Applied Optics Optics

Fourier optics 2f Arrangement 2.6.11-00

What you can learn about

 Fourier transform
 Lenses
 Fraunhofer diffraction
 Index of refraction
 Huygens principle

Principle:
The electric field distribution of light
in a specific plane (object plane) is
Fourier transformed into the 2 f con-
figuration.

What you need:

Optical base plate w. rubber ft. 08700.00 1
Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 VAC* 08180.93 1
Adjusting support 3535 mm 08711.00 2
Surface mirror 3030 mm 08711.01 2
Magnetic foot f. opt. base plt. 08710.00 7
Holder f. diaphr./beam splitter 08719.00 1
Lens, mounted, f = +150 mm 08022.01 1
Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm 08021.01 1
Lensholder f. optical base plate 08723.00 2
Screen, white, 150150 mm 09826.00 1
Diffraction grating, 50 lines/mm 08543.00 1
Screen, with diffracting elements 08577.02 1
Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45 62174.20 1
Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1
xy shifting device 08714.00 2 Experimental set-up for the fundamental principles of Fourier optic (2f set-
Adapter ring device 08714.01 1 up). *only required for the 5 mW laser!
Pin hole 30 m 08743.00 1
Rule, plastic, l = 200 mm 09937.01 1
Tasks:
*Alternative Investigation of the Fourier trans-
He-Ne Laser, 5 mW with holder 08701.00 1 form by a convex lens for different
diffraction objects in a 2 f set-up.
Power supply f. laser head 5 mW 08702.93 1

Complete Equipment Set, Manual on CD-ROM included

Fourier optics 2 f Arrangement P2261100

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 LEP
Fourier optics 2 f Arrangement 2.6.11
-00

Related topics Task

Fourier transform, lenses, Fraunhofer diffraction, index of Investigation of the Fourier transform by a convex lens for dif-
refraction, Huygens principle. ferent diffraction objects in a 2 f set-up.

Principle
The electric field distribution of light in a specific plane (object Set-up and procedure
plane) is Fourier transformed into the 2 f configuration.
In the following, the pairs of numbers in brackets refer to
the coordinates on the optical base plate in accordance
Equipment with Fig. 1b. These coordinates are intended to help with
Optical base plate w. rubber ft. 08700.00 1 coarse adjustment.
Laser, He-Ne 0.2/1.0 mW, 220 VAC* 08180.93 1
Adjusting support 3535 mm 08711.00 2 Perform the experimental set-up according to fig. 1a or 1b.
Surface mirror 3030 mm 08711.01 2 The recommended set-up height (beam path height) is
Magnetic foot f. opt. base plt. 08710.00 7 130 mm.
Holder f. diaphr./beam splitter 08719.00 1
Lens, mounted, f = +150 mm 08022.01 1 The E25x beam expansion system (magnetic foot at [1,6])
Lens, mounted, f = +100 mm 08021.01 1 and the lens L0 [1,3] are not to be used for the first beam
Lensholder f. optical base plate 08723.00 2 adjustment.
Screen, white, 150  150 mm 09826.00 1
Diffraction grating, 50 lines/mm 08543.00 1 When adjusting the beam path with the adjustable mirrors
Screen, with diffracting elements 08577.02 1 M1 [1,8] and M2 [1,1], the beam is set along the 1. x and
Achromatic objective 20 N.A. 0.45 62174.20 1 1. y coordinates of the base plate.
Sliding device, horizontal 08713.00 1
xy shifting device 08714.00 2 Now place the E25x [1,6] beam expansion system without
Adapter ring device 08714.01 1 its objective and pinhole, but equipped instead only with
Pin hole 30 mm 08743.00 1 the adjustment diaphragm, in the beam path. Orient it such
Rule, plastic, l = 200 mm 09937.01 1 that the beam passes through the circular stops without
obstruction. Now replace these diaphragms with the
*Alternative objective and the pinhole diaphragm. Move the pinhole
He/Ne Laser, 5 mW with holder 08701.00 1 diaphragm toward the focus of the objective. In the pro-
Power supply f. laser head 5 mW 08702.93 1 cess, first ensure that a maximum of diffuse light strikes

Fig. 1a: Experimental set-up for fundamental principle of Fourier optics.

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 22611-00 1
 LEP
2.6.11 Fourier optics 2 f Arrangement
-00

Fig.1b: Experimental set-up for the fundamental principles of Fig.2: A plane wave Ee(x,y) is diffracted in the plane with
Fourier optic (2 f set-up). U (x,y) for z = 0.
*only required for the 5 mW laser!

Theory and evaluation

The Fourier transform plays a major role in the natural scienc-
es. In the majority of cases, one deals with Fourier transforms
in a time range, which supplies us with the spectral composi-
tion of a time signal. This concept can be extended in two
aspects:

1. In our case a spatial signal and not a temporal signal is

transformed.
2. A two-dimensional transform is performed.
From this, the following is obtained:
the pinhole diaphragm and later the expanded beam.
E 1nx,ny 2  F 3 E1x,y2 4 1nx,ny 2
Successively adjust the lateral positions of the objective  
(1)
and the pinhole diaphragm while approaching the focus in
order to ultimately provide an expanded beam without dif-  
fraction phenomena. The L0 [1,3] (f = +100 mm) is now
positioned at a distance exactly equal to the focal length
  
 
E 1x,y2 e
2p i 1nxxnyy2
dxdy

behind the pinhole diaphragm such that parallel light now

emerges from the lens. No divergence of the light spot where Ox and Oy are spatial frequencies.
should occur with increasing separation. (testing for par-
allelism via the light spots diameter with a ruler at various
distances behind the lens L0 in a range of approximately Scalar diffraction theory
1 m).
In Fig. 2 we observe a plane wave which is diffracted in one
Now set-up the additional optical components.
plane. For this wave in the xy plane directly behind the plane
z = 0 with the following transmission distribution U ( x,y ):
Set-up and procedure: (in accordance with Fig.1a and 1b) E1x,y2  t 1x,y 2 Ee 1x,y 2
Place a plate holder P1 [2,1] in the object plane. Position the where Ee( x,y ) : electric field distribution of the incident wave.
lens L1 [5,1] at the focus (f = 150 mm) and the screen Sc [8,1] The further expansion can be described by the assumption
at the same distance behind the lens. that a spherical wave emanates from each point (x,y,0 ) behind
the diffracting structure (Huygens principle). This leads to
(a) As a first partial experiment observe the plane wave Kirchhoffs diffraction integral:
itself (the light spot), i. e. no diffracting structures are
placed in the object plane. According to the theory, a   ikr

  cos 1n: ,r: 2 dxdy

1 e
point should appear in the Fourier plane Sc behind the E1x',y',z2  E1x,y2 (2)
il r

lens. This is also the focus; this fact can be checked by  

changing the screens distance from the lens.)
with M = spherical wave length
(b) Now clamp the diaphragm with diffraction objects into
the plate holder P1 in the object plane. While doing so, n: = normal vector of the (x, y) plane
adjust its height and lateral position in such a manner k = wave number = 2lp
that the light spot strikes the slit which has a slit width
of 0.2 mm. The Fourier transform of the slit can be seen Equation (2) corresponds to a accumulation of spherical
on the screen as the typical diffraction pattern of a slit waves, where the factor 1/( iM ) is a phase and amplitude fac-
(compare with the theory). tor and cos ( n: , r: ) a directional factor which results from the
Maxwell field equations.
(c) The diffraction grating (50 lines/mm) now serves as a The Fresnel approximation (observations in a remote radiation
diffracting structure; clamp it in the plate holder P1. field) considers only rays which occupy a small angle to the
Conclusions about the slit separation can be made optical axis (z axis), i. e. | x |,| y |<<z and | x|,| y|<<z. In this case,
from the separation of the diffraction maxima in the the directional factor can be neglected and the 1/r depen-
Fourier plane Sc behind the lens L1 (see theory). dence becomes: 1/r = 1/z. In the exponential function, this

2 22611-00 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
 LEP
Fourier optics 2 f Arrangement 2.6.11
-00

Fig. 3: Relationships between spatial frequencies and the dif- Fig. 4: Experimental set-up with supplement for direct meas-
fraction angle. urement of the initial velocity of the ball.

cannot be performed as easily since even small changes in r Through the making of a photographic recording or through
result in large phase changes. To achieve this, the roots in observation of the diffraction image with one eye, the intensity
formation disappears due to the phase information of the light
r  2 1x'x2 2  1y'y2 2  z2 in the plane ( x,y,z ). As a consequence, only the intensity dis-
tribution (this corresponds to the power spectrum) can be
1x'x2 2 1y'y 2 2 observed. As a result the phase factor C (Equation 6) drops
z # 1  out of the operation. Therefore, the following results:
B z 2
z2
are expanded into a series and one obtains: (7)
I 1nx ,ny 2 = ` F 3E (x,y)4 (nx,ny) ` 2 .
1 
1x'-x2 2 1y'-y 2 2
2 2
lz
r=z + +
2z 2z
Fourier transform by a lens
This results in the Fresnel approximation of the diffraction inte-
gral A biconvex lens exactly performs a two-dimensional Fourier
transform from the front to the rear focal plane if the diffract-
 
11x'y'22 2  1y'y2 2 2
eikz #  E1x,y 2e 2z
ik
ing structure (entry field strength distribution) lies in the front
E1x',y'z2  dxdy (3) focal plane (see Fig. 4). In this process, the coordinates v and
il  
u correspond to the angles C and B with the following correla-
For long distances from the diffracting plane with concurrent tions:
finite expansion of the diffracting structure, one obtains the x' a u
Fraunhofer approximation: nx = = = (8)
lz l lfB
 
E1x',y',z2  C 1x',y',z2  
x' y'
E1x,y2e2pi 1lz lz 2
x y
# dxdy (4) y' b v
ny = = =
  lz l lfB

eikz 1x'2 y'2 2

ip
with C1x',y',z2  # e lz This means that the lens projects the image of the remote
ilz radiation field in the rear focal plane:

E 1u,v2
with the spatial frequencies as new coordinates: 
(9)

y' (5)  
x' 1
 A1u,v,fB 2  
u v
x y2
nx = ; ny = , # E1x,y2e2pi lfB  lfB dxdy
lz lz
 
Consequently, the field distribution in the plane of observation The phase factor A becomes independent of u and v, if the
( x,y,z ) is shown by the following: entry field distribution is positioned exactly in the front focal
plane. Thus, the complex amplitude spectrum results:
E (x',y', z)
E 1u,v2  F 3E 1x,y2 4 1u,v2
 
 C 1lznx,lzny,z2 F 3 E 1x,y 2 4 1nx,ny 2  E 1nx,ny 2
  (6)
Again the power spectrum is recorded or observed:
The electric field distribution in the plane ( x,y) for z = const is
I 1u,v2  0E 1u,v2 0 2  0 F 3E 1x,y2 4 0 2
 
thus established by a Fourier transform of the field strength (10)
distribution in the diffracting plane after multiplication with a
quadratic phase factor exp (( iQ/M z) (x2+ y2)). It, too, is independent of the phase factor A and thus
The spatial frequencies are proportional to the corresponding becomes independent of the position of the diffraction struc-
diffraction angles (see Fig. 3), where: ture in the front focal plane.
Additionally, equation 8 shows that the larger the focal length
x' tan a a ; y' tan b b
nx = = ny = = of the lens is, the more extensive the diffraction image in the
lz l l lz l l ( u,v ) plane is.

PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 22611-00 3
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2.6.11 Fourier optics 2 f Arrangement
-00

Fig. 5: Spectra of a plane wave. Fig. 6: Infinitely long slit with the width a and its Fourier spec-
(a) for the direction of light propagation parallel to the trum.
optical axis.
(b) for slanted incidence of the plane wave with refer-
ence to the optical axis.

Examples of Fourier spectra The grid consists of M slits having a width a and a slit sepa-
(a) Plane wave: ration d ( >a ) in the x direction. As a result, the field strength
A plane wave which propagates itself in the direction of the distribution can be in the front focal plane can be represented
optical axis (z axis) (Fig. 5) is distinguished in the object plane as follows:
( x,y ) plane by a constant amplitude. Thus, the following
results for the Fourier transform: M
m #d
E1x,y2  E0 a rect a  b
x
E(x,y) = E0 (11) m1 a a
 

and F [E (x,y)]   
 
E0e
2p i 1nxxnyy2
dxdy
M
 E0 c a d 1x  m # d 2 d * rect a b
x
a
m1

= E0 d(nx) d(ny) where the Fourier transform of a convolution product (E1*E2)

is given by:
This is a point on the focal plane at (Ox,Oy) = (0,0), which shifts
F 3 1E1*E2 2 1x,y 2 4 1nx, ny 2
at slanted incidence by an angle B to the optical axis on the 
rear focal plane (see Fig. 5) with Ox = sin BM.
 F 3E1 1x,y2 4 1nx,ny 2 # F 3E2 1x,y2 4 1nx, ny 2

(b) Infinitely long slit with finite width
If the diffracting structure is an infinite slit which is transillumi- Using the calculation rules for Fourier transforms, the follow-
nated by a plane wave, this slit is mathematically described by ing spectrum results in the rear focal plane of the lens.:
a rectangular function rect perpendicular to the slit direction
and having the same width a: sin 1panx 2 M -2pi m # dn
F 3E 4 = E0 # d1ny 2
 # ae (13)
x

pnx m1

E 1x,y2 = rect a b = E0
x
sin 1p # M # dnx 2
1 for |x | <a /2

 E0d(ny) a # sinc1a nx 2 # e-pidnx 1M +12

a 0 otherwise #
sin 1p # dnx 2
In the rear focal plane the following spectrum then results:
Due to the intensity formation, the phase factor is cancelled:
 a>2
sin2 1p # M # dnx 2
F 3 E 1x,y2 4  E0   I 1nx, ny 2  ` E0 ` 2d1ny 2 a2 sinc2 1anx 2
 2p i 1nxxnyy2
sin2 1p # dnx 2
e dxdy (12) (14)
 a>2

sin 1p # nx a2 In Fig. 7, a grid with its corresponding spectrum (and the cor-
= E0 d 1ny 2 = E0 # a d 1ny 2 sin c 1a nx 2 responding intensity distributions) is presented.
p nx
with the definition of the slit function sinc: One sees on the spectrum that the envelope curve is formed
sin 1p # x2 by the spectrum of the individual slit which has a width a. The
sin c 1x2 = finer structure is produced by the periodicity, which is deter-
p #x
mined by the grid constant Md.
For infinitely long extension of the slit, one obtains on exten-
sion in the slit direction in the spectrum. This changes for a
finite length of the slit.
The zero points of the Sinc function are located at
2/a, 1/a, 1/a, 2/a, ...(see Fig. 6).

(c) Grid:
A grid is a composite diffracting structure. It consists of a peri-
odic sequence (to be represented by a so-called comb func-
tion comb ) of individual identical slit functions sinc. Fig. 7: Grating consisting of M slits and its Fourier spectrum.

4 22611-00 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen