BREAKWATER

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BREAKWATERS

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DEFINITION

• Structures constructed on coasts as


a part of coastal defense or to
protect an anchorage from the
effects of weather and longshore
drifts.
• Artificial construction to break the
effect of incoming wind and waves

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CLASSIFICATION OF BREAKWATER
1. Heap or mound breakwater
– Rubble mound breakwater
– Concrete blocks mound
breakwater
– Rubble mound breakwater
supplemented by concrete
blocks
2. –Mound
Rubble mound breakwater or
superstructure
with supplemented
breakwater by patented
composite
stones
3. Upright wall
breakwater
4. –Special breakwater
Floating type
breakwater
– Hydraulic breakwater 3
SELECTION OF TYPE OF BREAKWATER

Depends on the following:


• Availability of materials of
construction
• Depth of water at the site of
construction
• Nature of natural foundations
• Equipment available for
construction
• Funds and time available for
construction 4
Design of breakwaters
Following information collecte
should be before the d
design of a breakwater:
• Character
Cost andof coastal
availability of materials
currents
of construction
• Directions and force of prevailing winds
• Nature of the bottom or foundation
• Probable maximum height, force
and intensity of waves
Alignment
• A good alignment for a breakwater
is to have straight converging arms
so that the angle of intersection
does not exceed 60 degrees.
• Desirable to avoid straight
parallel or diverging arms running out
to sea.
Heap or Mound Breakwater
• Heterogeneous assemblage of natural rubble,
undressed stone blocks etc supplemented in many
cases by artificial blocks of huge bulk and weight,
the blocks being
deposited without any regard to bond or binding
materials.

• This is the simplest type and is constructed by


tipping or dumping of rubble stones into the sea
till the heap or mound emerges out of the
water, the mound being consolidated and its
side slopes regulated by the action of the waves
Mound formation:
• Rubble mounds are formed
using rubble of assorted
weights,placed according to sizes;
the smallest and lightest materials
constituting the core.
• The sizes are increased
gradually outwards.
•This arrangement' is logical,
exposing
the bigger sizes to the action of
the waves,while the smaller sizes
Functions of Components of
Mound Breakwater
• Interior or hearth or core – increases the
size of breakwater, which makes
construction of breakwater economical.
Made of quarry waste or washed dredged
materials
• Filter or secondary armour – destroy the
energy of waves that come through
armour layers. Larger than size of stones in
core
• Armour blocks – they resist major part of
force (kinetic energy). Largest in size and
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CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUND
BREAKWATER
• Dissipation of kineticenergy by
different layers of mound
• Natural foundation is unprepared
• None of the layers of construction
work are arranged in special bond.
• No bindingmaterials are to
be provided between adjacent
units of construction
• No possibility of sliding between
any layers with respect to adjacent
units
Contd
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• No possibility of overturning as
there is no rigidity in construction
• No possibility of uplift
• The mound is porous or pervious
• The mound construction is flexible
• Unskilled labour can be used in
the construction of mound

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ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF
MOUND TYPE BREAKWATER
ADVANTAGES:
• Low in initial cost of materials of
construction, equipment & labour
required.
• No preparation of foundation.
• Construction is porous or pervious,
hence no possibility of uplift.
• Construction is in pell-mell fashion,
hence no chance of slippage &
overturning.
• Construction
waves most is flexible. 1
2
Limitations
• Settlement of mound takes places
for first few years by adjustment of
voids between adjacent stones &
rolling down of some stones.
• Pell mell form of mound construction
– Projections are chipped by water
– Stones becomeround & roll
down the slope producing
gap
– Makes the mound weak 14
• Requires huge quantity of
materials.
• Large quantity of materials is likely
to be wasted.
• Such construction cannot be
analyzed.
• Occupy large area of basin.
• Requires large maintenance.

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Rubble Mound break water
• TYPE I
•Here the top of core is above M.S.L (ref fig)
• Core is protected on all sides by filter and
armour layers
•TYPE II
•Here the crest level of core is kept below M.S.L
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0
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1
CONCRETE BLOCK MOUND
BREAKWATER

•Concrete mound break water is rare


since:
• Casting of concrete blocks of odd shapes and
size and weights is difficult and costly
• Also transportation from factory to site
of breakwater is also costly
RUBBLE MOUND BREAK WATER
SUPPLEMENTED BY CONCRETE
BLOCKS
• Blocks of concrete can be designed to take more
force than natural rubble stones by adding
reinforcements
• Concrete blocks are laid towards seaside of mound
to act as extra armour blocks over the usual
•armour
Remaining
of rubble
construction
stones to rubble
similar breakwater mound
• Concrete blocks can be laid in
•Pell mell fashion
•Well compacted fashion
Concrete blocks placed in pell mell fashion

• Heavy concrete blocks are laid with steep slopes


• Filter materials are laid between concrete blocks
and core

Concrete blocks placed in compacted fashion

• Concrete armour blocks are arranged tightly


without binding materials laid with steep slopes
•Because of tight joints there is a possibility of
uplift especially at toe of construction
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RUBBLE MOUND BREAK
WATER SUPPLEMENTED BY
PATENTED STONES
•Patented stones – eg: tetrapods
•Tetrapod is a tetrahedral concrete
structure used in breakwaters.
• Its shape is designed to dissipate the
force incoming waves by allowing
water to flow around it rather than
against it and to reduce displacement
by allowing random
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MOUND WITH
SUPERSTRUCTURE OR
COMPOSITE BREAKWATER
• Mound with superstructure founded
at low water level:
• A solid superstructure consisting of a Quay protected
by a parapet on the sea face is constructed on top of the
rubble
mound
• Mound with superstructure founded
below low water level:
• This type of construction affords the advantage of
founding the superstructure well below the level of
disturbance, the waves having practically no effect at such
•Mound with superstructure founded at
water
low level
Mound with superstructure founded below low
water level
WALL BREAKWATERS
• Wall or upright or vertical faced
backwater is defined as a big
regular wall raised to construct a
harbour basin on solid natural and/or
artificial foundation to resist the forces
and their components generated
by incoming water and waves
• This type of break water
construction is suited to sheltered
site and not reliable for very heavy
seas.
• When depth is not great and the
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TYPICAL CROSS SECTION OF
WALL BREAK WATER
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SPECIAL BREAKWATERS
•Floating type
breakwater
•Hydraulic breakwater
•Pneumatic
breakwater
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3
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