 16.00 17.50 19.05 12.70
45 70 57.150 101.582 18.00 20.00 25.40 15.88
50 80 69.850 128.569 20.00 27.00 31.75 15.88
60 120 107.950 221.437 38.00 36.00 38.10 19.05
* Minimum front bearing bore size [mm]

Milling Taper per ANSI B5.50 MV

Milling taper nose for "V" flange tool shanks for machining centers with automatic tool changers. Includes
drive key and machining of arbor to accept power drawbar.

Size Bearing* A D E
30 40 31.750 50.00 13.00
40 50 44.450 65.00 16.00
45 70 57.150 85.00 18.00
50 80 69.850 100.00 20.00
60 120 107.950 160.00 38.00
* Minimum front bearing bore size [mm]

- 75 -
HSK per DIN 69893 - HA
HSK A spindle nose contour for use with hollow shaft tooling for automatic tool change. Form A with
internal keyways. Used with power drawbar.

Size Bearing* A D F E
HSK 25A 30 19.000 25.00 9.40 10.00
HSK 32A 40 24.000 32.00 11.40 12.00
HSK 40A 50 30.000 40.00 14.40 15.00
HSK 50A 60 38.000 50.00 17.90 18.00
HSK 63A 70 48.000 63.00 22.40 23.00
HSK 80A 90 60.000 80.00 28.40 29.00
HSK 100A 110 75.000 100.00 35.40 36.00
HSK 125A 130 95.000 125.00 44.40 45.00
HSK 160A 170 120.000 160.00 57.40 58.00
* Minimum front bearing bore size [mm]

HSK per DIN 69893 - HB

HSK B spindle nose contour for use with hollow shaft tooling for automatic tool change. Form B with
external keyways. Used with power drawbar.

Size Bearing* A D F E
HSK 40B 50 24.000 40.00 20.50 21.00
HSK 50B 60 30.000 50.00 25.50 26.00
HSK 63B 70 38.000 63.00 25.50 26.00
HSK 80B 90 48.000 80.00 33.00 34.00
HSK 100B 110 60.000 100.00 41.00 42.00
HSK 125B 130 75.000 125.00 51.00 52.00
HSK 160B 170 95.000 160.00 64.00 65.00
* Minimum front bearing bore size [mm]

HSK per DIN 69893 - HC

HSK C spindle nose contour for use with hollow shaft tooling. Form C machined to tool manufacturer's
,annual tool clamping cartridge specifications. Specify manufacturer of clamping cartridge at ordering.

Clamp Force
(kN)
Size Bearing* A D F E Guhring Mapal
HSK 32C 40 24.000 32.00 11.40 12.00 9 11
HSK 40C 50 30.000 40.00 14.40 15.00 15 15
HSK 50C 60 38.000 50.00 17.90 18.00 23 21
HSK 63C 70 48.000 63.00 22.40 23.00 33 30
HSK 80C 90 60.000 80.00 28.40 29.00 50 38
HSK 100C 110 75.000 100.00 35.40 36.00 70 50
* Minimum front bearing bore size [mm]

Komet ABSConnection - K
P P

Komet ABS tool holder systems for machining centers, FMS and dedicated machining systems. Includes thrust
screw and receiving screw.

Size Bearing* A D F E
ABS 25 30 13.000 25.000 24.00 20.00
ABS 32 35 16.000 32.000 27.00 23.00
ABS 40 40 20.000 40.000 31.00 27.00
ABS 50 50 28.000 50.000 36.00 32.00
ABS 63 60 34.000 63.000 43.00 39.00
ABS 80 80 46.000 80.000 48.00 44.00
ABS 100 100 56.000 100.000 60.00 52.00
ABS 125 130 70.000 125.000 76.00 64.00
ABS 160 160 90.000 160.000 96.00 80.00
ABS 200 200 112.000 200.000 116.00 100.00
* Minimum front bearing bore size [mm]

- 76 -
Other common available spindle nose designs
In addition to the shown spindle nose designs, the other spindle nose designs can also be accomodated:

Universal Kwik-SwitchII (ACME Threads)

P P Universal Kwik-SwitchII ("V" - Threads)
P P

TM Smith "Tru-Taper" P P Automotive Adapters

Air Gage "Fas-Loc" Taper
P P Lathe Nose "Type A"
Lathe Nose "Type B" DeVlieg "Flash Change" Taper P P

Jarno Internal Taper Brown&Sharpe Internal Taper

Morse Internal Taper Universal "Acura-Flex" Collet
P P

Universal "Double Taper" Collet P P Erickson "Double Angle" Collet P P

Erickson "Quick Change" P P TM Smith "Super" Taper P P

Air Gage "Fas-Loc" Taper

P P Standard "5C" Collet Nose
Adapter Plate Straight Shaft with Threaded Nose
Flanged Grinding Nose Extended Flanged Grinding Nose
Loose Piece Pilot Nose Bridgeport Collet Nose
P P

Kaiser Tool Connectors

P P

- 77 -
7. Conversion Constants and Formulas for Metric and U.S. Units
Table 32. Length Conversion

[m] micrometer 0.00003937 = inches [in] [in] Inches 25,400.1 = micrometer [m]
[mm] Milimeters 0.039370 = inches. [in] [in] Inches 25.4001 = milimeters. [mm]
[m] Meters 39.370 = inches. [in] [in] Inches .0254 = meters. [m]
[m] Meters 3.2808 = feet. [ft] [ft] Feet .30480 = meters. [m]
[m] Meters 1.09361 = yards. [yd] [yd] Yard .91440 = meters. [m]
[km] Kilometers 3,280.8 = feet. [ft] [ft] Feet .0003048 = kilometers [km].
[km] Kilometers .62137 = Statute Miles. Statute Miles 1.60935 = kilometers. [km]
[km] Kilometers .53959 = Nautical Miles. Nautical Miles 1.85325 = kilometers. [km]

Table 33. Weight Conversion

[g] Grams 981 = dynes. Dynes .0010193 = grams. [g]

[g] Grams 15.432 = grains Grains .0648 = grams. [g]
[g] Grams .03527 = ounces (Avd.). [oz] [oz] Ounces (Avd.) 28.35 = grams. [g]
[g]Grams .033818 = fluid ounces (water). [oz] [oz] Fluid Ounces (water) 29.57 = grams. [g]
[kg] Kilograms 35.27 = ounces (Avd.). [oz] [ozg Ounces (Avd.) .02835 = kilograms. [kg]
[fg] Kilograms 2.20462 = pounds (Avd.). [lb] [lb] Pounds (Avd.) .45359 = kilograms. [kg]
Metric Tons (1000 kg.) 1.10231 = Net Ton (2000 lb). Net Ton (2000 lb) .90719 = Metric Tons (1000 kg).
Metric Tons (1000 kg.) .98421 = Gross Ton (2242 lb). Gross Ton (2240 lb) 1.01605 = Metric Ton (1000 kg)

Table 34. Area Conversion

[mm2] Square Milimeters .00155 = sqare inches. [in2]

P P P P [in2] Square Inches 645.136 = square milimeters. [mm2]
P P P P

[cm2]Square Centimeters .155 = square inches. [in2]

P P P P [in2] Square Inches 6.45163 = square centimeters. [cm2
P P P P

[m2] Square Meters 10.76387 = square feet. [ft2]

P P P P [ft2] Square Feet .0929 = square meters. [m2]
P P P P

[m2] Square Meters 1.19599 = square yards. [yd2]

P P P P [yd2] Square Yards .83613 = square meters. [m2]
P P P P

[ha] Hectares 2.47104 = acres. Acres .40469 = hectares. [ha]

[km2] Square Kilometers 247.104 = acres.
P P Acres .0040469 = square kilometers. [km2] P P

[km2] Square Kilometers .3861 = square miles.

P P Square Miles 2.5899 = square kilometers [km2] P P

Table 35. Volume Conversion

[cm3] Cubic centimeters .033818 = fluid ounces.

P P Fluid Ounces 29.57 = cubic centimeters. [cm3] P P

[cm3] Cubic centimeters .061023 = cubic inches. [in3]

P P P P [in3]Cubic Inches 16.387 = cubic centimeters. [cm3]
P P P P

[cm3] Cubic centimeters .271 = fluid drams.

P P Fluid Drams 3.69 = cubic centimeters. [cm3] P P

[l] Liters 61.023 = cubic inches. [in3] P P [in3]Cubic Inches .016387 = liters. [l]
P P

[l] Liters 1.05668 = quarts. Quarts .94636 = liters. [l]

[l] Liters .26417 = gallons. Gallons 3.78543 = liters. [l]
[l] Liters .035317 = cubic feet. [ft3]
P P [ft3] Cubic Feet 28.316 = liters. [l]
P P

[hl] Hectoliters 26.417 = gallons. Gallons .0378543 = hectoliters. [hl]

[hl] Hectoliters 3. 5317 = cubic feet. [ft3] P P [ft3] Cubic Feet .28316 = hectoliters. [hl]
P P

[hl] Hectoliters 2.83794 = bushel (2150.42 cu. in.). Bushels (2150.42 cu. in.) .352379 = hectoliters. [hl]
[hl] Hectoliters .1308 = cubic yards. [yd3] P P [yd3]Cubic Yards 7.645 = hectoliters. [hl]
P P

[m3] Cubic Meters 264.17 = gallons.

P P Gallons .00378543 = cubic meters. [m3]P P

[m3] Cubic Meters 35.317 = cubic feet. [ft3]

P P P P [ft3] Cubic Feet .028316 = cubic meters. [m3]
P P P P

[m3] Cubic Meters .1308 = cubic yards. [yd3]

P P P P [yd3]Cubic Yards 7.645 = cubic meters. [m3]
P P P P

[m3] Cubic Meters 61,023.76 = cubic inches. [in3]

P P P P [in3] Cubic Inches 0.000016387 = cubic meters. [m3]
P P P P

- 78 -
 Table 36. Force and Torque Conversion

[lb] pounds 4.448 = Newton [N] [N] Newton 0.2248 = pounds [lb]
[lb-in] pound-inches 0.11298 = Newton-meter [Nm] [Nm] Newton-meters 8.851 = pound-inches [lb-in]
[lb-ft] pound-feet 1.356 = Newton-meter [Nm] [Nm] Newton-meters 0.7376 = pound-feet [lb-ft]
[oz-in] ounce-inches 0.007062 = Newton-meter[Nm] [Nm] Newton-meters 141.60 = ounce-inches [oz-in]
[oz-in] ounce-inches 0.005208 = pound-feet [lb-ft] [lb-ft] pound-feet 192 = ounce-inches [oz-in]
[oz-in] ounce-inches 0.0625 = pound-inches [lb-in] [lb-in] pound-inches 16 = ounce-inches [oz-in]

Table 37. Power and Heat Conversion

[kW] Kilowatts 1.341 = Horsepower. [HP] Horsepower 0.746 = kilowatts. [kW]

[kWh]Kilowatt Hours 3415 = B.T.U. B.T.U. 0.00029282 = kilowatt hours. [kWh]
[Nm[ Newton-meters 8.851 = pound-inches. [lb-in] Pound-Inches 0.11298 = Newton-meters. [Nm]
[cal] Calorie 0.003968 = B.T.U. B.T.U. 252 = calories. [cal]
[J]Joules 0.7373 = pound-feet. [lb-ft] Pound-Feet 1.3563 = joules. [J]
Cheval Vapeur 0.9863 = Horsepower. [HP] Horsepower 1.014 = Cheval Vapeur.

Table 38. Pressure Conversion

[Pa] Pascal 1 = Newton per square meter [N/m2] P P [N/m2] 1 = [Pa]

P P

[Pa] Pascal 0.0001450=pounds per square inch [psi] [psi] pounds per square inch 6894.8= Pascal [Pa]
[Pa] Pascal 0.02089= pounds per square foot [lb/ft2] P P [lb/ft2] pounds per square foot 47.8698= Pascal [Pa]
P P

[atm] Atmosphere 1 = [bar] [bar] 1 = Atmosphere [atm]

[atm] Atmosphere 14.50 = [psi] [psi]pound per square inch0.0680 = Atmosp.[atm]
[atm] Atmosphere 2116.8 = [lb/ft2]
P P [lb/ft2]pound per square foot0.000472= Atmosp.[atm]
P P

[atm] Atmosphere 101325 = [Pa] or [N/m2] P P [Pa] Pascal 0.000009869 = Atmosp.[atm]

[N/mm2] 145 = pounds per square inch [psi]
P P [psi]pound per square inch 0.006897 = [N/mm2] P P

- 79 -
 Table 39. Temperature Conversion Table

F 32 C
=
180 100

Locate known temperature in C/F column. Read converted temperature in F or C column.

C C/F F C C/F F C C/F F

-45.4 -50 -58 15.5 60 140 76.5 170 338

-42.7 -45 -49 18.3 65 149 79.3 175 347
-40 -40 -40 21.1 70 158 82.1 180 356
-37.2 -35 -31 23.9 75 167 85 185 365
-34.4 -30 -22 26.6 80 176 87.6 190 374
-32.2 -25 -13 29.4 85 185 90.4 195 383
-29.4 -20 -4 32.2 90 194 93.2 200 392
-26.6 -15 5 35 95 203 96 205 401
-23.8 -10 14 37.8 100 212 98.8 210 410
-20.5 -5 23 40.5 105 221 101.6 215 419
-17.8 0 32 43.4 110 230 104.4 220 428
-15 5 41 46.1 115 239 107.2 225 437
-12.2 10 50 48.9 120 248 110 230 446
-9.4 15 59 51.6 125 257 112.8 235 455
-6. 7 20 68 54.4 130 266 115.6 240 464
-3.9 25 77 57.1 135 275 118.2 245 473
-1.1 30 86 60 140 284 120.9 250 482
1.7 35 95 62.7 145 293 123.7 255 491
4.4 40 104 65.5 150 302 126.5 260 500
7.2 45 113 68.3 155 311 129.3 265 509
10 50 122 71 160 320 132.2 270 518

12.8 55 131 73.8 165 329 136 275 527

F = (9/5 x C) + 32 C
C= 5/9 (F -32)

- 80 -
1. Corporate Overview

Established to offer manufactures high

quality, customizable spindles to meet
unique machining needs, Dynomax offers
manufacturers the design, manufacturing
and service of machine spindles. With
more than 400 modular spindles each
designed to offer countless options,
Dynomax spindles are engineered to
accommodate a variety of applications
and environments. Offering spindles
including belt and gear driven, integral
motor, high speed and robotic, Dynomax
is dedicated to spindles. An ISO 9001:2000 certified company, our spindles are found in industries
ranging from aerospace to stone to medical.

Today, Dynomax operates within a 10,000 sq ft facility that provides the in-house equipment
necessary to manufacture and service precision tolerance spindles.

2. Offering Overview

Dynomax's offering can be broken down into three distinct areas, each briefly introduced below.

2.1 Design Offering

As a niche focused spindle design, manufacturing and service facility, Dynomax has insight
into all faucets of a spindle's life. We know what it takes to develop a spindle with integrity.
Engineering a new spindle to meet a variety of specifications requires combining time-tested
theories and new technologies, with careful consideration to practical application, to design a
spindle for new or existing machinery.

In addition to designing new concepts, Dynomax, because of our modular designs, can
customize standard spindles to meet special requirements without significantly increasing
the delivery schedule. Working cooperatively with customers to design spindles that
outperform the competition, Dynomax engineers review performance specifications and
design limitations before engineering the ideal spindle. Our spindle design process includes:

Application review/Application consulting

Spindle Engineering
New Spindle Design
Design Approval
Available finite element analysis (FEA)

Our experience has taught us that a good spindle is one that spins, but a great spindle is one
that consistently spins, requires minimal maintenance and is quick and easy to restore when
and if the time comes. Dynomax designs great spindles because we know spindles.

2.2 Manufacturing Overview

New robotic arm spindles. Spare cartridge spindles. High speed motorized spindles. When it
comes to spindles, Dynomax does it all. Dynomax, an ISO 9001:2000 registered company,
has invested heavily in the tools, talent and training necessary to manufacture new high
quality spindles.

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 Dynomaxs dedication to new spindle manufacturing has enabled us to better service our
customers. Our experience has taught us how to determine the spindle best suited to
customer requirements as well as how to manufacture that spindle to perform on the shop
floor. We work with our customers to make sure they get the machine tool spindle they want,
when they want it!

All new Dynomax spindles

Are manufactured to precision tolerances and assembled by trained technicians
under controlled conditions
Complete maximum speed run-in's to ensure the spindle meets performance
requirements
Complete balancing and vibration analysis testing
Are processed and fully documented under ISO standards
Come with a 1-year warrantee on craftsmanship and parts

Dynomax spindles are precision machine components. Dynomax has put rigorous standards
in place to ensure spindles that leave our shop floor are ready to operate on yours. Dynomax
offers more than 400 spindles, offering manufactures a variety of different sizes, styles and
characteristics. Each spindle has been devloped to accomidate a variety of applications and
tooling, offering our customers countless options.

Our extensive product line includes hundreds of standard spindles, each designed to allow
customization with minimal impacts on delivery schedules. Our lines include:
Block Spindles
Cartridge Spindles
Quill Spindles
Motorized Spindles
High Speed Spindles
Robotic Spindles
Dresser Spindles
Speciality Spindles

Within each line we have spindles covering a large variety of operating characteristics,
tooling set-ups and applications. Details on each spindle can be found on our website at
www.dynospindles.com or our experienced engineering staff can help you determine the
spinldle best suited to fit your needs.

2.3 Service Offering

Dynomax knows the quickest way back to maximum production is a timely, high quality
service. Our step-by-step ISO 9001:2000 documented service processes are focused on detail
with built-in quality control measures to ensure precision and quality craftsmanship.
Experienced in spindle design, manufacturing and service. Dynomax applies fundamental
spindle concepts and proven processes to service, regardless of application, in order to put
value back into your machine tool spindle. Whether you need a complete spindle rebuild, a
spindle repair or spindle enhancements, Dynomax has your solution. At Dynomax we make
the best and repair the rest!

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 Need a new spindle design?

For quote and more spindle information,

please fill out the following and
fax us at 847.680.8838 or complete
online at
www.dynospindles.com/rfq.html.
(If you do not have the answer to a question,
please leave it blank and go to the next question.)

Company Date
Name Quote needed by
Address Spindle needed by
Email Customer's Machine:
Phone
Fax

Type of Spindle (Check One) Application

Belt Driven Motorized Other
Base Mount
Cartridge
Flange Cartridge
Block Style
Other

Operation to be performed Operating Characteristics

Grinding Drilling Operating RPM Rotation of Spindle (Front View):
Milling Boring Horizontal Clockwise
Turning Facing Vertical Counter Clockwise
Other Nose Up
Axial Load: Nose Down
Angle to Horizontal
Radial Load:
Radial Load (distance from the nose) Coolant
Type of coolant Pressure
Type of Drive
Motorized:
H.P. RPM Voltage Cycle Phase

T.E.L.C. T.E.F.C. T.E.N.V. Other

Belt Driven:
Flat Belt "V" Belt Timing Belt Poly "V" Belt Other

Define the requirements and any expectations you have for

Tooling interface the spindle. Note any limiting factors such space or power.
HSK
CAT
Other

Bearing Lubrication
Grease Lube
Oil Mist
Air/Oil Lube Thank you for giving us the opportunity to work with you on
your design project. We will contact you shortly.