03-10-2013

Force systems

Free-Body Diagram

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Force systems Force systems

Supports & Connections I Supports & Connections II

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Force systems Force systems

Free-Body Diagram Active & Reactive units

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

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Force systems Force systems

Consistent force systems

Consistency & Inconsistency
The force system developed
when a wire is inserted in a
Dependent on the desirability of the force bracket comprises forces and
system developed, when a straight wire is moments. If both the rotation
tied into the bracket of the active and the generated by the moment and
the translation resulting from the
reactive unit, force systems can be classified force are leading to the planned
as consistent or inconsistent. tooth movement, the force
system is said to be consistent.

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Force systems Force systems

Inconsistent force systems Statically determinate systems

A force system is called statically determinate when all
An inconsistent force system is unknown forces and moments in the force system can be
unable to produce the desired calculated from the force and moment equilibrium
combination of forces and formulas.
moments. When the moment
produced is desired, the force is The cantilever is the most important
undesirable and vice versa. example of a statically determinate
orthodontic appliance.

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Force systems The Six Geometries

Statically indeterminate systems The force system developed in a two-tooth segment when
A force system is called statically indeterminate when connected by a continuous straight wire is determined by
some of the unknown forces and moments in the force the angles of the brackets with respect to the wire
system cannot be calculated from the force and moment passing through the centers of the brackets and the
interbracket distance.
equilibrium formulas. Additional information should then
be employed to determine these unknown quantities.

In the V-bend the forces and moments at the

brackets cannot be calculated straight away.
However using symmetry considerations, the
forces must be zero and the moments
opposite to one another.
Burstone & Konig, AJO, 1974
Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

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The Six Geometries The Six Geometries

Geometry I

A/B = 1.0

FA = -FB

MA/MB = 1.0

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

The Six Geometries The Six Geometries

Geometry II Geometry III

A/B = 0.5 A/B = 0.0

FA = -FB FA = -FB

MA/MB = 0.8 MA/MB = 0.5

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

The Six Geometries The Six Geometries

Geometry IV Geometry V

A/B = -0.5 A/B = -0.75

FA = -FB FA = -FB

MA/MB = 0.0 MA/MB = -0.4

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

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The Six Geometries The Six Geometries

Geometry VI
MB = (K * B) / L,

F = (MA + MB) / L, with:

A/B = -1.0
K = (3.853 A/B + 7.7089) * Ws
FA = FB = 0.0 W s = Ms * C s
L - interbracket distance
MA/MB = -1.0 Ms - material stiffness
Cs - cross-sectional stiffness

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

The Six Geometries Minor Bends

Step-bend force systems

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Minor Bends Minor Bends

Step-bends: forces Step-bends: moments

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

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Minor Bends Minor Bends

Step-bends: moments V-bends: forces

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Minor Bends Minor Bends

V-bends: moments V-bends: moments

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Minor Bends Minor Bends

V-bends: special cases V-bends: special cases

a / L = 0.5

FA = FB = 0.0

MA = - MB
1 / 3 < a / L < 2 / 3 MA & MB opposite
Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

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Minor Bends Minor Bends

V-bends: special cases V-bends: special cases

a / L = 2 / 3 MB = 0; a / L > 2 / 3 MA & MB same direction

a / L = 1 / 3 MA = 0 a / L < 1 / 3 MA & MB same direction
Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Minor Bends Major Discrepancies

V-bends in the occlusal plane

Special loops

1. vertical loop 2. L-loop

3. rectangular loop 4. T-loop

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Major Discrepancies Major Discrepancies

Force system L-loop Force system L-loop

influence of the vertical discrepancy influence of the horizontal length G

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

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Major Discrepancies Major Discrepancies

Force system rectangular loop Force system rectangular loop

influence of the vertical discrepancy influence of the horizontal length G

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK

Major Discrepancies Major Discrepancies

Force system T-loop Force system T-loop

influence of the vertical discrepancy influence of the horizontal length G

Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK Section of Orthodontics, University of Aarhus, DK