18/11/2016 Achieve3000:Lesson

Printedby:IsabelleGorgeu
Printedon:November18,2016

AncientGreeceandRome:RIP,WesternRomanEmpire

BeforeReadingPoll

Thousandsofyearsago,manypartsoftheworldwereruledbyRome.Today,somecountrieshavemorepowerthan
others.Somepeopledonotbelievethisisright.Whatdoyouthink?

Noonecountryshouldhavemorepowerthananother.

Agree

Disagree

Explainwhyyouvotedthewayyoudid.
Ithinkthatnoonecountryshouldimposeitsvaluesystemonanother,noonecountryshould
imposeitseconomicsystemonanother.Butonthecontrary,everycountrywithitspeculiarities
shouldbeabletohelptheothers.

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Article

PART1

ROME(Achieve3000,476CE).ItbeganasasmallvillageontheItalian
peninsulaandgrewintoavastempire.Now,theRomanEmpireaswe
knowitisdead.Itswesternparthassurrenderedtoforcesbeyondits
control.Still,theRomanEmpirehaschangedtheworldforever.

Romewasfoundedin753BCEalongtheTiberRiver.There,hilly
countrysideprotectedtheyoungcityfromattack.WhenRomewasabout
150yearsold,itbecamearepublic.Adultmalecitizenshadthepowerto
vote.Variousbodiesofthegovernmentbalancedoneanother.

Romesoondevelopedapowerfulmilitaryandgrewbyconquering Photocredit:AP/WJLA
surroundinglands.Byabout130BCE,theRomanrepubliccontrolled TheColiseumwasbuiltattheheight
muchoftheMediterraneanSea.Soon,theempirewouldstretchfrom oftheRomanEmpire.
southernBritaininthewesttoAsiaMinorintheeast.In27BCE,the
republicofficiallybecameanempire.Mostofthepowerfellintothehandsofanemperor,whoruledforlife.

AsRomespreadacrossEurope,sodiditsculture.Thischangedthefaceofthecontinent.Centuriesearlier,the
Greekshadmadeimportantadvancesinscienceandarchitecture.TheRomansusedtheseadvancestohelptheir
empiredevelop.Forexample,RomanbuildingsusedcolumnsdevelopedinGreece.However,theRomansaddedtheir
owntouches.Thoseincludedtheuseofconcrete,whichmadeitpossiblefortheconstructionoflargebuildingssuch
astheColiseum.Theirunderstandingofengineering,alongwithadvancestheyhadtakenfromtheGreeks,allowedthe
Romanstobuildwellorganizedcities.Theybuiltwaterwaysincities.Theyalsoconstructedroadsandbridgesallover
theempire.Theseroadsandbridgesmadetransportationandtradeeasier.

Romebecameaverystrongempirewithanallpowerfulleader.InthesecondcenturyCE,however,thewesternpartof
theempirebegantoweaken.Someoftheemperorslackedtheskilltoleadwell.Thisledtorevoltsandaseriesofcivil
wars.Thisatmospheremadetradeunsafe.ThishurttheRomaneconomy.

Variousemperorsdidwhattheycouldtosavetheempire.In284CE,theemperorDiocletianthoughtthattheempire
hadbecometoovastforoneruler.Sohedecidedtosplittheempireintwo.Diocletianremainedtheleaderintheeast.
Hegavethewesternparttoanotheremperor,Maximilian.However,Diocletian'schangesdidnotachievetheirdesired
result.AshisrulecametoacloseinthebeginningofthethirdcenturyCE,theempireremainedunsafe.

In306CE,ConstantinetheGreatbecameemperor.Constantineintroducedmajorchanges.Someofthesechanges
mighthavespeduptheempire'sfall.In313CE,ConstantineofficiallypermittedChristianityintheempire.Many
citizensbelievedthatbyallowingChristianity,Constantinehadweakenedhisownpower.

In330CE,Constantineredividedthetwoempires.HecenteredthewesternpartaroundthecityofRome.Hecentered
theeasternpartaroundthenewlyfoundedcityofConstantinople.TheeastremainedstrongduringConstantine'srule.
Butthewestshiftedbetweenperiodsofpeaceandattacksbyoutsideforces.

AsRomecontinuedtoweaken,outsidegroupswatchedclosely.Thesegroupsthenlaunchedaseriesofattacks.
Theseattackswouldprovetoomuchforthealreadyweakenedempire.Inthethirdcentury,Germanictribesmovedinto
theWesternRomanEmpire.Othersgroupsalsoattackedtheeverweakeningempire.

In476CE,theemperorRomulusAugustuluswasfinallyoverthrown.Soon,theWesternRomanEmpirewasdead.

PART2
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18/11/2016 Achieve3000:Lesson

DigDeeper

Justwhowerethese"outsidegroups"thatinvadedthewesternpartoftheRomanEmpireandledtoitsdownfall?They
wereactuallyseveraldifferenttribes.Theirinvasionstookplaceoverhundredsofyears.Theycamefromthenortha
placetheRomanscalled"Germania."TheRomanscalledtheseoutsiders"barbarians."

Today,weassociatetheword"barbarian"withalackofcivility,ororder.ButtheGermanictribeshadorganized
governments.Theyhadchiefsandtribalassemblies.Theseassembliesmadeimportantpoliticaldecisions.

ToRomans,theGermanictribeswerenotcompleteoutsiders.Someofthetribeshadformeddiplomatictieswith
Rome.TheirmembersservedinRome'sarmy.Theyprotectedthebordersoftheempireagainstinvasions.In
exchange,Romepromisedtoprotecttheirdiplomaticpartners.Highrankingbarbariansalsoreceivedvaluablegifts
fromRome.ArchaeologistshavestudiedthebordersofwheretheRomanEmpireoncestood.Theyhavefound
artifactsthatarelinkedtobarbarians.Thisshowsthatmany"outsiders"actuallyspentalotoftimeinRome,long
beforeitsdownfall.

TheWesternRomanEmpirebegantoweakeninthesecondcenturyCE.ThisencouragedGermanictribestoinvade
theformerlypowerfulempire.TheGothswereoneGermanictribethatinvadedRome.TheGothsfirstattackedinthe
thirdcenturyCE.Overmanydecades,theGothsconqueredcitieswithintheempire.Historiansestimatethathundreds
ofthousandsofGothsmayhavebeeninvolvedintheinvasion.OtherGermanictribesthatinvadedtheempireinclude
theBurgundiansandtheVandals.

Theinvasionstooktheirtollontheempire.Romewasforcedtoexhaustitseconomicandmilitaryresourcestodefend
itself.TheRomanEmpirebecamesteadilyweaker,invitingevenmoreattacks.

Dictionary

diplomatic(adjective)havingtodowithkeepinggoodrelationsbetweentwoormoregroups

empire(noun)averylargeareaorgroupofcountriesorpeoplesruledbyoneleader,usuallyanemperor

organized(adjective)havingthingssetupwell,sothateachpartdoestherightjob

overthrow(verb)tobring(agovernmentorleader)downbyforce

peninsula(noun)apieceoflandthatisalmostcompletelysurroundedbywater,exceptforapartthatjoinstoalargerpieceof
land

republic(noun)aformofgovernmentwherepeoplevoteforleaders

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Activity

PART1

Question1

Whichbestreplacesthequestionmarkintheboxabove?

TheWesternRomanEmpirewasweakenedandsurrenderedtoforcesbeyonditscontrol.

TheRomanEmpirebecametoovastforonerulertocontrolandwassplitintwo.

ManycitizensbelievedthatConstantinehadweakenedhisownpower.

ConstantinecenteredthewesternpartoftheempirearoundRome.

Question2
Supposethatthisarticlecouldhaveadifferenttitle.Thebestonewouldbe__________.

RomanEmpireSplitinTwobyEmperorDiocletian

TheRiseandFalloftheWesternRomanEmpire

SeriesofCivilWarsHurtsRomanEconomy

AHistoryofGreekAdvancesinScienceandArchitecture

Question3

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Whicheventinthearticlehappenedlast?

Thisquestionasksaboutwheneventshappened.Itdoesnotaskwhereinthearticletheeventsappear.Lookbackat
thearticleforclues,suchasdates.

GermanictribesandothergroupsmovedintotheWesternRomanEmpire.

ConstantinetheGreatintroducedmajorchangesthatmayhavespedupRome'sfall.

TheRomansbeganmakinguseofGreekadvancesinscience.

TheemperorDiocletiansplittheempireintwo.

Question4
Whichtwowordsfromthearticlearetheclosestsynonyms?

Vastandpowerful

Permitandweaken

Columnandculture

Conquerandoverthrow

Question5
SupposethatOmarwantstolearnmoreabouttheMediterraneanSea.Hewouldfindmostofhisinformation__________.

OnaWebsiteaboutboatinginformation

Inatextbookaboutworldgeography

OnaWebsiteabouttheTiberRiver

InatextbookaboutRomanhistory

Question6
Thenewsarticlesaysallofthefollowingexcept__________.

TheemperorRomulusAugustuluswasoverthrownin476CE.

OutsidegroupswatchedcloselyasRomecontinuedtoweaken.

AweakenedRomaneconomyledtothefalloftheEasternRomanEmpire.

ManybelievedthatConstantinetheGreathadweakenedhisownpower.

Question7

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Thearticlestates:
InthesecondcenturyCE,however,thewesternpartoftheempirebegantoweaken.Someofthe
emperorslackedtheskilltoleadwell.
Whichwouldbetheclosestantonymforthewordlacked?

Transferred

Irrigated

Affected

Possessed

Question8
Thearticlestates:

Theirunderstandingofengineering,alongwithadvancestheyhadtakenfromtheGreeks,allowedthe
Romanstobuildwellorganizedcities.Theybuiltwaterwaysincities.Theyalsoconstructedroadsand
bridgesallovertheempire.Theseroadsandbridgesmadetransportationandtradeeasier.

Whydidtheauthorincludethisinformation?

TodescribeoneofthereasonswhyRome'sleaderwasallpowerful

ToshowhowtheRomansusedGreekadvancestocreateastrongempire

TohelpthereaderunderstandwhatledtotheRomanEmpire'sfall

ToexplainwhyaweakeningtradehurttheRomaneconomy

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RESULTS

Activity First Second

1.

()
Whichbestreplacesthequestionmarkintheboxabove?()

2. Supposethatthisarticlecouldhaveadifferenttitle.Thebestonewouldbe__________.()

3. Whicheventinthearticlehappenedlast?
()

4. Whichtwowordsfromthearticlearetheclosestsynonyms?
()

5. SupposethatOmarwantstolearnmoreabouttheMediterraneanSea.Hewouldfindmosto
fhisinformation__________.
()

6. Thenewsarticlesaysallofthefollowingexcept__________.
()

7. Thearticlestates:
InthesecondcenturyCE,however,thewesternpartoftheempirebegantow
eaken.Someoftheemperorslackedtheskilltoleadwell.
()
Whichwouldbetheclosestantonymforthewordlacked?()

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8. Thearticlestates:
Theirunderstandingofengineering,alongwithadvancestheyhadtakenfrom
theGreeks,allowedtheRomanstobuildwellorganizedcities.Theybuiltwat
erwaysincities.Theyalsoconstructedroadsandbridgesallovertheempire.
Theseroadsandbridgesmadetransportationandtradeeasier.
()
Whydidtheauthorincludethisinformation?()

ActivityScore 88% 88%

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18/11/2016 Achieve3000:Lesson

AfterReadingPoll

Nowthatyouhavereadthearticle,indicatewhetheryouagreeordisagreewiththisstatement.

Noonecountryshouldhavemorepowerthananother.

Agree

Disagree

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ThoughtQuestion

DescribetheeventsthatledtotheweakeningofthewesternpartoftheRomanEmpire.Whatroledidbarbariansplayin
itsfall?Useinformationfromthelessoninyouranswer.

Typeyouranswerinthetextboxbelow.

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PollResults

OPINIONSTATEMENT:Noonecountryshouldhavemorepowerthananother.

BEFOREREADING AFTERREADING

HOWYOUVOTED

Agree Agree

Disagree Disagree

Youdidnotchangeyouropinionafterreadingthearticles.

Click here(javascript:void(0))toseetheresponseyouwrotebeforereading.

WORLDWIDERESULTS

Agree 70% Agree 69%

Disagree 30% Disagree 31%

20%changedtheiropinionafterreadingthearticle.

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Math

PART1

ThedistancefromRometoConstantinopleis1,373.7kilometers.Whatisthisdistanceinmiles?Roundyouranswerto
thenearesthundredthofamile.
1mile=1.61kilometers

2,211.66mi.

853.23mi.

837.96mi.

1,184.22mi.

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RESULTS

Activity First Second

1. ThedistancefromRometoConstantinopleis1,373.7kilometers.Whatisthisdistanceinm
iles?Roundyouranswertothenearesthundredthofamile.()

ActivityScore 100% 100%

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18/11/2016 Achieve3000:Lesson

StretchArticle

PART1

ROME(Achieve3000,476CE).ItbeganasasmallvillageontheItalian
peninsulaandexpandedintoavastrealmthatspannedthousandsof
milestotheeast,west,andsouth.Itshapedthepolitical,military,and
culturallandscapeformillionsofpeople.TheRomanEmpireasweknowit
isnowdeaditswesternpartsubmittingtoforcesbeyonditscontrol.
However,itleavesbehindasubstantialandlastinglegacy.

Romewasfoundedin753BCEalongtheTiberRiver.There,hilly
countrysideprotectedtheyoungcityfrominvasion.WhenRomewas
about150yearsold,itbecamearepublic.Adultmalecitizenshadthe
powertovoteandparticipateingovernment.Variousbodiesofthe Photocredit:AP/WJLA
governmentbalancedoneanother,sothatnone,atleastintheory,could
TheColiseum,afeatofRoman
betoopowerful.
engineering,wasconstructedatthe
heightoftheRomanEmpire.
Romesoondevelopedanimposingmilitaryandexpandedgeographically
byconqueringsurroundinglands.Byabout130BCE,theRomanrepublicdominatedtheMediterraneanSea.Itwould
eventuallystretchfromSpainandsouthernBritaininthewesttoAsiaMinorintheeast.In27BCE,therepublic
officiallybecameanempire,withthebulkofthepowerfallingintothehandsofanemperor,whoruledforlife.

AsRomespreadacrossEurope,sodiditsculture,ultimatelychangingthefaceofthecontinent.Centuriesearlier,the
Greekshadmadeimportantadvancementsinscienceandarchitecture,advancementsthattheRomansappliedtohelp
theirempireflourish.Forexample,RomanbuildingsusedcolumnsandotherfeaturesdevelopedinGreece,butthe
Romansaddedtheirowntouches.Thoseincludedtheuseofconcrete,whichmadeitpossiblefortheconstructionof
largestructuressuchastheColiseum.Theirunderstandingofengineering,alongwithscientificadvancementsthey
hadinheritedfromtheGreeks,enabledtheRomanstobuildsewersystemsandwaterwaysincities,andtoconstruct
roadsandbridgesthroughouttheempire.Theseroadsandbridgesmadetransportationeasier.Theyalsoenabledthe
exportofgrains,meat,andwool,andtheimportofsilksandspicesfromAsia.

Atitsheight,Romewasapotent,influentialrealmwithanallpowerfulleader.InthesecondcenturyCE,however,the
westernpartoftheempirebegantoweaken.Someoftheemperorslackedthecompetencetoleadeffectively.Thisled
toconfusioninthearmy,whichinturnledtomutiniesandaseriesofcivilwars.Theviolentatmospheremadetrade
unsafe.Thismeantreducedcommerceandaweakenedeconomy.

Variousemperorsdidwhattheycouldtosavetheempire.In284CE,theemperorDiocletiandecidedthattheempire
hadbecometoovastforonerulerandsplittheempireintwo.Diocletianremainedatthehelmintheeastandassigned
thewesternparttoanotheremperor,Maximilian.However,Diocletian'sreformsdidnotachievetheirdesiredresult.As
hisrulecametoacloseinthebeginningofthethirdcenturyCE,theempireremainedunstable.

In306CE,ConstantinetheGreatbecameemperor.Constantineimplementedmajorchanges,someofwhichmight
havehastenedtheempire'sfall.In313CE,ConstantineshockedmanycitizensbyofficiallypermittingChristianityin
theempire.Priortothistime,theemperorwasbelievedtobeadeity.Manycitizensbelievedthatbyembracing
Christianity,Constantinehadcompromisedhissupremepower.In330CE,Constantineredividedthetwoempires.He
centeredthewesternpartaroundthecapitalcityofRome.Hecenteredtheeasternpartaroundthenewlyfoundedcity
ofConstantinople,whichtheemperornamedafterhimself.TheeastremainedstrongthroughoutConstantine'sreign.
Butthewestwaveredbetweenperiodsofrelativepeaceandprosperityandinvasionsbybarbarians.

AsRomecontinuedtoweaken,outsidegroupswatchedclosely.Theywaitedfortheiropportunitytoattack.These
groupsthenlaunchedaseriesofinvasions.Thesewouldeventuallyprovefatalforthealreadyweakenedempire.Inthe
thirdcentury,GermanictribesmovedintotheWesternRomanEmpire.Othersgroupsalsoinvadedtheeverweakening

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empire.

Intheyear476CE,theemperorRomulusAugustuluswasfinallyoverthrown.Whilethisalonedidnotcausethedeath
oftheWesternRomanEmpire,itlikelyhastenedit.

Meanwhile,theEasternRomanEmpirehaswithstoodsimilarattacks.Whatwillbeitsfate?

PART2

DigDeeper

Justwhowerethese"outsidegroups"thatinvadedthewesternpartoftheRomanEmpireandhasteneditsdownfall?
Theywereactuallyseveraldifferenttribes,andtheirinvasionstookplaceoverhundredsofyears.Theycamefromthe
northaplacetheRomanscalled"Germania."TheRomanscollectivelytermedtheseoutsiders"barbarians."

Whiletodayweassociatetheword"barbarian"withalackofcivility,ororder,theGermanictribesdidhave
governments,someofthemsimilartorepublics.Theyhadchiefsdecidedbyeitherelectionorheredity,dependingon
thetribeaswellastribalassembliesthatmadeimportantpoliticaldecisions.

ToRomans,theGermanictribeswerenotcompleteoutsiders.Someofthetribeshadformeddiplomatictieswith
Rome.TheirmembersservedinRome'sarmy,protectingthebordersoftheempireagainstinvasionsbyothertribes.In
exchange,Romepromisedtoprotecttheirdiplomaticpartners.Highrankingbarbariansalsoreceivedvaluablegifts
fromRome.ArchaeologistshavefoundartifactsthatarelinkedtobarbarianswithinthebordersofwheretheRoman
Empireoncestood,indicatingthatmanyofthese"outsiders"actuallyspentagooddealoftimeinRome,longbefore
itsdownfall.

Asyoureadin"RIP,WesternRomanEmpire,"theempirebegantoweakeninthesecondcenturyCE.Forsomeofthe
Germanictribes,thiswasaninvitationtoinvadeandconquerthelandslongheldbytheformerlypowerfulempire.The
Goths,aGermanictribewhommanyhistoriansbelievedoriginatedinwhatisnowSweden,firstattackedinthethird
centuryCE.Overmanydecades,theGothsconqueredcitieswithintheempire.Historiansestimatethathundredsof
thousandsofGothsmayhavebeeninvolvedintheinvasion.OtherGermanictribesthatinvadedtheempireincludethe
BurgundiansandtheVandals.

TheinvasionsintoRometooktheirtollontheempire,whichwasforcedtoexhaustitseconomicandmilitaryresources
todefenditself.TheRomanEmpirebecamesteadilyweaker,invitingevenmoreattacks.

Dictionary

deity(noun)godorgoddess

imposing(adjective)impressiveorthreatening

legacy(noun)somethinghandeddowntoanewgeneration

potent(adjective)strongpowerful

republic(noun)aformofgovernmentwherepeoplevoteforleaders

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18/11/2016 Achieve3000:Lesson

StretchActivity

PART1

Question1

Accordingtothearticle,whatisonereasonwhytheWesternRomanEmpirebegantoweakeninthesecondcenturyCE?

TheRomanstriedtoaddtheirowntouchestothescientificadvancementstheyhadinheritedfrom
theGreeks.
SomeoftheRomanemperorslackedthecompetencetoleadeffectively.

TheRomanemperorRomulusAugustuluswasoverthrown.

ConstantinetheGreatshockedpeoplebyembracingChristianityandcompromisinghissupreme
power.

Question2
Whatisthisarticlemainlyabout?

Aftermanyyearsofgrowthandpower,thewesternpartoftheRomanEmpirecollapsedin476CE.

TheRomanssetupdifferentbodiesofthegovernmenttobalanceoneanother,sothatnonecould
betoopowerful.
TheRomanEmpireflourishedafter27BCE,thankstoscientificadvancementsinheritedfromthe
Greeks.
In306CE,ConstantinetheGreatbecameemperorandimplementedmajorchanges,someof
whichhastenedtheempire'sfall.

Question3
Whicheventinthearticlehappenedsecond?

Thisquestionasksaboutwheneventshappened.Itdoesnotaskwhereinthearticletheeventsappear.Lookbackat
thearticleforclues,suchasdates.

GermanictribesmovedintotheWesternRomanEmpire.

ConstantinecenteredtheeasternpartoftheempirearoundthecityofConstantinople.

DiocletianassignedthewesternpartoftheempiretoMaximilian.

Romebecamearepublicinwhichadultmalecitizenscouldparticipateingovernment.

Question4

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18/11/2016 Achieve3000:Lesson

Whichistheclosestantonymforthewordpotent?

Intellectual

Oppressive

Feeble

Civic

Question5
SupposethatStephanowantstolearnmoreabouttheColiseum.Hewouldfindmostofhisinformation__________.

InadatabaseofGreekarchitecture

Inathesaurusundertheword"column"

InabookaboutRomanfeatsofengineering

InahistorytextbookaboutRomancommerce

Question6
Whichofthesestatementsiscontrarytotheideaspresentedinthisarticle?

AfterRomulusAugustuluswasoverthrownin476CE,Romebecamearepublicinwhichadult
malecitizenscouldvote.
TheGreekshadmadeimportantadvancementsinscienceandarchitecturethattheRomans
appliedtohelptheirempireflourish.
Priorto313CE,manycitizensoftheRomanEmpirebelievedthatConstantinetheGreatwasa
deity.
AsRomespreadacrossEurope,sodiditsculture,ultimatelychangingthefaceofthecontinent.

Question7
Thearticlestates:

Earlierthisyear,476CE,theemperorRomulusAugustuluswasfinallyoverthrown.Whilethisalonedid
notcausethedeathoftheWesternRomanEmpire,itlikelyhastenedit.

Whichwouldbetheclosestsynonymforthewordhastened?

Accelerated

Prophesied

Obstructed

Dismissed

Question8

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Theauthor'spurposeforwritingthisarticlewasto__________.

TeachreadersaboutthelastingRomanlegacies,suchasorganizedsystemsofsewers,waterways,
androads
DescribetheriseandfallofConstantinetheGreat

TeachreadersabouttheviolentcivilwarsthatharmedtheRomanEmpire'seconomyduringthe
secondcentury
DescribetheriseandfalloftheRomanEmpire

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RESULTS

First Second
Activity
Try Try

1. Accordingtothearticle,whatisonereasonwhytheWesternRomanEmpirebegantoweak
eninthesecondcenturyCE?()

2. Whatisthisarticlemainlyabout?()

3. Whicheventinthearticlehappenedsecond?
()

4. Whichistheclosestantonymforthewordpotent?
()

5. SupposethatStephanowantstolearnmoreabouttheColiseum.Hewouldfindmostofhisi
nformation__________.()

6. Whichofthesestatementsiscontrarytotheideaspresentedinthisarticle?
()

7. Thearticlestates:
Earlierthisyear,476CE,theemperorRomulusAugustuluswasfinallyoverthr
own.WhilethisalonedidnotcausethedeathoftheWesternRomanEmpire,i
tlikelyhastenedit.
()
Whichwouldbetheclosestsynonymforthewordhastened?()

8. Theauthor'spurposeforwritingthisarticlewasto__________.()

ActivityScore 88% 100%

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