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IS 12889 (1989): Non-destructive Testing - Performance

Evaluation of Liquid Penetrants [MTD 21: Non-Destructive
Testing]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda
Invent a New India Using Knowledge

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BharthariNtiatakam
Knowledge is such a treasure which cannot be stolen
 IS 12889 : 1889
(Reaffirmed 2000)

hdian Standard
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING-
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LIQUID
PENETRANTS-SPECIFICATION

( First Reprint AUGUST 1997 )

UDC 620179111

@ BIS 1990

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MAR0
NEW DELHI 110002

Juno 1990 Price Group 2

i
Non-Destructive Testing Sectional Committee, MTD 21

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on 8 December 1989, after
the draft finalized by the Non-Destructive Testing Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Metallurgical Engineering Division Council.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised). The number of
significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in
this standard.
 Is 12889: 1989

Indian Standard
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING -
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LIQUID
PENETRANTS - SPECIFICATION
1 SCOPE 5 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PENETRANT
MATERIALS
1.1 This specification covers materials used for the
penetrant inspection of metal and non-porous 5.1 Toxicity
ceramic and plastic parts to determine material
discontinuities open to the surface. All penetrant materials shall have no adverse
effect on the health of personnel when used for its
2 REFERENCES intended purpose.
2.1 The following Indian Standards are necessary 5.2 Corrosive Properties
adjuncts to this standard.
All items included in each group of material shall
IS No. Tit Ie be non-corrosive and non-tarnishing.
1206 Determination of viscosity: 5.3 Flash Point
( Part 3 ) : 1978 Part 3 Kinematic viscosity
( jirst revision ) For all penetrants, emulsifiers and wet developers
other than water base ones, intended for use in
5522 : 1978 Stainless steel sheets and coils open tanks or containers, the minimum flash point
(first revision ) shall be 52C.

3 PENETRANT MATERIALS 5.4 Viscosity

5.4.1 The manufacturer should state the nominal
3.1 The term penetrant materials shall include viscosity of each penetrant and emulsifier. The
cleaning agents, penetrants, penetrant remover viscosity of a particular item shall be within res-
(solvents ), emulsifiers, developers, etc, used in the ponsible limits for different lots. The property
examination process. shall be measured in kinematic viscosity using a
viscometer as specified in IS 1206 ( Part 3 ) : 1978.
4 CLASSIFICATION
5.4.2 For penetrants, the viscosity should range
4.1 The penetrant inspection materials shall be of from 5 to 10 centistokes at 38C.
three groups. The group only denotes the family
of penetrant system. The test methods are classi- 5.4.3 For emulsifiers, the viscosity should range
fied by the visibility of discontinuities when from 10 to 100 centistokes at 38C.
exposed to white light or black light and by the
removability of the penetrants. Removability test 5.5 Storage Stability
for penetrants shall be done according to the
methods specified in Annex A. A filled and closed container of each item of a
family shall be stored for one year at the ambient
4.2 Graup I, consisting of a solvent removable temperature of the place of use without exposure
colour contrast penetrant. a penetrant remover to direct sunlight. At the end of the storage
( solvent ), and a dry, wet or non-aqueous wet period, the material shall be subjected to the follo-
developer. wing tests as applicable to the item:
4.3 Group II, consisting of a water-washable a) Penetrant removability,
( pre-emulsified ) penetrant and a dry, wet or non- b) Water washability,
aqueous wet developer.
c) Precipitation rate,
4.4 Group III, consisting of a post emulsifiable d) Developer flourescence,
fluorescent penetrant, an emulsifier ( lipophilic or e) Flash point,
hydrophilic ) and a dry powder or aqueousjnon-
aqueous developer. The emulsifier used shall be f) Viscosity, and
compatible to the penetrant. g) Wet developer removability.

1
Is 12889 : 1989

6 CONTROL OF CONTAMINANTS 9.23 The precipitation rate of non-aqueous wet

developer shall be ascertained as follows.
6.1 All penetrant materials used on nickel-base
alloys, austenitic stainless steels and titanium shall The non-aqueous wet developers shall be agitated
be analysed for sulphur content as they have been until all solids are in suspension as determined by
found to be subject to corrosion and embrittle- the audible sound of the pallet in the container.
ment by contact with sulphur in the form of sul- For aerosol packed products, the container shall
phide ions at elevated temperature. be reheved of propellant and the entire contents
transferred to a suitable container for agitatian to
6.2 All penetrant materials used on stainless steel bring it to suspension. 25 ml of the developer
and titanium shall be analysed for total halide shall then be poured into a graduated measure and
content for the same reason stated in 6.1 due to allowed to stand for 15 minutes. On subsequent
contact with chloride ions. visual examination, the line of demarcation bet-
ween the precipitate and the remaining mixture
6.3 For general applications, the values for total shall not be more than 2 ml below the level of the
sulphur and halide content shall not exceed 1 per- complete mixture.
cent each by weight. For special applications,
such as, in nuclear, space, etc, the values for total 9.3 Wet Developers
sulphur and halide content shall not exceed 25 ppm 9.3.1 The developers shall be supplied in wet or
each. dry condition. When supplied in dry condition,
Methods of determining total sulphur and halide instructions for mixing shall be either marked or
content shall be the standard test methods. labelled on the container.
9.3.2 The wet developer shall be mixed in accor-
7 TEMPERATURE STABILITY dance with the manufacturers instructions and
The temperature stability shall be tested by subject- allowed to stand for four hours. A 25 ml of
ing not less than 50 ml of the penetrant in a glass solution shall then be poured info a graduated
centrifuge tube to two complete cycles of tempe- measure and allowed to stand for 15 minutes.
rature ranging from -32C to 55C. Each tube After 15 minutes when visually examined, the line
cycle shall extend over a minimum time period of of demarcation between the precipitate and the
eight hours. After the temperature cycling has remaining mixture shall not be below the half-way
been completed, the material shall be allowed to mark.
return to room temperature. The samples shall 9.4 Dry Developers
be visually examined at room temperature for any
precipitation and separation of constituents. 9.4.1 Dry developer shall be light, fluffy and free
from moisture and lumping.
8 WATER TOLERANCE 9.4.2 To verify the lightness of dry developers, a
50 ml of the penetrant under test shall be taken in one litre beaker shall be accurately weighed and
a 100 ml glass cylinder and 05 ml of water is the weight recorded. The beaker shall then be
added at a time using a burette and after each filled with the dry developer heated to 105C for
addition, the solution is shaken well. This process 1 hour and tapped lightly on the side, to cause
is repeated until the penetrant separates, clouds or settling of the developer. The edge of a spatula
coagulates. Tbe amount of water added in per- or other suitable instrument shall be scrapped
centage of penetrant taken gives the water tole- across the top of the beaker in. such a manner
rance for the test penetrant. that the surface of the developer is in level with
the top of the beaker. The filled beaker shall then
9 DEVELOPERS be accurataly weighed. The weight of the empty
beaker shall be substructed from the total weight
9.1 AH develop, dry cr wet, shall provide a good and the weight of the developer obtained shall not
contrasting white back-ground to the penetrant for be more than 200 g.
which intended. Developers shall not exhibit
fluorescence when exposed to ultra-violet rays at 10 SYSTEM SENSITIVITY PERFOR!HANCE
365 nanometer ( black light ) wave length, 10.1 For consistency and reproducibility of test
9.2 Non-Aqueous Wet Developers results, artificially produced defects shah be used
to rate and compare penetrant systems and mate-
9.2.1 Non-aqueous wet developers shall be solids rials.
suspended in non-aqueous liquid. They shall be 10.2 One of the following artificial defect test
ready-mixed in pressurized or non-pressurized panels is recommended for use:
containers. Each container shall be provided with
a pallet to aid in agitation of the material and to a) Quench, cracked aluminium block, or
indicate proper mixing. b) Nickel chrome plate brass penel.

2
 ls12889:1989

10.3 Quench-cracked Aluminium Block Based on established procedures, the sequence of

application and general processing shall be identi-
10.3.1 The liquid penetrant comparator shall be cal, such as, penetrant dwell, removal and deve-
made of duralumin, 12 mm thick and shall have loping. The two sections shall be compared for:
approximate face dimensions of 50 mm x 75 mm.
At the exact centre of the block, an area approxi- a) Completeness of crack patterns:
mately 25 mm in diameter shall be marked with b) Sharpness of crack delineation, that is, defi-
a 5 10C temperature-indicating point. The marked nition;
area is then heated with the flame impinging on the
face opposite to the temperature indicating spot c) Brilliance; and
with a blow torch, a Bunsen burner or a similar d) General visibility.
device, to a temperature between 510 to 525C,
as indicated by the marking point. The specimen 10.6 Re-use of Blocks
is quenched in cold water to produce a network of
fine cracks on each face. Often several repeated 10.6.1 Since contaminatingeffect is likely to occur
heating and quenching operations on the same whenever tests are made, blocks shall never be
block are needed to produce adequate crack pat- re-used without renewing them according to the
terns. The block is finally dried by heating it procedure outlined below.
approximately to 150C.
10.6.2 Blocks used for visible dye penetrant shall
10.3.2 A groove shall be machined across the not be used for fluorescent as visible dye always
centre of each face, 16 mm deep and 2 mm vide, remains and seriously damages the performance of
to permit side by side comparison without inter- the fluorescent penetrant.
fering cross-contamination between the two sides. 10.6.3 For quench cracked aluminium blocks,
One half of the specimen shall be designated A re-use shall be after soaking the blocks in acetone
and the other B for identification. overnight, rinsing with water, reheating to 425C
slowly and quenching in cold water. The block
10.4 Nickel Chromium Panels shall be reheated moderately and allowed to cool
to room temperature. Block shall not be renewed
10.4.1 Alternatively, a sheet of brass, 3 mm thick, more than three times and a new aiuminium block
is selected and polished to a mirror finish. A thin shall be ,repared.
layer of nickel is electroplated followed by a layer
of chrome upon this polished surface. The chrome 10.6.4 Other recommended methods of cleaning
layer is brittle and qackes can be generated in it for re-use of the blocks includes hot aluminium
by stressing the other side of the panel by Brine11 alkaline cleaners, vapour degreasing and ultrasonic
indentation using a 5 mm ball and 750 kg load to cleaning using proper solvents.
initiate radial crackes of 10 micrometre in width
and 50 micrometre depth. For simultaneous com- 10.6.5 The nickel-chrome panels can be used over
parison, the chrome panel can be divided into two and over again with post cleaning after each test.
sections by means of a longitudinal wax or narrow Post cleaning includes ultrasonic cleaning in sol-
vinyl tape. vents or soaking the panel in acetone for 15 to 30
minutes followed by drying in ovens or natural
10.4.2 The panels shall not be bent. Flexing or drying.
bending will increase the size of existing cracks
and may create new cracks. 11 PACKING AND MARKING

10.5 Procedure for Use

The containers of penetrant material shall bear
the manufacturers instructions for use, batch No.
The test penetrant is placed on one section and a or lot No., date. of manufacture by month and
standard penetrant on the other section of the year and date of expiry in addition to the marking
cracked aluminium block or nickel chrome panels. for conformance to this specification.
 ANNEX A

( Clause4.1 )
REMOVABILITY/WASHABILITY TEST FOR PENETRANTS

A-l REMOVABILITY TEST FOR GROUP 1 for storage. Prior to use, the panels shall be
PENETRANT vapour degreased, after which they shall be heated
to lOOC, they cooled to room temperature in a
A-l.1 Group 1 penetrants shall be removable by dessicator.
wipping with a cloth dampened with penetrant
remover. A-2.2 The penetrants shall be tested by pouring
2 ml of the same on the panel. The panel shall be
A-l.2 The penetrant remover shall be suitable drained at 45 degree for I5 minutes and washed
commercial solvent. It shall be available in bulk in accordance with the standard washing proce-
or pressurized cans as specified. dure. The panels are dried in a warm air drier
and coated with applicable developer and examined
A-l.3 Test Panels for Penetrant Removability under natural or white light as appropriate.
A-1.3.1 The penetrant removability shall be tested A-2.3 The pannel shall be examined and there
on a fairly rough surface, such as, stainless steel shall be no residual dye on the surface of the test
type ( see IS 5522 : 1978 ) panels 50 mm x 100 mm panel.
in size and blasted with 150 micrometre average
A-2.4 For reuse of the panel, it shall be rinsed
size grit, using 25 kg/cm* of air pressure with a with water and dried after an application of methy-
gun held approximately 500 mm from the panels.
lenechloride. It shall be further soaked in
Panels shall be slip-sheeted and wrapped for sto-
dimethyl formamide, water rinsed and dried.
rage. Prior to use, the panels shall be vapour
degreased after which they shall be heated to CAUTION - Methylene chloride and dimethyl
lOoC, then cooled to room temperature in a formamide are health hazards.
dessicator. The panels shall be degreased after
each use. A-3 GROUP III PENETRANTS
A-3.1 Test panels for Group 111 shall be prepared
A-1.3.2 The penetrant removability of Group 1 in accordance with A-1.3.
penetrant shall be tested by pouring approxima-
tely 5 ml of the reference sample on centred spots A-3.2 The penetrants shall be tested as specified
40 mm from the top of the panel. The panel in A-2.2 except after the penetrant drain period,
shall be allowed to drain for 15 minutes. At the the panel shall be dipped in the applicable emul-
end of the drain period, the panels shall be wiped sifier until the penetrant is covered.
with a dry cloth to remove the surplus penetrant,
after which it shall be wiped with a cloth dampen- A-3.3 The emulsifier shall be capable of emulsi-
ed with penetrant remover and dried. The fying the penetrant and shall be suitable for appli-
applicable developer shall be applied and the panel cation by spraying or dipping. When examined
examined under natural or white light. The visually, the colour of the emulsifier shaIl be noti-
penetrants shall leave substantially no more cably different from that of the penetrant with
residual penetrant than that left by the reference which they are used.
sample. A-3.4 The emulsifier shall have a dwell time of at
least 3 seconds and the panels shall be washed in
A-2 REMOVABILITY TEST FOR GROUP II accordance with the standard washing procedure.
PENETRANTS The panels are dried and coated with applicable
developer and examined under natural or white
A-2.1 The test panels shall be 50 x IO mm in size light as appropriate.
and shall be cut from clad aluminium alloy. The
surface of the panels shall be in the as-roiled condi- A-3.5 The panel shall be examined and there shall
tion. Panels shall be slip-sheeted and wrapped be no residual dye on the surface of the test panel.

4
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Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed
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of BIS Handbook and Standards Monthly Additions.
This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. MTD 21 ( 3361 )

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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