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DTA/TGA study of copper molybdate

carbothermal reduction

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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA

68, 2, 2015 Chemical Journal of Armenia

UDC 536.46:546.56:546.77

DTA/TGA STUDY OF COPPER MOLYBDATE CARBOTHERMAL

REDUCTION

S. V. AYDINYAN,1 H. V. KIRAKOSYAN,1 O. M. NIAZYAN1 and S. L. KHARATYAN1,2

1
A.B. Nalbandyan Institute of Chemical Physics NAS RA
5/2, P. Sevak Str., Yerevan, 0014, Armenia
2
Yerevan State University
1, A. Manoukyan Str., Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
Email: [email protected]

The mechanism of copper molybdate carbothermal reduction was investigated at non-

isothermal conditions by carrying out simultaneous differential thermal (DTA) and thermal-gravimetric
(TGA) analyses combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of intermediate and final products. In
order to understand the influence of copper molybdate preparation method on the reduction
processes, the behaviour of salts prepared by (i) calcination of oxides mixture and (ii) co-precipitation
from water soluble salts of Cu and Mo were studied at linear heating. It was revealed that the
obtained copper molybdates differ by modification and particle size distribution. Nevertheless, the
reduction process of the both copper molybdates involves low-exothermic carbothermal reactions
and is accompanied by sequential formation of partially reduced active phase Cu5Mo6O18, as well as
Cu2O, MoO2, Cu and Mo. Chemical reactions possibly occurring during the heating of CuMoO4-C
system on the basis of DTA/TG curves and XRD analyses results of quenched reaction products
have been proposed.

Fig. 9, references 29.

Composite materials, which consist of two or more metals with distinctly

different physicomechanical properties, are widely used due to their multiple
functionalities. Among such type of materials Mo-Cu alloys have been attracted a
great interest caused by the facts, that despite the significant difference in lattice
parameters and high difference of melting points of metals, as well as their
insolubility in both solid and liquid states, they form a material with absolutely new
structure, where distinct particles of one metal are dispersing in a matrix of the other
one forming so called pseudo-alloys [1-4]. These properties render MoCu alloys
widespread applications in heavy-duty electronic contacts, welding electrodes,

196
vacuum technology, military fields, aeronautics, portable apparatus and some other
advanced fields [1-6].
MoCu composites are generally fabricated by Cu infiltration in Mo skeleton or
liquid phase sintering of MoCu powder mixtures [7-12]. Since the MoCu system
exhibits mutual immiscibility or negligible solubility, MoCu powder compacts
show very poor sinterability, even by liquid phase sintering above the melting point
of Cu. Moreover, in most of the applications, high-dense MoCu materials with
homogeneous microstructure are required for high performance, which is possible
by applying ultra-fine and well-dispersed powders. During last decade several
attempts have been successfully made to improve the sinterability of Mo-Cu
composite powders [13-19]. These are mechanical alloying, adding sintering aids, as
well as hydrogen co-reduction of oxides obtained from molybdenum and copper
oxygen-containing compounds. The latter usually is performed at temperatures 800-
1000oC with long duration (from 2 to 10 hours), which is energy consuming and
accompanied with undesirable growth of Cu grains, as well as resulting in drastic
decrease of process efficiency.
Taking into account disadvantages of the above described methods (energy and
time consumption, low efficiency and low productivity, the complexity of
microstructure and porosity regulation), for the manufacturing of Mo-Cu composite
materials co-reduction of Mo and Cu oxides was performed in the combustion mode
[20]. For this purpose the principle of thermo-chemical coupling of reactions was
used applying Mg/C combined reducers [21]. The point is that magnesiothermal
reduction of MoO3/CuO oxides is a high caloric process and proceeds in combustion
mode very violently. Meanwhile, carbothermal reduction process of metal oxides is
low exothermic one and cant be realized in the combustion mode.
Undoubtedly, for the synthesis of Mo-Cu composite materials a special interest
represents the reduction of metals form such compounds that contain both the
metals, such as copper molybdates [17-19, 22, 23], in particular CuMoO4. The latter
is usually prepared by calcination of the mixture of copper and molybdenum oxides
(in air, at 700 C), or by co-precipitation of water soluble salts of copper and
molybdenum.
The use of copper molybdate as a precursor has certain privileges in contrast to
joint reduction of oxides mixture, because both metals are in the same crystalline
structure and chemically bonded in the salt, thus the formation of more
homogeneous composite is supposed. Besides the high surface area and additional
reactivity generated from the thermal decomposition of salt-precursors will shorten
the diffusion distances and result in sufficient diffusion activities promoting the
synthesis reactions in every discrete grain of initial powders.
In this work for the reduction of copper molybdates the carbon is considered
more appropriate especially in terms of providing low-temperature reduction
processes of metals. Note that carbothermal reduction of Mo and Cu from copper
molybdate, particularly for the preparation of Mo-Cu alloys, by the best of our
knowledge, has never been studied.
197
 Recently it was demonstrated the beauty of uMoO4 as a carbon black
oxidation catalyst [24]. According to the work of P. G. Chigrin and co-authors
catalytic combustion of carbon black in the presence of CuMoO4 at 350420C
occurs and is accompanied by ~5% weight loss of the sample according to the
following reaction: 10CuMoO4 + 3C = Cu4Mo5O17 + Cu6Mo5O18 + 2CO2 + CO.
which corresponds to complete reduction of Cu2+ in CuMoO4 into Cu+. Then the
mixture of salts is oxidized in air up to CuMoO4. About more depth reduction
processes there is no information in the literature.
In the present work investigation of the mechanism of carbothermal reduction
of copper molybdate is carried out by thermal analysis method at non-isothermal
conditions. The suggested approach allowed to explore stepwise nature of complex
reactions in the CuMoO4-C system by carrying out simultaneous differential thermal
(DTA) and thermal-gravimetric (TGA) analyses combined with X-ray diffraction
(XRD) analysis of intermediate and final products. Possible mechanism of
interaction in the CuMoO4-C system was proposed that may contribute to the
estimation of optimum conditions of complete reduction of copper molybdate and
preparation of Mo-Cu alloys in the case of using complex reducing mixtures.

Experimental
The following powders were used as raw materials: MoO3 (High grade, Pobedit
Company, Russia, particle size less than 15 m), CuO (High grade, STANCHEM,
Poland, particle size less than 40 m), ammonium paramolybdate
(NH4)6Mo7O244H2O, pure), copper sulphate (CuSO45H2O, pure), ammonium
hydroxide (pure), and carbon black (P-803, Russia, particle size less than 1 m).
Differential thermal (DTA) and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses were carried
out using DTA/TGA, Q-1500 instrument (Derivatograph Q1500 MOM, Hungary)
which is connected to the multichannel acquisition system and output signals are
recorded by a computer. Differential thermogravimetric (DTG) and DTA point were
registered in every 1 s, samples 50-200 mg were placed in Al2O3 crucibles with 1 ml
volume, Al2O3 powder was used as reference material. Measurements were
conducted in argon (purity 99.97 %) atmosphere at flow rate of 120 ml/min. Heating
rate was programmed to be 2.5, 5, 10, 20oC/min. The thermoanalytical curves were
recorded up to a temperature 1000oC. In order to stop the reaction and quench the
intermediate and final products for further investigations, the heater power was
switched off automatically at preset temperatures, and the sample was cooled down
by inert gas flow. The cooling rate in the temperature range from 1000 to 600oC
(more interesting area) was around 300oC/min. The samples obtained in this way
were examined by XRD with monochromatic CuK radiation (diffractometer
DRON-3.0, Burevestnik, Russia) operated at 25 kV and 10 mA. To identify the
products from the XRD spectra, the data were processed using the JCPDS database.
Microstructure of the initial mixture and intermediate and final products was

198
evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM BS-300, Tesla, CZ) and Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscope Magellan 400 (FEI).
Copper molybdate preparation. Copper molybdate was prepared by two
pathways. In the first case MoO3 and CuO powders with a molar ratio of 1:1 were
homogeneously mixed in a ceramic mortar and calcined in air at 700oC for 3 hrs
(hereby as copper molybdate I). The obtained hard mass then was milled for 5 min
using a Vibratory Mill machine (model 75-DrM). After the milling process yellow-
brown flour-like powder was obtained with <300 nm average size (Fig. 1).
In the second case copper molybdate was prepared by chemical co-precipitation
using (NH4)6Mo7O242H2O and CuSO45H2O as starting materials. At first
CuSO45H2O was solved in deionized water to obtain aqueous solution of CuSO4,
then (NH4)6Mo7O242H2O was converted into (NH4)2MoO4 by the reaction with a
proper quantity of ammonia. The mixing of aqueous solutions of (NH4)2MoO4 and
CuSO4 result in chemical co-precipitation of CuMoO4. By controlling the pH value,
the reaction can proceed according to the following equations:
(NH4)6Mo7O24 2 H2O+ 8NH4OH7(NH4)2MoO4 (1)
(NH4)2MoO4+CuSO4 +NH4OH CuMoO4 + Cu(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 (2)
The deposition rate of CuMoO4 from two reacting solutions was controlled to
produce a yellow-green precipitate which was dried in vacuum oven at 100oC. The
results reveal that optimum conditions of the chemical co-precipitation are as
follows: reaction temperature 505oC, pH value makes 5.10.1, and ageing time 91
hrs.
(a) 1 - CuMoO4 _ ICDS# 22-0242 (b)

1
Intensity, a.u.

1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2q 80

Fig. 1. XRD pattern (a) and SEM micrograph (b) of copper molybdate obtained by pathway I
after 5 min milling.

Under the conditions mentioned above, average particle size of the prepared
CuMoO4 powder is less than 100 nm (fig.2b). Copper molybdates obtained by
calcination and co-precipitation were characterized by XRD (fig. 1a, 2a), SEM (fig.
1b, 2b) and IR (figs. 3, 4) spectral analyses methods.
It should be noted that the copper molybdate (I) according to XRD and IR
spectral analysis results presents as CuMoO4 (Figs. 1a, 3).

199
 According to XRD & IR spectral analyses results the salt obtained from
solution (hereby as copper molybdate II) represents a mixture of copper molybdate
(CuMoO4) and hydroximolybdate (Cu3MoO4(OH)4).

(a) 1 - CuMoO4 _ ICDS# 26-0546 (b)

2 - Cu3(MoO4)(OH)4 _ICDS# 50-1622
Intensity, a.u.

2 2
1 1,2
1,2 1
2 2 2 1
2

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2q 80

Fig. 2. XRD pattern (a) and SEM micrograph (b) of copper molybdate obtained by pathway II.

0.5

719.1
0.45
0.4
797.2
822.5
Absorbance, a.u.

0.35
870.6

0.3
946.6

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1300 1100 900 700 500
-1
Wavenumbers, cm

Fig. 3. IR spectra of copper molybdate obtained by pathway I.

812.4

746.6

0.45
0.4
0.35
Absorbance, a.u.

0.3
0.25
914.7

0.2
1413.6

0.15
1286.8

1032.0

0.1
0.05
0
-0.05
1300 1100 900 700 -1
500
Wavenumbers, cm

Fig. 4. IR spectra of copper molybdate obtained by pathway II.

200
 Results and discussion

Firstly, behaviour of the both copper molybdates was studied at linear heating.
As it can be seen from DTA/TG curves (Fig. 5), the CuMoO4 (I) up to 700oC
(Vh=20oC /min, mo=100 mg) is stable and endothermic peak at that temperature (A
point) -CuMoO4 to
CuMoO4-III) [25-27].

DTA (A) TG,

(B) mg
150
50
DTA
modification of
CuMoO4 incongruent
40
melting of 130
CuMoO4

30

110
20 TG

10 90
o
100 300 500 700 T, C
Fig. 5. DTA/TG curves of copper molybdate (I), V=20 oC/min, mo=100 mg.

According to the literary data [28,29] at 820oC copper molybdate incongruent

melting takes place (B point) followed by sublimation of the obtained molybdenum
trioxide (this is evidenced by the weight loss on TG curve).
The investigation of thermal behaviour of copper molybdate (II) obtained from
co-precipitation shows (fig. 6), that there are two endothermic stages at 250-310oC
and 800-850oC temperature intervals.

DTA, TG,
DTG mg

TG 100
80

80
60
DTG 60
40
40
DTA
20
20

0 0
100 300 500 700 T, oC

Fig. 6. DTA/DTG/TG curves of copper molybdate (II), V=20 oC/min, mo=100 mg.

201
 Thermal decomposition occurs followed by the mass change and XRD analysis
exp= 12.5%) corresponds to the
decomposition of copper hydroximolybdate up to molybdate, whereas the second
stage, which is also observed in the case of CuMoO4(I), corresponds to the melting
of copper molybdate(II) which is accompanied by salts decomposition.
Carbothermal reduction of copper molybdates was investigated at linear heating
conditions (Vh=20oC/min) in argon atmoshpere (figs. 7 and 8). According to the
results obtained, carbothermal reduction of copper molybdate is a multistage
process. Particularly, as it can be seen from the DTA/TG curves of the
CuMoO4(I)+2C mixture notable changes arent observed up to 470C. In the 470-
510C temperature interval copper oxide reduction takes place followed by
molybdenum trioxide reduction (540-610C) up to MoO2, and above 800C
molybdenum dioxide partial reduction occurs.

TG
200 150
TG,
DTA,
mg
DTG
150
DTG
100

100

O B 50
50 D
DTA
A C

0 0
o
100 300 500 700 T, C 900
Fig 7. DTA/DTG/TG curves of the CuMoO4(I)+2C mixture, V=20 oC/min, mo=200 mg.

150 DTA,
TG
TG, DTG
mg 80

100
60
DTG

40
50

A B C
DTA O 20
D

0 0
100 300 500 700 900 T, o C

Fig 8. DTA/DTG/TG curves of the CuMoO4(II)+2C mixture, V=20 oC/min, mo=130 mg.

202
 As it can be seen from XRD analysis of the quenched samples obtained from
characteristic temperatures (fig. 9), at 500C the reduction product contains partially
reduced copper molybdate with more complex structure (Cu5Mo6O18), small
amounts of copper suboxide and molybdenum dioxide are also present. At 625C
interaction leads to the complete reduction of copper and formation of MoO2.
During the next stages (>800 oC) certain portion of molybdenum dioxide is reduced
up to metallic molybdenum.

1 - CuMoO4 2 - MoO2 3 - Cu5 Mo6 O18 4 - Cu2 O 5 - Cu 6 - Mo

2
6 5
2 2
5 6
(D)
6
Intensity, a.u.

2
2
5 2
6 (C)
5
2
2 2
5 5 (B)
2
3 3 3 3 3 42 2 (A)
1 1
1 1 1 1 1 CuMoO4 , initial mixture

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 2q 80
Fig. 9. XRD patterns of the intermediate products quenched from different characteristic
temperatures: CuMoO4(I)+2C reactive mixture. A T=500, B 625, C 860, D 970oC.

According to DTA/DTG/TG study of the CuMoO4(II)+2C mixture (fig. 8), after

the decomposition of copper hydroximolybdate (260-320oC) simultaneous
decomposition and carbothermal reduction of copper molybdate occur at 430-490oC.
Furthermore, in the temperature range of 510-600oC first stage of carbothermal
reduction of MoO3 is observed. Then, at higher temperatures (>800oC) MoO2
partially reduces to molybdenum. This is evidenced by the both weight loss values
and XRD analysis results of the quenched samples. The main differences between
the carbothermal reduction processes of these two salts obtained by calcination and
co-precipitation methods are the decomposition stage for copper molybdate (II) and
carbothermic reduction processes of CuMoO4 (II) shifted to the low temperature
range about 50C. Comparatively higher reactivity of copper molybdate (II) may be
conditioned by the more fine-grained structure in comparison with CuMoO4 (I).
Based on the results obtained, possible mechanism of carbothermal reduction of
copper molybdate at linear heating conditions was outlined. According to the data
obtained, salt decomposition into oxides and first stage-reduction processes start
simultaneously. The subsequent reduction stage is complete reduction of copper and

203
formation of MoO2. This latter partially reduces to metallic molybdenum in the final
stage.
I stage. CuMoO4 + C Cu2O + Cu5Mo6O18 + CO + CO2
II & III stages. Cu2O + Cu5Mo6O18 + C Cu + MoO2 + CO + CO2
IV stage. MoO2 + C Mo + CO + CO2
The interaction pathway in the CuMoO4-C system was explored by thermal
analysis method combined with XRD analysis of quenched intermediate and final
products. It was shown that copper molybdates obtained by calcination and and co-
precipitation are characterized by different phase composition and particle size. It
was revealed that reduction process of the both copper molybdates involves low-
exothermic carbothermal reactions which start with salt decomposition into oxides
and simultaneous reduction up to formation of Cu5Mo6O18, Cu2O, MoO2, Cu and
Mo. At the reduction of copper molybdate (II) temperature shift about 50C was
observed in the direction of low temperature range.

Acknowledgement

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the State Committee of

Science of the Republic of Armenia (Project #13_1D192). Authors also would like
to thank Dr. T.S. Kurtikyan for performing IR spectral analyses and Dr. Kh.V.
Manukyan for performing SEM analyses of copper molybdates.

. . , . . , . . . .

-

: -
CuMoO4-C
:
-
-

: ,
-
, : ,
-

` Cu5Mo6O18 ,
Cu2O, MoO2, Cu Mo : DTA/TG -

, CuMoO4-C
:

204
/

. . 1, . . 1, . . 1 . . 1,2
1 . ..
, 0014, , . . , 5/2
2

, 0025, , . . , 1

-
-
-
() (TGA)
-
.
, -
, : () ()

. ,
,
. ,
-

Cu5Mo6O18, Cu2O, 2,
Cu Mo. /
-
xx , x -
CuMoO4-C.

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