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    History of Materials Science

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    Louiegi Alvarez
    Materials science is the interdisciplinary study of the characteristics and uses of materials like metals, ceramics, and plastics. A timeline highlights key developments in materials science from the 500s to present, including Georgius Agricola's compendium on mining and metallurgy in the 500s, Hooke's Micrographia revealing microstructure in the 1600s, the invention of portland cement in the 1820s, and the development of polymers like nylon and Bakelite in the 1930s-1940s. Modern materials science emerged in the post-WWII era through multidisciplinary research collaborations and theoretical developments in microstructure and continues to shift toward computational materials design and predictive materials innovation.

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    History of Materials Science

    Uploaded by

    Louiegi Alvarez
    220 views3 pages
    Materials science is the interdisciplinary study of the characteristics and uses of materials like metals, ceramics, and plastics. A timeline highlights key developments in materials science from the 500s to present, including Georgius Agricola's compendium on mining and metallurgy in the 500s, Hooke's Micrographia revealing microstructure in the 1600s, the invention of portland cement in the 1820s, and the development of polymers like nylon and Bakelite in the 1930s-1940s. Modern materials science emerged in the post-WWII era through multidisciplinary research collaborations and theoretical developments in microstructure and continues to shift toward computational materials design and predictive materials innovation.

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    Materials science is the interdisciplinary study of the characteristics and uses of materials like metals, ceramics, and plastics. A timeline highlights key developments in materials science from the 500s to present, including Georgius Agricola's compendium on mining and metallurgy in the 500s, Hooke's Micrographia revealing microstructure in the 1600s, the invention of portland cement in the 1820s, and the development of polymers like nylon and Bakelite in the 1930s-1940s. Modern materials science emerged in the post-WWII era through multidisciplinary research collaborations and theoretical developments in microstructure and continues to shift toward computational materials design and predictive materials innovation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    220 views3 pages

    History of Materials Science

    Uploaded by

    Louiegi Alvarez
    Materials science is the interdisciplinary study of the characteristics and uses of materials like metals, ceramics, and plastics. A timeline highlights key developments in materials science from the 500s to present, including Georgius Agricola's compendium on mining and metallurgy in the 500s, Hooke's Micrographia revealing microstructure in the 1600s, the invention of portland cement in the 1820s, and the development of polymers like nylon and Bakelite in the 1930s-1940s. Modern materials science emerged in the post-WWII era through multidisciplinary research collaborations and theoretical developments in microstructure and continues to shift toward computational materials design and predictive materials innovation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    History of Materials Science

    What is Materials Science?


    Materials Science is the study of the characteristics and uses of various materials, such as
    metals, ceramics, and plastics (polymers), that are employed in science and technology.
    Materials science, by nature, is interdisciplinary, employing and integrating concepts and
    techniques from many disciplines, including chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics.

    A MATERIALS SCIENCE TIMELINE


    500s
    556
    Georgius Agricola's De re metallica, a compendium of 16th century mining, metallurgical, and general materials production, is
    ublished.
    600s
    664
    Cartesian corpuscular philosophy recognizes material properties as emerging from a multilevel structure.
    665
    Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, which reveals levels of material microstructure never before seen.
    700s
    722
    Ren de Raumur publishes the first technical treatise on iron.
    782
    osiah Wedgwood develops an early form of process control with his invention of the pyrometer for measuring furnace
    emperatures.
    800s
    808
    ohn Dalton publishes his New System of Chemical Philosophy, which establishes atomic theory.
    824
    oseph Aspdin invents portland cement, which remains one of the most used materials in the world.
    839
    Charles Goodyear accidentally discovers vulcanization, which ultimately renders raw rubber latex into a widely useful material.
    856
    Henry Bessemer patents a process for large-scale steel production.
    860s
    Henry Sorby applies light microscopy to the study of the microstructure of metals and rocks.
    869
    ohn Hyatt successfully commercializes celluloid, an artificial plastic material.
    869 and 1870
    Dmitri Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer publish versions of what will become known as the Periodic Table of the Chemical
    Elements.
    886
    Charles Hall and Paul Hroult independently discover cost- effective methods for producing aluminum metal from ore.
    893
    Floris Osmond discovers martensitic transformation.
    900s
    900
    Max Planck formulates the idea of quanta, thereby setting the stage for the development of quantum mechanics.
    906
    Alfred Wilm discovers age hardening in aluminum alloy, which is later used for making dirigibles and other aircraft.
    909
    Leo Baekeland patents Bakelite, the first entirely synthetic plastic, and commercializes it widely.
    911
    Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers superconductivity in mercury chilled to temperatures near absolute zero.
    911-12
    The father-son team of William Henry and William Lawrence Bragg, along with Max von Laue, develops the basis of x-ray
    rystallography, one of the most important analytic techniques for studying material structure.
    921
    A. A. Griffith postulates role of defects in fracture strength.
    Late 1920s
    Hermann Staudinger argues that polymers are made of small molecules that link to form chains.
    934
    Wallace Hume Carothers invents nylon.
    940s
    The wartime practice of organizing multidisciplinary research collaborations to achieve technological goals becomes a model for
    he subsequent organization of a field that later becomes known as materials science and engineering.
    947
    ohn Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor.
    950s to 1960s
    Much of the theoretical foundation behind the formation and evolution of material microstructure is developed. Among them is
    he Hall-Petch relation for grain refinement strengthening and the theory of diffusion of solids.
    953
    Karl Ziegler develops catalysts that make it easier and cheaper to polymerize ethylene into stronger, more capable polymers.
    955
    A team of scientists at General Electric combine high temperatures and enormous pressures to create synthetic diamond.
    957
    ohn Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and John Schrieffer provide theoretical basis for superconductivity, discovered in 1911.
    959
    The U.S. government funds the first IDLs, or interdisciplinary laboratories, which mark a beginning of the modern academic
    model of materials science and engineering. J. W. Cahn and J. F. Hilliard develop theory of microstructural evolution in diffuse-
    nterface systems.
    970
    Researchers at Corning develop optical fibers transparent enough to make fiber optic communication practical.
    974
    A study by an NAS committee, COSMAT, defines field of materials science and engineering, creating a community sensibility.
    980
    Gerd Binnig (right) and Heinrich Rohrer (left) invent scanning tunneling microscopy, which has led to a family of imaging tools
    ften capable of molecular- and atomic-scale resolution.
    985
    First university "materials by design" initiatives attempt computational materials design.
    986
    K. Alex Mller and J. Georg Bednorz discover high-temperature superconductivity in ceramic materials.
    990s
    The field of materials science and engineering begins shifting into a more systems-based approach to materials innovation and
    oward materials design in which researchers can predict new materials they would like to have rather than having to discover
    hem.

    Materials Science Timeline Source:


    Gregory B. Olson is Wilson-Cook Professor of Engineering Design in the department of materials
    science and engineering and director of the Materials Technology Laboratory atNorthwestern
    University.

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