Chapter 2 - Algebra

23 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
CHAPTER 2: ALGEBRA
2.1 INDICES
LAW OF EXPONENT
Law Example
mn 2 4
a a a
m n
3 3 3
2 4
36
am 34
a mn 342 32
an 32
a m n
a mn 3
4 2
342 38
ab a nb n xy x4 y 4
n 4
n 2
a an 3 32 9

b bn 4
2
4 16
n 2
32 16
n
a b 3

b a 4 42 9
a bm
n
33 42 16
m n 2 3
b a 4 3 27
m 3
a n n am 2 4 4 23
a0 1 x
0
y 1

1 5
a 1 5 x 3 3
a x
Example:
Determine the value of 7 2 7 4 7 73 b
72 74 7 73 72413 710
Example:
9 3
2 3

3 3
2 2 3
3 27 3 3
2 3 2

3 3
4 3
4
3 4 2
SES
Example:
23 35 72
2
32 9

74 24 33 2 2
Example:
32 55 33 53
34 54
Example:
92 7 4
34 7 4 33 7 2
Example:
If 3 p 4 9 p 2 find the value of p
2.2 LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
DEFINITION
Let a be a positive number with a 1. The logarithmic function with base a, denoted by log a is
defined by
log a x y a y x
When we use the definition of logarithms to switch back and forth between the logarithmic form
log a x y and the exponential form a y x , its helpful to notice that, in both form, the base is the
same:
Logarithmic form:
exponent
log a x y
base
Exponential form:
exponent
ay x
base
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PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
Property Reason
1. log a 1 0 We must raise a to
the power 0 to get 1.
2. log a a 1 We must raise a to
the power 1 to get a
3. log a a x x We must raise a to
the power x to get
ax
4. a log a x x log a x is the power
to which a must be
raised to get x.
Common Logarithm
The logarithm with base 10 is called common logarithm and is denoted by omitting the base
lg x log x log10 x
Natural Logarithm
The logarithm with base e is called the natural logarithm and is denoted by ln
ln x loge x
The natural logarithmic function y ln x is the inverse function of the exponential function y e
x
By the definition of inverse function we have
ln x y e x x
PROPERTIES OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS
Property Reason
1. ln1 0 We must raise e to the
power 0 to get 1.
2. ln e 1 We must raise e to the
power 1 to get e
3. ln e x x We must raise e to the
x
power x to get e
4. eln x x ln x is the power to
which e must be raised
to get x.
SES
Example:
Evaluate the following:
1. x log 3 9 2. x log10 0.001

3 9
x
10 x 0.001
3x 32 10 x 103
x 2 x 3
3. x ln e 4. 1
x log 3
x log e e 81
x 1 3x
1
81
3 34
x
x 4
Solve the following equations:
1. log 2 x 3 2. log 5 x 2
x 23 x 5 2
x 8 1
x
25
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
Let a be a positive number, with a 1.

Let A > 0, B > 0, and C be any real numbers.
Law
1. loga AB loga A loga B
A
2. log a log a A log a B
B
3. log a AC C log a A
SES
Example:
1. Write the following in terms of log 2, log 3 and log 5
log 30 log 2 3 5
log 2 log 3 log 5
log 450 log 2 3 3 5 5

log 2 32 52
log 2 2 log 3 2 log 5
8 4 5
log log 8 log 5 log 81
4
81
1
log 23 log 5 4 log 34
1
3log 2 log 5 4 log 3
4
2. Simplify
log 64 log128 log 32 log 26 log 27 log 25

6 log 2 7 log 2 5log 2
4 log 2
3. Evaluate
1. 1
log 25 log125 log 625
2
3log 5
1
log 52 log 53 log 54
2
3log 5
4
2 log 5 3log 5 log 5
2
3log 5
1log 5 1

3log 5 3
4. Solve the equation: log x 1 log x 1 2log x 2
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LHS : log x 1 log x 1 log x 1 x 1

log x 2 1
RHS : 2 log x 2 log x 2

2
log x 2 4 x 4
log x 2 1 log x 2 4 x 4
x2 1 x2 4x 4
1 4x 4
5
x
4
BASE CONVERSION
Suppose we are given log a x and want to find log b x
Let y logb x ,
We write this in exponential form and take the logarithm, with base a, of each side.
by x Exponential form
log a b y log a x Take log a of each side

y log a b log a x Law 3
log a x Divide by log a b
y
log a b
So,
log a x Base conversion

log b x
log a b formula
2.3 LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIAL EQUATION
GRAPH OF EXPONENTIAL / LOG FUNCTION

The graphs are asymptotic to the Y axis, they cross at x=1 and are always increasing for positive x.
Notice log(x) is flatter than ln(x). For two exponentials of

different bases the larger base requires a smaller
exponent while the smaller base requires a larger
exponent for both exponentials to equal the same
number.
From the graph we read the common log of 7 is about
0.8. The natural log of 7 is about 2.0. So as the base of
the logarithm increases its graph lies closer to the x axis.
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Note, however, that the graph never becomes parallel to the x axis, it steadily increases.
Both graphs cross at x = 1. This is because every nonzero base raised to the exponent 0 equals 1. At x
= 10, log(x) = 1 and at x = 2.74, ln(x) = 1. This makes sense since any base with the exponent 1 is that
base.
Next is a closer look at the interval 0< x < 1.
Here the larger base 10 requires a smaller exponent (in magnitude) for a given number than the
smaller base does.
For example, for x = 0.4, 10 needs the power
-0.4 while 2.72 requires -0.9. Comparing the magnitudes these exponents we see that 10 has smaller
exponent. As before, as the base of the logarithm increases the graph of the logarithm flattens
toward the x axis.
Notice how the graphs become asymptotic to the negative y axis rather quickly. A very small change
in x near zero results in a very large change in y. This means from a practical point of view a large
number of significant digits in the logarithm are required to distinguish one x value form another
from another in this range.
These two graphs cannot cross the y axis. There is no exponent of a base that will cause that
exponential to be zero
EXPONENTIAL EQUATION
An exponential equation is one in which the variable occurs in the exponent. For example,
2x 7
The variable x presents a difficulty because it is in the exponent. To deal with this difficulty we take
the logarithm of each side and then use the Laws of Logarithms to bring down x from the exponent.
SES
2x 7
ln 2 x ln 7 Take ln of each side
x ln 2 ln 7 Law 3 (bring down the
exponent)
ln 7
x
ln 2 Solve for x. Use a calculator
2.807
Example:
Solve the exponential equation
8e 2 x 20
20
e2 x
8
ln e ln 2.5
2x
ln 2.5
x
2
0.458
e2 x e x 6 0
e e 6 0
x 2 x
e 3 e 2 0
x x
e x 3 0 or e x 2 0
ex 3 e x 2 (ignore)
x ln 3
LOGARITHMIC EQUATION
A logarithmic equation is one in which a logarithm of the variable occurs. For example,
log2 x 2 5
To solve for x we write the equation in exponential form.
x 2 25
x 32 2
x 30
Example:
Solve the following equation for x
SES
ln x 8 ln x 8
x e8 OR eln x e8
x 2981 x 2981
log 2 25 x 3
25 x 23
25 x 8
x 17
4 3log 2 x 16
3log 2 x 12
log 2 x 4
2 x 104
x 5000
2. 4 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULA
When a symbol other than the subject is required to be calculated it is usual to rearrange the
formula to make a new subject. This rearranging process is called transposing the formula or
transposition.
The formula y = ax + b has y as the subject. By rearranging this formula we could make x the subject.
The rules for transforming the formula are:
Remove square roots or other roots

Get rid of brackets
Clear brackets
Collect together the terms containing the required subject
Factorise if necessary
Isolate the required subject.
These steps should be performed in the order given.
Example:
2R
1. Transpose the formula V to make R the subject.
Rr
Step 1: Since there are no roots get rid of the fraction by multiplying both sides of the equation by
R r
V R r 2R
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Step 2: Clear the bracket
VR Vr 2R
Step 3: Collect the terms containing R on the LHS
VR 2R Vr
Step 4: Factorise the LHS
R V 2 Vr
Step 5: Isolate R by dividing both sides of the equation by (V 2)
Vr
R
V 2
Although we used five steps to obtain the required subject, in very many cases far fewer steps are
needed. Nevertheless, you should work through the steps in order given.
l
2. Rearrange the formula R to make
a
a) a the subject b) l the subject
l aR
a) a b) l
R
3. The final length, l2 of a piece of wire heated through C is given by the formula l2 l1 1
Make the coefficient of expansion , , the subject
l2 l1 l1
l1 l2 l1
l2 l1

l1
l
t 2
4. Given
g , find g.
l
t 2
g
l
t 2 4 2
g
4 2l
g 2
t
SES
CONSTRUCTION OF EQUATIONS FROM VERBAL DATA
To solve word problems:
Read the problem carefully

If possible draw a diagram to assist in interpreting the given information
Translate the English phrases into mathematical phrases and choose a variable for the
unknown quantity
Write the equation using all of the above information
Solve the equation
Check the solution to determine whether it satisfies the original problem
Mathematical translations of common English phrases are listed below:
English Mathematical
phrase phrase
4 more than a number x+4
A number increased by y+5
5
+ The sum of x and y x+y
A number added to 3 3+n
x plus y x+y
A number decreased by y5
5
5 less than a number n5
The difference between xy
x and y
x minus y xy
The product of a and b a.b
x multiplied by a a.x
x Twice a number 2.n
of y .y
32 percent of z (0.32).z
x times y x.y
The quotient of x and y x/y
The quotient of y and x y/x
The ratio of x and y x/y
x divided by y x/y
Example:
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2.5 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION
A linear function is a first degree equation in x and y (with two variables). That is, there are no
exponents greater than one or negative exponents in a linear equation. A first degree equation,
when solved for y, expresses y as a linear function of x:
y=mx+c
where, m is the slope (measure of the steepness of the line) and the constant c is the y-intercept
(value of y where the line crosses the y-axis)
The graph of a linear function is a straight line.
These equations are called linear systems and must be solved simultaneously (at the same time).
There are several methods of solution that can be used:
Graphical method
Algebraic method (substitution or elimination)
GRAPH OF LINEAR EQUATION
The problem of solving a system of two linear equations with two variables can be viewed as a
geometry problem. The graph of each equation is a line, thus, a system of two equations containing
two variables represents a pair of lines. The lines intersect, are parallel or are coincident.
(a) If the lines intersect, then the system of equations has one solution, given by the point of
intersection. The system is consistent and the equations are independent.
(b) If the lines are parallel, then the system of equations has no solution, because the lines
never intersect. The system is inconsistent.
(c) If the lines are coincident, then the system of equations has infinitely many solutions,
represented by the totality of points on the line. The system is consistent and the equations
are dependent.
Figure illustrates these conclusions:
(a) intersecting lines

system has one solution
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(b) parallel lines

system has no solution
(c) coincident lines

system has infinitely many solutions
SOLVING SYSTEMS OF TWO LINEAR EQUATIONS BY:
GRAPHICALLY
1. Solve:
3 x 2 y = 4 equation 1
6 x + y = 13 equation 2
by using graphical method (intercept method)
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The two lines intersect; the system has one solution which is given by the point of intersection; (2, 1)
2. Solve:
4 x + 2 y = 8 equation 1
2 x + y = 5 equation 2
by using graphical method (intercept method)
The two lines are parallel, the system has no solution.
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ALGEBRAICALLY
Two methods of solving simultaneous equations analytically are:
a) By substitution
b) By elimination
Example:
Solve the following equations for x and y
x 2 y 1..............................(1)
4 x 3 y 18............................(2)
By Substitution
From eq (1): x 1 2 y
Substituting this expression for x into eq (2) gives:
4 1 2 y 3 y 18
4 8 y 3 y 18
11y 18 4
y 2
Substituting y 2 into eq (1) gives:
x 2 2 1
x3
By Elimination
If eq (1) I multiplied throughout by 4 the

coefficient of x will be the same as in eq (2),
giving:
4 x 8 y 4.................(3)
Subtracting eq (3) from eq (2) gives:

4 x 3 y 18
- 4 x 8 y 4
0 x 11y 22
y 2

x 2 2 1
x3
SES
Solve the following equations for x and y
x 5
y..............................(1)
8 2
y
13 3x...........................(2)
3
Multiplying eq (1) by 8 gives:
x 5
8 8 8y
8 2
x 20 8 y.........................(3)
Multiplying eq (2) by 3 gives
39 y 9 x.........................(4)
Rearranging eq (3) and (4) gives:
x 8 y 20.......................(5)
9 x y 39.........................(6)
By Substitution
From eq (1): x 20 8 y
Substituting this expression for x into eq (2)
gives:
9 20 8 y y 39
180 72 y y 39
73 y 219
y 3
x 20 8 3
x4
By Elimination
Multiplying eq (6) by 8 gives:
72 x 8 y 312.................(7)
Adding eq (5) from eq (7) gives:

x 8 y 20
72 x 8 y 312
73x 0 y 292
x 4
SES
Substituting x 4 into eq (5) gives:

4 8 y 20
4 20 8 y
24 8 y
y3
Word Problems: Distance
It is important to understand the terminology used in the aviation problem.
Head wind - the plane is flying against the wind, which causes the plane fly more slowly.
Tail wind the plane is flying with the wind and can go at a faster rate of speed.
Air speed the speed of the plane without consideration of the effect of the wind
Ground speed is the resultant, or the sum of the wind speed and air speed.
Cross wind the wind is blowing at an arbitrary angle with respect to the planes direction.
We need to set up a system of two equations. Remember that:
Therefore, we need to adjust this formula for

Distance (d) = rate (r) x time (t) consideration of head winds and tail winds as follows:
Head wind Tail wind

d = (ground speed) x t d = (ground speed) x t
d = ( air speed wind d = ( air speed + wind
speed ) x t speed ) x t
We will now substitute a variable for air speed (x)

and a variable for wind speed (y)
d = (x - y) x t d = (x + y) x t
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Example:
Suppose it takes a small airplane flying with a head wind 16 hours to travel 1800 miles. However,
when flying with a tail wind, the airplane can travel the same distance in only 9 hours. Find the rate
of speed of the wind and the air speed of the airplane.
Let x = air speed and y = wind speed
1800 = (x y) 16
1800 = 16x 16y . (1)
1800 = (x + y) 9
1800 = 9x + 9y .(2)
16200 144 x 144 y

28800 144 x 144 y
45000 288 x
x 156.25
We have determined that the air speed for the small airplane is 156.25 miles per hour.
Substituting into the second equation, we obtain the following:
1800 9 156.25 9 y
y 43.75
We have now determined that the speed of the wind is 43.75 miles per hour.
Therefore, we have determined that the average rate of speed of the airplane for the 1800 mile trip
is 156.25 miles per hour and the rate of speed of the wind is 43.75 miles per hour
2.6 SECOND DEGREE EQUATION
Three methods of solving second degree or quadratic equations:
a) Factorisation (where possible)
b) Completing the squares
c) Quadratic formula
FACTORISATION
The technique of factoring is often one of trial and error. The method of complete factorization is
applicable only if we can convert the quadratic expression ax bx c into two factors. Each factor
2
when equated to zero gives the value of the root. We check our answer by using calculator.
SES
Example:
x 2 4 x 12 0
x 6 x 2 0
x 6 0 or x 2 0
x 6 or x 2
2 x 2 5x 3 0
2 x 1 x 3 0
2 x 1 0 or x 3 0
1
x or x 3
2
COMPLETING THE SQUARE
When the method of factorization fails, we may try to solve the equation using completing the
square method.
Example:
Solve 2 x 5 x 3 by completing the squares

2
The procedure is as follows:
Make the coefficient 2 x2 5x 3

2
of the x term unity. 2 2 2
In this case this is 5x 3
achieved by dividing x2
throughout by 2 2 2
Add to both sides of

the equation (half the 5x 5
2
2
coefficient of x ) In x2
2 4
this case the 2
5 3 5
coefficient of x is .
2 2 4
Half the coefficient
2
5
squared is
4
The LHS is now a 2 2

5 3 5
perfect square x
4 2 4
SES
Evaluate the RHS 5

2
3 25
x
4 2 16
2
5 49
x
4 16
Taking the square root 5 49

of both sides of the x
4 16
equation
(remembering that the 5 7
x
square root of a 4 4
number gives a
answer)
Solve the simple 5 7

equation x
4 4
5 7 1
x
4 4 2
5 7
x 3
4 4
QUADRATIC EQUATION
b b2 4ac
x
2a
Example:
a)
x2 2 x 8 0
a 1, b 2, c 8
Substitute this values into the quadratic

formula
2 22 4 1 8
x
2 1
2 4 32
x
2
2 6
x
2
x 2 or x 4
b)
SES
3x 2 4 11x 0
a 3, b 11, c 4
Substitute this values into the quadratic

formula
11 11 4 3 4
2
x
2 3
11 121 48
x
6
11 13
x
6
1
x 4 or x
3
GRAPH OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
A quadratic equation is an equation that can be written on the standard form
ax2 + bx + c = 0
The other method to solve quadratic equation is to solve it graphically. The roots of a quadratic
equation are the x-intercepts of the graph
Example:
Solve x2 - 3x - 10 = 0 by using graphical method
The parabola cross the x-axis at x = -2 and x = 5. These are the roots of the quadratic equation.
A quadratic equation has two roots if its graph has two x-intercepts
A quadratic equation has one root it its graph has one x-intercept
A quadratic equation has no real solutions if its graph has no x-intercepts
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INEQUALITIES
The following table provides several commonly used mathematical inequalities and their respective
meanings
Phrase Mathematic
Inequality
a is less than b a<b
a is greater than b a>b

a exceeds b
a is less than or equal ab

to b
a is at most b
a is not more than b
a is greater than or ab
equal to b
a is at least b
a is not less than b
Relationship between Inequalities, Intervals and Coordinate Line
Example:
Complete the table below:
Inequalities Coordinate line Interval

2 < x <5
SES
-2 4
( ,3]
Solving Linear Inequalities
(6, )
If both sides of an inequality are multiplied or
divided by a negative quantity, the inequality sign
-2 must be reversed.
5>x
Example:
Solve the following inequalities and graph the solution set
3x 4 x 5
3x x 5 4
2 x 9
9
x
2
9
Solution set: x : x
2
9
Interval notation: 2 ,

Graph:
9

2
2 3 x x 10
3 x x 10 2
4x 8
8
x
4
x2
Solution set: x : x 2
Interval notation: 2,
Graph:
2
5 x 25 0
5 x 25
25
x
5
x5
Solution set: x : x 5
Interval notation: ,5
SES
Graph:
5
4 x 3 5
4 3 x 5 3
1 x 8
Solution set: x : 1 x 8
Interval notation: 1,8
Graph:
1 8
Hence, its graph representation is as below:
1 8
x 4
2 9
2
4 x 4 18
x 4 4 and x 4 18
x 8 x 14
x8 x 14
Solution set: x : 14 x 8
Interval notation: 14,8

Graph:
14 8
Hence, its graph representation is as below:
14 8
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Solving Quadratic Inequalities
A quadratic inequality is an inequality of the form ax 2 bx c 0 where a,b, and c are real
numbers with a 0 . There are 2 methods to solve quadratic inequalities.
a) Real number line method

b) Table of sign
Example:
Solve the following inequalities using real number line method
2 x 2 3x 5
2 x 2 3x 5 0
2 x 5 x 1 0
5
If 2 x 5 0, then x
2
If x 1 0, then x 1
- + +
- - +
+ 5 -
1 +
2
5
The solution set is: ,1
2
* The original inequality is less than 0, choose the

negative interval
x2 x 2
x2 x 2 0
x 2 x 1 0
If x 2 0, then x 2
If x 1 0, then x 1
- + +
+ + -
- 1 + 2 -
SES
The solution set is: , 1 2,
* The original inequality is less than 0, choose the

negative interval
Example:
Solve the following inequalities using a table of signs
2 x 2 7 x 3
2 x 2 7 x 3 0
2 x 1 x 3 0
1
3
2
2x 1 + - -
x 3 - - +
2x 1 x 3 - + -
1
The solution set is: , 3,
2
y 2 y 1 20
y 2 y 20 0
y 5 y 4 0
5 4
y 5 - + +
y 4 - - +
y 5 y 4 + - +
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Solving Rational Inequalities
Strategy for solving rational inequalities
1. Rewrite the inequality with 0 on the right

2. Use only addition or subtraction to get an equivalent inequality. Do not cross-multiply
variable terms.
3. Factorize the numerator and denominator
4. Use the real number line method or table of signs method to determine the intervals that
satisfy the original inequality
5. Write the solution set using interval notation
Example:
Solve the following inequalities using the real number line method
2x 1
1
x 1
2x 1
1 0
x 1
2 x 1 x 1 0
x 1
x2
0
x 1
If x 2 0, then x 2
If x 1 0, then x 1
- + +
- - +
+ 1 - 2 +
x
3 0
x2
SES
x 3 x 2
0
x2
x 3x 6
0
x2
2 x 6
0
x2
If 2 x 6 0, then x 3
If x 2 0, then x 2
+ + -
- + +
2 + 3 -
-
Example:
Solve the following inequalities using the table of sign method
3 1
0
x2 x3
3 x 3 x 1
0
x 3 x 1
2x 8
0
x 3 x 1
4 3 1
2 x 8 - + + +
x 3 - - + +
x 1 - - - +
2x 8 - + - +
x 3 x 1
The solution set is: 4, 3 1,
SES
3 2

x 2 x 1
3 2
0
x 2 x 1
3 x 1 2 x 2
0
x 2 x 1
3x 3 2 x 4
0
x 2 x 1
x7
0
x 2 x 1
2 1 7
x 7 - - - +
x 2 - + + +
x 1 - - + +
x7 - + - +
x 2 x 1
The solution set is: 2,1 7,
* -2 and 1 are not in the solution because

the quotient is undefined if x = -2 or 1
2.7 POLYNOMIAL
STANDARD FORM OF POLYNOMIAL
A polynomial function of degree n in the variable x is a function defined by:
where
a1 = the constant coefficient of x in the polynomial
an = the leading coefficient in the polynomial and an 0
an xn = the leading term in the polynomial
Polynomial function of degree 1, 2, 3 and 4 occurs so often that we give them special names, as
shown in the chart below:
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OPERATIONS OF POLYNOMIAL
To add or subtract two or more polynomials, first remove the parentheses and then combine like or
similar terms. The resulting expression is written in order of decreasing degree from left to right.
This is called the standard form of a polynomial.
Addition and Subtraction
Example:
Example:
Products / Multiplication
Example:
Example:
Division
To divide one polynomial by another polynomial, we will use the long division method.
Steps to perform long division:
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1. Write the terms on both polynomials in order. Leave gaps for missing terms.
2. Divide the first term in the DIVIDEND by the first term in the DIVISOR
3. Write the result in the correct column over the division line that is in the QUOTIENT
4. Multiply all the terms in the DIVISOR by this result and subtract the answer from the DIVIDEND.
5. A new dividend is now left. Repeat this process until the dividend that is left is of a lower
degree than the divisor.
Example:
Example:
Find the quotient and the remainder for
Therefore, the quotient is x2 + 4x +11 and the remainder is 35x - 39
Example:
Solve
FACTOR THEOREM AND REMAINDER THEOREM
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Factor Theorem
If (x-a) is a factor of a polynomial f(x), then
f(a) = 0.
Conversely, if, for a given polynomial function f(x), f(a) = 0, then x-a is a factor of f(x)
Note: The Factor Theorem is very useful when factorizing polynomials of degree greater than 2.
Example:
The function f is given by f(x) = 2x3 x2 - 18x + 9. Show that ( x - 3 ) is a factor of f(x).
Let x = 3
f(3) = 2(3)3 - (3)2 - 18(3) + 9
= 54 - 9 - 54 + 9
=0
Since f(3) = 0 then it is shown that ( x - 3 ) is a factor of f(x).
The expression x3 + 8x2 + kx + 10 has a factor (x + 2).Find the value of k.

Let x = -2
Since (x + 2) is a factor, then f(-2) = 0
Thus, (-2)3 + 8(-2)2 + k(-2) + 10 = 0
-8 + 32 - 2k + 10 = 0
-2k = -34
k = 17
Show that (x + 3) is a factor of x3 + 2x2 + x + 12.

Let x = -3
Suppose f(x) = x3 + 2x2 + x + 12
f(-3) = (-3)3 + 2(-3)2 + (-3) + 12
= -27 + 18 - 3 + 12
=0
Since f(-3) = 0 then it is shown that ( x + 3 ) is a factor of f(x)
Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by ( x - a ) , then the remainder is f (a).

Note : f (a) is the value of f (x) when x = a
The remainder of a polynomial when divided by a linear function can be obtained from
a) Long division
b) The Remainder Theorem.
HOWEVER, THE REMAINDER THEOREM GIVES A (SIMPLE) METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE
REMAINDER ONLY. IF THE QUOTIENT IS REQUIRED IN A QUESTION, LONG DIVISION MUST BE
USED.
SES
Example:
Determine the remainder when 3x5 x2 + 1 is

divided by ( x + 2 ).
Let x = -2
f(-2) = 3(-2)5 - (-2)2 + 1
= -96 - 4 + 1
= -99
The remainder is -99
The expression 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 2 is exactly

divisible by ( x + 2 ). The same expression
leaves a remainder of 12 on division by (x - 2 ).
Calculate the values of a and b.
Let f(x) = 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 2
f(-2) = 0
2(-2)3 + a(-2)2 + b(-2) + 2 = 0
-16 + 4a - 2b + 2 = 0
4a - 2b = 14
2a - b = 7 ---------------------------(1)
f(2) = 12
2(2)3 + a(2)2 + b(2) + 2 = 12
16 + 4a + 2b + 2 = 12
4a + 2b = -6
2a + b = -3 ---------------------------(2)
Eq (1) - Eq (2)
-2b = 10
b = -5
Substitute b = -5 in (1),
2a - (-5) = 7
2a = 2
a=1
Thus, f(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 5x + 2
EXERCISE
INDICES
1. Simplify the following expressions:
SES
33 a 0 52
a) b)
3 5 t0
3
3 3 3
4 2 5
c)
3 3
2 3
23 2 6 2 6 2 7
d)
2 4 2 5 20
e) 16ab 4 c 8 d
f) 36x 9xy 4
LOGARITHM
2. Solve the equations:
a) log10 x 4 lg x 5
b)
1 4
c) log 4 x 2 2 log 8 x
3
d)
3. Write the given expression in terms of log 2, log 3 and log 5

16 4 5
a) log 300 b) log
27
125 4 16
log

4 3
c) 81
4. Simplify the expression given
a) log 27 log 9 log 81
b) log 64 log 32 log128
c) log 8 log 4 log 32
5. Evaluate
1 1
log16 log8
a) 2 3
log 4
SES
1
log 9 log 3 log81
2
b) 2log 3
6. Solve the given equations
a) log x log x log 5x log 2 x

4 3
b) log 2t log t log16 log t

3
c) 2log b 3log b log8b log 4b

2
7. Given that log 2 0.3010, log 3 0.4771 and log 5 0.6990 . Without using calculator,
evaluate the following logarithmic functions.
75
a) log 45 b) log
4
8. Solve the following for x:
a) 4 5 4 6 0
2x x
b) 3 5 14 5 8 0
2x x
TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULA
9. Make the symbols indicated the subject of each of the formula shown and express each in its
simplest form
a 2 b2
a) 1 ( x)
x2 y 2
b) Z R2 2 fL
2
( L)
x y
a (b)
c) bd be
D f p
( p)
d) d f p
p a 2b
(b)
e)
q a 2b
10. In an electrical alternating current circuit the impedance Z is given by:
SES
2
1
Z R L
2
C
Transpose the formula L to be the subject of the formula
11. The sag,S at the center of a wire is given by the formula:

3d l d
S
8
Make l the subject of the formula and evaluate l when d 1.75, S 0.80
CONSTRUCTION OF EQUATIONS FROM VERBAL DATA
12. A rectangle and a square have the same area. If the rectangle is 4 cm longer and 3 cm narrower
than the square, find the lengths of the sides of the rectangle.
13. Two rectangles of equal area have widths of 10cm and 12 cm. The difference in their lengths is 3
cm. Find their areas.
14. A box contains an unknown number of screws. Five screws are removed from the box. The
screws remaining in the box are counted and it is found that there are 12. Write an equation to
illustrate this information. Solve the equation to find how many screws were originally in the
box.
15. For a hydraulic lift, the ratio of the applied force F1 to the resulting force F2 is equal to the ratio of
the squares of the diameters of the pistons:
What applied force is necessary to lift a 1440 kg automobile if D1 = 10cm and D2 = 80cm?
16. Three more than a certain number is 10. Find the number.
17. Four more than twice a certain number is 8. Find the number.
18. Sarah is 4 years older than Hakim and the sum of their ages is 46. How old is each?
19. The sum of one-half of a number and 6 is 14. Find the number.
20. The width of a rectangle is 3 meters less than its length. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 50
meters, find the dimensions of the rectangle.
21. One number is 20 more than another. If the greater number is increased by 4, the result is five
times the smaller. Find the two numbers.
22. A square and an equilateral triangle have the same perimeter. Each side of the triangle is 8
meters, find the length of each side of the square.
SES
23. Seventy-seven mathematics students are separated into two groups. The first group is 4 less than
twice the second group. How many students are in each group?
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION
24. Solve the following equations simultaneously.
a) b)
x 2 y 49

1.5 x 2.2 y 18 5 3 15
2.4 x 0.6 y 33 3x y 5
0
7 2 7
c) d)
1

4 3r 2 2s 1 11

x y 27 5 4 5
1 4 3 2r 5 s 15

2 x y 33 4 3 4
25. The equation of a straight line, a gradient m and intercept on the y-axis c is y mx c
If the straight line passes through the point where x = 1 and y = -2. And also through the point
1 1
where x 3 and y 10 , determine the value of the gradient and y-axis intercept
2 2
26. The distance s meters from a fixed point of a vehicle travelling in a straight line with constant
1
acceleration. a m / s 2 is given by s ut at 2 , where u is the initial velocity in m/s and t the
2
time in seconds. Determine the initial velocity and the acceleration given that s 42m when
t 2s and s 144m when t 4s . Determine also the distance travelled after 3s.
27. An airplane flying with a head wind travelled 1000 miles from one city to another in 2 hours and
12 minutes. On the return flight, flying with a tail wind, the total time was only 2 hours. Find the
air speed of the plane and the speed of the wind.
SECOND DEGREE EQUATION
28. Solve the following equation by using completing the square method.
a) 2 x 9 x 8 0
2
b) 4.6 y 3.5x 1.75 0

2
c) 3x x 5 0
2
d) 4 x 11x 3 0
2
SES
29. Calculate the diameter of a solid cylinder which has a height of 82.0cm and a total surface area
2.0m 2
Total surface area of cylinder = 2 rh 2 r

2
2
30. If the total surface area of a solid cone is 486.2cm and its slant height is 15.3cm, determine the
base diameter.
[Total surface area of solid cone = rl r ]

2
l slant height
r base radius
31. The angle a rotating shaft turns through in t seconds is given by:
1
t t 2
2
Determine the time taken to complete 4 radians if 3.0 rad / s and 0.60 rad / s 2
32. The power P developed in an electrical circuit is given by:
P 10 I 8 I 2
Where I is the current in amperes. Determine the current necessary to produce a power of 2.5
watts in the circuit
33. Solve each inequality
a) 3x 2 x 3
1 x 1
b) 2
3 2
x2 4x 0
c)

d) 6 x 1 5 x
2

x 2 x 3 0
e) x
m 3

f) 2m 1 m 2
POLYNOMIAL
34. Simplify the following polynomial:
SES
35.
36. Simplify each product
37. Simplify the resulting expressions
38. Find quotient and remainder for each division
SES
39. Simplify the following by using long division method.
40. Three factors of x ax bx x c are x, x 1 , x 1 . Determine a, b and c.

4 3 2
41. Determine the values of a and b if ax bx 8 x 6 has remainder 2x 1 when divided by

4 3 2
x2 1
42. Given that 2 x 1 is a factor of 8 x 4 x kx 15 . Determine the value of k

3 2
43. The expression ax bx c is divisible by x 1 , has remainder 2 when divided by x 1 and

2
has remainder 8 when divided by x 2 . Determine the values of a, b and c.
44. Resolve the following into partial fractions:
12
a)
x 9
2
3 2 x 2 8 x 1
b) x 4 x 1 2 x 1
x 2 x 14
x2 2x 3
c)
3x3 2 x 2 16 x 20
d) x 2 x 2
4x 3
e) x 1
2
x2 7 x 3
x 2 x 3
f)
5 x 2 30 x 44
x 2
3
g)
SES
18 21x x 2
x 5 x 2
2
h)
x 2 x 13
i)
x2 7 x 2
6x 5
j)
x 4 x 2 3
15 5 x 5 x 2 4 x3
k)
x 2 x 2 5
x 3 4 x 2 20 x 7
l)
x 1
2
x 2
8
ANSWER
1 1
1. a) 9 b) c)
5 9
1
d) e) 4b 2c 4 ad f) 18xy 2
8
2. a) 10000 b) 100000 c) 1/32 d) 1/16
3. a) 2 log 2 2 log 5 log 3
1
b) 4 log 2 4 log 5 3log 3
3log 5 log 2 3log 3

c)
4. a) 5 log 3 b) 4 log 2 c) 6 log 2
5. a) 1/2 b) 3/2
5
6. a) x b) t 8 c) b 2
2
7. a) 1.6532 b) 1.2731
1
8. a) x 0.792 @
2
SES
x 0.252 @ 0.861
b)
ay
x
y 2 b2
9. a)
Z 2 R2
L
2 f
b)
x y
2
b
c) a2 d e
f D2 d 2
p
d) d 2
D2
a p2 q2
b
2 p2 q2
e)
C Z 2 R 2 1
L
2C
10.
8S 2
l d ; 2.725
11. 3d
12. L = 16 cm, W = 9 cm
13. A = 180 cm2
14. Equation: x 5 =12

x = 17
15. F1 = 22.5 kg
16. 7
17. 2
18. Sarah = 25, Hakim = 21
19. 16
20. L = 14 m, W = 11 m
21. S = 6, G = 26
SES
22. 6m
23. G1 = 50, G2 = 27
24. a) x 10, y 15
b) x 3, y 4
3
c) x 5, y 1 4
1
r 3, s
d) 2
m 5, c 7
25.
26. u 6m / s, a 15m / s , s 85.5m

2
27. Air speed = 477.27 mph
Speed of the wind = 22.73 mph
28. a) 1.22, 3.28
0.344, 1.105
b)
1.468, 1.135
c)
2.443,0.307
d)
57.5cm
29.
30. 13.82cm
31. 1.191s
32. 0.345 A or 0.905 A
5 5
33. a) , ,5
4 b) 3
SES
2 3
4,0 d)
, ,
c) 3 2
2,0 3,
e)
, 2
1
,1 3,
f) 2
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
SES
39.
40. a 1, b 1, c 0
41. a 3, b 2
42. k 34
43. a 3, b 1, c 2
2 2

x 3 x 3
44. a)
7 3 2

b) x 4 x 1 2 x 1
2 3
1
c) x 3 x 1
1 5
3x 2
d) x 2 x 2
4 7
e)
x 1 x 12
1 2 1

x 2
x x 3
f)
5 10 4

x 2 x 2 2
x 2
3
g)
2 3 4

x 5 x 2 x 2 2
h)
SES
2x 3 1

i)
x2 7 x 2
1 2 x
2
x 4 x 3
j)
1 3 2 5x
2 2
x x x 5
k)
3 2 2 x 1
2
x 1 x 1 x 8
2
l)
SES

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23 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)

Determine the value of 7 2 7 4 7 73 b

If 3 p 4 9 p 2 find the value of p

2.2 LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION

By the definition of inverse function we have

PROPERTIES OF NATURAL LOGARITHMS

1. x log 3 9 2. x log10 0.001

Solve the following equations:

Let a be a positive number, with a 1.

1. Write the following in terms of log 2, log 3 and log 5

log 450 log 2 3 3 5 5

log 64 log128 log 32 log 26 log 27 log 25

4. Solve the equation: log x 1 log x 1 2log x 2

LHS : log x 1 log x 1 log x 1 x 1

RHS : 2 log x 2 log x 2

log a b y log a x Take log a of each side

log a x Base conversion

2.3 LOGARITHMS AND EXPONENTIAL EQUATION

GRAPH OF EXPONENTIAL / LOG FUNCTION

Notice log(x) is flatter than ln(x). For two exponentials of

Next is a closer look at the interval 0< x < 1.

The rules for transforming the formula are:

Remove square roots or other roots

These steps should be performed in the order given.

Step 2: Clear the bracket

Step 3: Collect the terms containing R on the LHS

Step 4: Factorise the LHS

Step 5: Isolate R by dividing both sides of the equation by (V 2)

a) a the subject b) l the subject

CONSTRUCTION OF EQUATIONS FROM VERBAL DATA

To solve word problems:

Read the problem carefully

Mathematical translations of common English phrases are listed below:

2.5 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION

GRAPH OF LINEAR EQUATION

Figure illustrates these conclusions:

(a) intersecting lines

(b) parallel lines

(c) coincident lines

SOLVING SYSTEMS OF TWO LINEAR EQUATIONS BY:

The two lines are parallel, the system has no solution.

Two methods of solving simultaneous equations analytically are:

Solve the following equations for x and y

If eq (1) I multiplied throughout by 4 the

Subtracting eq (3) from eq (2) gives:

Substituting y 2 into eq (1) gives:

Solve the following equations for x and y

Multiplying eq (1) by 8 gives:

Multiplying eq (2) by 3 gives

Rearranging eq (3) and (4) gives:

Multiplying eq (6) by 8 gives:

Adding eq (5) from eq (7) gives:

Substituting x 4 into eq (5) gives:

Word Problems: Distance

It is important to understand the terminology used in the aviation problem.

We need to set up a system of two equations. Remember that:

Therefore, we need to adjust this formula for

Head wind Tail wind

We will now substitute a variable for air speed (x)