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    Embryology Testis 08 PDF

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    Adisurya Nugraha
    This document summarizes the embryology and development of the testis in mammals. It describes the timeline of testicular development in humans from 8 to 24 weeks gestation. It also discusses the roles of hormones like INSL3 and testosterone in testicular descent from the abdomen into the scrotum through the inguinal canal between 10-35 weeks gestation in humans. The document also reviews genes involved in testicular development and cryptorchidism, the failure of testicular descent.

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    Embryology Testis 08 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Adisurya Nugraha
    113 views20 pages
    This document summarizes the embryology and development of the testis in mammals. It describes the timeline of testicular development in humans from 8 to 24 weeks gestation. It also discusses the roles of hormones like INSL3 and testosterone in testicular descent from the abdomen into the scrotum through the inguinal canal between 10-35 weeks gestation in humans. The document also reviews genes involved in testicular development and cryptorchidism, the failure of testicular descent.

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    This document summarizes the embryology and development of the testis in mammals. It describes the timeline of testicular development in humans from 8 to 24 weeks gestation. It also discusses the roles of hormones like INSL3 and testosterone in testicular descent from the abdomen into the scrotum through the inguinal canal between 10-35 weeks gestation in humans. The document also reviews genes involved in testicular development and cryptorchidism, the failure of testicular descent.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    113 views20 pages

    Embryology Testis 08 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Adisurya Nugraha
    This document summarizes the embryology and development of the testis in mammals. It describes the timeline of testicular development in humans from 8 to 24 weeks gestation. It also discusses the roles of hormones like INSL3 and testosterone in testicular descent from the abdomen into the scrotum through the inguinal canal between 10-35 weeks gestation in humans. The document also reviews genes involved in testicular development and cryptorchidism, the failure of testicular descent.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 20

    Embryology of the Testis

    Parks and Jameson Endocrinology 146(3):10351042


    Human Testicular Development

    T. Klonisch et al. Developmental Biology 270 (2004) 118


    8 week Medulla: inner part 7 week
    human Cortex: outermost layer human
    16-20 week 20-24 week
    human human
    Cell Lineages in Testis & Ovary

    Soder (2007) Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 21: 381391.
    Timing of Major Testicular Events in Mammals

    Variation among mammals in timing


    Process similar

    T. Klonisch et al. Developmental Biology 270 (2004) 118


    Genes - Ovary/Testis Development

    Parks and Jameson Endocrinology 146(3):10351042


    Scrotum
    in most adult mammals testis lies in the
    scrotum
    migrates there through the body wall - inguinal
    canal
    some exceptions:
    testis is lumbar - monotremes, elephants, hyraxes
    inguinal canal - hedgehogs, moles, some seals
    seasonal migration - wild ungulates, most rodents
    Cryptorchidism
    cryptorchidism - "hidden" "abdominal"
    testis
    Undescended testis in those species
    with scrotal testis
    detrimental to spermatogenesis and
    normal testicular metabolism
    associated with increased risk of
    testicular cancer
    rise in US & Europe in last 30-40 years
    Descent of the Mammalian Testis

    T. Klonisch et al. Developmental Biology 270 (2004) 118


    Model for testicular migration

    1) migration of testis apparently involves two


    phases
    Initial stage is transabdominal migration
    Second stage is passage through the inguinal canal
    2) A number of hormones are involved in this
    process
    INSL3 (insulin-like peptide hormone 3)
    Testosterone
    Model for testicular migration

    testis is firmly attached to abdominal


    wall by:
    a) posterior gonadal ligament
    b) gubernaculum (Latin: helm or rudder)
    as body grows gubernaculum does not grow
    extensively; thus, testis is drawn downward
    Intra-abdominal testicular descent to the
    inner inguinal ring
    Human: initiated at about 1014 weeks of gestation to about weeks
    2023
    insulin-like peptide hormone INSL3
    structurally closely related to relaxin
    marker of mature testicular Leydig cells
    G protein-coupled receptor LGR8
    Mouse: Bilateral cryptorchidism in INSL3-/- mice
    small, undifferentiated gubernacula without a central core of
    mesenchyme
    Transgenic INSL3-/- male mice
    Overexpressing INSL3 in pancreatic beta-cells
    Normal transabdominal testis descent
    Transgenic female mice overexpressing INSL3
    displayed descended ovaries and inguinal hernia
    INSL3 expression in the ovary initiated day 6 after birth
    testicular descent through the inguinal canal

    Human: completed by week 35 in the human


    Pig: around day 95 of gestation in the pig fetus
    inguinoscrotal,but not transabdominal, testis descent is impaired
    LH receptor knockout mouse (LuRKO)
    devoid of LH stimulation
    hypogonadal (hpg) mouse
    lacking the gonadotropins FSH and LH mutated GnRH gene
    Gubernaculum and the cranial suspensory ligament (CSL)
    sexually dimorphic structures
    target tissues of androgens
    Regression of the CSL is an androgen-dependent process
    androgens are unable to suppress CSL formation in
    male bats with retractable testes
    testicond mammals lacking testis descent
    (Paenungulata,Monotremata, Edentata, Cetacea)
    Testicular descent through the inguinal canal
    Gubernaculum
    sexually dimorphic structure
    target tissue of androgens
    levels of AR is initially expressed independently of androgens
    both sexes
    Then
    increase in ligand-dependent manner in the male
    female gubernaculum expression of AR declines
    Balance between AR and estrogen receptors (ER and ER) important
    factor
    Treatment of neonatal rats with DES suppresses both T levels and AR
    expression
    Inhibition of androgen signaling
    by the anti-androgen flutamide
    significant increase in ER and ER
    Masculinization of the Genitofemoral nerve
    Testosterone: masculinizing effects on the sensory nucleus
    of the genitofemoral nerve (GFN)
    In males,
    L1 to L2 of the dorsal root ganglia
    Unilateral transsection of the GFN causes ipsilateral
    cryptorchidism
    Sensory branch of the GFN acts via the neurotransmitter
    calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)
    affects gubernacular migration during the inguinoscrotal
    phase.
    CGRP elicits rhythmic contractions of gubernacula
    stimulates growth and differentiation of neonatal
    myogenic cells
    Comparative Testis Development

    T. Klonisch et al. Developmental Biology 270 (2004) 118


    Genes - Cryptorchidism

    T. Klonisch et al. Developmental Biology 270 (2004) 118


    Summary - Ovary & Testis

    Soder (2007) Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 21: 381391.

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