R-36 (missile)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The R-36 (Russian: -36) is a family of

R-36
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and space
launch vehicles (Tsyklon) designed by the Soviet
Union during the Cold War. The original R-36 was
deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given
the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp. It was able to
carry three warheads and was the first Soviet MIRV
(multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)
missile.[1] The later version, the R-36M was produced
under the GRAU designations 15A14 and 15A18 and
was given the NATO reporting name SS-18 Satan.
This missile was viewed by certain U.S. analysts as
giving the Soviet Union first strike advantage over the
U.S., particularly because of its rapid silo-reload
ability, very heavy throw weight and extremely large
number of re-entry vehicles. Some versions of the R-
36M were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40
penetration aids and the missile's high throw-weight
made it theoretically capable of carrying more
warheads or penetration aids. Contemporary U.S.
missiles, such as the Minuteman III, carried up to
three warheads at most.

Ukraine continues to build missiles of the P-36 series

jointly with its U.S. and Canadian allies, the launch of
the first planned for 2020 year space rocket: Cyclone-
4M (modification ICBM R-36ORB) Type Intercontinental ballistic missile
Place of origin USSR
Because the R-36 was designed and built in Ukraine,
Russia intends to replace the R-36 with a new heavy Service history
ICBM, the RS-28 Sarmat. In service 1974present (only R-36M2 Voevoda
variant)
Used by Russian Strategic Missile Troops
Contents
Production history
1 R-36 (SS-9) variants Manufacturer
Factory: Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant
1.1 R-36
1.2 R-36ORB Developer: Yuzhnoye Design Office
1.3 R-36P
2 R-36M (SS-18) variants Specifications
2.1 R-36M (SS-18 Mod 1) Weight 209,600 kg (462,100 lb)
2.2 R-36M (SS-18 Mod 2)
2.3 R-36M (SS-18 Mod 3) Length 32.2 m (106 ft)
2.4 R-36MUTTKh (SS-18 Mod 4) Diameter 3.05 m (10.0 ft)
2.5 R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)
Warhead Depending on variant (see variants); the
2.6 R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 6)
3 Deployment current one (R-36M2 Mod. 5), 10 x 550-
4 Development 750 kiloton MIRV warheads with a large
5 Multiple warheads amount of decoys and other penetration
6 Elimination aids. Originally (Mod. 1), 1 x 18-25
7 Derivatives megaton warhead.
 8 Operators Detonation Airburst
8.1 Former operators mechanism
9 See also
10 References Engine RD-250 Two-stage liquid propellant
11 External links
Operational 10,20016,000 km
range
Guidance Inertial, autonomous
R-36 (SS-9) variants system
Accuracy 220700 m CEP
R-36 Launch Silo
platform
The R-36 (SS-9) is a two-stage rocket powered by a
liquid bipropellant, with UDMH as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer. It carries one of two types of re-
entry vehicles (RVs) developed especially for this missile:

SS-9 Mod 1 single nuclear warhead of 18 megatons TNT,

SS-9 Mod 2 single nuclear warhead of 25 megatons TNT.

R-36ORB

The development of the R-36 missile complex for use with the 869 (termed Fractional Orbital Bombardment
System in the West, NATO reporting name SS-9 Mod 3) began on April 16, 1962. Such a missile provided
some advantages over a conventional ICBM. The range is limited only by the parameters of the orbit that the
re-entry vehicle has been placed into, and the re-entry vehicle may come from either direction, compelling the
enemy to build considerably more expensive anti-missile systems. Due to the possibility of placing the warhead
in orbit and keeping it there for some time, it is possible to reduce the time required to strike to just a few
minutes. It is also much more difficult to predict where the warhead will land, since while the re-entry vehicle
is on orbit, it is a very small object with few distinguishing marks and is hard to detect. Moreover, since the
warhead can be commanded to land anywhere along the orbit's ground track, even detecting the warhead while
it is in orbit does not allow accurate prediction of its intended target.

Early R-36s used radio ground guidance on the reasoning that it would be more accurate than inertial guidance,
however, the engineers eventually scrapped this when they decided that inertial guidance was good enough.

The structure and design of the fractional orbit bombardment system were similar to a conventional R-36
ICBM system. The main design difference from a conventional ICBM was in the design of the re-entry vehicle,
which is fitted with a single 2.4 Mt warhead, a de-orbit engine, and control block. The control system
independently uses inertial guidance and a radar altimeter which measure orbit parameters twice, once at the
beginning of the orbital trajectory and again just before the firing of engines for de-orbiting. The silo launcher
and command point were hardened against a nuclear blast.

The Soviet Union constructed two surface pads at Baikonur for R-36 tests at LC-67/1 and LC-67/2, and six
silos (two at LC-80 and one each at LC-140, LC-141, and LC-142).

The first launch of an R-36 took place on September 28, 1963 and ended ignominiously when the missile lost
thrust one second after liftoff and fell back onto the pad, exploding. This debacle led to program director V.P.
Petrov being fired and replaced by V.N. Soloviev. LC-67/1 was repaired and the next test took place
successfully on December 3. Subsequent testing went better, however, LC-80/1 had to be rebuilt following
another launch accident on January 13, 1965. Two months later, an R-36 caught fire during propellant loading
on LC-67/1 and exploded, putting the pad out of commission for nine months. During test launch #17 (October
10, 1964), the warhead was retrieved with a parachute. Flight tests of the rocket were completed by May 20,
1968 and on November 19 of the same year it entered service. The first (and only) regiment with 18 launchers
was deployed on August 25, 1969. A total of 139 8K67s flew between 1963 and 1975 with 16 failures.

The USSR retired the R-36ORBs (869) from service in January 1983 as a part of SALT II treaty.
The Tsyklon series of civilian space launchers is based on the R-36orb (869) design.

R-36P

The R-36P missile (SS-9 Mod 4) carried three re-entry vehicles. As the original R-36, it was hot launched from
the silo.

R-36M (SS-18) variants

The R-36M (SS-18) is similar to the R-36 in design, but has the capacity to mount a MIRV payload of 10
warheads, each with a 550750 kt yield, or a single warhead of up to 20 Mt. Throw-weight of the missile is
8,800 kg. This makes the Soviet R-36 the world's heaviest ICBM; for comparison, the heaviest US ICBM (the
retired LGM-118 Peacekeeper, that carried 10 warheads of 300 kt each) had less than a half of this at 4,000 kg.
The R-36M has two stages. The first is a 460,000 kgf (4.5 MN) thrust motor with four combustion chambers
and nozzles. The second stage is a single-chamber 77,000 kgf (755 kN) thrust motor.

The R-36M was placed into a 39m deep silo in a tubular storage/launch container. Upon launch the missile was
shot out of the tube in a mortar fashion, by a piston driven by the expansion of gases from a slow-burning black
powder charge. The missile's main engine was ignited tens of metres above the ground, preventing any damage
to the internal equipment of the silo from the engine's exhaust.

R-36M (SS-18 Mod 1)

The SS-18 Mod 1 carried a single large reentry vehicle, with a warhead yield of 18-25 Mt, a distance of about
6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km). In January 1971, cold-launch tests began during which the mortar launch was
perfected. The actual flight tests for the single-RV Mod 1 began on 21 February 1973, though some sources
suggest that testing began in October 1972. The testing phase of the R-36M with various different types of
warheads was finished in October 1975 and on 30 December 1975 deployment began (though some Western
sources suggest that an initial operational capability was reached in early 1975). A total of 56 were deployed by
1977, though all were replaced by Mod 3 or Mod 4 missiles by 1984. These high-yield weapons were assessed
in the West as possibly developed to attack American Minuteman ICBM launch control centers.

R-36M (SS-18 Mod 2)

The SS-18 Mod 2 included a post-boost vehicle and up to eight reentry vehicles, each with a warhead yield
estimated at between 0.5 and 1.5 Mt, with a range capability of about 5,500 nmi. The MIRVs were placed in
pairs, and a post boost vehicle with a command structure and a propulsion system were contained in the nose
cone of the R-36M. The flight tests of the MIRVed Mod 2 began in September 1973 (though some Western
sources suggest that the initial flight test of the Mod 2 MIRV version occurred in August 1973), with IOC in
1975. Approximately 132 were deployed by 1978, but the post-boost vehicle design was seriously flawed, and
the Mod 2 missiles were all replaced by the Mod 4 variant by 1983.

R-36M (SS-18 Mod 3)

The SS-18 Mod 3 carried a single large reentry vehicle that was an improved version of the SS-18 Mod 1. On
16 August 1976, a few months after the R-36M entered service, the development of an improved modification
of the R-36M (15A14) was approved. This missile subsequently received the designation R-36MUTTKh
(15A18) and was developed by KB Yuzhnoye (OKB-586) through December 1976. The R-36MUTTKh was
capable of carrying two different nose cones. On 29 November 1979, deployment of the improved R-36M with
a single reentry vehicle carrying an 1825 Mt warhead (SS-18 Mod 3) began. This variant is no longer in
service.[2]

R-36MUTTKh (SS-18 Mod 4)

The SS-18 Mod 4 was probably designed to attack and destroy ICBMs and other hardened targets in the US. Its
increasing accuracy made it possible to reduce the yield of the warheads and allowed an increase in the number
of warheads from 8 to 10. According to some Western estimates, evidence suggested that the Mod 4 may be
capable of carrying as many as 14 RVs (this may reflect observation of the deployment of countermeasures
intended to overcome a ballistic missile defense, or to confuse American attack characterization systems). The
flight-design tests of the R-36MUTTKh began on 31 October 1977 and in November 1979 the flight tests of the
MIRVed missile were completed. The first three regiments were put on alert on 18 September 1979. During
1980 a total of 120 SS-18 Mod 4 missiles were deployed, replacing the last remaining R-36 (SS-9) missiles. In
19821983 the remaining R-36M missiles were also replaced with the new R-36MUTTKh and the total number
of deployed missiles reached the maximum 308 ceiling established in the SALT-1 treaty. The SS-18 Mod 4
force had the estimated capability to destroy 65 to 80 percent of US ICBM silos using two nuclear warheads
against each. Even after this type of attack, it was estimated that more than 1000 SS-18 warheads would be
available for further strikes against targets in the US. After 2009, the SS-18 Mod 4s were all eliminated in favor
of the newer SS-18 Mod 5.

R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)

The newer, more accurate SS-18 Mod 5 version placed in converted silos allowed the SS-18 to remain the
bulwark of the SRFs hard-target-kill capability. The Mod 5 carries 10 MIRVs, each having a higher yield than
the Mod 4 warheads. The Mod 5 warheads have nearly twice the yield of the Mod 4 (approximately 750 kt to
1 Mt) according to Western estimates, though Russian sources suggest a yield of 550750 kt each. The increase
in the Mod 5's warhead yield, along with improved accuracy, would, under the START treaty, help allow the
Russians to maintain their hard-target-kill wartime requirements even with the 50 percent cut in heavy ICBMs
the START agreement required. The technical proposals to build a modernized heavy ICBM were made in June
1979. The missile subsequently received the designation R-36M2 Voevoda and the industrial index number
15A18M. The design of the R-36M2 was completed in June 1982. The R-36M2 had a series of new
engineering features. The engine of the second stage is completely built into the fuel tank (earlier this was only
used on SLBMs) and the design of the transport-launching canister was altered. Unlike the R-36M, the 10
warheads on the post-boost vehicle are located on a special frame in two circles. The flight tests of the R-36M2
equipped with 10 MIRVs began in March 1986 and were completed in March 1988. The first regiment with
these missiles was put on alert on 30 July 1988 and was deployed on 11 August 1988. SS-18 Mod 5 is the only
operational variant.

One of the missile's most important features is its storage/basing in a container, inserted in the silo. The
container doubles as a mortar barrel - it has a "piston" at its bottom, beneath the missile. The drum-like "piston"
is filled with a slow-burning, gas pressure-generating charge that pushes, mortar-like, the missile from the
container. Only when several meters above the silo with the now empty container the "piston" is pushed
sideways by a small rocket motor to avoid being accelerated towards the silo by the ignition of the missile's
main engine. Thus the silo is a) spared the burning-out by the main engine flames, and so b) the empty
container could be quickly removed and a new container with missile could be inserted by a ready
transporter/erector into the intact silo, allowing for a second salvo before the adversary's warheads arrive. This
feature was a deep concern for the US side during the SALT/START negotiations, as it gave Soviet Union the
possibility to strike US targets again after the first missile exchange was concluded.

R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 6)

The flight tests of the R-36M2 missile carrying a single warhead (SS-18 Mod 6) with a yield of 20 Mt were
completed in September 1989 and deployment began in August 1991. Ten Mod 6 missiles were deployed. One
intended use of these large warheads was high altitude detonation to incapacitate electronics and
communications through a very large electromagnetic pulse. The SS-18 Mod 6 missiles were all
decommissioned by late 2009.

Deployment
At full deployment, before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, 308 R-
36M launch silos were operational. After the breakup of the USSR, 204
of these were located on the territory of the Russian Federation and 104
on the territory of newly independent Kazakhstan. In the next few years
Russia reduced the number of R-36M launch silos to 154 to conform
with the START I treaty. Part of the missiles in Kazakhstan (54 of them)
were under the 57th Rocket Division at Zhangiz-Tobe (Solnechnyy),
Semipalatinsk Oblast.[3] The other R-36 establishment in Kazakhstan
was the 38th Rocket Division at Derzhavinsk, Turgay Oblast.[4] The
Dnepr inside silo
dismantling of 104 launchers located in Kazakhstan was completed in
September 1996. The START II treaty was to eliminate all SS-18
missiles but it did not enter into force and the missiles remained on
duty. Russia has steadily decreased the number of operational SS-18s and as of March 2013, only 55 (all of the
10 MIRV Mod 5 version) remain.[5] About 40 missiles will have their service lives extended so that they
remain in service until about 2020. With the retirement of the 20 megaton SS-18 Mod 6 warheads, the highest
yield weapon in service with any nation is the estimated 5 Mt Chinese Dong Feng 5 (DF-5) ICBM (CSS-4)
warhead and the Russian UR-100N 5 Mt rocket.

US Air Force National Air and Space Intelligence Center estimates that as of June 2017 about 50 Mod 5
launchers were operationally deployed.[6]

All R-36 variants were designed to be launched from silos in dispersed and hardened locations.

Deployed variants of R-36M missiles[7][8][9]

R-
System: R-36M R-36M R-36M R-36M2 R-36M2
36MUTTKh

Treaty-designation: RS-20A RS-20A1 RS-20A2 RS-20B RS-20B RS-20V

GRAU-designation: 15A14 15A14 15A14 15A18 15A18 15A18M

SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan
NATO-designation:
Mod 1 Mod 2 Mod 3 Mod 4 Mod 5 Mod 6

Deployment: 19741983 19761980 19761986 19792005 1988Present 19912009

Maximum deployed
148 10 30 278 104 58
number:

Length: 32.6 m 32.6 m 32.6 m 36.3 m 36.3 m 34.3 m

Diameter: 3.00 m 3.00 m 3.00 m 3.00 m 3.00 m 3.00 m

Launch weight: 209,600 kg 209,600 kg 210,000 kg 211,100 kg 211,100 kg 211,100 kg

Number of warheads: 1 8 1 10 10 1

Warhead yield: 18-20 Mt 0.5-1.3 Mt 24-25 Mt 0.55 Mt 0.55-0.75 Mt 20 Mt

Range: 11,200 km 10,200 km 16,000 km 16,000 km 11,000 km 16,000 km

CEP: 1000 m 1000 m 1000 m 920 m 500 m 500 m

Development
Development of the R-36 was begun by OKB-586 (Yuzhnoye) in Dnipro, Ukraine (at the time part of the
Soviet Union) in 1962, and built upon the work of the R-16 program. The Chief Designer was Mikhail Yangel.
Initial development was of light, heavy, and orbital versions, with flight testing from 1962 through 1966, at
which time initial operational capability was achieved. News of the development of the orbital version caused
alarm in the West with the possibility that the Soviets would be able to launch a large number of nuclear
 weapons into orbit where there was no capability to intercept them. The
prospect of orbital nuclear weapons led both sides to agree to a treaty
banning the use of weapons of mass destruction in space.

In 1970, development of a fourth version, capable of delivering

multiple warheads, was developed, and test flown the next year.

Further improvement of the R-36 led to the design of the R-36M, which
Rocket nozzles of SS-9 Scarp R-36 provided a theoretical first-strike capabilitythe ability to destroy the
United States' LGM-30 Minuteman ICBM silos and launch control
centers before they could retaliate. However, neither the Soviet Union
nor the Russian Federation have ever publicly delineated the missile's particular role in their arsenal. The initial
design of the R-36M called for a single massive 12 Mt warhead to be delivered over a range of 10,600 km. The
missile was first tested in 1973 but this test ended in failure. After several delays the R-36M was deployed in
December 1975. This "Mod-1" design was delivered with a single 1820 Mt warhead and a range of just over
11,000 km. This new version was given a new identity by NATO: SS-18 Satan.

The SS-18 has gone through six separate modifications, with the first modification (Mod-1) being phased out
by 1984. The final modification (Mod-6) designated R-36M-2 "Voevoda" was deployed in August 1988. This
missile could deliver the same 1820 Mt warhead 16,000 km. Modifications prior to Mod-6 mainly introduced
MIRV (Multiple independent reentry vehicles) warheads. These missiles (Mods-2, 4, and 5) surpassed their
western counterpart the US LGM-118 Peacekeeper in terms of megatons delivered, range, and survivability, but
were inferior in terms of accuracy (CEP).

Control system for this rocket was designed at NPO "Electropribor"[10] (Kharkiv, Ukraine).

Multiple warheads
Missiles of the R-36M/SS-18 family have never been deployed with more than ten warheads, but given their
large throw-weight (8.8 tonnes as specified in START), they have the capacity to carry considerably more
detonation power. Among the projects that the Soviet Union considered in the mid-1970s was that of a 15A17
missilea follow-on to the R-36MUTTH (15A18).[11] The missile would have had an even greater throw-
weight9.5 tonnesand would be able to carry a very large number of warheads. Five different versions of
the missile were considered. Three of these versions would carry regular warheads 38 250 kt yield,
24 500 kt yield, or 1517 1 Mt yield. Two modifications were supposed to carry guided warheads
("upravlyaemaya golovnaya chast") 28 250 kt or 19 500 kt.[11] However, none of these upgraded models
were ever developed. The SALT II Treaty, signed in 1979, prohibited increasing the number of warheads
ICBMs could carry. Equally, from a strategic point of view, concentrating so many warheads on silo-based
missiles was not seen as desirable, since it would have made a large proportion of the USSR's warheads
vulnerable to a counterforce strike.

The operational deployment of the R-36M/SS-18 consisted of the R-36MUTTH, which carried ten 500 kt
warheads, and its follow-on, the R-36M2 (15A18M), which carried ten 800 kt warheads (single-warhead
versions with either 8.3 Mt or 20 Mt warhead also existed at some point). To partially circumvent the treaty, the
missile was equipped with 40 decoys to utilize the capacity left unused due to the 10-warhead limitation.[12]
These decoys would appear as warheads to any defensive system, making each missile as hard to intercept as
50 single warheads, rendering potential anti-ballistic defense ineffective.

Elimination
In the last decade Russian armed forces have been steadily reducing the number of R-36M missiles in service,
withdrawing those that age past their designed operational lifetime. About 40 missiles of the most modern
variant R-36M2 (or RS-20V) will remain in service until 2019.[13] As of January 2016, the Strategic Missile
Troops had 46 R-36M2s in active service.[14]
In March 2006 Russia made an agreement with Ukraine that will
regulate cooperation between the two countries on maintaining the R-
36M2 missiles. It was reported that the cooperation with Ukraine will
allow Russia to extend the service life of the R-36M2 missiles by at
least ten to 28 years.[15]

The commander of the Strategic Missile Troops Lt. Gen. Andrei

Shvaichenko announced on December 16, 2009, that Russia planned to
"develop a new liquid-propellant ICBM (RS-28 Sarmat) to replace the
Voyevoda (SS-18 Satan), capable of carrying 10 warheads, by
Senator Richard Lugar inspects an SS-18
2016."[16]
ICBM being readied for decommission
under the Nunn-Lugar Program
Derivatives
Several remaining SS-18 missiles have been modified for commercial launch from silos and now carry
lightweight satellites to low Earth orbit (LEO), including many foreign payloads.

The Tsyklon-2 was able to carry 2,820 kg into LEO and the Tsyklon-3 could carry 4,100 kg to LEO. They were
retired in 2006 and 2009 respectively.

The Cyclone-4M The construction of the Spaceport in Canada in 2020 is planned, and the launch of the first
rocket in 2020 Ukraine to build missiles of the P-36 series jointly with its US and Canadian allies

The Dnepr launch system can carry 4,500 kg to LEO. 150 SS-18 missiles are available for Dnepr conversion
until 2020.

A proposal has been advanced to modify Voyevoda SS-18 Satan heavy ICBMs to destroy incoming asteroids of
up to 100 m, similar to the Chelyabinsk asteroid.[17]

Operators
Russia

The Strategic Missile Troops are the only operator of the R-36. As of 2017, 46 silo-based missiles are
deployed with:[18]
13th Red Banner Rocket Division at Dombarovsky Air Base
62nd Rocket Division at Uzhur

Former operators

Soviet Union

See also
Strategic Missile Troops
RS-24 Yars
RS-26 Rubezh
RS-28 Sarmat
UR-100N
RT-2PM Topol
RT-2PM2 Topol-M
LGM-30 Minuteman
DF-5
DF-41
 Hwasong-14 (uses same engine)

References
1. Helms, Richard; Hood, William (2004). A Look Over My Shoulder: A Life in the Central Intelligence
Agency (https://books.google.com/books?
id=DEA5nNAXQroC&pg=PA385&dq=%22first+soviet+mirv). p. 385. ISBN 0812971086.
2. "R-36M family" (http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r36m_family.html). RussianSpaceWeb.com.
Retrieved 20 November 2015.
3. "57th Missile Division" (http://www.ww2.dk/new/rvsn/57md.htm). Ww2.dk. Retrieved 26 September
2011.
4. "38th Missile Division" (http://www.ww2.dk/new/rvsn/38md.htm). Ww2.dk. Retrieved 26 September
2011.
5. "Russian nuclear forces, 2013" (http://bos.sagepub.com/content/69/3/71.full). Retrieved 14 November
2014.
6. http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=19
7. "R-36M / SS-18 SATAN" (https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/icbm/r-36m.htm). FAS. Retrieved
20 November 2015.
8. "Pavel Podvig: The Window of Vulnerability That Wasn't: Soviet Military Buildup in the 1970s--A
Research Note. International Security, Summer 2008, Vol. 33, No. 1: 118138" (http://russianforces.org/p
odvig/2008/06/the_window_of_vulnerability_that_wasnt.shtml). Retrieved 14 November 2014.
9. "Nuclear Notebook: U.S. and Soviet/Russian intercontinental ballistic missiles, 19592008" (http://bos.sa
gepub.com/content/65/1/62.full.pdf+html) (PDF). Retrieved 14 November 2014.
10. "Krivonosov, Khartron: Computers for rocket guidance systems" (http://web.mit.edu/slava/space/essays/e
ssay-krivonosov.htm). Retrieved 14 November 2014.
11. Multiple (as in "up to 38") warheads - Blog - Russian strategic nuclear forces (http://russianforces.org/blo
g/2006/08/multiple_as_in_up_to_38_warhea.shtml)
12. "Moscow extends life of 144 cold war ballistic missiles" (https://www.theguardian.com/russia/article/0,2
763,777379,00.html). The Guardian. London. 20 August 2002. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
13. "Russia to test launch 14 ICBMs in 2009 - missile forces chief" (http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090410/12105
2406.html). RIA Novosti. 10 April 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2011.
14. http://russianforces.org/missiles/
15. "Russia and Ukraine will maintain R-36M2 missiles - Blog - Russian strategic nuclear forces" (http://russ
ianforces.org/blog/2008/01/russia_and_ukraine_will_mainta.shtml). Russian strategic nuclear forces. 24
January 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
16. "Russia says destroyed 9 ICBMs in 2009 under START 1 arms pact" (http://en.rian.ru/russia/20091216/1
57256398.html). Sputnik. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
17. SpaceDaily, "Russian scientist: Soviet-era missiles can destroy asteroids" (http://www.spacedaily.com/rep
orts/Russian_scientist_Soviet-era_missiles_can_destroy_asteroids_999.html), 23 June 2013
18. russianforces (January 2017). "Strategic Rocket Forces" (http://russianforces.org/missiles/).
russianforces.org.

Podvig, Pavel (2001). Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

External links
CSIS Missile Threat - SS-18 (Satan)
Strategic Missile Troops
R-36 missile
Tour to the museum that houses Ukraine's nuclear past

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