21 MORE GRAPHS AND

EQUATIONS

TO
I L L
S T D
S PLI E
E
I -R UP
H S
BE

Different-shaped curves are seen in many areas of mathematics, science, engineering and
the social sciences. For example, Galileo showed that if an object is thrown it traces out a
type of curve called a parabola. Many bridges are also built in the shape of a parabola. The
bridge in the photo is the Butterfly Bridge in Bedford and it actually has two arches, both
in the shape of a parabola.

Objectives Before you start

In this chapter you will: You should be able to:

recognise and draw graphs of quadratic draw straight-line graphs
functions work out the value of a given expression by
use graphs to solve quadratic equations substituting values.
recognise and draw graphs of cubic, reciprocal
and exponential functions
find approximate solutions of equations by using
a systematic method.

502
 21.1 Graphs of quadratic functions

21.1 Graphs of quadratic functions

Objectives Why do this?

You can recognise and draw graphs of quadratic You can use quadratic functions to represent the
functions. path of projectiles, such as the trajectory of a
You can use graphs to solve quadratic equations. cannonball or of a drop-goal in rugby.

Get Ready

1. Draw the graph of y 2x 3 for values of x from 3 to 3.

2. Work out the value of x2 5 when a x1 b x 3
3. Work out the value of 2x2 when a x1 b x 3

Key Points
A quadratic function (or expression) is one in which the highest power of x is x2.
All quadratic functions can be written in the form ax2 bx c where a, b and c represent numbers.
Examples of quadratic functions include x2 1, x2 2x 3, 3x2 x 2, and 3 x2.
The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola. It has a smooth or shape according to whether
a 0 or a 0.
The lowest point of a quadratic graph is where the graph turns, and is called the minimum point.
The highest point of a quadratic graph is where the graph turns, and is called the maximum point.
All quadratic graphs have a line of symmetry.
You can solve quadratic equations by using a quadratic graph.
You can solve quadratic equations of the form ax2 bx c 0 by reading off the x-coordinate where
y ax2 bx c crosses the x-axis.
You can solve quadratic equations of the form ax2 bx c mx k by reading off the x-coordinate at the
point of intersection of y ax2 bx c with the straight-line graph y mx k.

Example 1 Draw the graph of y x2 1 taking values of x from 3 to 3.

When x 3, y 3 3 1 10 Work out the value of y for each value of x.

When x 2, y 2 2 1 5
When x 1, y 1 1 1 2
When x 0, y 0 0 1 1
When x 1, y (1) (1) 1 2 Put negative values of x in brackets when
When x 2, y (2) (2) 1 5 substituting them.
When x 3, y (3) (3) 1 10

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 These results can be

shown in a table of values.
y 10 5 2 1 2 5 10

quadratic function area formula

parabola square
minimum point rectangle triangle lineparallelogram
maximum point of symmetry 503
 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

y
Be careful to plot the points accurately.
10
Use a sharp pencil cross for each point.
9 Join your points with a smooth curve.
8
7
6
y x2 1
5
4 Examiners Tip
3
Make sure your curve passes
2
through all the points.
1

4 3 2 1 O 1 2 3 4 x
1

Example 2 a Complete the table of values for y x2 2x 4.

x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 4 1

b Draw the graph of y x2 2x 4 for x 2 to x 4.

c Write down the equation of the line of symmetry of this curve.
d Write down the values of x where the graph crosses the x-axis.

a When x 4, y 42 2 4 4 16 8 4 4
When x 2, y 22 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 Work out the value of y for
2
When x 1, y 1 2 1 4 1 2 4 5 each value of x in turn.
When x 2, y (2)2 2 (2) 4 4 4 4 4
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 4 1 4 5 4 1 4
b y
4
Look at the values of y in the table to
determine the extent of the y-axis.
y x2 2x 4
2 Use values of 6 to 5.
Draw a smooth symmetrical curve
through all the plotted points.
2 O 2 4 x

x 1.22 x 3.2

4
This is the minimum point.
6

The curve has a line of symmetry.

c The line of symmetry has equation x 1.
d x 1.2 and x 3.2 Read off the values where the curve crosses the x-axis.

504 table of values

 21.1 Graphs of quadratic functions

Exercise 21A Questions in this chapter are targeted at the grades indicated.

1 Here is the table of values for y x2 3. B

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 6 2 3 6
a Copy and complete the table of values.
b Draw the graph of y x2 3 for x 3 to x 3.
c Write down the equation of the line of symmetry of your graph.
d Write down the coordinates of the minimum point.

2 a Copy and complete the table of values for y 4 x2.

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 8 5 4 13
b Draw the graph of y 4 x2 for x 3 to x 3.
c Write down the coordinates of the minimum point.
d Write down the values of x where the graph crosses the x-axis.

3 a Copy and complete the table of values for y 2x2 2.

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 20 4 2 20
b Draw the graph of y 2x2 2 for x 3 to x 3.
c Use your graph to find:
i the value of y when x 1.5
ii the two values of x when y 11.

4 a Make a table of values for y x2 x, taking values of x from 3 to 4.

b Draw the graph of y x2 x.
c Label the minimum point M with a cross.
d Use your graph to find an estimate for the minimum value of y.

5 Here is the table of values for y x2 2x 3.

x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
y 2 6 6 3
a Copy and complete the table of values.
b Draw the graph of y x2 2x 3 for x 4 to x 2.
c Write down the equation of the line of symmetry of your graph.
d Use your graph to find:
i the value of y when x 0.5
ii the two values of x when y 1.

505
 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

B 6 Draw the graph for each of the following equations.

a y x2 4x 1 for values of x from 2 to 6
b y 2x2 4x 3 for values of x from 2 to 4
c y (x 2)2 for values of x from 6 to 2
d y 5 3x 2x2 for values of x from 2 to 4
For each case use your graphs to:
i write down the values of x when the graph crosses the x-axis
ii draw in and write down the equation of the line of symmetry.

Example 3 Here is the graph of y x2 2x 2. y

6

a Use the graph to solve the equation

y x2 2x 2
x2 2x 2 0. 4

Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.

b Use the graph to solve the equation 2
x2 2x 5 0.
Give your answers correct to 1 decimal place.
2 O 2 4 x

a y 2
6
4
y x2 2x 2
4

2
x2 2x 2 0 Find where the graph
crosses the x-axis
that is where y 0.
2 O 2 4 x

2 x 0.7 and Read off the values.

x 2.7
4

b y
6
y x2 2x 2 x2 2x 5 0
4 Rearrange the equation so
y3 that one side is x2 2x 2.
2

x2 2x 2 3 Add 3 to each side of the equation.

Find where
2 O 2 4 x x2 2x 2
intersects y 3.
2

4 x 1.4 and Read off the x values.

x 3.4

506
 21.1 Graphs of quadratic functions

Example 4 The diagram shows the graph of y x2. y

10
y x2
a By drawing a suitable straight line
8
on this graph, solve the equation
x2 2x 3.
6

b By drawing another suitable straight

line on this graph, solve the equation 4

x2 x 3 0.
2

4 2 O 2 4 x

a y
10
x2 2x 3 Draw the graph of
y 2x 3.
y x2
8
y 2x 3 x 1 and Read off the x values
6 at the points of
x3
intersection.
4

2
Examiners Tip

4 2 O 2 4 x If the equation in the question is in

terms of x remember to give only
the value of the x-coordinate.

b y
10
x2 x 3 0 Rearrange the
equation so that one
y x2 side is x2.
8

6
x2 x 3 Draw the line
y x 3.
4

x 2.3 and Read off the x values

2 x 1.3 at the points of
y x 3
intersection.

4 2 O 2 4 x

507
 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

Exercise 21B

B AO2 1 Here are four graphs.

y y
2 2
y 3x x2

2 O 2 4 6 x 2 O 2 4 6 x

2 2

4 4
y x2 3x 4

y y
4 8

2 6

4
2 O 2 4 x

2 2

4
4 2 O 2 4 6 x

6 2

y 2x2 3x 7
8 4
y 6 2x x2

10

Use these graphs to solve the equations

a 3x x2 0 b x2 3x 4 0
c 2x2 3x 7 0 d 6 2x x2 0

AO2
2 Use the graphs in question 1 to solve the equations
a 3x x2 1 b x2 3x 4 5
c 2x 3x 10 0
2
d 4 2x x2 0

AO2 3 a Copy and complete the table of values for y x2 3x 4.

AO3
x 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
y 6 0 6 4
b Draw the graph of y x2 3x 4.
c Use your graph to solve the equation x2 3x 4 2.
d By drawing a suitable straight line on your graph, solve the equation x2 3x 4 x 1.

508
 21.2 Graphs of cubic functions

4 Here is a table of values for y 1 2x x2.

AO3
B
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 2 2 1 7
a Copy and complete the table.
b Draw the graph of y 1 2x x2.
c By drawing a suitable line on your graph, solve the equation 2 4x 2x2 2 2x.
5 a Make a table of values for y 3x2 x 2, taking values of x from 3 to 3. AO3
b Draw the graph of y 3x2 x 2.
c By drawing a suitable line on your graph, solve the equation 3x2 3x 2 0.

21.2 Graphs of cubic functions

Objective Why do this?

You can recognise and draw graphs of cubic Engineers use cubic models, for example, when
functions. testing the strength of rubber in car tyres.

Get Ready

1. Write down the first five cube numbers.

2. Work out the value of x3 when
a x 10 b x 10

Key Points
A cubic function (or expression) is one in which the highest power of x is x3.
All cubic functions can be written in the form ax3 bx2 cx d where a, b, c and d represent numbers.
Examples of cubic functions include 4 x3 and x3 2x2 3.
The graph of a cubic function has one of the following shapes.
for a 0 for a 0
y y y y

O x O x O x O x

To draw the graph of a cubic function, make a table of values, then plot the points from your table and join
them with a smooth curve.

cubic function 509

 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

Example 5 a Complete the table of values for y 2x3.

x 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

y 16 0.25 0 2 6.75

b Draw the graph of y 2x3 for 2 x 2.

a When x 2, y 2 23 28 16 Substitute x 2, into y 2x3

and work out the value.

When x 0.5, y 2 (0.5)3 2 0.125 0.25

When x 1, y 2 (1)3 2 1 2 Repeat the process for x 0.5,
3
x 1 and x 1.5.
When x 1.5, y 2 (1.5) 2 3.375 6.75

x 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

y 16 6.75 2 0.25 0 0.25 2 6.75 16

b y
20
y 2x3

16

12
Plot the points accurately.
Join the points with a smooth curve.
8

2 O 2 x

12

16

20

510
 21.2 Graphs of cubic functions

Example 6 a Draw the graph of y x3 4x2 5 for 2 x 5.

b Use your graph to solve the equation x3 4x2 x 5 0.

a When x 5, y 53 4 52 5 30 Work out y for each value of x.

3 2
When x 4, y4 44 5 5
When x 3, y 33 4 32 5 4
3 2
When x 2, y2 42 5 3
When x 1, y 13 4 12 5 2
3 2
When x 0, y0 40 5 5
When x 1, y (1)3 4 (1)2 5 0
When x 2, y (2)3 4 (2)2 5 19
Make a table of values.

x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y 19 0 5 2 3 4 5 30

y
32 Plot the points and draw a smooth
curve through all the points.

28

24

20

16

b x3 4x2 x 5 0 Compare the expression to

12
y x 4x 5
3 2 x3 4x2 5 x y x3 4x2 5.
Add x to each side of the
8 equation.

yx
4

2 O 2 4 6 x Examiners Tip

4 Take care drawing the graph of y x if

there are different scales on the axes.
8

12

The solutions are x 1.1, Draw y x on

16 x 1.1 and x 3.8. the graph and
find where it
intersects with
20
y x3 4x2 5.

511
 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

Exercise 21C

B 1 a Copy and complete the table of values for y x3 2.

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y
b Draw the graph of y x3 2 for 3 x 3.
c Use your graph to find the value of y when x 2.5.

A AO2 2 Here is a table of values for y x3 9x.

x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 28 0 8 0 10 28
a Copy and complete the table.
b Draw the graph of y x3 9x for 4 x 4.
c Use your graph to find the solutions to the equation x3 9x 0.

AO2 3 a Copy and complete the table of values for y 12x 3x2 2x3.
AO3
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y +45 7 +13 20 32
b Draw the graph of y 12x 3x 2x for 3 x 4.
2 3

c By drawing a suitable line on your diagram,

solve the equation 12x 3x2 2x3 2x 1.

AO3
4 Here are four graphs.
A B
y y
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5

4 2 O 2 4 x 4 2 O 2 4 x
5 5
10 10
15 15
20 20
25 25
30 30

512
 21.3 Graphs of reciprocal functions

C D A
y y
30 30
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5

2 O 2 4 6 x 2 O 2 4 x
5 5
10 10
15 15
20 20
25 25
30 30

Here are four equations

i y x3 3x2 9x ii y x3 x2 8x 12
iii y 2x 3x2 x3 iv y 9 9x x2 x3
Match each equation to one of the graphs.
Give reasons for your answers.

21.3 Graphs of reciprocal functions

Objective Why do this?

You can recognise and draw graphs of reciprocal You might see a reciprocal graph if youre doing an
functions. experiment on volume and pressure. If you compress
gas in a container, the volume will decrease but the
pressure will increase, and vice-versa.

Get Ready
1 when
1. Work out the value of __
x
a x4 b x _14 c x 2.5 d x 0.4
1 as x gets bigger.
2. Explain what happens to the value of __
x

Key Points
1 1 x.
The reciprocal of x is __
x
Expressions of the form __k , where k is a number are called reciprocal functions.
x
The reciprocal of 0 is not defined since division by 0 is not possible.
This means that the graph of y __ 1 does not have a point on the y-axis where x 0.
x

reciprocal function 513

 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

The graphs of reciprocal functions have similar shapes.

They are discontinuous and have two parts.
They do not cross or touch the x-axis or the y-axis, but get nearer and nearer to them. We say that the axes are
asymptotes to the graphs.
Here are the general shapes of reciprocal functions of the form y __k.
x
y y

kO kO

O x O x

Example 7 1 where x 0.
a Draw the graph of y __
x

b Write down the equations of any lines of symmetry of the graph.

a x 4 3 2 1 __12 __14 __
1 __
1
1 2 3 4
4 2
y __14 __13 __12 1 2 4 4 2 1 __
1 __
1 __
1
2 3 4

y Make a table of values.

4

y 1x
Plot the points and join the two
4 2 O 2 4 x
parts with smooth curves.
2

b y
4
yx The equations of the lines of
2 symmetry of the graph are
y x and y x.
y 1x

4 2 O 2 4 x

4 y x

514 discontinuous
 21.4 Graphs of exponential functions

Exercise 21D

5 for 0 x 20.
a Copy and complete the table of values for y __
1
x AO3
B
x 0.2 0.4 0.5 1 2 4 5 10 20
y 25 12.5 5 2.5 0.5
b Using your answer to part a, copy and complete the following table of values for
5 for 20 x 0.
y __
x
x 20 10 5 4 2 1 0.5 0.4 0.2
y
5 for 20 x 20.
c Draw the graph of y __
x

2 2 for 10 x 10.
Draw the graph of y __ A
x

3 12 for 5 x 3.
a Draw the graph of y _____ A
x1 AO3
12 is not defined.
b Write down the value of x for which y _____
x1

21.4 Graphs of exponential functions

Objective Why do this?

You can recognise and draw graphs of exponential Scientists work out how quickly radioactive
functions. materials will break down using a graph of their
radioactive half-life, which is an exponential
graph.

Get Ready

1. Work out the values of

a 34 b 30 c 32
2. Find the value of x in each of these equations.
a 2x 16 b 5x 25 c 10x 1000

Key Points
Expressions of the form ax, where a is a positive number are called exponential functions.
Examples are 2x, 10x, (_12 )x and (1.05)x.
The graphs of exponential functions have similar shapes.
They are continuous and always lie above the x-axis.
They increase very quickly at one end and get nearer and nearer to the x-axis at the other end.

exponential functions continuous 515

 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

They cross the y-axis at (0, 1) since a0 1 for all values of a.

Here are the general shapes of exponential functions of the form y ax and y ax.
y y ax y
y ax

1 1
O x O x

Example 8 a Draw the graph of y 2x, for values of x from 3 to 3.

b Use your graph to find an estimate for the solution of the equation 2x 6.

a When x 0, y 20 1 Substitute x 0 into y 2x and work out the value.

When x 1, y 21 2 Repeat the process for other integer values of x.

When x 2, y 22 4

When x 3, y 23 8

When x 1, y 21 __
1
21
0.5

When x 2, y 22 __
1
22
0.25 1 to work out the values for
Use the result an ___
an
negative values of x (see Unit 2 section 5.1).
When x 3, y 23 __
1
23
0.125

x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Make a table of values.
y 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8

y y 2x Draw the graph from the table of values.

8

Examiners Tip
4

Make sure your curve gets

2 nearer and nearer to the x-axis
without touching it.

2 O 2 x

b x 2.6 Use your graph to find the value of x when y 6.

516
 21.4 Graphs of exponential functions

Example 9 The sketch shows part of the graph of y pqx. y

The points with coordinates (0, 5) and (2, 45)
lie on the graph.
a Work out the value of p and of q.
(2, 45)
b Find the value of y when x 3.
5
a y pq x
O x
The point (0, 5) lies on the graph so
5 p q0
Substitute x 0, y 5 into y pqx.
5p1 Use the result q0 1.
p 5

So the equation of the curve is y 5qx.

Substitute x 2, y 45.
The point (2, 45) also lies on the graph so Solve the equation.
45 5 q2 Work out the positive value of q.
9 q2
q 3
p 5, q 3

b y pqx so y 5 3x Substitute p 5, q 3 into y pqx.

When x 3 y 5 33
5 27 Put x 3 into y 5 3x.
135
y 135

Exercise 21E

1 a Copy and complete the table of values for y 3x. Give the values correct to 2 decimal places. A
x 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
y 0.04 0.33 3 27
b Draw the graph of y 3x for 3 x 3.
c Use your graph to find an estimate for:
i the value of y when x 1.5
ii the value of x when y 15.

The diagram shows the graphs of y 2x, y 5x, y (_12 ) and y 3x.
x
2
AO3
A
Match each graph to its equation. y
A B C D
5
4
3
2
1

5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 x

517
 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

A AO3 3 The number of bacteria, n, after time t minutes is modelled by the equation n 10 2t.
a Work out the number of bacteria initially (when t 0).
b Work out the number of bacteria after 5 minutes.
c Find the time taken for the number of bacteria to increase to one million. Give your answer to the
nearest minute.

AO3
4 The points with coordinates (1, 10) and (3, 2560) lie on the graph with equation y pqx where p and q
are constants. Work out the values of p and q.

21.5 Solving equations by the trial and

improvement method
Objectives Why do this?

You can use a systematic method to solve an Computers can be programmed to solve complex
equation to any degree of accuracy. equations using the trial and improvement method.

Get Ready

1. Write these numbers correct to 1 decimal place (1 d.p.).

a 4.613 b 2.157 c 1.498
1 2
2. Show that x 1 is a solution of the equation x __
x
3. Work out the value of x3 3x when a x1 b x2

Key Points
A trial and improvement method is a systematic way of finding solutions of equations to any degree of
accuracy.
A first approximation is found for the solution then the method of trial and improvement is used to obtain
a more accurate answer. The process can be repeated in order to get closer to the correct value.

Example 10 a Show that the equation x3 2x 15 has a solution between 2 and 3.

b Use a trial and improvement method to find this solution correct to 1 decimal place.

a x x3 2x Too high or too low Comment

2 3
2 224 too low since 4 is x is greater Substitute x 2 into the left-
less than 15 than 2 hand side of the equation and
compare your answer with 15.

3 33 2 3 21 too high since 21 x is between Substitute x 3 into the left-

is more than 15 2 and 3 hand side of the equation and
compare your answer with 15.

So the solution is between x 2 and x 3 since when

x 2, x3 2x is too low and when x 3, x3 2x is too high.

518 trial and improvement approximation method of trial and improvement

 21.5 Solving equations by the trial and improvement method

b x x3 2x Too high Comment

or too low
2.5 2.53 2.5 2 too low x is between Substitute x 2.5 into the
10.625 2.5 and 3 left-hand side of the equation
and decide whether your answer
is too high or too low. Record
the interval in which it lies.

2.6 2.63 2 2.6 too low x is between Choose a value between 2.5 and
12.376 2.6 and 3 3 and decide on a new interval.

2.7 2.73 2 2.7 too low x is between Choose a value between 2.6 and
14.283 2.7 and 3 3 and decide on a new interval.

2.8 2.83 2 2.8 too high x is between Choose a value between 2.7 and
16.352 2.7 and 2.8 3 and decide on a new interval.

2.75 2.753 2 2.75 too high x is between Substitute x 2.75 as you

15.297 2.7 and 2.75 know x is between 2.7 and 2.8.

x lies between 2.7 and 2.75.

So the solution is x 2.7 correct to 1 decimal place.
We write x 2.7 (1 d.p.).

Example 11 3 1 correct
Use a trial and improvement method to find a solution of the equation x2 __
x A02
to 2 decimal places.

x 31
x2 __ H or L Comment
x

1 12 __31 2 L x1 Try substituting whole-number

values until you find two
consecutive integers between
2 22 __32 2.5 H 1x2
which the solution lies:
in this case x 1 and x 2.
1.5 1.52 ___
3
1.5
0.25 L 1.5 x 2

1.7 1.72 ___

3
1.7
1.125 H 1.5 x 1.7
Substitute values until you
1.6 1.62 ___
3
1.6
0.685 L 1.6 x 1.7 find two consecutive numbers
with a difference of 0.1
between which the solution
1.65 1.652 ____
3
1.65
0.904 L 1.65 x 1.7 lies:
in this case x 1.6 and
1.66 1.662 ____
3
0.948 L 1.66 x 1.7 x 1.7.
1.66

consecutive numbers 519

 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

1.67 1.672 ____

3
0.992 L 1.67 x 1.7 Substitute values until you
1.67 find two consecutive numbers
with a difference of 0.01
between which the solution
1.68 1.682 ____
3
1.68
1.036 H 1.67 x 1.68 lies:
in this case x 1.67 and
x 1.68.

1.675 1.6752 ____

3
1.675
1.014 H 1.67 x 1.675 Substitute the value halfway
between 1.67 and 1.68 to
find out whether the solution
is nearer 1.67 or nearer to
x lies between 1.670 and 1.675 1.68.
so x 1.67 (2 d.p.).

Exercise 21F

C 1 For each of the following equations find two consecutive whole numbers between which a solution lies.
a x3 2x 4 b x3 x2 1 c 2x3 95 d x2 __10 0
x
2 Find two pairs of consecutive whole numbers between which the solutions of x __ 1 5 lie.
x2
3 Use a trial and improvement method to find one solution of these equations correct to 1 decimal place.
a x3 x 7 b x3 x2 4 0 1 5
c x __
x
4 Use a trial and improvement method to find a positive solution of these equations correct to 2 decimal
places.
a x3 x 25 1 9
b 2x2 __ c x2(x 2) 150
x
B AO2 5 A cuboid has height x cm.
AO3
The length of the cuboid is 2 cm more than its height.
The width of the cuboid is 2 cm less than its height.
The volume of the cuboid is 600 cm3.
a Show that x satisfies the equation x3 4x 600.
b Use a trial and improvement method to solve the equation x3 4x 600 correct to 1 decimal place.
c Write down the length, width and height of the cuboid.

Chapter review
A quadratic function is an expression of the form ax2 bx c where the highest power of x is x2.
The graph of a quadratic function is called a parabola. It has one of the following shapes.

y ax2 bx c, a 0 y ax2 bx c, a 0

520
 Chapter review

The graph of a quadratic function has one line of symmetry.

The lowest point of a quadratic graph is where the graph turns, and is called the minimum point.
The highest point of a quadratic graph is where the graph turns, and is called the maximum point.
You can solve quadratic equations of the form ax2 bx c 0 by reading off the x-coordinate where
y ax2 bx c crosses the x-axis.
You can solve quadratic equations of the form ax2 bx c mx k by reading off the x-coordinate at the
point of intersection of y ax2 bx c with the straight-line graph y mx k.
A cubic function is an expression of the form ax3 bx2 cx d where the highest power of x is x3.
The graph of a cubic function has one of the following shapes.

y ax3 bx2 cx d, a 0 y ax3 bx2 cx d, a 0

A reciprocal function is an expression of the form __ k.
x
The graph of a reciprocal function has one of the following shapes.
y y

O x O x

k, k 0
y __ k, k 0
y __
x x
An exponential function is an expression of the form ax or ax, where a 0.
The graph of an exponential function has one of the following shapes.
y y

O x O x

y ax, a 0 y ax, a 0
The graphs cross the y-axis at (0, 1) since a0 1 for all values of a.
You can find approximate solutions to equations which cannot be solved exactly by using a trial and
improvement method.

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 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

Review exercise

B 1 a Copy and complete the table of values for y x2 2x.

x 4 3 2 1 0 1 2
y 8 0 1 8
b Draw the graph of y x 2x for x 4 to x 2.
2

c Write down the equation for the line of symmetry of this curve.
d Use your graph to find:
i the value of y when x 0.5
ii the values of x when y 6.

AO2
2 a Make a table of values for y 2 x x2 for 3 x 3.
b Draw the graph of y 2 x x2 for 3 x 3.
c Solve the equations
i 2 x x2 0
ii 5 x x2 0
d Write down the coordinates of the maximum point of the graph of y 2 x x2
3 a Show that the equation x2 3x 2 x 2 y
AO2
AO3 4
can be rewritten as x2 4x 0.
b Solve the equation x2 4x 0.
2
c The equation x2 2x 4 0 can be solved yx2
by finding the intersection of the graph of
y x2 3x 2 with the graph of a suitable 2 O 2 4 x
straight line. Find the equation of this straight line. 2
y x2 3x 2

4 2 3 0 between x 0.5 and x 1.

a Show that there is a solution of the equation x2 __
x
b Use a trial and improvement method to find this solution correct to 2 decimal places.

AO2 5 a Copy and complete the table of values for y x3 2x2 4x.
AO3
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 0 5 3
b Draw the graph of y x 2x 4x for x 2 to x 4.
3 2

c Solve the equations:

i x3 2x2 4x 0
ii x3 2x2 4x 5 0
6 2 x0
a Copy and complete the table of values for y 3 __
AO3 x
x 3 2 1 0.5 0.1 0.1 1 2 3
y 3.7 5 7 17 2
2 for 3 x 3.
b Draw the graph of y 3 __
x
c This graph approaches two lines without touching them. These lines are called asymptotes. Write
down the equation of each of these two lines.

522
 Chapter review

4
a Copy and complete this table of values for y __
7
x AO2
B
x 0.5 1 2 3 4
y 4

b Draw the graph of y __4 for values of x from 0.5 to 4

x
4 4x
c Use the graph to find an estimate for the solution of __
x
d Use the method of trial and improvement to find this value correct to 2 decimal places.
8 The diagram shows a rectangle. AO2 A
AO3
All the measurements are in cm.
The width is x and the length is 3 cm more than the width. x
The area of the rectangle is 20 cm2
a Draw a suitable graph
b Find an estimate for the value of x
Length

9 The diagram shows a cuboid. AO3

The base of the cuboid is a square of side x cm.
The height of the cuboid is (x 4) cm
The volume of the cuboid is 100 cm3.
Diagram NOT
Find the height of the cuboid. x4
accurately drawn

x x
June 2005, paper 4

10 Match each of the equations with its graph.

AO3
A
1
a y __ b y 3x c y x2 4
x
d y x3 e y x3 x2 6x

A B C
y y y
20 20 3

10 10 2

1
4 2 O 2 4 x 4 2 O 2 4 x

10 10
4 2 O 2 4 x

20 1

30 2

40 3

50

523
 Chapter 21 More graphs and equations

A D E
y y
30 150

25 100

20 50

15
4 2 O 2 4 x
10
50

5
100

1 O 1 2 3 x 150

10

11 The sketch graph shows a curve with equation y

AO2
(4, 320)
The curve passes through the points (1, 5) and (4, 320)
Calculate the value of p and the value of q.
(1, 5)

O x Nov 2005, Paper 6

12 The diagram shows a sketch of the graph of y abx y

AO2 10
The curve passes through the points A (0.5, 1) and B (2, 8)
8 B(2, 8)
The point C (0.5, k) lies on the curve.
6
Find the value of k
4
2
A(0.5, 1)
4 2 O 2 4 x

June 2006 Paper 6

524