Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No.

1 Maret 2010: 1-11

Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi

Suyono and Kusnama

Geological Survey Institute, Geological Agency

Jln. Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung - 40122

Abstract
Sulawesi was formed during the Oligocene - Miocene collision between the Eurasian Plate and micro-
continental fragments detached from the Indian-Australian Plate. The Sengkang Basin situated on the South
Sulawesi Province, was formed by a major north northwest - south southeast trending fault system of the
Walanae Fault Zone, which was followed by the formation of Late Neogene foreland basin and syn-orogenic
deposition. The fault system separated the eastern and western parts of South Sulawesi and influenced the
deposition during the Late Miocene to Quaternary. The lower part of the deposition unit consists of small
carbonate reefs of the Tacipi Member occupying the East Sengkang Basin, where this shallow marine facies
is intercalated within or overlies marine claystones representing the base of the Walanae Formation. The
middle sequence is interpreted as a delta foreset consisting of the Samaoling and Beru Members. During the
deposition of these two members, the northern part of the Sengkang Basin gradually changed from a tidal
and deltaic to fluvial environments. Furthermore, the upper sequence of this sedimentary unit is dominated
by fluvial deposits.
Keywords: Sengkang Basin, Late Neogene, Walanae Formation, Sulawesi

Sari
Sulawesi terbentuk akibat tumbukan antara Lempeng Eurasia dan kepingan kontinen mikro yang lepas
dari Lempeng India-Australia. Cekungan Sengkang yang terletak di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan terbentuk
oleh suatu sistem sesar berarah utara barat laut - selatan tenggara di Zona Sesar Walanae, yang diikuti
oleh pembentukan cekungan busur muka dan pengendapan sin-orogenik pada Neogen Akhir. Sesar utama
ini memisahkan bagian barat dan timur Sulawesi Selatan, dan berpengaruh terhadap pengendapan selama
Miosen Akhir sampai Kuarter. Runtunan bagian bawah endapan sedimen di Cekungan Sengkang terdiri
atas terumbu kecil karbonat bagian Anggota Tacipi, dan fasies laut dangkal ini berselingan atau menindih
batulempung marin yang mewakili bagian bawah Formasi Walanae. Bagian tengah runtunan diperkirakan
sebagai delta bagian muka yang terdiri atas Anggota Samaoling dan Anggota Beru. Bersamaan dengan
pengendapan kedua anggota ini, bagian utara Cekungan Sengkang berubah secara berangsur dari ling-
kungan pasang-surut dan delta menjadi lingkungan fluviatil. Selanjutnya runtunan batuan sedimen paling
atas di cekungan ini dikuasai oleh endapan sungai.
Kata kunci: Cekungan Sengkang, Neogen Akhir, Formasi Walanae, Sulawesi

Introduction The subsequent rotational history of Kalimantan

and Sulawesi, and therefore their relative position,
Indonesia lies on a junction of three converging in the Paleogene to Neogene is still a matter of
major plates, i.e. the Eurasian, Indo-Australian, and debate-interpretations offered include “no rota-
Pacific Plates. Charlton (2000) proposed that at 30 tion” (Lee and Lawyer, 1993, 1995), “clockwise
Ma, the Australian continental margin collided with rotation” (Rangin et al., 1990), “counter clockwise
southern region of Indonesia between Sulawesi in rotation” (Haile et al., 1978; Hamilton, 1979; Hall,
the west and Papua in the east. 1996; Charlton, 2000), and “mixed rotations (Bri-
Naskah diterima: 30 Juli 2009, revisi kesatu: 11 Agustus 2009, revisi kedua: 20 November 2009, revisi terakhir: 01 Februari 2010

1
 2 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 1-11

ais et al., 1993). Sulawesi was formed along the (Hamilton, 1979; Rangin et al., 1990; Parkinson,
Oligosen-Miocene collision between the Eurasian 1991; Bergman et al., 1996; Simanjuntak and Barber,
Plate and micro-continental fragments derived from 1996; Hall, 1996).
the Indian-Australian Plate. It can be divided into This paper describes the geology, stratigraphy,
four arms, each is characterized by different tectonic and tectonic setting of the Sengkang Basin, South
provinces with a particular reference to divergence Sulawesi region (Figure 1), on the basis of detailed
of Kalimantan and Sulawesi through the Cainozoic sedimentological and biostratigraphical data. All

Latimojong Mts

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Alluvial Deposits

Walanae Formation
Tacipi Limestone Member
of Walanae Formation
Middle-Upper Miocene
East Sengkang Basin

marine sediments
West Sengkang Basin

Oligocene-Miocene
carbonates (Tonasa Formation)
Eocene - Oligocene
clastics (Malawa Formation)
Upper Cretaceous clastics
trait

Pre-Cretaceous basement
Weste
ssar S

VOLCANIC ROCKS
rn
Maka

Pleistocene volcanics (Lampobatang)

Divid

Pliocene volcanics
Wala

Middle-Upper Miocene
e Ran

(Camba volcanics)
na

Eocene volcanics
e De

(Propylitized volcanics)
Bone Mts
ge

pres

Thrust
sion

Major fault
y
Ba

Makassar
ne

N
Bo

20 40 Km
0

Figure 1. Geological map south Sulawesi (modified from Sukamto, 1975; van Leuwen, 1981; Bergman et al., 1996; van den
Bergh,Figure
1999). 1. Geological map south Sulawesi (modified from Sukamto, 1975;
van Leuwen, 1981; Bergman et al., 1996; van den Bergh, 1999)
 Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi (Suyono and Kusnama) 3

samples belong to the Sengkang Basin that were col- Limestone interfingers with the lower mudstones
lected during the fieldwork at 2008, a research pro­ of the Walanae Formation (Sukamto, 1982; Grainge
ject between the University of Wollongong (UOW) and Davies, 1985).
and Centre of Geological Survey (PSG). Evidences
from the eastern Kalimantan, the southwestern part
of Sulawesi, and Makassar Strait are particularly Stratigraphy and Tectonics
relevant and they are used to reconstruct the tectonic
and palaeogeographical history of the region. Stratigraphy
The Walanae Formation is formally divided
Methodology into the Tacipi Limestone, Burecing Marine Mud,
Accomplishing the purpose of the study, specific Samaoling Sandy Marine, and Beru Fluvial Clastic
geological investigations and laboratories were car- Members (van den Berg, 1999).
ried out. Then, the study focused on the stratigraphic In the Soppeng area, the West Sengkang Basin
analysis of each member of the Walanae Formation, sediments are dominated by calcareous grey clay-
with measured section methods using a geological stone in the lower part of the Walanae Formation,
compass and GPS. Basically, each member of the known as the Burecing Member, after Burecing
Walanae Formation was selected for a representa- Village along the Cabenge –Pampanua road. Its
tive section, which was supported by collecting exposure can also be found along the Lakibong
rock samples for laboratory analysis aims, such as and Walanae Rivers and in the Parenring Creek.
pollen and mollusk analyses in order to get ages and The mollusk (02 YN LKB and BC 03) and pollen
depositional environments in this basin. The analysis contents (Table 1) tend to show open marine and
was conducted at GSI paleontology laboratories, transition depositional environments. The Burecing
following standard procedures. The detailed sedi- Member interfingers with the shallow marine Tacipi
mentological and biostratigraphical studies of the Coral Limestone Member, locally. The claystone is
sedimentary succession led to the construction of an approximately 900 m thick.
updated stratigraphy of the Sengkang Basin. The Samaoling Member is the middle part of
Walanae Formation, characterized by an alterna-
Geological Outline tion of shallow marine silty mudstones and fine-to
The Sengkang Basin (or Wallanae Depression) medium-grained well-sorted sandstone. The type
was formed by a major north northwest – south locality of the sandy interval between the lower
southeast trending fault system of the Walanae marine and fluvio-deltaic strata is situated near the
Zone, which was developed as a foreland basin in Samaoling Village. This member is approximately
Late Neogene. The Late Neogene basin is filled 31 m thick at its type locality (Figure 2).
by clastic sediments containing fossils of Late Massive well bedded sandstones, with scoured
Miocene age. structure, dominate the lower part of the sequence.
Sarasin and Sarasin (1901) named the clastic In the same sequence, an intercalation of thinly
deposits that filled the Late Neogene sedimentary bedded fine-grained sandstones and siltstones is
basins in South, West, and Southeast Sulawesi, as clearly exposed with wave ripple and cross lamina-
the “Celebes Mollase” (van Bemmelen, 1949). Later, tion structures. The middle part of the sequence is
Hoen and Zyegler (1917) used a term “Walanae For- characterized by parallel laminations of siltstone
mation” for syn-orogenic molasse deposits in South and claystone. Unfortunately, the interval of Samao-
Sulawesi. The term is used here for the Late Miocene ling Member is poorly exposed. A concretionary,
to Holocene clastic sequences which developed in calcareous layer, which contains mollusk fossils,
the Walanae Depression and northern extension of lies at the boundary between the lower and middle
the Sengkang Basin. part of this member. A thick, massive sandstone bed
In the centre of West Sengkang Basin, the Wala- with alternating silty and clayey layers dominates
nae Formation comprises a continuous sequence up the upper part.
to the modern floodplain and lake deposits around The deposition of the upper part, consisting of
Lake Tempe. In addition, reef talus of the Tacipi shallow marine sandstones probably was deposited
 4 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 1-11

Table 1. Pollen and Mollusk Analysis Result

Sample
No Pollen Mollusks Remarks
Code

1 LK 2, Lakibong Rhizophora type (Zonocostites ramonae), - • Depositional environment:

Sonneratia alba (Florschuetzia meridionalis) back mangrove.
Avicennia type, Sonneratia caseolaris (F. levipoli) • Age: not older than Late
Miocene.
Fossil index: F. levipoli & F. meridionalis.

2 BRC 28 YN Rhizophora type (Zonocostites ramonae), - • Depositional environment:

Sonneratia alba (Florschuetzia meridionalis), possible close to back
Avicennia type, Corylus type, mangrove.
Laevigatosporites spp., Acrostichum , • Age: not older
Verrucatosporites, Pteris type, than Late Miocene.
Cyathea type

Fossil index: F. levipoli & F. meridionalis

3 BRC 27 YN Rhizophora type (Zonocostites ramonae), - • Depositional environment:

Sonneratia alba (Florschuetzia meridionalis), possible close to
Avicennia type, mangrove.
Gramineae (Monoporites annulatus), • Age: not older
Casuarina type (Haloragacidites sp.), than Late Miocene.
Retitricolporites, Acrostichum,
Laevigatosporites spp., Verrucatosporites,
Pteris type, Cyathea type

Fossil index: F. meridionalis

4 02 YN LKB - Class Bivalvia • Depositional environment:

Anadara sp., open marine environment,
Arca sp., soft substrate, with low to
Cardita sp., medium energy.
Corbula sp.,
Chione sp.,
Ostrea sp.,
Nuculana sp.,
Veneridae indet.
Class Gastropod
Turitella sp.,
Natica sp.,
Babylonia sp.
Class Scaphoda
Dentalium sp.,
Fragment koral,
Fragment
Carapace,
Crustacea

5 BC 03 - Class Bivalvia • Depositional environment:

Geloina sp. transition zone with strong
energy.

• Fossil content dominantly

fragmented with a few well
preserved.
 Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi (Suyono and Kusnama) 5

SYMBOL OF ROCKS
AND SAMPLE CODE

ENVIRONMENT
SEDIMENTARY
AND THICKNESS

STRUCTURE
FORMATION

GRAIN SIZE
LOCATION

POSITION

(m) DESCRIPTION
AGE

Mdst Sand Gravel

Meter Clay Silt F M C Cgl

The upper part of Samaoling Member is

30 coarse sand dominated with intercalation
of fine sandstone - siltstone

Coarse sandstone with 0.4cm

Coarse sand, grey, with mud clast

26

25

Middle part of the Samaoling

Member is dominated by interbedded fine
20
sandstone and parallel lamination silty-
claystone; ripple structure. Thickness
of the sequence is around 10 m.

Calcareous carbonate layer is regularly

found in the middle, having thickness of
15
layer 20-40 cm as a characteristic
boundary from middle to lower part of the
Samaoling Member.

12

10

Lower part of the Samaoling Member is

dominated by a massive sandstone
intercalated with gray siltstone. Scoured
6 structure occurs at coarse sandstone.
The thinner fine sandst one layer appears
5 to contain abundant wave-ripple cross
lamination.
74º
4
N 190 E

Figure 2. Detailed stratigraphic section and photographs of the Samaoling Member along Cabenge to Pampanua road in the
location of 04 19’53.4” S and 120 01’49.5” E. The bedding dip varies from 50o and 75o to the northwest.
Figure 2. Detailed stratigraphic section and photographs of the Samaoling Member along Cabenge to
Pampanua road in the location of 04 19’53.4” S and 120 01’49.5” E position. The bedding
of this sequence is dipping between 50 and 75 to the northwest.
 6 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 1-11

in a shallow marine shelf, in a lagoonal, tidal setting, sequence reaches the surface in the Sengkang Anti-
but open to wave-action and storm currents. cline and it can be correlated with the Samaoling and
The Beru Member which unconformably over- Beru Members of the Walanae Formation. During
lies the Samaoling Member, forms the upper part the deposition of this member, the northern part of
of the Walanae Formation. Sartono (1979) argued the Sengkang Basin was gradually changed from a
that this member, dominated by sandstones, was tidal and deltaic to fluvial environments.
formed as the Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits that The sequence is predominantly composed of
were subsequently deposited into terraces. On the coarse-grained sandstone and lag deposits, interca-
other hand, the Beru Member representing the up- lated with indurated compact conglomerates. The
per part of the Walanae Formation, was developed scoured base structure is dominant in this sequence;
along the western flank of the Sengkang Anticline often ripple cross stratifications on medium- to fine-
and adjacent areas. grained sand can be observed.
The Beru Member is well exposed at the Lepa­ A detailed stratigraphic section in the Lenrang Vil-
ngeng Village (04º23’19.2” S and 120º02’19.4” E) lage was taken at a hill cut behind local houses. On the
where it is characterized by medium-grained sand- basis of composition, sedimentary structures, lateral
stones with pebbles, showing massive and scoured accretion, and thin layers of fine-grained deposit, the
sedimentary structures. It is around 50 m thick and depositional area was interpreted as a point bar with an
was deformed by a tectonic activity, as indicated by occasional high energy transport, in the meandering
the presence of tilting of the sandstones with bedding system of Paleo-Walanae River system.
dip between 54º and 60º to the southwest. About
30 m distant to the west, a tide bundle sequence of Tectonic Evolution
mud drape structures is exposed on a fine-grained The northern and southern arms of Sulawesi are
sandstone bed. The stratigraphic section on the here referred to as “Western Sulawesi” for simplicity.
western flank of the Sengkang Anticline shows The east and southeast arms have an oceanic origin
an alternation between fluvial layers and lagoonal comprises Mesozoic and younger allochthonous
or estuarine deposits, indicating that the area was metamorphic and ophiolitic rocks, which were ob-
a transition zone between lagoonal/estuarine and ducted onto western Sulawesi during the Oligocene
fluvio-lacustrine environments. to Early Miocene. In addition, there are several
The lower Beru Member is well exposed near small continental fragments which have collided
the Paroto Village, where it consists of fine-grained with eastern Sulawesi, including the Banggai-Sula,
sandstones with mud drape structures (Figure 3). Tukang Besi, and Buton Islands.
The member is unconformably overlain by old Geologically, southwest Sulawesi was formed
terraces, which can be divided into unconsolidated during the Early Cretaceous time as a basement
parts, dominated by small fragments and cemented complex, and apparently includes an old continental
terraces in the upper part. The cemented terraces crust of Australian origin. This is supported by the
comprise big rock fragments, as well as stone ar- presence of recycled ancient zircons from Miocene
tifacts. The middle sequence of the Beru Member igneous rocks, which on the basis of their chemical
appears to have been eroded, and changed from a composition, they were originated from northern Aus-
tidal to point bar or bench setting by a continued tralia. Possibly, these igneous rocks accreted onto the
uplift of the basin. Sundaland during the Oligocene to Miocene collision
Mega-ripple cross bedding at the transition zone event (Bergman et al., 1996; Priadi et al., 1993).
between the Beru and Samaoling Members shows During the Middle to Late Eocene, the west
fluctuations in the paleo-current direction, with an basement of the Walanae depression was overlain
east-west trend. These probably reflect an ebb tide unconformably by volcanic and marginal marine
and flood currents. coal-bearing deposits of the Malawa or Toraja
A northwest-southeast seismic profile in the Formations (Sukamto, 1982). Later, the deposition
northern part of Sengkang Basin shows large-scale, of Oligocene Tonasa Formation (Figures 1 and 4)
westward-dipping strata, interpreted as a delta indicates the development of extensive areas of shal-
foresets (Grainge and Davies, 1985). This deltaic low water carbonate platforms in southern Sulawesi,
 GRAIN SIZE

DESCRIPTION

AGE
POSITION
STRUCTURE

LOCATION
FORMATION
SEDIMENTARY
ENVIRONMENT

AND THICKNESS

& SAMPLE CODE

Mdst Sand Gravel

SYMBOL OF ROCKS
Meter Clay Silt F M C Cgl

Compacted terrace with big clasts or fragments,

some artifacts found in this layer.
5

4.0

4
Unconformity

Black Soil

OSL Dating sample 3

Brown medium sand, dominated by crossbed,

Unconformity
whitish grey mud drapes structure or bundle
sequence layer (5 cm), thickness around 1.2m.
Berru Member of Walanae Formation

Elevation (m)
2

The middle sequence is dominated by

Alternating claystone to siltstone and medium
Sand. Thickness around 2 m
1
Recent Alluvium
Water level
Black to grey claystone of the Samaoling Member,
also containing carbonate concretion. Thicknes
Of the sequence is approximatelly 1.5 m.
0
Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi (Suyono and Kusnama)

Figure 3. Detailed stratigraphic section and plan of the Beru Member exposed at the Paroto Village. The mud drape structures also occur in the middle part of the se-
quence.
7

Figure 3. Detailed stratigraphic section and plan of the Beru Member exposed at the Paroto Village.
The mud drapes structures also occur in the middle part of the sequence.
 8 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 1-11

FORMATION LITHOLOGY TECTONICS

Ma EPOCH
HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE SYN-
Walanae Fm OROGENIC
PLIOCENE
5 Tacipi
Member
PEAK
Late MAGMATISM
Camba
10 Volcanic
Series
MIOCENE

Middle FORELAND
15
BASIN/FOLD
&THRUST
BELT INITIATION

20 Early OPHIOLITE
Buakayu Fm OBDUCTION

25
Tonasa Fm
Late (Makale) POST-RIFT
TERTIARY
OLIGOCENE

30

Early
35

Toraja Fm
Late (Malawa)
40 SYN-RIFT
EOCENE

45

Middle

50

55 Early
PALAEOCENE

60 Late

PRE-RIFT

Early
Lamasi Ophiolite Complex

65
Latimojong
CRET
LATE
PRE-CRETACEOUS

Metamorphics,
Granite and
Subduction
Complex

Figure
Figure 4. Stratigraphic 4.ofStratigraphic
column column
southwest Sulawesi (modifiedof southwest
from Sulawesi
Sukamto, 1982; Wilson and (modified from
Moss, 1999; and Guntoro,
1999). Sukamto, 1982; Wilson and Moss, 1999; and Guntoro, 1999)
 Stratigraphy and Tectonics of the Sengkang Basin, South Sulawesi (Suyono and Kusnama) 9

whilst deep water marls were deposited in adjacent divided the Late Cainozoic basin on both sides of
areas (Supriatna et al., 1993; Wilson and Moss, the EWF into the West and East Sengkang Basins
1999). A contemporaneous carbonate platform is (WSB and ESB). The WSB corresponds with the
also found in the East Java Basin and southern Ka- Walanae and Lake Tempe depression.
limantan Basin, where a tectonic activity is recorded
by the presence of lateral deposition of reworked
carbonate facies in the down faulted blocks. This Discussion
deposition continued until Middle Miocene (Wilson
and Bosence, 1996). The stratigraphy and tectonic history of Sulawesi,
The igneous rocks of Camba-Enrekang-Mamasa Makassar Strait, and eastern margin of Sundaland
Volcanic Complex and derivative volcaniclastics (eastern Kalimantan) from the Middle Eocene to
were deposited occupying more than 75 % of the sur- the present provide a context for development of
face of western Sulawesi in Middle to Late Miocene the Sengkang Basin. This section is concerned
time. This volcanism was related to a north-south with the stratigraphy and tectonic evolution in the
trending volcanic system. Analyses of trace ele- Sengkang Basin during the Late Neogene based on
ments indicate that the Miocene igneous rocks are the present data.
subduction-related, associated with compressional During Middle to Late Miocene, the Camba
boundaries, in which oceanic crust is subducted volcanics accumulated in the western part of the
beneath the continental crust. Walanae Depression and a time when the eastern
Locally, small carbonate reefs of the Tacipi part was predominantly occupied by the deposition
Member were formed in the East Sengkang Basin, of Walanae Formation with shallow marine of Tacipi
where this shallow marine facies interfingered with and claystone of Burecing Members.
or conformably overlaid marine claystones repre- The Walanae Formation consists of four mem-
senting the base of Late Miocene Walanae Forma- bers and each member has a (typical) characteristic
tion. The claystone accumulated in the down faulted depositional environment from marine to fluvial
Walanae depression and north of the Bone Mountains (Figure 5). They are:
(Grainge and Davies, 1985; van den Bergh, 1999). a) The Tacipi Member is typically coralline
During the Pliocene, the structural evolution of limestones deposited within a shallow marine
South Sulawesi was probably characterized by a environment.
compressive deformation. It was started by the Mio- b) The Burecing Member is dominated by
cene collision with East Sulawesi, which produced calcareous grey claystone in the lower part of
the post collisional uplift and nappe obduction by a the Walanae Formation. The rock sequence
low and high angle normal faulting (Harris, 1989; which is rich in foraminifera, pollen, and marine
Bergman et al., 1996). mollusks, indicates an open marine to transition
The Lamasi Ophiolite Complex in western Su- depositional environment.
lawesi and the analogous ophiolite in the eastern c) The Samaoling Member being the middle part
arm are separated by the deep intervening Bone Bay, of Walanae Formation is characteristically an
suggesting that an orogenic collapse may have oc- alternation of shallow marine silty mudstones and
curred here. Thus, local compressive forces are still sandstones. This member was deposited within a
active until Late Miocene to recent times. lower marine and fluvio-deltaic environment.
A major north northwest-south southeast trend- d) The Beru Member is the upper part of the Walanae
ing fault system, the Walanae Fault Zone, separated Formation. It is dominated by sandstones of the
the eastern and western parts of South Sulawesi and Late Pleistocene fluvial deposits which later
influenced a deposition during the Late Miocene to on were shaped into terraces. In the western
Quaternary (Figure 1). Grainge and Davies (1985) flank of the Sengkang Anticline, alternating
suggested that this fault consists of two major fluvial layers and lagoonal or estuarine deposits
components, a western part, designated as the West occurs, indicating that the area was a transition
Walanae Fault (WWF) and an eastern part as the zone between lagoonal/estuarine and fluvio -
East Walanae fault (EWF). Furthermore, these faults lacustrine environments.
 10 Jurnal Geologi Indonesia, Vol. 5 No. 1 Maret 2010: 1-11

Paleo - Walanae Rivers

Beru Member
Samaoling Member
Burecing Member

Marsh Marsh
Tidal Flat Tidal Flat Beach
Flood tidal Tacipi Member

Inlet channel
Shoreface
Marine

Figure 5. Facies modelling of the Sengkang Basin during Late Neogene.

Figure 5. Facies modelling of the Sengkang Basin during Late Neogene

Conclusions was gradually changed from a tidal and deltaic to

fluvial environments.
The Sengkang Basin (or Walanae Depression)
was formed by a major north northwest-south Acknowledgements---This paper would not have been
southeast trending fault system in the Walanae Fault possible to be finished without the assistance of Group
Zone, which was then developed as a Late Neogene works of the Indonesian Sedimentary Basin Atlas of Centre
foreland basin or syn-orogenic deposition. of Geological Survey (PSG). Our gratitude to Australian
In the Late Miocene, locally, small carbonate Research Council for funding the Wallace Line Project.
reefs of the Tacipi Member were formed in the East Thanks to Dr. D. Sukarna and Dr. R.Sukhyar for a permission
to publish this paper.
Sengkang Basin, where this shallow marine facies
intercalated or conformably overlaid the marine
claystone representing the base of Late Miocene References
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the down faulted Walanae depression and north of
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members, the northern part of the Sengkang Basin of gravity data from East Kalimantan and Makassar
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