Mechanical Vibration Acoustics Mechanics

Ultrasonic Doppler effect 1.5.24-15

What you can learn about

 Propagation of sound waves
 Superimposition of sound
waves
 Doppler shift of frequency
 Longitudinal waves

Principle:
If a source of sound is in motion rel-
ative to its medium of propagation,
the frequency of the waves that are
emitted is displaced due to the
Doppler effect.

What you need:

Ultrasonic unit 13900.00 1
Power supply f. ultrasonic unit, 5 VDC, 12 W 13900.99 1
Ultrasonic transmitter on stem 13901.00 1
Ultrasonic receiver on stem 13902.00 1
Sound head 03524.00 1
Car, motor driven 11061.00 1
Attachment for car 11061.02 1
Round cell, 1.5 V, R 14 DIN 40865 (for car) 07922.01 2
Barrel base -PASS- 02006.55 2
Stand tube 02060.00 1
Connecting cord, l = 100 cm, red 07363.01 1
Connecting cord, l = 100 cm, yellow 07363.02 1
Connecting cord, l = 100 cm, blue 07363.04 1
Connecting cord, l = 10 cm, yellow 07359.02 1 Doppler shift of frequency.
Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm 07542.11 1
Adapter, BNC-socket/4 mm plug pair 07542.27 1
Track, l = 900 mm 11606.00 1
Cobra3 Basic Unit 12150.00 1 Tasks:
Power supply, 12 V- 12151.99 1 The frequency changes are measured
RS232 data cable 14602.00 1 and analysed for different relative
Cobra3 Timer / Counter Software 14511.61 1 velocities of source and observer.
Double sockets,1 pair,red a.black 07264.00 1
Source holder, swivel-type 18461.88 1
Screen with plug, l = 100 mm 11202.03 1
Support rod, stainless steel, l = 600 mm 02037.00 1
Light barrier, compact 11207.20 1
Boss head 02043.00 1
PC, Windows 95 or higher

Complete Equipment Set, Manual on CD-ROM included

Ultrasonic Doppler effect P2152415

PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG D - 37070 Gttingen Laboratory Experiments Physics 81
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Ultrasonic Doppler effect 1.5.24
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Related topics Track, l = 900 mm 11606.00 1

Propagation of sound waves, Doppler shift of frequency. Cobra3 Basic Unit 12150.00 1
Power supply, 12 V- 12151.99 1
Principle RS232 data cable 14602.00 1
If a source of sound is in motion relative to the medium of Cobra3 Timer / Counter Software 14511.61 1
sound propagation, the observed sound frequency is shifted Double sockets,1 pair,red a.black 07264.00 1
for a resting observer or if an observer is in motion relative to Source holder, swivel-type 18461.88 1
the medium in which the sound propagates, the observed fre- Screen with plug, l = 100 mm 11202.03 1
quency is shifted both due to the Doppler effect. Support rod, stainless steel, l = 600 mm 02037.00 1
Light barrier, compact 11207.20 1
Task Boss head 02043.00 1
The frequency changes are measured and analysed for differ- PC, Windows 95 or higher
ent relative velocities of source and observer.

Equipment Set-up and procedure

Ultrasonic unit 13900.00 1 In accordance with Fig.1 and the circuit diagram Fig.2.
Power supply f. ultrasonic unit, 5 VDC, 12 W 13900.99 1
Ultrasonic transmitter on stem 13901.00 1 a) Frequency measurement:
Ultrasonic receiver on stem 13902.00 1 Connect the Cobra3 Basic Unit to the computer port COM1,
Car, motor driven 11061.00 1 COM2 or to USB port (for USB computer port use USB to
Attachment for car 11061.02 1 RS232 Converter 14602.10). Start the program measure and
Round cell, 1.5 V, R 14 DIN 40865 (for car) 07922.01 2 then the Timer/Counter program in the menue Gauge and
Barrel base -PASS- 02006.55 2 set the parameters for the frequency measurement according
Stand tube 02060.00 1 to Fig.3. The space-key starts the measurement. The
Connecting cord, l = 100 cm, red 07363.01 1 Transmitter Amplitude, the Recievers Pre Amplifier switch and
Connecting cord, l = 100 cm, yellow 07363.02 1 gain control on the Ultra Sonic Unit may be set to medium val-
Connecting cord, l = 100 cm, blue 07363.04 1 ues. Check whether the signal strength is sufficient for the
Connecting cord, l = 10 cm, yellow 07359.02 1 counter to count at greatest distance between emitter and
Screened cable, BNC, l = 750 mm 07542.11 1 reciever. If not, increase the Amplitude setting and/or the gain
Adapter, BNC-socket/4 mm plug pair 07542.27 1 setting.

Fig. 1. Experimental set-up for the case of a moving observer and sound source at rest

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 21524-15 1
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1.5.24 Ultrasonic Doppler effect
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In general a possible overload on the reciever at small dis- Theory and evaluation
tances does not disturb the counter since it counts on the rise a) The medium has a speed of sound c. A source moves rela-
or fall of the signal and distortion of the signal does not neces- tively to the medium with speed v < c and oscillates with con-
sarily affect this. Nevertheless the overload may be avoided by stant frequency f, the observer is at rest relatively to the medi-
increasing the distance between Emitter and Reciever, i.e. put um.
the transmitter or reciever (whichever is not on the car) some The source moves during one period of the sources oscillation
decimeters away from the end of the track, and thus decreas-
ing the dynamic range of the signal level at smallest and 1 n
T
the distance s
T n
.
biggest distance. If the overload-LED gets stuck (which does f f
not affect the units function and may happen only with the Pre
Ampl. switch at highest set) a short disconnection from the Thus the wavelength
mains of the unit will reset it .
c
Select a speed setting on the car and measure the frequencies l

several times with the car resting, approaching and going away f
for both the source resting and the observer on the car and the
observer resting and the source on the car - all for the same is shortened in direction of the movement to
speed setting. Ascertain the speed of the car got constant after n c n cn
its release before starting the frequency measurement by hit- 3'
ls
l


f f f f
ting the space-key.
and extended in the other directon to
b) Speed measurement:
Now set the Timer/Counter program according to the para- n c n cn
meters seen in Fig.4. Measure the cars speed for both direc- 3 ''
l  s
l 

.
f f f f
tions several times. Be sure that the screen passes through the
light barrier after the cars velocity has become constant! The With the frequency
speed may differ between forward and backward direction due
to the cars construction. c
f
,
l
If the cars speed does not remain constant but decreases with
number of experiments with same velocity control setting, the the frequency in direction of movement
batterys in the car may be low and you may need to replace
them. c
f'

l'
Repeat the experiment with different settings of the velocity
control of the car. the frequency in the opposite direction
c
f''

l''

red blue yellow

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram Fig. 3. Measuring parameters for frequency measurement

2 21524-15 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
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Ultrasonic Doppler effect 1.5.24
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if the movement is towards the source or

cn

f a1  b
n
f'

l c

if the movement is away from the source:

the Doppler effect for the moving observer.

For small speeds v

f
f'

n
1
c
can be approximated by.

f'
f a 1  b .
n
c

This means, that there is nearly no difference for the cases of

moving source or moving observer if the movement is slow
compared to the speed of sound. With the slow speed the car
in this experiment can get, it may be impossible to see the dif-
ference.

The following table shows an example of values obtained in

Fig. 4. Measuring parameters for velocity measurement this experiment.

yields frequency
f f at rest: Movement toward Movement away
f'
, f''
40282 Hz
n n
1 1 measured
c c
speed 0.22263 m/s 0.25812 m/s
as the observable frequencies for a resting observer: speed of
the Doppler effect for the moving source. sound: moving moving moving moving
340 m/s source observer source observer
b )The observer moves relatively to medium with speed v < c, frequency
the source oscillates with frequency f and is at rest relatively measured 40309 Hz 40311 Hz 40262 Hz 40257 Hz
to the medium with speed of sound c.
frequency
In this case the wavelength is not altered and is still 3 = c/f, theoretical 40308.39 Hz 40308.38 Hz 40251.44 Hz 40251.42 Hz
with the wavefronts moving with speed c. So the observer
encounters the wavefronts with a frequency
Table 1
cn

f a1  b ,
n
f'

l c

Fig.5: Moving source[ Fig.6: Moving observer

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 21524-15 3
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1.5.24 Ultrasonic Doppler effect
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4 21524-15 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen