106 DESIGN OF THERMAL SYSTEMS

MODELING THERMAL J:;I.IUlt'Mr.Nl AVt

5.14. To ventilate a factory building, 5 kg/s of factory air at a temperature of 270C

is exhausted, and an identical flow rate of outdoor air at a temperature of from the transparent sheet to the ambient air is 12 W/(m2 . K) and from the
-12C is introduced to take its place. To recover some of the heat of the air being heated to the transparent sheet is 45 W/(m2 K). The air enters with
exhaust air, heat exchangers are placed in the exhaust and ventilation air a temperature that is the same as the ambient, namely 15C, and the flow rate
ducts, as shown in Fig. 5-25, and 2 kg/s of water is pumped between the two of air is 0.02 kg/s per meter width. Develop the equation for the temperature
heat exchangers. The UA value of both of these counterflow heat exchangers of heated air t as a function of length along the collector x assuming no
is 6.33 kW/K. What is the temperature of air entering the factory? conduction in the sheet in the direction of airflow.
Ans.: 2.9C. Ans.: t = 15 + 52.8(1 - e-xI2,l1).
5.15. A solar air heater consists of a flat air duct composed on one side of an 5.16. The chain of heat exchangers shown in Fig. 5-27 has the purpose of elevating
absorbing sheet backed by insulation and on the other side by a transparent the temperature of a fluid to 390 K, at which temperature the desired chemical
sheet, as shown in Fig. 5-26. The absorbing sheet absorbs 500 W/m2 and reaction takes place. The fluid has a specific heat of 3.2 kJ/(kg . K) both
delivers all this heat to the air being heated, which loses some to the atmo- before and after the reaction, and its flow rate is 1.5 kg/so The entering
sphere through the transparent sheet. The convection heat-transfer coefficient temperature of the fluid to heat exchanger I is 290 K and the UA of this
heat exchanger is 2.88 kW/K. Steam is supplied to heat exchanger II at 375
K, and condensate leaves at the same temperature. The UA values of heat
exchangers II and III are 4.7 and 9.6 kW/K, respectively. What are the values
of temperatures t, to t4?
ADS.: t4 = 365 K.
5.17. A binary solution of liquid and vapor exists at equilibrium. In the liquid the
molal fraction of material A is 0.4 and of material B is 0.6. At the existing
temperature the saturation pressure of pure A is 530 kPa and of pure B is
225 kPa. (a) What is the pressure in the vessel, and (b) what is the fraction
of A in the vapor?
ADS.: (b) 0.61.
5.18. A single-stage still, as in Fig. 5-18, is supplied with a feed of 0.6 mole
fraction of n-butane and 0.4 mole fraction of n-heptane with properties as
shown in Fig. 5-16. The still operates at a pressure of 700 kPa. How many
moles of vapor are derived from 1 mol of feed if the vapor is to leave the
still with a mole fraction of butane of 0.8?
ADS.: 0.51.
5.19. A vapor mixture of,n-butane and n-heptane, with properties as shown in
Fig. 5-16, at a pressure of 700 kPa and a temperature of 170C, and a mole
fraction of butane of 0.4 enters a condenser.
 CHAPTER

15
DYNAMIC
BEHAVIOR
OF
THERMAL
SYSTEMS

15.1IN WHAT SITUATIONS IS

DYNAMIC ANALYSIS IMPORTANT?
The previous chapter concentrated on steady-state simulation; this one
REFERENCES focuses on dynamic behavior where there are changes with respect to time.
1. W. F. Stoecker, "A Generalized Program for Steady-State System Simulation," ASHRAE Both steady-state and dynamic simulations are important, but for different
Transactions, vol. 77, Part I, pp. 140-148, 1971. reasons. Steady-state simulations are needed and performed more frequently
2. B. Carnahan, H. A. Luther, and J. O. Wilkes, Applied Numerical Methods, John Wiley, than dynamic simulations; in the majority of cases a steady-state simulation
New York, 1969.
3. R. W. Hornbeck, Numerical Methods, Quantum Publishers, Inc., New York, 1975.
can be justified in the design stage of a plant in order to explore part-
4. J. J. Anselmino, "Computer Program to Simulate Central Chilled Water Systems," Master load efficiency and potential operating problems. Dynamic simulations, on
of Science Thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1977. the other hand, address transient problems that could possibly cause shut-
5. R. P. Tewarson, Sparse Matrices, Academic Press, New York, 1973. down, damage to the plant, or at least imprecise control. Problems related
6. W. F. Stoecker, "Computer Simulation of the Performance of an Aqua-Ammonia Absorp- to dynamic behavior of the system may be infrequent, but could be critical
tion Refrigeration System," Paper B2.30, International Congress of Refrigeration, (Inter- when they occur.
national Institute of Refrigeration), Moscow, 1975,
7. C. G. Broyden, "A Class of Methods for Solving Nonlinear Simultaneous Equations," All too often in engineering practice it is assumed that there will be
Mathematics of Computation, vol. 19, pp 577-593, 1965. no transient problems and a dynamic analysis is omitted. If a transient
8. E. 1. Henley and E. M. Rosen, Material and Energy Balance Computations, John Wiley,
New York, 1969.

369