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IS 3400-9 (2003): Methods of Test for Vulcanized Rubber,

Part 9: Rubber, Vulcanized - Determination of Density [PCD
13: Rubber and Rubber Products]

“!ान $ एक न' भारत का +नम-ण”

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“Invent a New India Using Knowledge”

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है”
ह
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 IS 3400 (Part 9) :2003
ISO 2781:1988

Indian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR VULCANIZED RUBBER
PART 9 RUBBER, VULCANIZED—DETERMINATION OF DENSITY

(Second Revision )

ICS 83.060

0 BIS 2003

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

March 2003 Price Group 2

Rubber and Rubber Products Sectional Committee, PCD 13

NATIONAL FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Part 9) (Second Revision) which is identical with ISO 2781:1988 ‘Rubber,
vulcanized — Determination of density’ issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendations of the Rubber and Rubber
Products Sectional Committee and approval of the Petroleum, Coal and Related Products Division Council.

This standard was first published in 1967 aligning with ISO 2781:1975 ‘Determination of density of
vulcanized rubbers’ and revised in 1978. In the first revision, determination was made by observation of
gravitational forces under different conditions, but for convenience, these forces were expressed in mass
units. The Committee, therefore, decided to revise this standard to completely align with ISO 2781:1988.

The text of ISO Standard has been proposed to be approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard
without deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards.
Attention is particularly drawn to the following:

a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear referring to this standard, they should
be read as ‘Indian Standard’.

b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards, the current practice
is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.

For tropical countries like India, the standard temperature and the relative humidity shall be taken as
27* 2°C and 65 k 5 percent respectively.
 IS 3400 (Part 9) :2003
ISO 2781 :1988

lndian Standard
METHODS OF TEST FOR VULCANIZED RUBBER
PART 9 RUBBER, VULCANIZED—DETERMINATION OF DENSITY

(Second Revision )

1 Scope 4 Apparatus

This International Standard specifies two methods of test for Ordinary laboratory apparatus and
the determination of the density of solid vulcanized rubber.
4.1 Analytical balance, accurate to 1 mg.
Such determinations are of importance in the control of the
quality of a rubber compound and in the calculation of the mass
4.2 Balance pan straddle, of convenient size to support the
of rubber required to produce a given volume of vulcanizate.
beaker and permit determination of the mass of the teat piece in
water (for method A).
This International Standard does not cover the determination
of the relative density of rubber, which is the ratio of the mass
of a given volume of the rubber to the mass of an equal volume 4.3 Beaker, 250 cms capacity (or smaller if necessitated by
of pure water at a given temperature. the design of the balance) (for method A).

In this International Standard the determination is made by 4.4 Density bottle (for method B).
observation of gravitational forces under different conditions
but, for convenience, these forces are expressed in mass units.

2 Definition 5 Test piece

For the purposes of this International Standard, the following 5.1 The teat piece shall consist of a piece of the rubbar with
definition applies. smooth surfaces, free from crevices and duet, and having a
mass of at least 2,5 g. For method B the shape of the test piece
density: The mass of unit volume of the rubber at a stated shall be such as to permit cutting into suitable pieces (see 9.3).
temperature. It is expressed in megagrams per cubic metre
(Mg/ms).
5.2 A minimum of two teata shall be made.

3 Principle

Two methods, A and B, are given. 6 ~me-interval between vulcanization and

testing
In method A the masses of the test piece in air and in water are
determined using an analytical balance equipped with a pan Unless otherwise specified for technical reasons, the following
straddle. The mass when immersed in water is less than that in requirements for time-intervals shall be observed.
air by the mass of water displaced, the volume of water dis-
placed being equal to that of the test piece.
6.1 For all teat purposes, the minimum time between
vulcanization and testing shall be 16 h.
Method B is intended to be used only when it is necessary to
cut up the test piece into small pieces to eliminate air spaces, as
in the case of narrow bore tubing and electric cable insulation. 6.2 For non-product tests, the maximum time between
Measurements are made using a balance and a density bottle. vulcanization and testing shall be 4 weeks and for evaluations

1
IS 3400 (Part 9) :2003
ISO 2781 :1988

intended to be comparable, the tests, as far as possible, shall seconds to make sure that it does not drift gradually as a result
be carried out after the same time-interval. of convection currents.

NOTES
6.3 For product tests, whenever possible, the time between
vulcanization arid testing shall not exceed 3 months. In other 1 Where the filament usad has a mass lass than 0,010 g, such as is
cases, tests shall be made within 2 months of the date of the case with thin nylon filament, the correction to account for its mess
receipt by the customer of the product. is not neceaee~ to ensure the statad sccuracy of the final result.
However, when the teat pieca ia smaller than the ona apacifiad (e.g.
when the density of small O-rings ia to be measured), this can lead to
inaccuracies and the mess of tha filament naada to be tekan into ac-
7 Conditioning of test pieces count in the final calculation. If a maana of euspanaion othar than a fila-
ment is used, the volume and mass of the euapanaion must be taken in-
to account in making the final calculation.
7.1 Samples and test pieces shall be protected from direct
sunlight during the interval between vulcanization and testing. 2 When this procedure is usad for rubbar having a density lees than
1 Mg/m3, a sinker is necessary; a furthar waighing of tha sinker alone
in water is required. Alternatively, a Iiiuid of dtierent danaity to water
7.2 Samples, after such preparation as is necessary, shall be may be used in place of the water, in which case the formulae givan in
conditioned at a standard temperature (that is, 23 ‘C f 2 ‘C 10.1 are modified by the multiplication of the expression by the dansity
or 27 ‘C t 2 ‘C) for at least 3 h before the test pieces are cut. of the liquid expressed in megagrama per cubic metre.
These test pieces may be tested immediately but, if not, they
3 Tha main sources of error are
shall be kept at the standard temperature until tested. If the
preparation involves buffing, the interval between buffing and a) air bubbles adhering to the surfaces of tha test pieca during
testing shall not axceed 72 h. weighings in water;

b) surface tension effects on the filament;

c) convection currents in the water in which the test piaca is

8 Temperature of test suspended, to minimize which the temperature of the water and of
the air in the balance case should be the same.
The test shall normally be carried out at a standard temperature
(23 “C * 2 ‘C or 27 “C * 2 “C), the same temperature being 4 In order to minimize the adherence of air bubbles to the test piece,
it is permissible either to add a trace (say 1 part in 10 000) of surface ac-
used throughout one test or series of tests intended to be com-
tive material such as a detergent to the distilled water or to dip the test
parable.
piece momentarily into a suitable liquid, such aa methyl alcohol or in-
dustrial methylated spirits, miscible with water and having a negligible
swelling or leaching action on rubber. If the latter method is adopted,
9 Procedure precautions should be taken to minimize the carry-over of alcohol.

9.1 Preparation of sample

9.3 Method B
If fabric is attachad to, or embedded in, the samples, it shall be
removed before cutting the test pieces. The method of removal Weigh the clean, dry density bottle and stopper (4.4) before
shall preferably avoid the use of a swelling liquid, but, if neces- and after the insertion of the test piece (clause 5) cut into
sary, a suitable non-toxic liquid of low boiling point may be suitable pieces. The exact size and shape of the pieces will de-
used to wet the contacting surfaces. Care shall be taken to pend on the thickness of the original test piece. They should be
avoid stretching the rubber during the separation from the such that no two dimensions are greater than 4 mm and the
fabric, and the liquid, if used, shall be allowed to evaporate third not greater than 6 mm. Within these limitations the pieces
completely from the rubber surfaces after separation. Cloth- should be as large as possible. All cut edges shall be smooth.
marked surfaces shall be made smooth by buffing. Fill the bottle, containing the rubber, coh-rpletely with freshly
boiled and cooled distilled water at a standard temperature
(23 “C * 2 ‘C or 27 ‘C * 2 “C). Remove air bubbles adher-
9.2 Method A
ing to the rubber or to the walls of the bottle (see note 4
above).
Suspend the test piece (clause 5) from the hook on the balance
(4. 1), using a suitable length of filament so that the bottom of
Insert the stopper, taking care that there is no air in the bottle or
the test piece is about 25 mm above the straddle (4.2). The fila-
the capillary. Dry the outside of the bottle carefully. Weigh the
ment shall be made from a material which is insoluble in water
bottle and contents. Empty the bottle completely and refill with
and which does not absorb a significant amount of water. It
freshly boiled and cooled distilled water. After removing the air
shall either be counterbalanced or be weighed and, if weighad,
bubbles, inserting the stopper and drying, weigh the bottle and
its maas shall be deducted from subsequent weighings of the
water.
test piece (see note 1).

Ail tha above weighinga shall be made to the nearest milligram.

Weigh the test piece to the nearest milligram in air, Repeat the
weighing with the test piece (and sinker, if required, see note 2)
NOTE – Tha main source of error is air bubbles inside the botde. It
immersed in freshly boiled and cooled distilled water at a stan-
may be neceeeery to heat the bottle and contants to approximately
dard temperature (23 ‘C * 2 ‘C or 27 “C + 2 ‘C) contained 50 “C to dislodga bubbles, but in this case the bottla and contante
in the beaker (4.3), placed on the straddle. Remove air bubblea must be cooled before waighing, Alternatively, the bottla may be
adhering to the test piece (see note 4) and determine the mass placed in a vacuum desiccator and the vacuum applied and released
to the nearest milligram, watching the pointer for a few several times until no more air is extracted.

2
 IS 3400 (Part 9): 2003
ISO 2781 :1988

10 Expression of results 10.2 Method B

The density Q, expressed in megagrams per cubic metre, is

10.1 Method A
given by the formula

The density Q, expressed in megagrams per cubic metre, is

mz – ml
given by the formula
m4–m3+m2–mj
ml
where
ml – m2

ml is the mass of the density bottle;

where

m2 is the mass of the density bottle plus test piece;

I
ml is the net mass of the rubber;

m~ is the mass of the density bottle plus test piece plus

mz is the mass of the rubber less the mass of an equal
water;
volume of water, determined by weighing in water, both at
the standard temperature.
m4 is the mass of the density bottle filled with water.

This method is accurate to the nearest unit in the second place

NOTE – For precise work, a factor to take account of the density of
of decimals.
water at the test temperature should be used.

The density of water at standard laboratory temperature may

be taken as 1,00 Mg/ms.

NOTES
1 When a sinker has been used, the calculation must be modified as
follows : 11 Test report
ml
Q=
ml+m2–m3 The test report shall include the following particulars :

where a) a reference to this International Standard;

ml is the net ma= of the rubber;
b) the mean density;
m2 is the mass of the sinker less the mass of an equal volume of
water, determined by weighing in water;
c) the temperature of test;
m3 is the mass of the sinker and rubber leas the mass of a volume
of water equal to their combined volumes, determined by weighing d) the method used (method A or method B);
in water.

2 For precise work, a factor to take account of the density of water at e) anv deviations from the procedure specified in this
the test temperature should be usad. lnterna~onal Standard.

3
Bureau of Indian Standards

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Review of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also
reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that
no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision.
Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or
edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.

This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot: No. PCD 13 (1986).

Amendments Issued Since Publication

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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