1 Comparison of Drying Performance using Sun Dryer, Solar Dryer and

2 Hybrid Solar Dryer for Cassava Starch

1)
4 Suherman*,2) Mukhtar Dzaki R, 3)M. Novindra Bagas F

1,2,3,4)
6 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

7 DiponegoroUniversity, Semarang, Central Java-Indonesia, 50239

8 *Corresponding author: email: [email protected], Phone:

9 , Fax:

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12 Abstract

13 The main objective of this study is to compare the performance of sun dryer,

14 solar dryer and hybrid solar dryer for cassava starch. The solar tray dryer is

15 made of glass and iron shaped dryer and box, where the solar collector is

16 made of black painted iron plate. In addition to speed up the drying process,

17 in "hybrid" by using LPG for optimum drying process. The initial moisture

18 content of cassava starch is 50% wet bases. The experimental result show

19 the moisture content of starch decrease rapidly with hybrid solar dryer in 2

20 hours 45 minutes of drying until 7% moisture content. Furthermore,

21 maximum drying rate can reach up to 0.8 g/m. Dryer efficiency of the hybrid

22 solar dryer can reach 17,6% faster than sun dryer and solar dryer. The

23 performance of this hybrid solar dryer is much better than the sun dryer and

24 solar dryer which being piloted in this study

25 Keywords: cassava, drying, solar, starch, hybrid

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26 Introduction

27 Drying cassava flour using solar drying have been developed in

28 several countries such as Thailand, while in Indonesia itself is still using

29 conventional drying is dried by relying on sunlight , Solar drying is a method

30 or way of drying a food using solar radiation energy, this method is the most

31 inexpensive and easily as using direct heat from the sun. Solar drying is

32 assisted simple tools and a chamber as a place of the drying. Solar drying is

33 shaped like a closed room with transparent walls. With the closing of this tool,

34 it can avoid the contaminants from the surrounding environment. At the

35 bottom will be placed a rectangular heat collector painted black.

36 There is a lot of research on drying cassava flour that has been done

37 before with a wide range of prototype devices. Mixed flow dryer (Olawale et

38 al., 2015); pneumatic conveying dryer (Aichayawanich S. et al., 2011); rotary

39 dryer (FT Ademiluyi et al., 2010); tray dryer (Ndubisi et al., 2014); spray dryer

40 (Monica and Anibal, 2014); convection solar dryers (Tarin et al., 2005);

41 indirect solar dryers (Azimi et al., 2012). This study investigated the drying

42 characteristics of cassava flour with a variety of different treatments by the

43 drying temperature and drying efficiency. However, the earlier study relied

44 more prototype tool that tends to be more expensive. There's drying solutions

45 is by sun drying or natural drying whose treatment is only necessary to drying

46 under the sun, but is inefficient and requires a long drying time.

47 In research conducted by Anhalt (2003) entitled "The use of

48 Renewable Energy in the Production of Goods: Seaweed" indicates that the

49 natural drying process usually takes a long time because the temperature

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50 and energy dependent on sunlight. In addition, the effects of weather,

51 season, and the change of day and night to make this process more and

52 more limited. If the weather conditions do not support the increasingly high

53 water content so that it can be mold and mildew growth media. Moreover, if

54 the drying is done in the open. This will trigger the presence of contaminants

55 that degrade the quality of tapioca starch products, such as dust, dirt or

56 foreign objects are not desired. Based on the problems it is necessary to

57 have a technology development efforts that are efficient, effective and

58 efficient in drying starch. These efforts are expected to reduce the water

59 content in accordance default, the drying process is faster, does not depend

60 only on the energy of the sun, the weather and climate of the local area. It

61 requires a combination of energy in the process of drying tapioca flour and

62 the reduction of contamination from foreign objects so that dry tapioca flour

63 will be obtained which has high added value. Drying using LPG hybrid solar

64 drying will be much more effective and optimal. Drying of tapioca flour in

65 Indonesia by using solar dryer until now still not optimal. It takes an

66 innovation in terms of drying to accelerate drying of tapioca starch by drying

67 method using hybrid solar drying (LPG) method. Solar drying is a method for

68 drying a food material using solar radiation energy, this method is the

69 cheapest and easy because it uses heat directly from the sun. Solar drying

70 is assisted by simple tools and a chamber as a dryer. Solar drying is shaped

71 like an enclosed space with transparent walls. With the closing of this tool it

72 can avoid the contaminants coming from the surrounding environment. At

73 the bottom will be placed a rectangular heat collector painted in black. In

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74 addition to speed up the drying process, in "hybrid" by using LPG for optimum

75 drying process.

76 Materials and Methods

77 Materials (samples) were used and tested is starch (wet basis), was

78 taken from the SME starch in Pati, Central Java. For drier (solar dryers), the

79 material used in the form of metallic aluminum conductors, transparent

80 Acrylic, zinc, iron, rubber and bolts. The equipment used during the testing

81 period, among others timepiece, digital weight scale, a thermometer, LPG

82 and an oven.

83 The prototype of Solar dryer has a dimension 40x40x150 cm. The

84 materials used in the manufacture of the prototype of Solar dryer has some

85 special characteristics. First, choose materials affordable to expectations in

86 its application were able to save cost from the price. Second, lightweight

87 materials to facilitate the operation of the device itself, for example if you

88 want to be moved or taken to another place. Third, the selected material has

89 the properties of heat collectors. With these properties then the heat will

90 accumulate inside the tool so that it can speed up the drying process. This

91 tool is also made of a material that is not easily broken, broken or porous so

92 as to reduce the risk of damage and loss. Aluminum is used as the framework

93 is a good conductor of heat, light and affordable.

94 Drier is made in the form of shelves in order to have a drying capacity

95 of the lot. The roof is sloped so that when it rains, the water can drip down

96 easily so it will not wet the dried material. In addition, the slope of the roof is

97 water vapor attached to the roof produced during drying is expected to easily

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 98 flow out through the roof and walls so that the dried material will be protected

99 from water vapor that condenses droplets. On the roof there is a hole as a

100 water vapor expenditure, the purpose is that water vapor formed during the

101 drying process may soon be out of the appliance. Solar dryer is shaped like

102 a closed room with transparent walls. With the closing of this tool, it can avoid

103 any contamination from the surrounding environment. At the bottom of the

104 tool will be placed a heat collector rectangular painted black.

105 In Hybrid Solar Dryer using modifications with LPG and blower, the

106 use of blowers is intended to push the heat accumulated on the heat collector

107 to quickly get into the dryer. In addition, this blower can accelerate the air

108 circulation so it is expected to accelerate the flow of hot air. In this hybrid

109 solar dryer tool there is a burning place by using electrical energy. So in this

110 alternative energy is used the heat from the fire in lieu of sunlight energy.

111 Drying of foodstuffs is more effective because the heating occurs from two

112 directions, that is from direct sunlight (radiation) and the flow of hot air from

113 the bottom (convection)

114 Research tapioca starch drying is done according to the procedure of

115 the first is the early preparation stage. Initial preparation phase aims to wet

116 starch by preparing samples of starch (wet basis) and weigh the wet base

117 sample (100 grams). Then the drying step is done by setting up a solar dryer

118 tray dryer and prepare 100 grams of starch. Put the tapioca flour (wet basis)

119 on a tray in a tray dryer solar appliance. Please note the change of tapioca

120 flour weight every hour for 8 hours within 2 days for sun dryer and solar dryer

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121 and every 15 minutes for hybrid solar dryer. Take measurements of

122 temperature, moisture content, drying rate, dryer efficiency.

123 To determine the moisture content, we have to get the data of weight

124 per hour for solar dryer and per 15 minutes for hybrid solar dryer at each tray

125 by weighing the sample on each tray then obtained graph relation of moisture

126 content with time, for example:

127 Mc (wet basis) = [ (Mi Md ) Mi ] x 100% (1)

128 (Mi) is the mass of the sample after drying for 1 hour, (Md) is the mass of

129 dry basis.

130 To obtain the drying rate, it requires data sample of weight on each

131 tray. By using equation (Dhanushkodi Saravanan, 2004). Then the drying

132 rate obtained graph with time.

133 Rd = (Mi Md ) t (2)

134 Rd = drying rate

135 Mi = initial mass

136 Md = final mass

137 t = drying time (s)

138 To measure dryer efficiency of solar dryer, using the equation :

139 c = { [ mCp (To Ti ) ] I x A } (3)

140 To = outlet temperature

141 Ti = inlet temperature

142 M = air flowrate

143 I = solar intensity, from the reference

144 A = area of heat collector

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145 The temperature is measured every hour and graphed the relation of dryer

146 efficiency with time

147 To measure dryer efficiency of hybrid solar dryer, using the equation :

148 d = { ( mw x hfg ) [ IAt + E + (mf x Cv) ] } (4)

149 d = dryer efficiency

150 Mw = the weight of the water evaporates

151 Hfg = latent heat from water

152 I = solar intensity, from the reference

153 A = the surface area of the heat collector

154 T = drying time

155 Mf = mass of fuel used

156 Cv = calor value of LPG, from the literature

157 E = energy consumption of LPG

158

159 Results and Discussion

160 Comparison of Moisture Content with Drying Time in Sun Drying, Solar

161 Drying, and Hybrid Solar Drying

162 The initial moisture content of tapioca flour used in the experiment was

163 52.6% while the desired final moisture content ranged from 15% or below

164 15% according to SNI standard of tapioca starch. In Figure (4) and (5) shows

165 the variation of water content by drying time. The final moisture content of

166 the sun dryer method was 22.29% within 16 hours, the final moisture content

167 of the solar dryer method was 7.05% within 16 hours, and the final moisture

168 content of the hybrid solar dryer method was 7.058% within 2 hours 45

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169 minutes . Drying by the method of sun dryer and solar dryer is very

170 dependent on the performance of the sun at that time. The solar performance

171 of sun dryers and solar dryers is influenced by climatological conditions such

172 as temperature, relative humidity and solar intensity. The ambient

173 temperature fluctuates and is insufficient to dry the tapioca starch in quick

174 time (Dhanuskodi, 2014). Decreased moisture content by drying method of

175 hybrid solar drying is the most effective. This can be seen from the sharp

176 decrease in tapioca flour water content in the test try. In addition to effective,

177 drying hybrid solar drying is also faster than sun drying and solar drying.

178 Comparison of Drying Rate with Drying Time in Sun Drying, Solar

179 Drying, and Hybrid Solar Drying

180 Based on figures (6) and (7) shows the variation of drying rate on drying of

181 tapioca flour by sun dryer method, solar dryer, and hybrid solar dryer. The

182 maximum drying rate of the sun dryer method is 0.15 grams / min at 13.00

183 WIB and the maximum drying rate of the solar dryer method is 0.21 gram /

184 min on the tray 1 at 13.00 WIB. While the maximum drying rate of hybrid

185 solar dryer method is 0.8 grams / minute on the tray 1 at 08.15 WIB. Drying

186 by the method of sun dryer and solar dryer takes longer to reach the

187 maximum drying rate because this method is very dependent on the weather

188 and solar heat so that the maximum drying rate can only be reached at 13.00

189 WIB when the intensity of the sun is high. While drying by hybrid solar dryer

190 method can be faster to reach the maximum drying rate because it does not

191 depend on sunlight but with the help of LPG as mechanical energy and

192 blower to produce air velocity. The air velocity coming out of the blower is an

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193 important factor for the speed of the resulting drying rate so that drying can

194 take place more quickly (Hossain, 2008).

195 Comparison of Drying Efficiency with Drying Time in Sun Drying, Solar

196 Drying, and Hybrid Solar Drying

197 Based on figure (8) and (9) can be seen on tray 1 solar drying maximum

198 efficiency is 37.2%. In tray 2 solar drying the maximum efficiency is 31.5%.

199 In the sun drying method the maximum efficiency is 8.8%. While the method

200 of hybrid solar drying maximum efficiency is 17.6% in the tray 1 and 13.2%

201 in the tray 2. The maximum drying efficiency in solar drying and sun drying

202 occurs at 12.00 WIB until 13.00 WIB which at that time high sun intensity and

203 optimum dryer temperature at that time. If the sun's intensity is high then the

204 drying efficiency will be high, but high solar intensity can only be obtained at

205 12.00 WIB until 13.00 WIB. The maximum efficiency in drying solar dryers

206 and sun dryers can not be achieved for a short time as it depends on the

207 intensity of the sun (Dhanushkodi, 2014). While the hybrid solar dryer

208 maximum efficiency of 17.6% can be achieved with a faster drying time than

209 the method of solar dryer and sun dryer. This is influenced by the use of LPG

210 as a mechanical energy so that drying is independent of weather and solar

211 intensity (Erick, 2013)

212

213 SUMMARY

214 Results of the drying of starch with methods of sun dryer, solar dryer,

215 and hybrid solar dryer can be concluded that the best method is hybrid solar

216 dryer with final moisture content 7,058% within 2 hours 45 minutes.

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217 Decreased moisture content by drying method of hybrid solar drying is the

218 most effective. This can be seen from the sharp decrease in tapioca flour

219 water content in the test try. In addition to effective, drying hybrid solar drying

220 is also faster than sun drying and solar drying. Maximum drying rate of hybrid

221 solar drying 0,8 grams / min in tray 1. While drying by hybrid solar dryer

222 method can be faster to reach the maximum drying rate because it does not

223 depend on sunlight but with the help of LPG as mechanical energy and

224 blower to produce air velocity. Maximum dryer efficiency was 17,6%. The

225 maximum efficiency in drying solar dryers and sun dryers cant be achieved

226 for a short time as it depends on the intensity of the sun. While the hybrid

227 solar dryer maximum efficiency of 17.6% can be achieved with a faster drying

228 time than the method of solar dryer and sun dryer. This is influenced by the

229 use of LPG as a mechanical energy so that drying is independent of weather

230 and solar intensity. Tapioca starch drying method produces solar dryers to

231 dry tapioca starch product more desirable in terms of color, aroman and

232 contaminants in products rather than drying tapioca with sun conventional

233 methods. Therefore, hybrid solar dryers can be an alternative means of

234 dryers in food substance drying.

235

236 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

237

238 REFERENCE

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262 Olawale Usman Dairo, Adewole Ayobami Aderinlewo, Olayemi Johnson

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267 Agglomeration mechanisms of cassava starch during pneumatic

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269 Standar Nasional Indonesia 3451: 2011. Tapioka. www.bsn.go.id

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271 dryer with biomass burner and heat storage back-up heater,

272 Proceedings of the Australia and New Zealand Solar Energy Society

273 Annual Conference, pp. 19.

274

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283 Figure 1. Sun Drying

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295 Figure 2. Solar Drying

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304 Figure 3. Hybrid Solar Drying

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 60
Moisture Content (%)
50
40
30
20 solar drying (tray 1)
10
solar drying (tray 2)
0
sun drying
8:00
9:00

11:00

8:00
9:00
10:00
10:00

12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00

11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
Day 1 Day 2
Time of the day (hours)
314

315 Figure 4. Moisture Content with Drying Time of Sun Drying and Solar Drying

316

60
Moisture Content (%)

50
40
30
20 Tray 1
10 Tray 2
0

Time of the day (hours)

318 Figure 5. Moisture Content with Drying Time of Hybrid Solar Drying

319

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 0.25
Drying Rate (gram/minute)
0.2
0.15
0.1
solar drying (tray 1)
0.05
solar drying (tray 2)
0
sun drying
8:00
9:00

14:00

8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00

15:00
16:00

10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
Day 1 Day 2
Time of the day (hours)
320

321 Figure 6. Drying Rate with Drying Time of Sun Drying and Solar Drying

1
Drying Rate (gram/minute)

0.8
0.6
0.4
Tray 1
0.2 Tray 2
0

Time of the day (hours)

323 Figure 7. Drying Rate with Drying Time of Hybrid Solar Drying

324

325

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 50
40
Efficiency (%)

30
20
solar drying (tray 1)
10
solar drying (tray 2)
0
sun drying
8:00
9:00

8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00

10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
Day 1 Day 2
Time of the day (hours)
326

327 Figure 8. Drying Efficiency with Drying Time of Sun Drying and Solar Drying

20

15
Efficiency (%)

10
Tray 1
5
Tray 2
0

Time of the day (hours)

329 Figure 9. Drying Efficiency with Drying Time of Hybrid Solar Drying

330

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