Structure Question 1:: Solid and Liquid Liquid and Gas Gas Only

Structure Question 1:
Figure (a)
Figure (b)
Figure (a) shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the heating process of substance Y. In
this experiment, solid substance Y was heated in a water bath from room temperature until it
turned into gas. Substance Y was stirred throughout the whole experiment. The temperature of
substance Y was recorded at fixed intervals of time and the graph of temperature against time
during the heating of substance Y is shown in Figure (b) above.
Answer:
1. What is the physical state of naphthalene at the region

a. QR solid and liquid
b. ST liquid and gas
c. TU Gas only
2. What is the time when substance Y begins to melt?[1 mark]
t1
3. What is the boiling point of substance Y?[1 mark]
95C
4. Why the temperature of M remains unchanged from time t3 to t2 even though heating
continues?
From t1 to t2, substance Y is melting. The heat supply to the substance is used to overcome
the strong attraction force between the solid particles. No heat energy is used to increase
the kinetic energy (temperature) of the particles.
5. Why water bath is used for heating the solid of substance Y?
To ensure uniform heating on substance-Y
6. Give a reason why water bath is suitable in this experiment?
Because the melting point and boiling point of substance Y is lower than the boiling point of
water.
7. Name 2 substance, whose boiling point can be determined by using water bath.
Alcohol and ether
8. Given that the boiling point of substance X is around 105C. Why cant we use water bath
to determine the boiling point of substance Y?
The boiling point of water is 100C, which means the maximum temperature that can be
achieved by water is 100C, which is lower than the boiling point of substance-X.
Substance X cannot be boiled by using water bath.
9. Suggest another method which can replace water bath in this experiment.
Use oil bath or sand bath instead of water bath.
10. Why stirring of substance Y is required throughout the whole experiment?
So that heat is spread evenly throughout the substance.
11. Compare the kinetic energy of particles of substance Y at t1 and t3.
The kinetic energy of particles at t3 is higher than the kinetic energy of particles at t 1.
12. State one different in the arrangement of the particles of substance Y before t 1 and after t4.
Before t1, particles are arrange in an orderly manner and close to one another. After t4, the
particles are very far apart and randomly arrange.
The above diagram shows the apparatus used in an experiment to determine the freezing point of
liquid naphthalene. The liquid naphthalene is cooled from 100C in a conical flask and it is stirred
continuously with a thermometer. The temperature of liquid naphthalene is recorded in every 30
seconds. The results obtained are tabulated below:
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300
Temperature (oC) 100 93 85 78 78 78 78 60 43 25 25
Answer:
1. Draw a graph of temperature against time for the cooling of liquid naphthalene. [2
marks]
(Click on the image to enlarge)

2. Determine the freezing point of liquid naphthalene from the graph.
78C
3.c.What is the physical state of naphthalene at
a. 60s liquid
b. 120s liquid and solid
c. 180s solid
4. Draw the particles arrangement of naphthalene at c.i. and c.iii
c. i.
c. ii.
5. Explain why the temperature remains constant between 3 and 6 minutes?

From the time 90 second to 180 second, naphthalene is freezing. During freezing, bonds
are formed in between the molecules and energy is released. The energy lost to the
surrounding is compensated by the energy released from the formation of the bonds.
6. Explain why the boiling tube is placed inside a conical flask during the cooling process.
To ensure constant cooling at slow rate for naphthalene. This can avoid super cooling.
7. Give a reason why naphthalene needs to be stirred continuously during the process?
To avoid super cooling.
8. Will the melting point of naphthalene differ if it is contaminated by other substance?
Yes
9. Sketch a graph obtained when solid naphthalene is heated from room temperature
(25C) to 100C.
An experiment is conducted to study the change of state of iodine. Some powder of solid iodine is
heated as shown in the Figure above, the black solid iodine changes into a purple gas at 125C.
The purple gas is then cooled by a round bottom flask that fill with ice.
Answer:
1. State the process of change of state demonstrated by iodine at 125C.

Sublimation
2. What can be observed at part R?
Some black powder form at the bottom of the flask.
3. What is the name of the process when iodine gas turns into iodine solid again?
Reverse/inverse sublimation
4. Explain why palm oil is used in the experiment instead of water.
Because iodine sublime at 125C, the temperature which is higher than the boiling point of
water.
5. Name two other substances which also sublime at atmospheric pressure (1atm).
Ammonium chloride, carbon dioxide, naphthalene.
Table below shows the melting and boiling points of three different substances.
Substance Melting Point Boiling Point
H -120C -5C
I 45C 98C
J 10C 350C
Answer:
1. What is the physical state of H, I and J at room temperature (25C)?
H: gaseous I: solid J: liquid
2. Which substance diffuses the fastest at room temperature? Explain your answer.
Substance H. Because substance H exist as gas at room temperature, hence there is a lot
of empty space between the particles. Other than that, the particles of H have highest
kinetic energy.
3. Draw some diagrams to show the arrangement of particles of substance I at 40C, 80C
and 120C.
At 40C
At 80C
At 120C
4. What is the name of the process which atoms or molecules of a substance in liquid state
gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state below boiling point.
Evaporation
5. Define boiling point.
Boiling Point is the temperature at which the pressure exerted by the surroundings upon a
liquid is equalled by the pressure exerted by the vapour of the liquid.
6. Sketch the graph of temperature against time for substance I when it is cooled from 120C
to room temperature.

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Structure Question 1:

1. What is the physical state of naphthalene at the region

Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300

Temperature (oC) 100 93 85 78 78 78 78 60 43 25 25

(Click on the image to enlarge)

5. Explain why the temperature remains constant between 3 and 6 minutes?

1. State the process of change of state demonstrated by iodine at 125C.

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