AKMAL RAZAK

12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2A

Tutorial 2a

Question 1
Differentiate between digital image and resolution. (6 marks)

Digital Image Resolution

Each value store in one cell No scale of the grid

Every digital image can establish its The graphic depends on the actual size
coordinate system of the image on the output device
Graphic representation on the
This representation usually referred to
computer or printer with one or more
as a raster.
pixel.

Question 2
Explain two formulae to calculate scale. (6 marks)

Scale = Scale =

Where; f = Focal length Where; ab = Measurement on the image
H = Altitude AB = Measurement on the ground
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2A

Question 3
The distance of road in the image is about 200 pixels, where the image was captured from
altitude 50 meters and the camera focal length is 25 millimeters. Determine the actual
distance of road and the Ground Sampling Distance (GSD) for the image. (6 marks)

Scale = = 200 25
= 0.025
400,000 50 Scale =
50
AB = 1 pixels = 1 m
Scale = 1 :2000

200 50 Ground Sampling Distance = Pixel size x scale

AB =
25 = 1m x 2000
AB = 400,000m
= 2000 meter

Question 4
With the aid of diagram, explain the position of conjugate principle point and principle point.
Why we need to these two points? (4 marks)

The purpose of line drawn connecting between the principal point and the conjugate point on the
next image is to identify the line of flight.
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2A

Question 5
Describe the relief displacement. If the displacement of the tower is 20mm, radial distance is
50mm and the image was taken from 70m altitude. Calculate the actual height of the tower
in meter. (8 marks)

2070
Height of the object; h = h=
50
Where; d = displacement
h = 28m
H = Altitude above datum
r = Distance from principle point

Question 6
In your own words, explain the Digital Photogrammetric Workstation (DPW). (5 marks)

Digital Photogrammetric Workspace (DPW) is a working flow that use a hardware and software
designed to derive photogrammetric products from digital imagery using manual and automated
techniques. The advantages of digital photogrammetric is it can reduce the maintenance cost of
system and the size of the machine can considerably reduce. Additionally, the capacity storage and
access time can be adapted to store all the digital image on the computer and can be access any
time just by open the images. Moreover, this digital form can preserve the quality of the data since
in digital format the images would not go faded
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2B

Tutorial 2b
Question 1
Describe the concept of epipolar resampling. Use a diagram to support your answer.
(8 marks)

The visualization of stereoscopic model whose image have two different scale and orientations.
To calculate the homographic plane by making the optical axes of photos parallel between them
and perpendicular to the base. After the process two points of a line of the left image will have
their conjugate points of the right image

Question 2
State the factors that affect geometry quality in digital photogrammetry system. (4 marks)

Condition of the film

Quality of the digitization (type of scanner sued, control of the perimeter, scanner resolution)
Quality of the control points
Quality of measure point of relative and absolute orientation
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2B

Question 3
Why aerotriangulation is very important in digital photogrammetry? (5 marks)

Aerotriangulation allows one to georeference simultaneously all images of as site.

Using as much as possible overlaps that they have in common, with a minimum number of
reference points
Measure if image coordinates of a certain number of points seen on the largest number possible
images
Calculation in block allows one to determine the set of photogrammetric parameters of work.
Reduce number of control points

Question 4
With the aid of diagram, explain the concept of overlapping stereopair. (6 marks)

A pair of photograph which has the same object or area of terrain is pictured but from different
views of perspective. It has 60% standard overlap and 25% side lap. This stereopair which allow
us to see in 3-Dimensional when viewing the same object simultaneously.
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2B

Question 5
What is stereoscopy? What are indicators that is used to measure a depth? (6 marks)

Stereoscopy is viewing base on stereoscopic or binocular vison. Viewing 2 photograph of

the same object simultaneously (one photograph for each eye).
Indicator to measure depth: -
o Object size
o Perspective
o Occlusion
o Movement parallax
o Change in eye focus

Question 6
Explain the theory of parallax. (5 marks)

Parallax is relative movement of objects due to movement of the observer in stereo

photographs
Parallax is demonstrated by the shift in position of conjugate images.
Parallax will be smaller for more distant objects, or smaller for points at lower heights
The parallax will be parallel to the base.
The depth perception in stereo photographs is dependent on parallax

Question 7
Name three instruments use to carry out stereoscopic viewing? (3 marks)

Stereoscopes
Stereoplotters
Stereocomparators
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2B

Question 8
List three example of stereoscope and differentiate each of them. (6 marks)

Stereoscopes Pocket Stereoscopes Mirror Stereoscope Scanning Stereoscope

Small and portable Full overlap area of Allows the full
Simple lens system a pair of aerial overlap area of an
Advantages with lens at roughly photograph may be aerial pair to be
the same operation viewed conveniently viewed
as normal eye
Small coverage,
(only a portion of a
Disadvantages pair of overlapping
photographs can be
used at one time)
has a mechanical
rail or optical lens
Other Features system which allows
scanning across the
overlap area
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2B

Question 9
What is floating mark? Describe the characteristic of floating mark. (6 marks)

Floating mark is a measurement tools in stereo photogrammetry to make measurements on

stereo overlapping photographs
Composed of two half marks or dots which are placed over conjugate images on the stereo
photographs.
The floating mark will appear to lie on the surface of the terrain.
if the dots are moved slightly closer together, the floating mark will appear to rise or float off
the surface.
if the mark floats too far above the surface, the stereofusion will be broken because the eyes
cannot accommodate the range in convergence.
if the dots are moved slightly apart the floating mark, it will split into two separate dots as the
brain of the observer cannot imagine seeing the floating mark beneath the surface
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2C

Tutorial 2c
Question 1
Explain the basic steps in 2D conformal and affine transformation? (14 marks)

2D Conformal Transformation
Scale Change
Calculate distance for arbitrary and actual coordinate using scale formula S=ab/AB
Calculate distance on image (xa, ya, xb, yb) and actual (Ea, Eb, Na, Nb)
Rotation
After the scaled coordinate system (X Y) is superimposed over the actual coordinate
system (EN), so the line will be coincides.
Next step to rotate the XY system to EN system
Translation
Final step in the coordinate transformation
The origin of the EN system to the origin of the EN system
The translation requires Te and Tn
Te = Ea-Ea = Eb-Eb
Tn=Na-Na=Nb-Nb

2D Affine Transformation
It is a slight modification of the 2D conformal coordinate transformation.
It is including different scale factors in x and y directions and nonorthogonality of the axis
system
Scale Change in X and Y
The difference between the conformal and affine transformations is differential scale
(between x and y axes)
Differential scale allows skewing and shearing
Correction of non-orthogonality
Correct the axis system to make it free from distortion
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2C
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2C

Question 2
What is the different between conformal and affine transformation after transformation
process? (4 marks)

Conformal Transformation Factor Affine Transformation

Angle Change because the angle is
Preserved due to angle is preserved
Preservation change
At least 2 point coordinate must
Required Number At least 3 point required to do the
know in both arbitrary and final
of point affine transformation
coordinate system
Gives a different scale between x
Same scale Scale change
and y axis.

Question 3
Describe Collinearity Equation and what are the conditions? (5 marks)

Object point (P), image point (p) and perspective center (O) all lie along a straight line
The exposure station, any object point and photo image this point, all of them lied in a
straight line in three dimensional
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2C

Question 4
List the factors influence departures from collinearity? (5 marks)

Lens distortion
Focal plane / film unflatness
Atmospheric refraction (only for aerial photography)
Errors in IO elements
Earth curvature (only for aerial photography & projection coordinates)

Question 5
Describe the concept of Coplanarity and its conditions? (5 marks)

Coplanarity is one point object can be seen on the image and another conjugate image of
stereopair image.
The two exposure station of a stereopair, any object point and conjugate image point on
two photos, all of them located in the same plane.
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2D

Tutorial 2d
Question 1
State the device used to measure photocoordinate in low and high accuracy. (4 marks)

High Accuracy Low Accuracy

Monocomparator Ruler
Stereocomparator Glass ruler

Question 2
Distinguish two types of comparators. (6 marks)

Monocomparator Factor Stereocomparator

Have a single photograph x, y Number of Have 2 photographs x, y
motions Photograph motions
Differential movement of one
Similar to a microscope with a
Viewing system photograph depend on x
measuring mark
and y parallax

Question 3
Determine the factors that cause systematic error in high accuracy device to measure
photocoordinate. (5 marks)

Failure of fiducial axes to intersect at principle point

Shrinkage and expansion of photographic material
Lens distortion
Atmospheric refraction
Earth curvature
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2D

Question 4
Differentiate between collinearity and bundle principle. Use the aid of diagram to support
your answer. (6 marks)

Collinearity Principle Factor Bundle Principle

Bundle adjustment capability
Departures from collinearity
of measure the coordinate
can be modelled as correction Image coordinates
point and self-calibrate the
to image coordinates
camera
Consist of multiple of images
Involve one single photograph Number of Photos
to find one point on the image

Question 5
Define Bundle Adjustment. What are advantages of bundle adjustment? (10 marks)
Bundle adjustment is the problem of refining a visual reconstruction to produce jointly
optimal 3D structure and viewing parameter (camera pose and/or calibration) estimates.
Advantages: -
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2D

o Accuracy: Bundle adjustment gives precise and easily interpreted results because it
uses accurate statistical error models and supports a sound, well-developed quality
control methodology.
o Flexibility: Bundle adjustment gracefully handles a very wide variety of different
3D feature and camera types, scene types, information sources and error models.
o Efficiency: Mature bundle algorithms are comparatively efficient even on very
large problems. They use economical and rapidly convergent numerical methods
and make near optimal use of problem sparseness.

Question 6
What is image matching? (3 marks)
Image matching is the process of automatically identifying and measuring conjugate points
in two or more overlapping images.

Question 7
Differentiate between area-based matching, feature-based matching and relational
matching. (9 marks)

Classification
Feature-based
of matching Area-based Matching Relational Matching
Matching
methods
Measure The similarity between
Correlation, Least
method Cost/benefit function two relational
Square Matching
descriptions
Matching Based on relationship
entities Points, edges, lines, between objects
Grey levels
regions, structures (distances, angles,
collinearity)
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2D
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2D

Question 8
Describe the factors that can decrease the quality of image matching. (8 marks)
Distortion from scale difference

Rotational distortion

Distortion from terrain slope

 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2D

Relief distortion
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2E

Tutorial 2e
Question 1
Describe the advantages and disadvantages narrow and wide angle lens during image
acquisition from certain altitude. (8 marks)

Lens Narrow Angle Lens Wide Angle Lens

More detail Large coverage
Less distortion Reduce time
Advantages
Easier to analyze similar Cost less compared to
target narrow lens
Difficult to analyze the
target
Need more flight time
Costing in software and
Disadvantages Mosaicing may cause more
procedure
distortion
Heavy and sophisticated
equipment

Question 2
3D rotation plays an important role in photogrammetric image processing. Explain the 6
independent degree of freedom in 3D rotation. Use a diagram to support your answer.
(8 marks)
The plane that does photogrammetric mapping does three type of movement which is Roll, Pitch
and Yaw. These movement are translated into coordinated movement which can be calculated
using axis plane.
Any object in space has 6 independent degree of freedom, 3 position shifted along 3 mutually
perpendicular coordinate axes (X, Y, Z) and 3 rotation about the coordinate axis.

3D Rotation
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2E

1. X-axis = Omega = Roll

2. Y-axis = Phi = Pitch
3. Z-axis = Kappa = Yaw
Question 3
Illustrate the central perspective in photographic image. (6 marks)

Every light ray reaching the film surface during exposure, passed through camera lens and
considered as a single point exposure to the ground.

Question 4
What is the purpose of space resection? (2 marks)

The space resection for one stereopair and intersect the image rays to calculate the ground
coordinate of any point and applying the rotation matrix during the calculation.
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2E
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2E

Question 5
The image was taken from 100m altitude above terrain with the camera focal length 15mm.
The size of object in the image is about 400 pixels and the actual size of the object is about
300cm. Calculate the ground sampling distance for the image. (6 marks)

Scale = Scale =

Where; f = Focal length Where; ab = Measurement on the image
H = Altitude AB = Measurement on the ground

0.015
Scale =
100
=
Scale = 1: 6666
= 1: 7000
400 15
=
300 100

1 pixels = 1.125x10-6 m

Ground Sampling Distance = Pixel size x scale

= 1.125x10-6 m x 7000

= 7.875x10-3 m

= 7.875x10-3 m x 400 pixels

= 3.15 m
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 2E

Question 6
The land has been measured using photogrammetric mapping. There are three coordinates
were extracted from the orthophoto. The surveyor needs to calculate the area of the land.
The images were captured from 100m altitude above terrain using 30mm focal length. The
coordinates as follows: - (20 marks)
Point 1 E420000m, N320000m

Point 2 E425000m, N350000m Scale =

Point 3 E435000m, N335000m

Where; f = Focal length

H = Altitude
0.03
Scale =
100
Scale = 1: 3333.3
= 1: 3000

(1212)(2323)(3131)
Area =
2

(1.361011 1.471011 )(1.52251011 1.4241011 )(1.4071011 1.3921011 )

Area =
2

(3.75108 )
=
2

Area on the ground = 1.875 x 108 m2

 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 3A AND 3B

Tutorial 3a
Question 1
Discuss the concept of Aerial Triangulation. (5 marks)

Aerial Triangulation is methods of determine and calculate 3- dimensional object coordinates by

photogrammetric means, by using photographs exposed from different positions, covering the
same object.

Question 2
Define four basic information flows for analogue and analytical in object reconstruction
from imagery by stereopair. (8 marks)

1. Analogue: optical/mechanical restitution

Measured points or Photographic print

Stereomodel Optical/mechanical
plotted lines or plotted lines
measurement rectification
(stereoplotter) (rectifier)

2. Analytical or digital: measurement of image coordinates

Computed Rectified image

object or Digital ( discussed as
Mathematical
digital points part of Imaging
transformation rectification
(stereoplotter, in the
comparator) Geosciences )
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 3A AND 3B

Question 3
Why aerial triangulation is so important in photogrammetric works? (4 marks)
Usually it is more expensive to have people working out in the field, and it is also harder
work than what it is to do the work is an office.
Because of that different method has been developed to be able to reference a model with
as few ground control points as possible.
Aerial triangulation is able to measure several unknown points clearly visible in a stereo
instrument.
The result get out of this is the coordinates in the reference system for all the new measured
points

Question 4
Aerial triangulation can be done using analogue and analytical methods. Differentiate
between analogue and analytical methods. (8 marks)

Analogue Factor Analytical

Less accurate Accuracy More accurate
Fully operator Operation Semi-automatic
Time-consuming Time Reduce time
By manually Calculation Mathematical program
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 3A AND 3B

Tutorial 3b
Question 1
Describe three types of block adjustments (6 marks)

Independent Strips
o The strip adjustment can be based on photo or model coordinates.
Independent Stereopairs
o The determination of control points for the orientation of each individual
photogrammetric model
Bundle Adjustment
o the development and availability of modern computers the unfavorable error
propagation of analog photo strips was improved by the block adjustment

Question 2
Explain the benefits of aerial triangulation compared to field survey. (4 marks)

1. Most of the work is done under laboratory condition, thus mini

2. Access to the property within the project area is not required
3. Field surveying in difficult area such as mashes, extreme slopes and hazardous rock formation
can be minimized
4. Able to cover a wide area in a short time
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 3A AND 3B

Question 3
Why sensory data from GPS/INS is very important in block bundle adjustment? (5 marks)

GPS
To define the coordinate of projection center
For the calculation of ground control point

INS
Provide exterior parameter of bundle block adjustment (omega, phi, kappa)
Y sensory data

Question 4
Give an example how automatic aerial triangulation can help operators to speed up their
works. (5 marks)

Automatic aerial triangulation we mean methods that attempt to solve the task as a batch
process.
It really does not increase computing cost significantly.
With little or no help from a human operator.
Multiple image matching
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 4

Tutorial 4
Question 1
Describe the Digital Surface Model and Digital Terrain Model. Use a diagram to support
your answer. (4 marks)

DSM
Cover everything on the earth surface including whole feature on the ground.

DTM
Represents a regular array of elevation points
Provides a digital representation of a portion of the earth's terrain

Question 2
Discuss four sources to produce Digital Terrain Model. (8 marks)

Field Surveying Direct measurement including spot height (tacheometry, leveling)

LiDAR airborne laser scanning to obtain point cloud of the surface
Digitized contour from topo map (line digitizing and raster scanning)
Photogrammetry using 3D stereoplotting
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 4

Question 3
Explain the semi-automatic and automatic methods in Digital Terrain Model production.
(4 marks)

Automatic
points are selected from the left image and subsequently matched with corresponding
points in the right image.

Semi-automatic
Need an operator to do 3D stereoplotting

Question 4
List the factors that caused systematic errors during DTM production. (4 marks)

During aerial photography: lens distortion, film deformation, and refraction.

Inner orientation: Setting off principle distance.
During relative orientation: setting of orientation parameters.
During data processing: transformation, edge matching, conversion.
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 5

Tutorial 5
Question 1
What is Orthophoto? (2 marks)

Orthophoto is an aerial photograph that has been geometrically corrected or 'orthorectified' such
that the scale of the photograph is uniform and utilized in the same manner as a map.

Question 2
What is the role of orthophoto in GIS? (2 marks)

1. Can be used to measure true distances of features within the photograph.

2. As a background maps
3. As reference of coordinate of one point
4. Change detection

Question 3
How to produce an accurate orthophoto? (6 marks)

1. 2D transformation of the pixel location

2. Interpolation of the grey values
3. Correction of geometric errors
4. Correction of sensor calibration
5. Rectification of the photo
6. Matching and mosaicing of photo
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 5

Question 4
Differentiate the characteristic of orthophoto and a map. (8 marks)
Orthophoto Factor Map
The features/object characteristic
Represent the image of the object Representation
is represents by symbols
Provide the real/true view of the
Only the selected features will be
terrain and complete with Features
produced using a symbol
many features
produced in a short
Time taken Takes long time to complete
period
The interpretation of the object is The interpretation can be done but
easy to perform which is Interpretation requires a lot of time to
based on image of the object interpret.

Question 5
Give three possible applications using orthophoto product (6 marks)

1. Integration as an image layer in GIS use a base map or backdrop for data analysis
2. Background for data presentation
3. Data quality control through overlaying
4. Draping to create realistic 3D views
5. Generation of orthoimage maps
6. Combination with other data sets (TM + SPOT, SPOT + SAR)
7. Improved classification
8. Change detection
9. National map database
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 5B

Tutorial 5b

Question 1

Camera calibration is very significance in photogrammetric work. Explain the methods of

camera calibration and the output parameters after performing camera calibration. (16 marks)

a) Laboratory Method

i. Using Multicollimator

Photographing an array of targets whose relative positions are accurately knowns. Elements of interior
orientations are the determines by making precise measurement of the target images. Comparing their
actual images locations with the positions they should have occupied had the camera produced a perfect
perspective view.

ii. Using Goniometer

Made a projection by direct measurement through the camera lens of precisely positioned grid points
located in the camera focal plane. Comparison are then made with the true projections to see its different
in these two projections.

b) Field Calibration Method

Field calibration is a method of calibrating or fine tuning a camera at the same time a project being
processed. Every project must go through an optimization stage where the x, y and z position, camera
station position and angles are solved. Programs with advanced optimization can also tune camera
parameters.

c) Stellar Calibration Method

The stellar system such as stars or satellite are in their own positions and can be determined. By using this
method, the camera can be calibrate using a stellar since its have an own position for the time being, to
test the cameras degree of accuracy. This method required an advanced technology developed
instrument on order to carry out this calibration. The calibration can be accepted if the standard error of
the position of the star are less than 0.4 seconds.
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 5B

Output Parameter

a) Tangential lens distortion

The construction of camera, the film and lens must be parallel. Calibration is needed when the positions
of the film and lens is not parallel to each other. If those two are not in parallel the effect of the image
will be distorted

b) Calibrated Focal Length

The focal length that produces an overall mean distribution of lens distortion. After aerial camera
manufactured, the distance is set to correspond to the optical focal length of the lens as nearly possible.

c) Radial Lens Distortion

The distortion that occurs along racial lines from the principal point. The distribution usually happens in a
direction inward, outward and towards from the center of the image. This type of distortion always
present even if the lens perfectly manufactured to design specifications.

d) Principal point

After the calibration, the principal point at the center of the image will be correctly at conjugate to the
next aerial photograph so that the line between principal point to the next will represent the flight line.

e) Affinity

Affinity is calibrated based on the scale factor in x and y direction and the axis system. The slight
modification of the 2d conformal coordinates transformation is change to its correct position.

Question 2

Orthophoto is very useful in many applications. Define the Orthophoto and give the advantage of
orthophoto with respect to its flexibility. (6 marks)

An orthophoto is an aerial photograph that has been geometrically corrected or 'orthorectified' such that
the scale of the photograph is uniform and utilized in the same manner as a map.

Represent the image of the object

Provide the real/true view of the terrain and complete with many features
The interpretation of the object is easy to perform which is based on image of the object
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 5B

The production of orthophoto can be produced in a short period

Question 3

Automatic aerial triangulation helps photogrammetric operators to conducts their work very efficiently.
Explain how automatic aerial triangulation can help photogrammetric operators. (10 marks)

Automatic aerial triangulation systems attempt to reduce the aerial triangulation problem to a batch
process, with little or no help of a human operator, except the measurement of control points. starting
from the objectives which include the determination of the exterior orientation parameters and a partial
reconstruction of the object space. it really does not increase computing cost significantly if hundreds of
points per image are matched. Automatic aerial triangulation resembles traditional methods, for example,
the major tasks of selecting, transferring, and measuring tie points remain as well as the block adjustment.

Question 4

Orientations play an important role in photogrammetric image processing. Discuss all orientations in
photogrammetric image processing. (6 marks)

Interior Orientation

The main purpose of interior orientation is to define the position of the perspective center and the
radial distortion curve.
Interior orientation which primarily consists pointing on the fiducial marks which can be done by
operator control or pattern matching method.
To obtain internal geometry (Camera Calibration): - Focal length, Principle point (x,y), Tangential lens
distortion (t1,t2), Radial lens distortion (k1,k2,k3), Affinity, Scale factor.

Exterior Orientation

Geodetic Coordinate for the perspective center

Rotation angle
Image Matching
Image coordinate system to Ground Coordinate system
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 5B

Ground Control Point establishment

Question 5

Describe the systematic errors occur during digital terrain model (DTM) production. Provide the
corresponding error sources for each systematic error. (10 marks)

During aerial photography:

lens distortion, film deformation, and refraction.

Inner orientation:

Setting off principle distance.

During relative orientation:

setting of orientation parameters.

During absolute orientation:

setting of orientation parameters, errors in aerial triangulation (deformations), ground controls (datum
shift), and earth curvature.

During sampling:

observational errors.

During data processing:

transformation, edge matching, conversion.

 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 5B

Question 6

A surveyor wants to estimate the area of cadastral lot using orthophoto. The triangular shape lot has
three sides namely side 1, side 2 and side 3. The ruler is used to measure the length for each side on the
orthophoto and the value for each side is 30cm, 25 cm and 40cm respectively. The aerial photographs
were taken from altitude 200m with cameras focal length 5mm. Calculate the actual area of cadastral
lot in hectare. (12 marks)

Scale =

Where; f = Focal length

H = Altitude
Each length on the ground

0.005 30 cm = 12,000 m
Scale =
200 25 cm = 10,000 m
40 cm = 16,000 m
= 1: 40,000

Area = ( )( )( )

Where; 12,000+10,000+16,000
S=
2
++
S=
2 S = 19,000 m

Area = 19,000(19,000 12,000)(19,000 10,000)(19,000 16,000)

Area = 59,924,953.307 m2

In hectare:

Area = 5992.5 hectare

 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 6

Tutorial 6

Question 1
Discuss the reason project planning is very important in photogrammetric work. (8 marks)
Planning the aerial photography
Planning the ground control point
Selecting the instruments and procedures necessary to achieve the desire result
Estimating costs and delivery schedules
Accuracy requirement

Question 2
Describe the characteristic of photo controls in photogrammetric work. (12 marks)
1. Location: Photo control points must be in the proper geometry location to accurately
reference the photogrammetry solution.
2. Identification: The identification of the photo control points on the aerial photographs is
critical. Extreme care should be exercised to make this identification accurate. The
surveyor should examine the photo control points using pocket or mirror stereoscope.
3. Control Point distribution: Number of control points. The absolute geometric amount of
photo control needed in each stereomodel is four points (manned aircraft photograph).
4. Types of objects selected: Natural objects or Human-made objects. The objects must be
clear in the photograph and can be identified on ground.
 AKMAL RAZAK
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TUTORIAL 6

Question 3
Distinguish the pre-marked and post-marked control. (6 marks)
Pre-marked Factor Post-marked
Existing survey control can be
used, reducing the cost and A greater demand on the ground
Costing
manpower required survey time and resultant cost

Artificial Target Target Natural Target

Time to
Before flight After flight
establish GCP

Question 4
What are the factors that photogrammetrist considered during flight planning? (8 marks)

Condition of weather
When the target is in desirable condition
Know the exact location of project area
Stereoviewing necessary
How many photos required for covering the project area with desired scale and resolution
Time of image acquisition (10am 2pm)
Costing
Accuracy requirement
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 6

Question 5
List five geometric factors in flight planning. (5 marks)

Focal length of the camera lens

Flying height
Camera or film format size
Photo scale
Size of the project area to be photographed
Ground speed of the aircraft

Question 6
The aerial photographs were captured from altitude 500m above average terrain height with
the focal length 152.4mm. The standard format of aerial photograph 23cm is used in this task.
Calculate the percentage of overlap and side lap if the air base is about 250m and distance
between strips is 150m. (8 marks)

Scale =
Overlap Percentage = x 100

920250
Where; f = Focal length Overlap Percentage = x 100
H = Altitude 920
= 72.826%
0.1524 = 73%
Scale =
500

Scale = 1: 3280.840
= 1: 4000
Side lap Percentage = x 100

920150
Side lap Percentage = x 100
920
G = 23cm x 4000
= 92000 cm = 83.695%
= 920 m = 84%
 AKMAL RAZAK
12/26/16
TUTORIAL 6

Question 7
Define the main phases in topographic map production (5 marks)

The primary phases can be categorized as:

Photography
Control
Aerotriangulation
Compilation/plotting
Cartography

Question 8
The aerial photographs were captured from altitude 300m above average terrain height with
the camera focal length 151mm and percentage of overlap and side lap 65% and 35%
respectively. The standard format of aerial photograph 23cm is used in this task. Calculate the
air base and distance between strips for this flight mission. (8 marks)

Scale =
Overlap Percentage = x 100

Where; f = Focal length
H = Altitude 460
65% = x 100
460
0.151 0.65 460
Scale = =
300 100 460

b = 457.01 m
Scale = 1: 1986.754
= 1: 2000
Side lap Percentage = x 100

460
35% = x 100
G = Format x scale 460
= 23cm x 2000 0.35 460
= 46000 cm =
100 460
= 460 m
w = 458.39 m