Nema MG2 PDF
Nema MG2 PDF
Nema MG2 PDF
Safety Standard and Guide for Selection, Installation, and Use of Electric Motors
and Generators
Published by
Copyright 2001 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including translation into
other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention for the
Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.
NOTICE AND DISCLAIMER
The information in this publication was considered technically sound by the consensus of persons
engaged in the development and approval of the document at the time it was developed.
Consensus does not necessarily mean that there is unanimous agreement among every person
participating in the development of this document.
The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) standards and guideline publications, of
which the document contained herein is one, are developed through a voluntary consensus
standards development process. This process brings together volunteers and/or seeks out the
views of persons who have an interest in the topic covered by this publication. While NEMA
administers the process and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of
consensus, it does not write the document and it does not independently test, evaluate, or verify the
accuracy or completeness of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its
standards and guideline publications.
NEMA disclaims liability for any personal injury, property, or other damages of any nature
whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly
resulting from the publication, use of, application, or reliance on this document. NEMA disclaims
and makes no guaranty or warranty, expressed or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of
any information published herein, and disclaims and makes no warranty that the information in this
document will fulfill any of your particular purposes or needs. NEMA does not undertake to
guarantee the performance of any individual manufacturers or sellers products or services by
virtue of this standard or guide.
In publishing and making this document available, NEMA is not undertaking to render professional
or other services for or on behalf of any person or entity, nor is NEMA undertaking to perform any
duty owed by any person or entity to someone else. Anyone using this document should rely on his
or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional
in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. Information and other
standards on the topic covered by this publication may be available from other sources, which the
user may wish to consult for additional views or information not covered by this publication.
NEMA has no power, nor does it undertake to police or enforce compliance with the contents of this
document. NEMA does not certify, test, or inspect products, designs, or installations for safety or
health purposes. Any certification or other statement of compliance with any health or safety
related information in this document shall not be attributable to NEMA and is solely the
responsibility of the certifier or maker of the statement.
MG 2-2001
Page i
CONTENTS
1. SCOPE .............................................................................................................................................1
2. REFERENCED STANDARDS AND DEFINITIONS.........................................................................1
3. GENERAL ........................................................................................................................................2
4. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND METHODS OF COOLING..............................................2
4.1 Open Machine (IP00, IC01).................................................................................................3
4.1.1 Dripproof Machine (IP12, IC01)..............................................................................3
4.1.2 Splash-Proof Machine (IP13, IC01)........................................................................3
4.1.3 Semi-Guarded Machine (IC01) ..............................................................................3
4.1.4 Guarded Machine (IC01) ........................................................................................3
4.1.5 Dripproof Guarded Machine (IC01) ........................................................................3
4.1.6 Open Independently Ventilated Machine (IC06).....................................................3
4.1.7 Open Pipe-Ventilated Machine...............................................................................3
4.1.8 Weather-Protected Machine...................................................................................6
4.2 Totally Enclosed Machine....................................................................................................6
4.2.1 Totally Enclosed Nonventilated Machine (IC410)...................................................6
4.2.2 Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled Machine...................................................................6
4.2.3 Totally Enclosed Fan-Cooled Guarded Machine (IC411).......................................6
4.2.4 Totally Enclosed Pipe-Ventilated Machine (IP44)...................................................6
4.2.5 Totally Enclosed Water-Cooled Machine (IP54) ....................................................6
4.2.6 Water-Proof Machine (IP55)...................................................................................7
4.2.7 Totally Enclosed Air-to-Water-Cooled Machine (IP54)...........................................7
4.2.8 Totally Enclosed Air-to-Air-Cooled Machine (IP54) ................................................7
4.2.9 Totally Enclosed Air-Over Machine (IP54, IC417)..................................................7
4.2.10 Explosion-Proof Machine........................................................................................7
4.2.11 Dust-Ignition-Proof Machine ...................................................................................7
5. CONSTRUCTION AND TESTS .......................................................................................................7
5.1 General................................................................................................................................7
5.2 Corrosion Protection............................................................................................................8
5.3 High Potential Testing .........................................................................................................8
5.3.1 Motors.....................................................................................................................8
5.3.2 Synchronous Generators........................................................................................8
5.3.3 Grounding...............................................................................................................9
5.3.4 Accessories and Components................................................................................9
5.3.5 Discharging Windings After Test..........................................................................10
5.3.6 Guarding...............................................................................................................10
Foreword
The use of electric machines, like that of all other utilization of concentrated power, is potentially
hazardous. The degree of hazard can be greatly reduced by proper design, selection, installation, and use,
but hazards cannot be completely eliminated. The reduction of hazard is the joint responsibility of the user,
the manufacturer of the driven or driving equipment, and the manufacturer of the machine. The words
"driven or driving equipment" as used in this publication mean equipment driven by a motor or equipment
driving a generator.
This publication is intended to assist the user and the manufacturer of the driven or driving equipment in
the selection of machines which have been designed and built to have features that contribute to safety.
The machine manufacturer has little, if any, control over the selection, installation, and use of these
machines. Since the reduction of hazards depends greatly on how machines are selected, installed, and
used, this publication has been prepared as a guide to assist the user and the manufacturer of the driven
or driving equipment in the proper selection, installation, and use of machines. It points out possible
hazards and suggests ways and means to reduce them. If the guidelines are followed, the possible
hazards and risks of using machines will be reduced.
MG 2-2001 completely revises and supersedes MG 2-1999.
This publication is periodically reviewed by the Motor and Generator Section of NEMA for any revisions
necessary to keep it up to date with advancing technology. Proposed or recommended revisions should
be submitted to:
Vice President, Engineering
National Electrical Manufacturers Association
1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847
Rosslyn, Virginia 22209
1. SCOPE
This publication provides recommendations for the selection, installation, and use of rotating electric
machines in such a manner as to provide for the practical safeguarding of persons and property.
Excluded from the scope of this publication are the following:
a) Welding generators.
b) Booster, dynamic braking, and absorption type machines.
c) Isolated electric farm lighting plants.
d) Variable speed generator equipment for railway passenger cars.
e) Main propulsion motors, generators, and motor generator sets mounted on railroad and transit
locomotives and cars.
f) Automotive motors, generators, and motor generator sets.
g) Motors, generators, exciters, and motor generator or exciter sets mounted on airborne craft.
h) Toy motors and small synchronous motors of the type generally used in household clocks and
timing devices.
i) Additional specific features required in machines for use in hazardous (classified) locations. Such
locations might be in mines or in areas defined in the National Electrical Code (ANSI/NFPA 70),
Articles 500 through 503.
j) Machines built to military specifications having requirements which conflict with or override the
provisions of this publication.
k) Machine parts intended for installation in a hermetically sealed enclosure.
l) Nonsalient-pole generators and their exciters.
m) Generators larger than 10,000 kVA, and their exciters, for hydraulic turbine drive, including
reversible motor generator units.
n) Synchronous condensers, frequency changers, and phase converters.
Since any machine can be installed or operated in such a manner that hazards can occur, compliance
with this publication does not by itself assure a safe installation. However, when a machine complying with
this publication is properly selected with respect to the driven load and environment, and is installed in
accordance with the applicable provisions of national codes and sound local practices, the hazards to
persons and property will be reduced.
3. GENERAL
Construction of rotating machines alone can not assure safety in use. There is as great a need for
safeguards in the selection, installation, and use of machines as there is for safeguards in their design and
manufacture. The following recommendations are generally applicable but there may be situations where
conflict with other safety measures or operational requirements will necessitate that these
recommendations be modified. Where the above-mentioned safeguards and past experience of the user
are not sufficient to serve as a guide, the manufacturer of the driven or driving equipment or the machine
manufacturer, or both, should be consulted to develop further information. This further information should
be considered by the user, his consultants, or others most familiar with the details of the application
involved when making the final decision.
The importance of communication between manufacturer and user cannot be over-emphasized. The
chances for preventing hazardous incidents and limiting their consequences are greatly improved when
both user and manufacturer are correctly and fully informed with respect to the intended use and all
environmental and operating conditions. Since such intended use and environmental and operating
conditions are under the sole control of the user, who has the most complete knowledge of the intended
use and the environmental and operating conditions, the user should select and install machines which will
optimize safety in use. This guide is intended to assist the user in selection, installation, and use of electric
machines.
1
Also available from ANSI
1
A method for demonstrating successful operation is: (1) by exposing the machine, with the machine at rest, to a
spray of water at the specified angle and a rate no greater than 1 inch per hour for 1 hour, and (2) after exposure,
by subjecting the windings to a high potential test of 50 percent of the nominal high potential test followed by a 15-
minute no-load operation at rated voltage.
ventilated (air circulated by means external to and not a part of the machine) (IC17). Enclosures are as
defined in 4.1.1 to 4.1.8, inclusive.
Figure 1*
PROBE FOR HAZARDOUS ROTATING PARTS
Figure 2*
PROBE FOR FILM-COATED WIRE
Figure 3
ARTICULATE PROBE FOR UNINSULATED LIVE METAL PARTS
1
See ANSI/NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 500. For Hazardous Locations, Class I, Groups A, B, C, or D.
2
See ANSI/NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, Article 500. For Hazardous Locations, Class II, Groups E, F, or G.
Tests for compliance with the definitions for guarded machines given in 4.1.4 and 4.2.3 are made from the
exterior of the supplemental enclosure.
A machine enclosure, including that of parts mounted on a machine, is constructed so that it will have the
strength and rigidity necessary to resist the normal service to which it may be subjected without reduction
of spacings or displacement of parts.
Enclosures of nonmetallic material are resistant to adverse effects from exposure to moisture, oil, and
temperature under normal conditions of use and are flame retardant.
In the case of capacitors mounted on or in the machine, the capacitor, or its supplementary enclosure,
prevents the emission of flying fragments, flame, or molten material resulting from failure of the capacitor.
Totally-enclosed water-air-cooled machines have interior baffles, or other means, to prevent cooler-tube
leakage and condensation from contacting the machine winding. The interior of the machine base shall be
constructed so that coolant leakage will collect and drain from the machine before reaching the level of the
windings.
For the selection and use of machine enclosures, see clause 4.
5.2 Corrosion Protection
1
Iron and steel parts , except bearings, laminations, and minor parts of iron and steel, such as washers,
screws, and similar parts, are suitably protected against corrosion by enameling, galvanizing, plating, or by
other equivalent means, if the failure of such unprotected parts would be likely to result in a hazardous
condition.
5.3 High Potential Testing
5.3.1 Motors
Representative examples of high potential test voltages are provided in Table 1.
Motors are tested at these levels or greater in manufacturing. Since high potential testing is stressful on
winding dielectric components it is recommended that field high potential test voltages be limited to 85
percent of the values shown in Table 1.
WARNINGBecause of the high voltages used, high potential tests should be conducted only by trained
and qualified personnel and the following minimum safety precautions stated in 5.3.3 through 5.3.6 should
be taken to avoid injury to personnel and damage to property.
1
In certain instances where the oxidation of iron or steel caused by the exposure of the metal to air and moisture is
not likely to be appreciable (thickness of metal and temperature also being factors) the surfaces of sheet steel and
cast-iron parts within an enclosure need not be protected against corrosion
5.3.2.3 Test Voltage Assembled Brushless Generator Field Winding and Exciter Armature
Winding
The test voltage for all assembled brushless generator field windings and exciter armature windings is an
alternating voltage whose effective value is as follows:
a) Rated excitation voltage < 500 volts direct current ten times the rated excitation voltage but in no
case less than 1500 volts
b) Rated excitation voltage > 500 volts direct current 4000 volts plus twice the rated excitation voltage
The brushless circuit components (diodes, thyristors, etc.) on an assembled brushless exciter and
synchronous machine field wiring are short-circuited (not grounded) during the test.
5.3.2.4 Test Voltage Brushless Exciter Field Winding
The test voltage for all brushless exciter field windings is an alternating voltage whose effective value is as
follows:
a) Rated excitation voltage < 500 volts direct current ten times the rated excitation voltage but in no
case less than 1500 volts
b) Rated excitation voltage > 500 volts direct current 4000 volts plus twice the rated excitation voltage
c) Exciters with alternating-current excited stators (fields) are tested at 1000 volts plus twice the rated
alternating-current voltage of the stator, but in no case less than 1500V
5.3.3 Grounding
During high potential testing the frame and core and all external metal parts of the machine being tested
should be grounded. During high potential testing all windings and components not under test should be
connected together and then connected to the frame or core during high potential testing.
If the machine under test is to be ungrounded, proper precautions (which may include the selection of test
equipment) should be taken to render the test and the test area safe for personnel.
When conducting a high-potential test on an assembled brushless exciter and synchronous machine field
winding, the brushless circuit components (diodes, thyristors, and so forth) shall be short circuited (not
grounded) during the test.
5.3.6 Guarding
In the interest of safety, precautions shall be taken to prevent anyone from coming in contact with any part
of the circuit or apparatus while high-potential tests are in progress.
5.4 Thermal Protection
Motors provided with a thermal protector conforming to the requirements of MG 1-1.72, Thermal Protector
(definition), are stamped Thermally Protected* on the nameplate.
A thermally protected motor is a motor which is protected against dangerous overheating due to overload
and failure to start.
*Motors rated 100 watts and less may be marked TP.
5.5 Impedance Protection
Motors supplied as impedance protected are stamped Impedance Protected* on the nameplate.
An Impedance Protected motor is one in which the impedance of the motor windings is sufficient to
prevent overheating due to failure to start.
* Motors rated 100 watts and less may be marked ZP.
5.6 Overspeed
It may be hazardous to operate a machine for a significant length of time at higher than rated speed.
However, machines shall be so constructed that, in an emergency not to exceed 2 minutes, they will
withstand without mechanical damage, overspeeds in accordance with the following specifications.
Table 1
HIGH-POTENTIAL TEST VOLTAGES
FOR UNIVERSAL, INDUCTION, AND DIRECT-CURRENT MOTORS
Category Effective Alternating-Current Test Voltage
A. Universal Motors (rated for operation on circuits not exceeding
250 volts)
1. Motors rated greater than 1/2 horsepower and all motors for
portable tools............................................................................... 1000 volts + 2 times the rated voltage of the motor
2. All other motors* ............................................... 1000 volts
B. Induction and Nonexcited Synchronous Motors
1. Motors rated greater than 1/2 horsepower
a. Stator windings ......................................................... 1000 volts + 2 times the rated voltage of the motor
b. For secondary windings of wound rotors of induction motors 1000 volts + 2 times the maximum voltage induced
between collector rings on open circuit at standstill (or
running if under this condition the voltage is greater)
with rated primary voltage applied to the stator
terminals
c. For secondary windings of wound rotors of reversing motors 1000 volts + 4 times the maximum voltage induced
between collector rings on open circuit at standstill with
rated primary voltage applied to the stator terminals
2. Motors rated 1/2 horsepower and less
a. Rated 250 volts or less ...................................................... 1000 volts
b. Rated above 250 volts ................................................... 1000 volts + 2 times the rated voltage of the motor
C. Direct-Current Motors
1. Motors rated greater than 1/2 horsepower
a. Armature or field windings for use on adjustable-voltage 1000 volts + 2 times the ac line-to-line voltage of the
electronic power supply ........................................................ power supply selected for the basis of rating
b. All other armature or field windings .................................. 1000 volts + 2 times the rated voltage** of the motor
2. Motors rated 1/2 horsepower and less
a. 240 volts or less ................................................................ 1000 volts
b. Rated above 240 volts ...................................................... See C.1.a and C.1.b above (Direct-Current Motors)
*Complete motors 1/2 horsepower and less are in the all other category unless marked to indicate that they are motors for
portable tools.
**Where the voltage rating of a separately excited field of a direct-current motor is not stated, it is assumed to be 1.5 times the
field resistance in ohms at 25C times the rated field current.
NOTES
1 - To avoid excessive stressing of the insulation, repeated application of the high-potential test-voltage is not recommended.
Immediately after manufacture, when equipment is installed or assembled with other apparatus and a high-potential test of the
entire assembly is required, it is recommended that the test voltage not exceed 85 percent of the original test voltage or, when in
an assembled group, not exceed 85 percent of the lowest test voltage.
2 - The specified high-potential test voltage is applied continuously for 1 minute. Machines for which the specified test voltage is
2500 volts or less are permitted to be tested for 1 second at a voltage which is 1.2 times the specified 1-minute test voltage as
an alternative to the 1-minute test, if desired. To avoid excessive stressing of the insulation, repeated application of the high-
potential test voltage is not recommended.
3 - A direct instead of an alternating voltage may be used for high-potential tests. In such cases, a test voltage of 1.7 times the
specified alternating voltage is required.
Since these motors require special consideration, depending upon the application for which they are
intended, the manufacturer assigns a maximum safe operating speed which is stamped on the nameplate.
These motors are capable of withstanding an overspeed of 10 percent above the maximum safe operating
speed.
Small motors usually are capable of withstanding a speed of 10 percent above no-load speed. When this
is the case, the safe operating speed marking is not required.
c) Service conditions.
d) Use of back-up equipment where the application requires exceptional reliability for the protection of life
and health, property, or perishable products.
Where the application or performance information beyond that contained in this publication is needed,
NEMA Standards Publication MG 1 or the machine manufacturer, or both, should be consulted.
6.1 Matching of the Machine to the Load
The application information required for the proper matching of a machine to the infinite variety of load
requirements is beyond the scope of this publication. NEMA Standards Publication MG 1 provides basic
application information along with minimum performance characteristics for machines to assist the user in
making the proper selection of the machine for the particular application.
6.2 Degree of Machine Enclosure
6.2.1 General
The required degree of enclosure of a machine, for personnel safety, is dependent upon the installation
and application of the equipment. Therefore, the user or the manufacturer of the driven or driving
equipment should consider the following questions when selecting the degree of enclosure for the
machines:
a) Will the equipment be installed in:
1. Residences?
2. Places regularly open to the public?
3. Places frequented only by persons employed on the premises?
4. Places accessible only to qualified personnel?
b) Will the equipment be attended by an operator when it is in use?
c) Are the size, location, appearance, and working arrangement of the equipment such that they will
discourage inappropriate use or approaches to the equipment?
d) Is it possible to encounter hazard in the installed machine if it is approached or serviced in a manner
other than the manner for which it was designed? If so, are the hazards of such actions visibly obvious
to the personnel operating, servicing, and generally having access to the machine?
The following recommendations for the selection of machine enclosures are given as a guide. If other
than the recommended machine enclosures are to be applied, it is recommended that the installation be
isolated and made inaccessible by fencing, by isolation in a room, by additional enclosures, or by other
means, so that access to the isolated areas is limited only to qualified personnel. Qualified personnel are
those who are familiar with the construction and operation of the equipment and with the hazards involved.
Refer to Table 2 for a description of IP Codes designating degrees of protection.
1
Certain machine applications may require openings smaller than those mentioned for a guarded machine.
First Second
Characteristic Characteristic
Numeral Brief Description* Definition Numeral Brief Description* Definition
0 Non-protected machine No special protection 0 Non-protected machine No special protection
1** Machine protected Accidental or inadvertent contact with 1 Machine protected against Dripping water (vertically falling drops)
against solid objects or approach to live and moving parts dripping water shall have no harmful effect.
Copyright 2001 by the National Electrical Manufacturers
5 Dust-protected Contact with or approach to live or 5 Machine protected against water Water projected by a nozzle against the
machine moving parts inside the enclosure. jets machine from any direction shall have no
Ingress of dust not totally prevented harmful effect.
but dust does not enter in sufficient
quantity to interfere with satisfactory
operation of the machine.
*
The brief description given in columns 2 and 5 in this table should not be used to specify the form of protection.
MG 2-2001
** Machines assigned a first characteristic numeral 1, 2, 3, or 4 will exclude both regularly or irregularly shaped solid objects provided that three normally
Page 15
perpendicular dimensions of the object exceed the appropriate size in column Definition.
Table 2
INDEX OF PROTECTION (IP)
Page 16
MG 2-2001
First Second
Characteristic Characteristic
Numeral Brief Description* Definition Numeral Brief Description* Definition
6 Dust-tight machine Contact with or approach to live or 6 Machine protected against heavy Water from heavy seas or water
moving parts inside the enclosure. seas projected in powerful jets shall not enter
No ingress of dust the machine in harmful quantities.
Copyright 2001 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
The degree of protection against dust defined by this standard is a general one. When the nature of the dust (dimensions of particles, their nature, for instance
fibrous particles) is specified, test conditions should be determined by agreement between manufacturer and user.
The rotor surface temperature of squirrel-cage induction motors cannot be accurately measured on
production units. The rotor surface temperature varies greatly with enclosure type, cooling method,
insulation class, and slip, but may be in the range of 150-225C for Class B or Class F insulated normal
slip motors when operating at rated load and in a 40C ambient temperature.
The above insulated winding temperature and rotor surface temperature values are typical values based
on continuous operation at rated voltage and rated frequency under usual service conditions. Margin for
voltage and frequency variations, manufacturing variation, overload, or hot start and acceleration is not
included. The motor manufacturer should be consulted for further information.
When motor-mounted space heaters are to be furnished, it is recommended that the exposed surface
temperature be limited to 80 percent of the ignition temperature of the gas or vapor involved with rated
space heater voltage applied and the motor deenergized.
The range of ignition temperatures is so great and variable that it is not practical for the motor
manufacturer to determine if a given motor is suitable for a Division 2 area. The user's knowledge of the
area classification, the application requirements, the insulation system class, and past experience are all
factors which should be considered by the user, his consultant, or others most familiar with the details of
the application involved when making the final decision.
MG 2-2001
Page 19
Copyright 2001 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association.
MG 2-2001
Page 20
300
200
C or H
A, B, or N
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
SPEED (PERCENT SYNCHRONOUS SPEED)
Figure 4
GENERAL SHAPE OF SPEED-TORQUE CURVES FOR MOTORS
WITH NEMA DESIGN A, B, C, AND D
IEC DESIGN H AND N
Performance within these voltage and frequency variations will not necessarily be in accordance with the
standards established for operation at rated voltage and frequency.
6.3.1.2.2 Starting
The limiting values of voltage and frequency under which a motor will successfully start and synchronize
depend upon the margin between the locked-rotor and pull-in torques of the motor at rated voltage and
frequency and the corresponding requirements of the load under starting conditions. Since the locked-
rotor and pull-in torques of a motor are approximately proportional to the square of the voltage and
inversely proportional to the square of the frequency, it is generally desirable to determine what voltage
and frequency variation will actually occur at each installation, taking into account any voltage drop
resulting from the starting current drawn by the motor. This information and the torque requirements of the
driven machine determine the values of locked-rotor and pull-in torque at rated voltage and frequency that
are adequate for the application.
6.3.1.2.3 Operation From Variable-Frequency Power Supplies
Synchronous motors to be operated from solid-state or other types of variable-frequency power supplies
for adjustable-speed-drive applications, may require individual consideration to provide satisfactory
performance. Especially for operation below rated speed, it may be necessary to reduce the motor torque
load below the rated full-load torque to avoid overheating the motor. The motor manufacturer should be
consulted before selecting a motor for such application.
6.3.1.3 Synchronous Generators
Synchronous generators will operate successfully at rated kVA, frequency, and power factor with a
variation in the output voltage up to plus or minus 5 percent of rated voltage.
Performance within these voltage variations will not necessarily be in accordance with the standards
established for operation at rated voltage.
6.3.1.4 Direct-current Motors
Direct-current motors will operate successfully using the power supply selected for the basis of rating up to
and including 110 percent of rated direct-current armature voltage provided the highest rated speed is not
exceeded. Direct-current motors rated for operation from a rectifier power supply will operate successfully
with a variation of plus or minus 10 percent of rated alternating-current line voltage.
Performance within this voltage variation will not necessarily be in accordance with the standards
established for operation at rated voltage. For operation below base speed, see 6.3.4.
contemplated. This further information should be considered by the user, his consultants, or others most
familiar with the details of the application involved when making the final decision.
6.3.4.2 Operation Above Highest Rated Speed
Series motors and direct-current compound-wound and shunt-wound motors are subject to overspeeding
under certain conditions of misoperation.
A series motor with no load (or light load) connected to it will increase in speed very rapidly, and the
armature may be thrown apart by centrifugal force. Series motors should therefore be positively connected
to the driven load in a manner which will not allow the motor to become disconnected accidentally from the
driven load.
Dangerous overspeeding of a direct-current compound-wound or shunt-wound motor may occur if the
shunt field circuit becomes deenergized. Unless the speed is inherently limited by the application of the
motor, these motors should be protected against dangerous overspeed by overspeed devices, field loss
relays, or other means.
Standards for these motors, as contained in Parts 4, 10, 12, and 14 of NEMA Standards Publication MG 1,
set forth a basis of rating direct-current motors intended for use with rectifier power supplies. These
ratings are based upon tests of the motors using a test power supply.
Small motors are identified on the nameplate by means of a rated form factor, whereas medium motors
are identified on the nameplate by a single letter or a combination of digits and letters designating a
particular type of rectifier power supply.
All direct-current motors intended for use on rectifier power supplies may be used on low-ripple power
supplies such as a direct-current generator or battery. In addition, motors identified by a rated form factor
or a single identifying letter may be used on a power supply having a lower form factor or on a power
supply designated or identified by a lower letter of the alphabet. For example, a motor rated on the basis
of an E power supply may be used on a C or D power supply.
For operation of direct-current motors on power supplies other than those used to establish the basis of
rating (except as noted above), the combination of the power supply and the motor should be considered
in combination with the motor manufacturer.
6.3.5.3 Motors Built in Frames Larger than Those Having a Continuous Dripproof Rating,
or Equivalent Capacity, of 1.25 Horsepower per RPM, Open Type
Standards for these motors, as contained in Part 23 of NEMA Standards Publication MG 1, are based on
operation from a low-ripple power supply. The power supply and series inductance (including motor
armature) selected should be such that the magnitude of the ripple current (peak-to-peak), expressed in
percent of rated load current, does not exceed 6 percent at rated load, rated armature voltage, and rated
base speed. For operation on other power supplies, the combination of the power supply and the motor
should be considered in consultation with the motor manufacturer.
The magnitude of these transient torques ranges from 2 to 20 times rated torque as a function of the
machine operating conditions, switching times, system inertia, and so forth.
To avoid the possibility of damaging equipment (that is, shafts, couplings, gears, and so forth), the peak
magnitude of the transient torques likely to be encountered should be considered in the design of the
system. The machine manufacturer should be consulted regarding the peak magnitude of the transient
air-gap torque, and this information should be considered by the manufacturer of the driven or driving
equipment, the user, his consultants, or others most familiar with the details of the application involved
when making the final decision.
MG 1-20.34, and 21.35 provide basic application information relative to bus transfer or reclosing. It is
recommended that slow transfer or reclosing be used when possible. A slow transfer or reclosing is
defined as one in which the length of time between disconnection of the machine from the power supply
and reclosing onto the same or another power supply is equal to or greater than one and a half machine
open-circuit alternating-current time constants. When it is necessary to perform the bus transfer or
reclosing in a shorter time, referred to as a fast transfer or reclosing, it is recommended that the
electromechanical interactions of the machine, the driven or driving equipment, and the power system be
studied to evaluate the effects of the fast transfer or reclosing.
connected should also be considered. When the manufacturer of the external equipment makes a
torsional analysis of the complete assembly, the machine manufacturer should be consulted for the rotor
design data which affects torsional vibration.
If a machine having a cord and attachment plug cap is required to be reconnected for operation on a
different voltage, it is recommended that the changes be made by a qualified electrician. Care should be
taken to ensure that the attachment plug cap is replaced with one of a type suitable for the voltage for
which the machine is reconnected and that all of the instructions of the machine manufacturer are
followed, since improper connections could result in the machine becoming a shock hazard.
7.4 Flammable Materials
Sparking of brushes on commutator or collector rings may be expected during normal operation. In
addition, open-type machines may eject flame or molten metal, or both, in the event of an insulation
failure, commutator flashover, or arc-over of collector rings. Therefore, consideration should be given to
the avoidance or protection of flammable or combustible materials in the area of open-type machines.
7.5 Rotating Parts
Except for openings in machine enclosures (see 4.1), the guarding of rotating parts such as couplings,
pulleys, and unused shaft extensions, should be in accordance with ANSI B15.1. This is particularly
important where the parts have surface irregularities such as keys, keyways, or set screws. Some
satisfactory methods of guarding are:
a) Covering the machine and associated rotating parts with structural or decorative parts of the driven or
driving equipment.
b) Providing covers for the rotating parts. The openings in or at the edges of such covers should not be
more than 1/2 inch wide (3/4 inch if the rotating parts are more than 5.5 inches from the opening) in
the direction (usually above and to the side) from which contact is to be expected. In other directions
where other stationary parts, such as a sub-base, provide partial guarding, somewhat wider openings
may be used. Covers should be sufficiently rigid to maintain adequate guarding in normal service.
NOTE: Where the torques involved are small and the rotating parts of the motor are of small diameter without sharp
edges, guarding is not ordinarily necessary. Such motors are usually rated 1/2 horsepower or less.
7.6 Maximum Speed of Drive Components
The maximum speed of drive components should not exceed the values recommended by the component
manufacturer or the values specified in the industry standards to which the component manufacturer
indicates conformance. Speeds above the maximum recommended speed may result in damage to the
equipment or injury to personnel.
7.7 Lifting of Machines
The lifting of machines and related equipment is a potentially hazardous operation requiring care and
knowledge of proper lifting techniques to assure safety of personnel and to prevent damage to the
equipment. Any instructions or guidelines given by the machine manufacturer on machine labels,
instruction sheets, or drawings should be followed carefully.
Generally, where lifting means has been provided on the machine by the manufacturer, such lifting means
(that is, eyebolts, lifting lugs, and so forth) are so located that when the machine is suspended in the
intended manner, the resultant angle of lifting from the design lifting direction will not be greater than 30
degrees for machines with single lifting means or 45 degrees for machines with multiple lifting means. In
all cases, care should be taken to assure lifting in the direction intended in the design of the lifting means
(see Figures 5 and 6). With multiple lifting means, a spreader bar or a supporting sling, or both, is
recommended to reduce the lifting angle or prevent damage to top mounted protective or ventilating
enclosures.
45 DEGREE MAX.
ANGLE
For unusual conditions, such as side-wall and ceiling mounting of horizontal motors and installation of
vertical motors shipped in a horizontal position, special precautions should be taken and it is
recommended that an experienced rigger be employed.
Precautions should be taken to prevent hazardous overloads due to acceleration, deceleration, or shock
forces. Additional care should also be used when lifting or handling at temperatures below 0C because
the ductility of the lifting means is reduced.
In the case of assemblies on a common base, any lifting means provided on the machine should not be
used to lift the assembly and base, but rather the assembly should be lifted by a sling around the base or
by other lifting means provided on the base. It is recommended that a spreader bar be used when lifting
assemblies on a common base.
Unless specifically allowed by the manufacturer's instruction manual or drawings, or both, the lifting means
provided for lifting a machine should not be used to lift the machine plus additional equipment such as
gears, pumps, compressors, or other driven equipment.
1
EXCEPTION: For machines built in 34-inch diameter (680 frame) and smaller, the following
guide may be used:
If care is taken to minimize shock loading, and a spreader bar or supporting sling (securely anchored), or
both, is used to assure a lifting force parallel with the designed lifting direction (lifting angle of zero
degrees) and equally distributed over multiple lifting points, connected loads not exceeding 100 percent of
the machine weight can normally be safely handled with the machine lifting device (see Figures 7, 8, and
9).
7.8 Surface Temperatures
The surface temperature of machines varies with enclosure type, cooling method, insulation class, and
operating conditions. Exposed surfaces may reach temperatures which could cause discomfort or injury to
personnel accidentally coming in contact with the hot surfaces. For this reason during machine installation
consideration should be given to the possible need to protect against accidental contact with hot machine
surfaces.
7.9 Hold-down Bolt Sizes
The bolt holes in machine feet and flanges have been selected to accept bolts which will hold the machine
securely in place. The largest bolt diameter which will fit the nominal hole should be used to mount the
machine. The length of the bolt should be such that the minimal thread engagement based on steel (or
equivalent) is equal to the bolt diameter after allowing for washers under the head of the bolt and any
shims under the feet.
7.10 Power Factor Correction
When power factor correction capacitors are used, the total corrective kVAR placed on the load side of
the motor controller should not exceed the value required to raise the no-load power factor of the motor to
unity. Corrective kVAR in excess of this value may cause overexcitation resulting in high transient
voltages, currents, and torques that can increase safety hazards to personnel and can cause possible
damage to the motor or to the driven equipment.
The use of capacitors for power factor correction, switched at the motor terminals, is not recommended
for elevator motors, multi-speed motors, motors used on plugging or jogging applications, motors subject
to high speed bus transfer, and motors used with open transition wye-delta or auto-transformer starting.
For such applications the motor manufacturer should be consulted before installing power factor corrective
capacitors switched at the motor terminals.
1
This is a diameter measured in the plane of laminations of the circle circumscribing the stator frame, excluding
lugs, fins, boxes, and so forth, used solely for machine cooling, mounting, assembly, or connection.
MULTIPLE
LIFTING DEVICES (TYPICAL)
Figure 8
VERTICAL MACHINE
Table 4
MAXIMUM LOCKED ROTOR CURRENT
FOR 60-HZ INDUCTION MOTORS AT 230 VOLTS
NEMA IEC
HP Amps Design Type Amps*
1/2 20 B, D 12
3/4 25 B, D 18
1 30 B, C, D 24
1-1/2 40 B, C, D 37
2 50 B, C, D 49
3 64 B, C, D 73
5 92 B, C, D 122
7-1/2 127 B, C, D 183
10 162 B, C, D 225
15 232 B, C, D 337
20 290 B, C, D 449
25 365 B, C, D 562
30 435 B, C, D 674
40 580 B, C, D 824
50 725 B, C, D 1030
60 870 B, C, D 1236
75 1085 B, C, D 1545
100 1450 B, C, D 1873
125 1815 B, C, D 2341
150 2170 B, C, D 2809
200 2900 B, C 3745
250 3650 B 4688
300 4400 B 5618
350 5100 B 6554
400 5800 B 7490
450 6500 B 8427
500 7250 B 9363
*Limits on locked rotor amps for IEC motors are derived from the IEC limit on Locked Rotor Apparent Power per
the following:
Apparent Power In
Power Range KVA/kW
0.54< HP < 8.4 13
8.4 < HP < 34 12
34 < HP < 84 11
84 < HP < 840 10
Table 5
LOCKED ROTOR kVA/Hp
Letter Designation kVA per Horsepower* Letter Designation kVA per Horsepower*
A 0.00-3.15 K 8.0-9.0
B 3.15-3.55 L 9.0-10.0
C 3.55-4.0 M 10.0-11.2
D 4.0-4.5 N 11.2-12.5
E 4.5-5.0 P 12.5-14.0
F 5.0-5.6 R 14.0-16.0
G 5.6-6.3 S 16.0-18.0
H 6.3-7.1 T 18.0-20.0
J 7.1-8.0 U 20.0-22.4
V 22.4-and up
*Locked kVA per horsepower range includes the lower figure up to, but not including, the higher figure. For example,
3.14 is designated by letter A and 3.15 by letter B.
e) A general inspection of mechanical integrity, that is, fracture, loose bolts, missing parts, and so forth,
should be made.
f) Vibration and noise should be observed. A change in the magnitude or frequency of the vibration or
noise, or both, indicates a need for attention.
g) Ventilation passages should be kept open. If the equipment depends upon auxiliary cooling, that is,
air, water, oil, and so forth, periodic inspections should be made of these systems.
h) Periodic inspection or tests, or both, of the insulation system, when recommended by the machine
manufacturer, should be made.
i) Brushes, slip rings, and commutators should be frequently inspected and serviced as required.
j) Lubrication procedures given in the machine manufacturer's instructions should be followed.
k) The means employed for grounding the machine or insulating the machine from ground should be
checked to assure its integrity.
l) Flexible cords and connectors should be examined to determine that the cords are free from abrasion,
cracks, and exposed strands and that the connectors have unbroken bodies so that live parts are not
exposed.
8.4 Repair
When a machine is repaired, it is important that any replacement part be of a quality equal to or better
than that of the original part. For example, any replacement shaft should be of as high quality steel and
have as good heat treatment as the shaft being replaced; insulation should be replaced by insulating
materials of at least the same, or higher, temperature rating. Care should be taken to avoid the use of
parts which no longer are compatible with other changes in the machine. Also, replacement parts should
be inspected for deterioration due to shelf life and for signs of rework or wear which may involve factors
critical to safety.
Repaired machines should conform to the provisions of this publication except that if a winding is only
repaired or partially replaced, the applied high-potential test voltage should be 70 percent of the specified
value.