Battery Officers

fltt~n tlO'n!
Don't let paper-work cause YOli needless work and worry. Accomplish your battery records
correctly the first time; be sure you're right.

COMPANY
ADMINISTRA TION
AND

PERSONNEL RECOR'DS
By (APT AIN C. M. VIRTUE, U. S. Army

HAS been revised again, bringing you right up to date to all changes of regul~tions ;1$
of September 15, 1940, A p;1ge has been added covering the discontinuance of thc
clothing allowance,
Filled-out forms, complete explanations, and a genuine understanding of the problems
confronting the battery officer make. this book valuable to every officer concerned with
small-unit administration .
./

The latest edition of COl\lPANY ADl\lINISTRATION AND PERSONNEL RECOHDS should havc
a prominent place in every battery office, and in the personal library of every battery officer.

Reinforced waterproof paper binding, $1.25

In lots of five or more $1.00
Full cloth binding " " " $1.75

THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

1115 Seventeenth Street, N.\X1. Washington, D. C.
 OAST ARTILLERY
JOURNAL
FOUNDED IN 1892 AS THE JOURNAL OF THE UNITED STATES ARTILLERY

OLUME LXXXIV JANUARY-FEBRUARY, 1941 NUMBER I

CONTENTS

OVER DESIGN. "Calltolllllent COllstruction, 1941"

IALL TO ARMS! By Captain Robert J. If/"ood 2
n's WAVE MORE FLAGS. By Captain Staff N. Halyard 7
lUR REPLACEMENT CENTERS 8
!uROPEAN AIR BATTLE. By Major General Hellry Rowall-RobillSon 12
HE GRAECO-ITALIAN CAMPAIGN. By Major JVilliam yale 19
IOOKSELLER IN ARMS. By. Major Charles W'inslow Elliott 22
tCTlON AT DAKAR. By Colonel Cary Illgram Crockett " 34
JON'T BLAME THE CONSTRUCTING QUARTERMASTER!
By Lieutellallt Colonel lV, D. Styer and Major O. E. Dat'is 38
:NOX TROPHY WINNER 41
~'E'RE DOING OKAY! By Major Samuel H. Edes 12
HE STORY OF ARTILLERY THROUGH THE AGES. By W. A. Willdas 45
OS ON THE HIGHWAY. By Captain W. E. H. V oebl 46
r TE GERMAN AIRCRAFT. Pictures 48
10TOR TORPEDO BOATS IN COAST DEFENSE. By Boatswaill's Mate First Class H. T. Robertson 52
t UNIVERSffL BRACKETING FIRE ADJUSTMENT CHART. By Captain Oswald H. Milmore 55
lEWS AND COMMENT 58
OAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES 64
OCATION OF COAST ARTILLERY TROOPS IN CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES. Map .. 70
OAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 72
'OAST ARTILLERY ORDERS 87
POK REVIEWS 90
,.

PUBLICATION DATE: FEBRUARY 1, 1941

ibli~hed hi-monthly by the United States Coast Artillery Associati"'ln. Editorial and executive offices, 1115 Seventeenth Street, N.\\;.,
ash1ngton. D. C. Terms: :5-4 :00 per year. (Coast Artillery Association members .. 5:~.QO per }"ear.) Single copies, 75c. Entered as f>econd.
ass matter at Washington. D. ~.: additional entry at Richmond, Va., under the Act of ~Iarch 3. 1879. Copyright. 1941 by the United
:ates Coast Artillel'y Associai ,In.
 By Captain Robert J. Wood, Coast Artillery Corps
rms
At least once to every generation of Americans has peoples on our doorstep. Against Germany and Aus
come the call to arms. The founding fathers established Hungary for what was popularly called "to make
our country by revolution. Their sons carried on against world safe for democracy." And now, we prepare
England in the war of 1812. Their grandsons crossed defend our institutions, our principles, our Ameri
the Rio Grande in the Mexican \Var. Their great- way of life.
grandsons bled and died in the fratricidal strife of the The United States has never sought war, nor ha
60's. Their great-great-grandsons defeated Spain and shirked war when other means of solving questi
pacified the Philippines. Their great-great-great-grand- have failed. It grew strong on its principles. It foste
sons went overseas in \\Torld vVar 1. Now the present pioneering and adventure. It accepted immigrants f
generation, some of them great-great-great-great-grand- every country. It bred the race American.
sons of Continental soldiers, hear the call to shoulder Yet, the recent years have seen a decline in the s
arms for f\merica. which made possible these accomplishments. Youth
Again, we prepare to fight if necessary, for a principle found no western plains to conquer, no hardship
as always. In 1776, it was for liberty. In 1812, for endure, no toil nor sweat nor fight necessary to sus
freedom of the seas. Against Mexico in the 40's for life. Our civilization developed to a point w
what we considered American rights. In the \Var Be.. humanitarianism demanded social security, where c
tween the States, regardless of side, for what that side ity enlarged into national relief, where thrift and
thought right. Against Spain, to relieve oppressed individual were dwarfed by old age insurance.
- I
Our long years of national existence under a republic and Greek, it has become almost a dead science. It has
aye made us too certain of its benefits. \Ve have grown taught that radical social, political, economic or re-
) accept it as unquestionably the only possible form of ligious changes are unlikely, It has taught that the prin-
bvernment. \Ve have thought its values obvious. \Ve ciples of liberal democracy are universally accepted;
kl\'efailed to consider the possibility that it might be that they are unchangeable, immutable; that states
eplaced with something less to our liking; that, if we founded on them should endure possibly forever, cer-
,anted it, we might have to fight for it. tainly for the lifetimes of the present world inhabitants.
In short, finding it unnecessary to fight for land, History has taught that the world was remade at
Drbread, or for country, we have taken these things for Versailles in 1919 and in a pattern which could not be
ranted. questioned. It has taught that autocracy as such died
The debunking which followed the Great \Var has in 1919, that democracy has blossomed in fullest flower,
~d something to do with this attitude. The \Var, it was that an era of friendly relations and absence of war has
ught, was really arranged by international bankers been born.
d armament makers. Certain individuals had become The events of the past year have made it increasingly
f.
ealthy as a result of the conflict, while the majority clear that much was wrong with the treaty of Versailles.
ad given their labor and some their lives. 'It has been asserted by many writers that the treaty was
Our schools and our textbooks too, contributed. Per- conceived in hate and nourished in vengeance. So far
ps unwittingly, but none-the-Iess effectively, our as the German delegates were concerned, it was signed
stem of education fostered and encouraged the anti- in futility. Time has placed the Allied delegates in a
r spirit. Pacifist groups arose. Students took oaths hardly less happy category.
\'er to bear arms, even in defense of the United It was not enough for the victorious powers to di~
ates. Our teachers forgot to emphasize the stories of. vide up Austria-Hungary and disarm Germany. \\Til-
e great names and events in American tradition. The\' son's Fourteen Points had to be compromised to the
phasized instead the plight of the masses, the povert)' extent of settling a debt on the defeated nations in
labor, the misfortunes of old age. terms which they could never hope to pay.
Consider briefly the study of history. The punishment of Germany was popular in the
For the last twenty years, the period since the \\Torld United States. Popular sentiment demanded a trial for
ar, history, fundamental of the social sciences, has the Kaiser. Roosevelt and Taft, both ex-Presidents,
en treated in a way which can be compared only cried out against the moderation of \\Tilson. The Senate
th the teaching of the classical languages. Like Latin turned thumbs down on his League of Nations plan,
 4 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Iml/lary-Febru

and \Vilson died a defeated and broken man. Disil- mental theories, about fighting a war or understandi .
lusionment replaced glory; depression, prosperity. Amer- balance of power alliances. All this was o\'er, settled. :
ica apparently settled back heavily to earth, asking no new world was created. All one had to do was to exis
reparations or territon'.• soon learnino0 that she could The very method of writing history furthered the <l-
expect little in the way of war debt payments. lusion. The old biographical, episodic, localized type i
And yet, paradoxically enough, history books still history had disappeared. The idea of basic trends P<l
believed that we had "made the world safe for de- meating history, causing parallel events in all cou'}
mocracy"! The United States, Great Britain, and tries, creating kings here, destroying them there, brin j
France were still democratic nations. Surelv thev were ing forth intellectual and industrial revolutions-thest
the biggest and strongest nations in the ,,;orld!\Vhat had become the ideas of history as written in mode t
if new European countries were unable to maintain re- times. These changes were natural. The world had Ix
publican forms of government? The Latins had always come a much smaller place what with increased COli t
had that difficulty. Perhaps the Slavs and the Teutons munication and transportation facilities. Events in on
VJerejust as inept. Certainly they had had no traditions country undoubtedly have repercussions all over tiel
(,I' self-government. \\le should not worry too much if world.
their governments gradually evolved into dictatorships. But the viewpoint destroyed the emphasis. "Th
After all, "national self-determination" didn't neces- Napoleonic Era" became "The Spread of Revolutiona
sarily require democracy. Such was the burden of the Liberalism," "The Age of Metternich" became "Res~
song. ration and Reaction" and "Events Preceding the \\lorn
\Ve felt secure. The world was tired of war. Every \Var" became "Towards Armageddon." iC

thinking man realized its futility. There was little The danger in this type of history is the danger (J
danger of Germany or her allies disturbing the world trying to fit events, people, things, into a predetermine
for many years to come. And if they did attempt such a pattern. No loopholes were left for the possible intnl1
disturbance, surely there was the French army, best in duction of new ideas, for a change in trend. OceUl
the world, and the British navv, no smaller than our rences which did not seem to fit were classed as exeef
own, between Europe and th~ western hemisphere. tions-one might even say freaks. 'I'I
Yes, the world was safe for democracy-certainly for T rue, post-war upheavals were noted as they ad
American democracv. \Ve had been suckers. \Ve would curred, but they were considered temporary inn~
stav in our own back varcl. \,Ve would solve our internal vations, transient sores on the body politic, unfortunaTl
pr;blems. Let impe;ial nations be internationalistic; blemishes in an otherwise well-regulated epoch. rI
world affairs were no concern of ours. Such was the Thus, a generation came to manhood uninterested ~
isolationist teaching. history as a living, changing story. If history taught Ill'
Besides, and here was the greatest delusion, democ- lessons, why study it? If the world were never again
racy was so inherently good, so patently the most moral change, why worry? I~
type of government, so obviously the only kind under For fourteen years after Versailles nothing exeet
which anv educated individual would care to live, we tional did happen in the western world. Then, in 193
had nothing to worry about. After all, the Versailles Adolph Hitler came to power in Germany. Since the'f
Conference, if it did nothing else, consolidated the the youth of Germany has scoffed at the doctrine &1
gains of previous centuries. Liberte, egalite, fraternite, such history. They began to hope for a restoration
fought for in the French Revolution, revived after Met- their honor, a restoration of their pride in themselves
ternich had temporarily entombed them, emphasized in a people. \\1hether or not we approve their leaders ,
the establishment of national states and the freeing of the means which such leaders used to attain their cnop
the Balkans, now were enthroned as the watchworclS of we can understand the attitude of German youth t
all mankind. And this mankind, twentieth century wards an unequal peace forced on their fathers. Amel1
mankind, was rapidly becoming too wise scientifically, can youth in a similar position would strive just
too wise mechanically, ever again to engage in destruc- hard, let us trust, for a restoration of the United Stat
tive war. How little we learned from history! vVhere are to world councils.
the watchwords of revolution today? vVhere is th<; wis- This is the motivation of a new era. Today, almill
dom of humanity? every hour witnesses the recording of new and un .
But the history books of the past twenty years con- pected history. A time of change, a period of flux
spired in this delusion. The new generation was led replaced the expected millennium. Only wishful thi
to believe, either through outspoken or implied state- ers envision any immediate return to old standards.
ments, that world history stopped with world conflict Former. ground rules seem strangely misplaced,
and remained stopped. The new era, the Era of De- haps gone forever. Statesmen search for new ones

, mocracy, was to be free from pre-war hates, jealousies,

and conflicts. Gone would be the dictatorial aristoc-
racies and oligarchies of the past. The new generation
take their places. Liddell-Hart was right when he,
1938, predicted that the Second V/orld vVar had
ready started; that Manchuria, Ethiopia, Spain, Chi
Austria and Czechoslovakia were but preliminary ski
would not have to worry about testing new govern-
19-/1 CALL TO AR?\ IS! 5
ishes for the greater and more devastating conflict to they did not. Hopelessly outnumbered, surrounded on
romeo all sides, Leonidas and his men fought on gamely until
The youth of Germany, then, took up the march, up- the last of the brave band lay slain upon that bloody
,ettina ~he plans of world elders and destroying the il- mountain trail.
fusio; created by post-war "new" history. The youth Consider Horatius, heedless of his companions' warn-
gf Germany did not want a world in which change had ings to hurry back across the bridge. The bridge down,
been eliminated. The youth of Germany had no interest did he give himself into the hands of the hated Tar-
In history which taught no lessons, which established quinians? \\Tere Rome's enemies given the pleasure
p1e form and content of life, which left n? room for of taking the bravest of the Romans? Encased in heavy
.1e recording of the story of a new generatIOn. armor, and suffering from deep wounds, this \\"orthy
German youth wanted excitement, not security, in- son of the eternal city threw himself into the turbid
:lOvation,not immobility, color, not drabness. Tiber and swam the muddy stream to safety.
So German youth followed a leader and is still fol-
\Vhat sustained these heroes when their physical
wing him. As long as he achieves success he will have
strength was gone? \Vhat sustains any soldier to bear
;heir strenath behind him.
arms, to go into battle, to fight a hopeless fight, to die, if
, But wh~t of American youth? Cuddled in security,
necessary? It is courage, the spiritual backbone of the
~ursed in false educational theories, our young men are brave.
Lst beginning to see clearly what lies ahead of them.
they are beginning to realize that, .if the peace and se- Remember Browning's Incident of t1le French Camp?
urity of democracy are worth havIng, they are worth Remember the courier who speeds from the smoke of
battle to dismount at Napoleon's feet?
khting for.
rWe must be prepared to defend the United States, "
tot to renounce the principles on which it was founded, You looked twice ere you saw his breast
hit to preserve them; not so much to catch up with \Vas all but shot in two.
flanges in the organization of the world as to prevent '\Vell' cried he, 'Emperor, by God's grace
urther chanaes.
o \iVe must abandon the attitude that \Ve've got you Ratisbon!
:temocracy is a form of government whose intrinsic The Marshal's in the market-place
19lueis apparent to all men. Liberty and freedom may And you'll be there anon
1(otendure simply because of recognized value and To see your flag-bird Rap his vans
aherent worth. If we believe in our form of govern- \Vhere I, to heart's desire,
.ent, we must be prepared not only to propagate it but Perched him!' The chief's eye Rashed; his plans
*ti\>elyto defend it. Soared up again like fire.
) oung men called to arms face a new and different The chief's eye Rashed; but presently
te. Yet, if they possess one fundamental American at- Softened itself, as sheathes
~bute, that of courage, they come well-equipped. A film the mother-cagle's eye
:1 "Courage," says the dictionary, "is that quality of ""hen her bruised eaglet breathes;
llind which enables one to encounter difficulties with- 'You're wounded!' 'Nay,' the soldier's pride
ht fear." Touched to the quick, he said
That, in itself, is a colossal understatement. 'I'm killed, Sire!' And his chief beside,
; Courage is bravery, boldness, intrepidity, fortitude, Smiling the boy fell dead."
,Ilor. Courage, as the poets say, is the "inspiration im-
lr(ortal,"the "spirit eternal," the "will everlasting." History and legend abound with examples of cour-
ourage is the strength that raised insignificance to the age. There was the famous Roland, commanding
tJights; it is humanity's greatest asset. Charlemagne's rear guard and cut off at Roncesvalles.
Consider the soldier. Duty is his watchword, honor There were the leaders of the Crusades, toiling over
l.lis wealth, but his badge is courage. countless miles of uncharted wilds to fioht
o
the in~fidels.
Do you remember the story of Leonidas at Ther- There was Galahad and his search for the Holy Grail.
lfPylae? \Vith three hundred valiant warriors, this Or, select just three examples from our own military
IlJlg of Sparta stood to defend the pass. Backs to the history. Captain Lawrence, his Chesapeake riddled
IfII, they beat off the assaults of Xerxes and his Persian from stem to stern and he himself wounded, gave voice
iI!rdes.They withstood all attacks until treachery by to that slogan of the American Navy: "Don't give up
Ie of their own countrymen, the Malian, Ephialtes, the ship!"
ril to their downfall. Robert E. Lee, offered the command of all the Union
5 But the greatness in the story is this: \Vith the secret forces, believed it his duty to offer his sword to his
. a hidden mountain pass leading to their rear in the mother state. Though he did not favor secession, he

t dS of the enemy, did those Spartans lay down their

i s? Did they surrender the gateway to their country
i he invaders? Be it said to their everlasting glory that
never murmured against the privations, the sufferings,
the hardships, which he and his men had to endure.
His was the courage to remain faithful to a principle
6 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Janllar)'-Febru~

he believed right until he saw that further fighting was out them, their leader could not hope to do more tha
useless. sacrifice his own life courageously.
Lieutenant Colonel \Vhittelsev, cut off with his Today then, America hears the call to amIS: 0\
"Lost Battalion" in the Argonne' and called upon to youth must remember the courage of earlier American
surrender bv the German forces, sent his famous an- Our young men must be taught the courageous saga I
swer, so Am~rican, so cryptic, to the enemy demand. history. Only with courage can we hope to build a
Martial history is not the only course of examples of amIY worthy of the name. Only with courage may \\
courageous acts. It exists in all fields. There was Peter hope to defend the American way of life, the America
the Great of Russia, who stooped to manual labor in ideal of Democracy. \Vith that courage in every ind
foreign countries that he might learn. There was vidual heart we need fear no enemy, no invader. The
Christopher Columbus, who defied the thought of his may we understand Kipling's lines:
times and dared to sail uncharted seas. There were
"
Benjamin Franklin, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas A. Edi-
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
son. \Vho can question the courage of a Florence
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
Nightingale, a Queen Victoria, an Edith Cavell, or the
And so hold on when there is nothing in you,
numerous pioneer housewives of America?
Except the \Vill which says to them: 'Hold on!'
And so one can go into any field of worldly endeavor
and pick out the courageous individuals who by their
tenacity to an ideal rise above the common level. For If you can fill the unforgiving minute,
everyone whose name becomes famous, however, there vVith sixty seconds' worth of distance run
exist hundreds whose courage is also strong. They do Yours is the Earth and everything that's in it,
their part in the small jobs which are their lot. \iVith- And-which is more-you'll be a Man, my son!"

Honorable Mention 1940 Prize Essay Competition

 Let's Waue More Flags
By Captain Staff N. Halyard, Coast Artillery Corps
The cvnicism of the past twenty years is catching up \Ve, who read the available literature, who know
'th us.' For two decades it has been fashionable to world conditions as well as is possible through the fog of
h-pooh patriotism, to decry Rag-waving. Historians, foreign and domestic propaganda, know that America
velists, columnists-and soldiers-have been, to vary- is worth fighting for if we cannot save it by reason. But
~~a dearees, at fault. we can't do it alone. \\le must have the backing of
It h~s been considered a sign of weakness to feel every last one of the 130 million-odd inhabitants of this
bId chills chasing down the spine when the national country.
nthem is played. Very soon after the \\Todd V/ar the Emotion is a powerful driving force. If emotion were
~blic began to remain in its seats when the Rag was not more powerful than reason, many of our beautiful
ilown on the screen. but dumb matrons would still be spinsters, the writers
! The last outposts of old-fashioned patriotism were of our torch songs would be paupers, and Hollywood
'n'ice installations. On an army post, at least, some would be laid out in orange groves.
leasure of respect was offered the Rag. Reveille and Since it does require emotion to transform men into
'treat, evening parades, and other courtesies kept alive the kind of fighting Americans who have left their im-
lme of the veneration we owe our national emblem- print on history from Sedan to Tientsin, it seems a
1'11ongthe enlisted men. But even some officers, and shame that the one ready-made key to the right kind
',ore especially, some "intellectual" officers, began to of emotion has been permitted to lose prestige because
I()kupon the courtesies due the Rag as a rather mean- of mistaken cynical ideas.
tgless mumbo jumbo that served no practical purpose Since it requires emotion to make laborers, clerks
rllCr than the effect it might have on the more im- and artisans stay at their posts, providing the things
'essionable enlisted men. that an army must have or face defeat, we have dissi-
We are paying the price today-and the price may be pated wantonly the power that might have maintained
creased tomorrow. How many of our youths will say, that emotion.
ithout a trace of consciousness of shame, "Comes a The recent strikes in defense industries have wak-
aI', I'm going to get me a nice warm job in a munitions ened many of us, army officers and every day citizens,
ttory-and not in the department where they handle to the fact that the same danger might face this country
lwder, either." The marriage license rosters in the that helped to sulxlue France.
lily newspapers doubled and tripled in the months Let's have a return to Rag-waving. Let's once more
'tween passage of the Selective Service Act and the come back to the feeling that the Stars and Stripes is
st day of registration. something that is worth everything we have, whether
v\ft~r all, the army officer's task is to make men fight, it be money, time, blood, or all three. Let's feel that
ld to fight willingly because they believe in what they tingle at the base of the skull when the national anthem
e dOing. The soldier cheerfully will drill long hours is played. Let's forget "what's in it for me," and take a
d march longer hours to toughen himself for battle little more of "my country, right or wrong, my country."
he wants to fight-if the fight is for something he be- Let's drop some of the cynicism. Call it a tool, call it
\res in. Freedom, democracy, and the rest of the a weapon-patriotism is still the greatest possible driving
etty words are merely pretty words and nothing else, force to keep America safe for Americans, and for the
dess they are identified with the United States of American way of living. Patriotism is compounded of
nerica. many things. The Rag, the national anthem, the free- -
When the problem is to prepare an army of willing dom that is still ours, and literally thousands of other
hting men, it cannot be done with appeals to reason. objects, phrases, ideas, ideals, and images are com-
is hard to explain the advantages of free polls to men pounded in this one word.
10 don't vote unless they are hounded into it by poli- Now, as never before, we need the kind of patriotism
lans. The advantages of free enterprise do not mean that has bulwarked the nation in the past. It's time to
tch to the youth of twenty-two who has never had a deny ourselves the luxury of scepticism, and to rebuild
ady job. The American standard of living doesn't what we have torn down. Let's wave more Rags-it's
1kea responsive chord to the submerged portion of time to start a whispering campaign for patriotism, the
r population. old-fashioned Fourth of July kind of patriotism.

:motion is a powerful driving force

Our Replacement Center
Enters now the Replacement Center as the latest de- all losses to include battle casualties-loss replacemen
velopment of the Selective Service phase of our Na- It is fundamental that if the combat organization
tional Defense program. This new cog in the machine to be made available for immediate employment at ft
that is being constructed carefully by precise and expert strength and maximum fighting efficiency, it ml
methods to produce the rapid attainment of our maxi- NOT be encumbered with the task of taking in gw
mum military effort, is by no means a mere "gadget" of men and developing them into soldiers. So long as c
inconsequential importance hut promises actually to be- unit is called upon to train recruits it is weakened
come vital to the success of the whole undertaking. two respects-it is utilizing a large overhead of persom
After J\llarch 15th these large cantonments which in instructing recruits at the sacrifice of the advano
have sprung up swiftly in the various parts of the coun- training of the personnel involved in the training, aT
try, will be engaged in an intensive program of training secondly, it cannot muster its full fighting capabiliti
"selectees" and will be demanding much attention from so long as some of its members are still below minimu
military experts. And from that date forward, the new requirements of efficiency.
system of producing military manpower should become The Replacement Center fits perfectly into this
a permanent part of the national defense system. quirement of producing trained basic files for the fig
"But," interjects the reactionary for whom these vari- ing army. It is a reservoir from which soldiers trained
ous modifications in the basic military system have been minimum acceptable standards may be drawn in tl
appearing too rapidly, "just yVHERE does the Re- exact quantities required-after, of course, the syste
placement Center fit into the group picture and is it becomes fully operative. Theoretically the individu
positive that it does not duplicate the efforts of some may be assigned to a battery and immediately par-t
other agency? Vle already have Supply Centers, Trans- pate in its combat employment just as a new spark pl
portation Centers, Mobilization Centers, Reception inserted into a gasoline motor is expected to funct'
Centers, Induction Centers, Training Centers and satisfactorily from the start. No longer need trai
many more and NOyV comes the REPLACEMENT divisions be broken up to furnish replacements
Center. It looks like this CENTER-alized control sub- other tactical groups about to participate in combat ..
ject might be getting out of hand." longer need an organization be withdrawn from a c
The answer is simple and definite-the Replacement cal tactical situation because of losses sustained, sin
Center DOES have a definite place in the complete is assumed that replacements can be furnished fr
military cycle; it does NOT duplicate the efforts of any men trained in the same things and in the same man
other agency. \Vith the rapid expansion of the military establ'
From the viewpoint of fundamental training alone, ment now in progress, both organization and train
the mission of the army is twofold: are demanded by mass production schedules. It is 1
First it must produce efficient fighting organizations cal, then, that the "chain store" system be introdu
-teams that function smoothly' and proficiently in ac- wherein "standard brands" may be furnished when
complishing tactical objectives. and wherever required. Standardization of training
Second, it must produce efficient individual soldiers Aexibility of output are two important characteristi
-basic components of the teams mentioned above. the Replacement Center program.
These basic militarv effectives must be made available So long as this system of training is in effect,
in quantities suffici~nt to supply the demand for men to longer will it be necessary in the future, to render t
form new regiments or to raise existing ones to pre- cal units of the initial protective force inoperative w
scribed strength-filler replacements-and for replacing its personnel is utilized almost entirely to accomp
 .n OUR REPLACEMENT CENTERS 9

rivarion of the new, expanded military establishment. lnfalltr)':

In effect it will change the function of the existing Spartanburg, S. c., Fourth Corps Area, capacity 16,-
i]itaf\' forces from that of "Protect OR Train" to one 500.
"Pr~tect AND Train." The Replacement Center 1\'lacon, Georgia, Fourth Corps Area, capacity 16,500.
stem is the basic element in this transformation. It is Camp \Volters, Texas, Eighth Corps Area, capacity
e "Buid drive" of the modern military machine, per- 17,000.
nning an important function according to a new prin- Nacimiento, California, Ninth Corps Area, capacity
pIe which eliminates the possibility of stripping gears. 15,000.
Perhaps the objective of Replacement Centers is best CamIry:
'pressed in the directive of the \Var Department Fort Rilev, Kansas, Seventh Corps Area, capacity
hich states: 7,000. '
"Selective Service personnel will be inducted so as Field Artillery:
to arrive at Rep]acement Centers .. 0for the follow- Fort Bragg, North Carolina, Fourth Corps Area, ca--
ing purposes: pacity 16,500.
"a. To provide personnel to activate units indi- Fort Sill, Oklahoma, Eighth Corps Area, capacity
cated (according to the definite expansion program). 8,000.
"h. To provide fillers to war strength for those Nacimiento Area, California, Ninth Corps Area, ca-
units of the National Guard indicated upon induc- pacity 6,000.
tion as To train at allotted strength initially. \VilI Engineers:
be raised to \Var Strength later.' Fort Belvoir, Virginia, Third Corps Area, capacity
"c. To provide additional enlisted men for Corps 10,500.
Area Service Commands and \Var Department over- Seventh Corps Area Training Center, Rolla, IVlis-
head. souri, capacity 10,500.
"d. To pro\'ide additional enlisted men for the Air Signal Corps: (\-Var Department control)
Corps. Fort l\llonmollth, N. J., Second Corps Area, capacity
"e. To provide additional enlisted men for Air 7,000.
1 Corps Services. Ordnalzce: (\-Var Department control)
"f. To provide enlisted loss replacements." Aberdeen Proving Ground, l\llary]and, Third Corps
By \Var Department authority the following Re- Area, capacity 5,800 .
.1acement Centers are being organized: Chemical \Varfare Service: (\-Var Department con-
Coast Artillery: trol)
~ Fon Eustis, Va., Third Corps Area, capacity 14,800. Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland, Third Corps Area, ca-
J Vicinity Galveston (Hitchcock), Texas, Eighth pacity 1,000.
lrps Area, capacity 7,600. Qlwrter11laster:
t San Diego, California, Ninth Corps Area, capacity Camp Lee, Virginia, Third Corps Area, capacit}, 12,-
1500. 000 .

. t.'0 t ,

<
~_ -.I'>
10 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Ja 111 Iary- Febnl/

r ----- - - - REPLACEMENT CENTER - - - - - -1 rGRADUATES FROM - - ...

ACTIVITIES REPLACEMENT CENTER I
CONTROLLED 1'4 II I
F~w tt 1
BASIC

,
TRAINING ADVANCED CADRE FOR
8 WEEI\S TRAINING NEW UNITS
4 WEEKS
INSTRUCTORS

FILLER
REPLACEMENT
PERSONNEL
C.A.S.C.
<I) FILLER
I-
Z Loss
W
REPLACEMENT
~ Loss I/)

u
«
...J:
a: PERSONNEL

I- OTHER DUTIES
~ CAS.C.
w
o
a: ENLISTMENT
OTHER U.S. ARMY

Fort F. E. Warren, vVyoming, Sixth Corps Area, ca- Tables of Organization inasmuch as the units the
pacity 7,000. selves have been organized to facilitate training p
Medical: cedure rather than tactical employment. This penru
Camp Lee, Virginia, Third Corps Area, capacity of economy in the use of materiel and makes possih
7,500. certain consolidations in training efforts.
Camp Grant, Illinois, Sixth Corps Area, capacity Replacement quotas to be trained are based u~
7,000. immediate requirements and will be varied as futll
Armored Corps: ("Var Department control) demand indicates. Type basic training is to be gi\1
Fort Knox, Kentucky, Fifth Corps Area, capacity and the required numbers of key specialists for the \'~
9,000. ous types of organization will be produced as called ~
Already construction is under way at most of these Immediately upon issue of the vVar Department
localities and personnel has been assigned to the various rective, the names of the Executive Officers and PI
Replacement Centers. Construction will be uniform and Training Officers of the Coast Artillery Repl
as to building units, the number of buildings, of course, ment Centers were announced. These are:
varying with the capacity of the establishment. Utili- Fort Eustis: Colonel H. F. Nichols with Lieuten
ties of thE;.most modern type, surfaced roads, small arms Colonel C. E. Atkinson as P&T.
and artillery ranges and other training aids are being Hitchcock, Texas: Colonel John B. Maynard"
provided. Each camp will have adequate hostess house Lieutenant Colonel \\T. F. Marquat as P&T.
facilities and a motion picture theatre as a contribution San Diego: Colonel Francis P. Hardaway with L
to morale. l'vlinimum requirements in officers' quarters tenant Colonel G. deL. Carrington as P&T.
are being included. These officers were called to vVashington for
Personnel requirements for the conduct of the vari- ference with General Green and the officers on d
ous camps have been worked out by the \Var Depart- in his office on the details of organization and cond
ment in cooperation with the various chiefs of branches. of the new training establishments. The executive
A general officer will command each Replacement Cen- cers and their training assistants were dispatched
ter-some indication of the importance of these instal- their respective sectors of operation with instructi
lations in the scheme of mass military training-and to take necessary steps immediately to insure the pro
adequate staffs have been provided. Groups or bat- and efficient initiation and conduct of the new activit
talions will form the basic training units-that is, there T raining in seacoast, tractor drawn and antiair
will be no Replacement Regiments as such. Special artillery will be given at the Coast Artillery Rep]
Tables of Organization have been prepared for Replace- ment Centers. Fort Eustis will offer instruction in
ment Batteries, Groups and higher headquarters. These three branches as will San Diego. Hitchcock will
tables are not duplicates of standard vVar Department centrate on production of antiaircraft replacements.
19-11 UUK 1i.1:.t'Lt\l.A::I\I1:.I~ I \,,;1:.1'\ 1 1:.K~ II

The Replacement Centers will receive selectees from specialists, communications men including radio opera-
he desionated Reception Centers and will assign them tors, and similar key personnel.
:0 organizations the basic cadres of which are furnished His training having been completed the trainee will
~romReoular Army batteries. be assioned to a battery which requires a soldier of his
. For t~ first eight weeks the trainee will be subjected qualifi~ations. Having been assigned he is considered
:0 intensive training which will mould him into a basic to be capable of performing any normal duty required
iOldierfor Coast Artillery batteries in the field. An ad- of him, including that of becoming a member of a
litional four weeks of instruction is provided to improve training cadre. At the expiration of the selectee's year
:he basic file into a minor specialist. At the expiration of training he will have a number of courses open to
)f eioht weeks he is considered capable of taking his him, the first of which is, naturally, his return to civil
~Iaceoina battery of Coast Artillery and performing his life to engage in his normal civilian pursuit. Having
luties in an acceptable manner. The men will be quali- had his military training, however, he is still a "military
5ed as plotters, observers, gun pointers, machine gun- replacement effective" competent to take his place in
~ers, and as minor, intermediate or major caliber sea- the armed forces when and if it becomes necessary for
:oast cannon or antiaircraft gun, machine gun, 37- the United States to muster its total military effort.
llillimeter gun or searchlight personnel, in accordance Other trainees will follow him through this cycle of in-
.vith percentages established by the anticipated replace- struction and within a comparatively short time there
~lent requirements for the immediate expansion pro- will be created a reservoir of reserve soldiers who should
~ram. be at least the equal of an)' in the world.
At the expiration of the twelve weeks, the trainee will If the trainee, now no longer a recruit, decides to
be deemed to be capable of serving as a member of an pursue further his military education he l11aytake ad-
lctive organization. At that time he is considered to be vantage of any number of opportunities open to him
better than a soldier of minimum standards. Unless according to his capabilities and cultural background.
~equired in an emergency prior to the expiration of I-Ie may enlist, and if qualified, attend one of the
:welve weeks he will be held for the full time and then schools offered by the Army Training Centers. The
lssigned to a unit in the field. After eight weeks ALL Coast Artillery school will offer him the training re-
f\'ill be merely basic files but at the end of the twelfth quired for eligibility for staff sergeant in any of the
l\'eckthere will be clerks, cooks, communications opera- technical fields required in modern artillery. It may be
.ors and such key personnel among them. well to indicate at this point that this advanced training
During his initial training period, the selectee will is the function of the Army Training Centers and that
pc trained in infantry drill, marching and camping and it in no way duplicates the elementary and minor spe-
n the ordinary duties of living and acting like a soldier. cialty training given at the Replacement Center. The
Ie will complete, during this period the required rifle missions of the two are distinct and not in the least
larksmanship qualification and pistol instruction, and overlapping.
'ill receive instruction in antiaircraft defense for Naturally the selectee, if qualified, may take the
rOllnd troops, defense against chemical attack, tent examination for entrance to the Military Academy or
itching, first aid, interior guard, military courtesy and such examination for commissioned grades as may be
ustoms of the service, convoy discipline, elementary prescribed by the \Var Department. For the individual
ap and aerial photograph reading and basic signaling. there is no limit, other than his personal ability, to the
Ie will have had the Articles of \Var read to him and level of his attainment in the military science. For the
lOuldbe a pretty good soldier when he goes to his new army as a whole, the Replacement Center is the first
rganization. link in a chain of educational development, which
Of course the greater part of his technical training should produce vastly improved individual compon-
,ill be on the artillery piece for which he is being pre- ents for the military team from the basic soldier on up
~ared as a replacement. Gunners' instruction will be the scale of military command. The system should be
~orough and fundamental. Gun drill will be empha- smooth, fast and flexible and should prove a decided
tzed. Artillery instruction will take him through an improvement over previous methods.
tual target practice firing. There should be no risk There will be plenty of headaches connected with
.. volved of his operating an instrument the wrong way, the launching of the new training system on such a
~ coming excited and forgetting to function or in other large scale, ranging from difficulties of construction of

l ays
slowing down the smooth operation of the active the actual training plant to shortages of training equip-
•atte.!'),to which he will be assigned ultimat:ly. Actu- ment and instructor personnel, at least initially. A new
ly It may be that the battery commanders dream of model of any machine must undergo minor readjust-
'laving a command without "rookies" is about to be ments of its integral parts after its first field test and it
lalized. is to be expected that such will be the case with the Re-
1 After eight weeks, instead of assigning the men im- placement Center procedure. However, from the Chief
~e~diately to organizations of the tactical force, there of Staff of the Army on down the line, those acquainted
'fill be advanced training to provide the field units with with the new scheme are "sold" on its soundness and
he required number of clerical, supply, mess, artillery enthusiastic about the results to be expected.
European Air Battle
By Major General Henry Rowan-Robinson, British Army, Retired
\Vorld \Var Number Two has now raged for over a teen days to destroy the field armies of Poland an
year. Only for the last four months, however, has it twenty-~ight days t~ capture \Varsaw, they succeed(
directly and seriously affected Great Britain. During a in overrunning Holland, despite its famous dykes aT
weary period of eight months, armies faced each other Vesting, in five days and made naught of the clabora
behind supposedly impregnable barriers-\Vest \Vall fortifications on the Meuse and the Albert Canal. TI
and East YVall-Siegfried and Maginot. On the one destruction of the Dutch and Belgian armies ,,~
side, final touches were being given to that long and quickly followed by the complete collapse of France.
thorough preparation of army and air force which was During this struggle, the R.A.F. was compelled
to give Gennany so wide a dominion over Continental act in a protective role, mainly in close cooperation wil
Europe. On the other, were hurried production and the armies whose retreat it was endeavoring to co\'(
improvisation to fill the gaps resulting from belated Dispersed over a wide front, confused by the kaleid
recognition that defense is of greater importance th~n scopic changes in the situation, and hampered in i
politics and that, in an imperfect society, force has stIll attacks by the crowds of refugees, it succeeded ne\'(
to be countered by force if territories, liberties and ideals theless in heavily punishing the invaders. It had I
are to be preserved. Clashes between the embattled op- opportunity, however, to display the full splendor
ponents, though loudly trumpeted in the press, were of its quality until the battle-royal that occurred when tl
minor importance and gave no indication of the nature British Expeditionary Force was driven back on Du
and scale of the approaching struggle. #
kirk. Then it made a magnificent contribution to th
It was durinot> the winter of 1939-40 that the R.A.F. joint naval, military and aerial miracle which willI
executed the much-scorned leaflet-raids which, rather main imperishable in British annals. Encountering tl
by luck than intention, proved of so much value, not full blast of a Luftwaffe which had hitherto swept i
indeed as propaganda, but in gaining knowledge of the before it and was expecting easy and overwhelmil
enemy's country and for practice in night-flying under victory over land and sea, it proved for the first tin
difficult conditions. on any large scale, that it could dominate its opponer
The first incident to break the murky calm was the by the skill and courage of its pilots and by the techI
German invasion of Norway. The clever surprise ef- cal excellence, though not, alas, by the numbers, of
fected there, the quick submission of the Norwegians machines. The victories won on this occasion astoun
and the peculiarly unfavorable conditions under which cd even the warmest believers in British airmanshi
our army and air force were compelled to battle, robbed A superiority of 100 per cent represented their hop
that campaign of the valuable lessons for the future one of 200 per cent was obtained.
conduct of the war which it might have afforded us. YVith the British withdrawal from Dunkirk, the \\
Strategically the stroke against Norway was extrane- entered on a new phase both on the ground and in i
ous to the main operations, though the German Gen- air. In Britain, the Home Guard was formed for sta
eral Staff might dispute the statement. The real battle defense, and the army began its preparations for re~
of western Europe began with the invasion of the Low ing invasion and for an eventual assumption of t
Countries. That event sounded the knell of much offensive. At the same time the R.A.F. enlarged t
wishful thinking and crushed the unfounded but in- scope of its operations, raiding far into Germany a
eradicable hopes of small nations for immunity from German-occupied territory. These attacks displa!
assault. Unfortunately their resolute refusal to con- brilliant staff work. All the former schemes of t
front realities resulted not only in their own defeat but Bomber Command were based on the expectation
also in disaster to the Allies who, allowing sentiment being most conveniently able to strike from aerodroll
nnd policy to override the demands of strategy, moved on the Franco-German border. The defection of Fran
to their aid. The previous record in Blitzkriegen was threw them completely out of gear. The Ruhr and
easily surpassed. \Vhereas the Germans had taken nine- great factory towns on the Rhine, instead of be
*This article has been passed by the British censor.
within a stone's throw, receded to a distance of 250-~

A long and strenuous struggle may be expectel

-
Vtl tUKUt't:.AC\' A1K 1:)[\ 1 1Lt:. 1:>

Spit fires and Hurricanes

niles and the range to Berlin increased from 400 to 600 defensive organizations and shelters to the extent that
niles. Nevertheless, the bombers were launched at the inhabitants were no longer fatally vulnerable when
lnce on a carefully scheduled and far-reaching plan of the great assault took place. Unfortunately, however,
light-raiding, based to a great extent, on information Germany enjoys many advantages: very widely dis-
lbtained during the leaflet days. It was rendered ef- persed aerodromes; short range to her objectives; low
'ective largely through the skill which the pilots had relative vulnerability due to the less concentrated nature
~ained in their long practice in flying by night over of her factory-areas and communications. Against all
::;erman territory. At the beginning of the war, our these factors as well as superior numbers, the R.A.F.
laylight-raids, executed at ranges far beyond the reach has to battle.
If escorting fighters, had been heavily punished. Hav- The targets chosen by our bombers are those the de-
Pg learned our lesson, we abandoned such adventures struction of which will effect a definite reduction in
ending the solution of the special problems they in- the military power of the enemy, especially his aerial
olve, and have since attacked the same targets by night power. Of these, oil is perhaps the most important, and
'ith great effect and usually without any loss whatever. its scarcity in enemy countries may ultimately prove
Fundamentally, war is a struggle for supplies, which their Achilles heel. German and Italian reserves are
stulate, for their production and utilization, security large but not inexhaustible. They probably cannot be
base and of communications. If bases be destroyed, made good by Russia or by even the fullest exploitation
communications be severed, armies, fleets and air of the wells of Rumania. Hence refineries, hydrogena-
rces become inert and die of inanition. In aerial con- tion plants and storage tanks are hammered nightly;
ict, there is also the possibility of decision through and the smell and smoke of burning oil has become the
ranic. It failed to materialize in Spain and China. If it most pervasive sign of war in western Europe, as also
ver existed as regards Britain, it vanished when Hitler in Libya and Abyssinia. Second in importance to oil
pade the invasion of Poland his opening move; for the are aircraft-factories, and then follow aerodromes, naval
,me gained by the resistance of that gallant country bases, munitions-factories, canal-locks, railway-junctions
mabled London and other large towns to improve their and other installations. Many of the targets now almost
 1HE COf\S r AH llLLEHY JOCIRi\TA[ Jmlllary-Febrll~
daily under fire are household words in the worlds of and then continued their flight in mass towards Lc
mec'hanics and munitions: Fokker, Junker, Krupp, don. By these means they may have hoped to pUz
Daimler-Benz, Zeiss, Fiat, Skoda. In these and other the Air Staff and induce them to despatch their n
factories it is stated on reliable authority that the R.A.F. chines in faulty directions. That plan failing, th
has already effected a large decreas~ in production. launched a succession of concentrated attacks by d,
In addition to normal objectives, there are the definitely light-a method from which they expected to ~bta
military targets presented by the great accumulation of decisive results-beginning on the 8th of August. (
men and shipping which fill the ports from Rotterdam the 13th of that month, the German wireless asked t
to L'Orient, with the apparent intention of invasion. people to listen in to hear great news. Two days latl
The German bombers gained an immense advantage with the blare of martial music filling the gaps betw~
in range and consequently in fire-power, by the con- announcements, it reported a succession of victories, :
quest of the Low Countries and France-an advantage figments of the imagination. There is now but litl
which we share with them only when we bomb the doubt that, between the 8th and 18th of the mom
invasion ports. Instead of having to emerge from a nar- the German High Command had calculated on destrc
row front and to fly 300 to 400 miles across the North ing our air force as a preliminary to invasion. Follo
Sea, they can operate, protected by fighters, from bases ing the methods they had found so profitable in Polan
along the whole length of the Channel which is a mere they attacked particularly our aerodromes and aircT
twenty-two to one hundred miles in width. They com- factories. They failed, according to a Russian aCCOU
menced their serious operations against Britain on the because they had faulty information regarding the;
18th of June and, meeting with but little success, have cation of aerodromes and because the latter were \\'!
ever since that day, been ringing the changes ceaselessly camouflaged. Actually, the cause lay rather in skillf
in search of a method by which our defensive organiza- direction by our Air Staff and in the daring and brilli<
tion can be shattered. They arrived in mass and then handling of the Hurricane and Spitfire squadrons. Be
separated into small groups. They arrived from various whatever the cause, the raiders-a thousand stronr
points of the compass, made rendezvous over England suffered a complete repulse, losing 180 machin~

Jf7 estla1ld L)'sa1lders Guard tbe Suez Ca1lal

19~1 EUROPEAN AIR BATTLE 15
Ono which were many dive-bombers, at small cost to been sending over fighters to act as bombers and has
un::> • f
Ihe defenders. This was their first great de eat, an It
d'
ordered them, in the absence of favorable cloud condi-
~13\' well prove to have been the turning point of the tions, to fly at great heights. This method does not lend
I\'a~. Ne\'ertheless, they pursued the same bludgeon itself either to heavy or accurate bombing, but it has
~ctics for another month, although on each of four oc- made matters very difficult for intercepting aircraft
:asions within that period they incurred losses of over which have a high climb to make in a short time and
me hundred machines. In these daylight raids they which are by no means at their fighting best at the top
:ame o\'er first with un escorted bombers and then with of their ceiling. The Germans, by making their prin-
)()mbers accompanied by ~vlesserschmitts in numbers cipal effort by night and by flying in the sub-strato-
vhich steadilv mounted until, at one time, the propor- sphere by day, have effected a considerable reduction
ion was five'fighters to one bomber. Recognizing de- in their adverse casualty-ratio. On the other hand, the
eat at last, they changed tactics again and took to night- R.A.F. may well claim to have compelled them to adopt
niding, an art which they had affected to despise as in- procedures, which, however high their nuisance values,
,ffective and at which their crews had not received can ne\'er be decisive.
nuch training. Since our own unpleasant experiences against Ger-
Their most dangerous attack of this nature began on man naval bases in September, 1939, we have eschewed
he 7th of September. It was directed against London. daylight-raiding on any large scale, except for short-
~here a few aircraft broke through the barrage by day- range affairs against the invasion ports. \Ve are, how-
ioht into dockland and caused several great fires. A ever, preparing for them, and there are numerous pro-
~" hours later, a horde of night-raiders followed and, posals for rendering them effective without being
~ith their path lighted by the flames, were able to cause costly. Various new types of machines are suggested:
~veredamage. Fierce assaults of a similar nature con- \'ery fast unarmed bombers; powerful long-range fight-
inued and were directed mainly on central and east ers intended to act as escorts on bombing raids-both of
,ondon. Thev were checked, however, on the 17th, these machines being either despatched from an ad-
.roelv
n , becaus~ of improvements achieved in the anti- vanced base or given a pick-a-back lift; a bomber-a real
ircraft barrage. Thereafter, bombs were scattered in- bomber, not a fighter-bomber-capable of sub-strato-
iscriminately whenever penetration by the aid of dark- sphere flying. So far as is known in unofficial circles,
ess or cloud could be effected. no such craft are yet in the offing. Before they appear,
Against the new form of attack, no satisfactory anti- we shall presumably be putting into the air as they
Dte has yet been found. Hurricanes and Spitfires, so come into production latest pre-war models and those
rilliantly successful by day are greatly handicapped by designed from lessons, now perhaps obsolete, learnt in
ight, not only owing to the difficulty of finding the Poland and Norway.
nemy in the darkness but also because the glow of A capacity for flying under severe conditions of
leir exhaust-rings betrays them and gives early warn- weather is another factor of importance to be weighed
Ig of their approach to the enemy. Our antiaircraft in estimating relative prospects. The R.A.P. profits in
llns and searchlights have, however, filled the breach this respect by its experience of flying over hostile terri-
I some extent by showing an improvement both in tory last winter when it achieved marked progress to-
limbers and method during the past few weeks. This wards solving the de-icing problem. The Germans, for
clear from the following table produced by the Eve- their part, benefit from a device in their engines by
ing Standard, which indicates that, in the period June which the battery pumps fuel directly into the cylinders.
Sth to October 5th we brought down only 64 enemy This enables them to dispense with the carburetor,
~craftby night and that-
which has always been a source of weakness in that it
. the first 22 shot down, AA guns scored 2 successes; is liable to cause a stoppage by icing up. They are
:the next 9 shot down, AA guns scored 4 successes; likely, however, owing to the moisture carried by the
the next 21 shot down, AA. guns scored 15 successes; southwesterly winds from the Atlantic, to find ice-con-
the next 12 shot down, AA. guns scored 9 successes. ditions more troublesome over Britain than our ma-
Scientists, technicians and tacticians are all hard at chines will over Germany. Thus, advantages and draw-
Drktr)'ing to defeat the night-bomber; but it still rides backs even up; and they also do so as regards the effect
e starry heights, almost unchallenged. As an instru- of the long, dark nights, which indeed enable our
ent of attack, it is, however, not decisive because it bombers to spend more time over far-away targets but
nnot be employed in large formations nor can it assail cause them to suffer considerable hardships in speeding
rgets with precision. Goering was probably correct in long distances in wintry weather.
s tactics of mass raids by daylight, because such On the whole, therefore, it appears that the changes
'okes, unless successfully countered, can virtually in conditions that will take place during the next six
Ipe out their objectives-witness the destruction of months will not favor either of the two principal bel-
>tterdam. Beaten by the superlative performance of ligerents to any great extent.
e R.A.F., he has, nevertheless continued to operate A few words may now be said on branches of the air
daylight but on a very much lower scale. He has force which do not come directly under the Bomber
16 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOllRNAL }mzlwry-Febru(lry'

Britisb Alltiaircraft Figbts a Nigbt Attack

and Fighter Commands. First of all, there is the Coastal both infantry and artillery. It also succeeded in shootin~
Command, at one time the Cinderella of the party, but down 124 German aeroplanes. \Vith the withdraw3
now recognized as an indispensable factor in our de- from Dunkirk, however, it ceased to function except fai
fensive system and grown to great proportions. It has fighting purposes in the Middle East and for trainin~
its own bomber and fighter squadrons, its land-aircraft, purposes elsewhere. In such circumstances, and at,'
its Bying-boats, its mine-layers and reconnaissance craft. critical time in the aerial battle, a waste of power woulq
The scope of its action covers the sea from Iceland and obviously have resulted from the retention of a largi
Norway by the Baltic, the Channel and the Bay of number of machines with the army. The Fleet AiJ
Bisca\' down to the J\llediterranean and is extended for Arm-the corresponding service in the navy-has doni
1,006 miles westwards into the Atlantic. Since the be- splendid work, especially along the Norwegian coas
ginning of the war, its machines, according to the aero- which is a rather distant target for the R.A.F. bornbe'
nautical correspondent of The Times, have Bown 19 to tackle. C
million miles-"equiva)ent to about 782~ times round The epic struggles of fighters and bombers natura\lll
the world." tend to engross the attention and captivate the imaginM
In this year alone, up to the end of September, its tion of students of aerial warfare. But there are oth14
aircraft have escorted approximately 1,300 convoys aspects of this conBict to which due place must be 3,
made up of more than 30,000 ships. In the whole war- signed. Ground-defenses play an important part thereir
period so far, Coastal Command has guarded and AA fire has played an important role, but not in tit
guided between 90,000,000 and 100,000,000 tons of predicted manner. Instead, as we had hoped, of ski !
shipping, and during this period not a single ship has fully and destructively handling our batteries again~
been lost while under its care. In the same period it has single aeroplanes or small groups we have had to res
carried out 150 attacks on submarines. to the extravagant expedient of barrage fire. This h
Then there is the air-component of the army, consist- had the effect of forcing the enemy to fly high, maki'f
ing mainly of Army Cooperation Squadrons. In the accurate bombing impossible, but has not destroy C
short battle in France, it did excellent work in recon- large numbers of planes nor prevented the bombing e
naissance and in affording direct tactical assistance to large areas. e
 9~1 EUROPEAN AIR BATILE 17

Our balloon-barrages ha\'e not destroyed large num- being adopted: evacuation of women and children;
rs of aeroplanes. but they have brought down some an insurance scheme covering property damaged by
nd have proved useful in preventing the enemy from raids; communal feeding. housing and transport for the
3king low-Rying attacks; and Germany has paid them homeless. The spirit of the Londoners is marvelous, as
1"0 compliments-the first of copying them, and the is that of the inhabitants of the other great cities under
!'COndof making constant attempts to shoot them down constant attack. But they are suffering greatly and re-
both indications that the silvery monsters are not with- guire not only sympathy but a high measure of con-
ut their value. tinual help of a practical kind.
-\n unobtrusive but very valuable share in defense is The principal role in civil defense, which is also an
nkcn b\, the Observer C~rps, which mans a \'ast net- important part of the aerial battle, is played by the
'ork or" stations covering Great Britain and Northern A.R.P. (Air Raid Precautions) Service. It suffered
reland. The object of the corps is to trace, plot and terribly from a Rat refusal on the part of both the Gov-
cport the course of every invading aeroplane. Each ernment and the municipal authorities, to recognize the
tat ion, as it picks up a guarry (in daylight by sight, in perilous implications of the aerial threat. In this respect,
he dark by sound) reports its height and direction of both in pre-war and early war days, even London-at
ioht, both to the Fighter Command and to neighbor- once the most important and most vulnerable target in
n~ stations. To a numerically inferior air force this the world-was neglected. For long, AR.P. was the
o '
~'ork is of vital importance; for, where machines are adopted child of a non-official parent-the British Red
carce, it is essential that their efforts, instead of being Cross Society-which, though it advocated necessary
ispcrsed over such false trails as may be laid by the measures and attempted to educate the public in their
~nemv, should be concentrated on the points where the need, had neither the authority nor the funds to insti-
~ang~r is greatest. In this task of giving a right direction tute a new immense and vital ;ervice.
10 the counter-attack the Observer Corps has never Nine months of immunity from attack afforded the
T.liled. Its vigilance, said the Minister for Air, in a recent country some chance of re~overino lost oround. The
peech, has made an indispensable contribution to the -
opportunity "
was, however, not seriously "
grasped until
ucccss of the R.AF. fighters. "Their victories," he pro- a few months before the bombing proper of London
claimed, "are your victories." 40,000 men spent a bitter- began, with the result that it was and remains inade-

t vcold winter in 1,500 posts, but their long and patient

vatch has now borne splendid fruit and will be remem-
red with gratitude. "Forewarned is fore-armed" is
their motto and their badge illustrates, in becoming
fashion, a beacon lit at the approach of the Spanish
quate. The wardens and firemen arc doing splendidly;
but, between hard work and lack of sleep, they are al-
ready, in mid-October, badly in need of relief.
\,Ve may close with a brief glance at the future. At
the moment the enemy's numerical superiority is still
:Armada. dangerous, and it is likely to cause anxiety to our leaders
So much for the strategy of operations and organiza- for some months to come. By the spring of 1941. how-
tion. There is also a strategy of eguipment; and in it, as ever, numerous aircraft will have arrived from the
in the other forms, risks have to be balanced against United States, and the Empire Training Scheme, which
gains and decisions taken. Particularly is this the case affords the surest guarantee of eventual victory, will be
with mechanical eguipment. Standardize your aero- beginning to pour forth both machines and pilots.
planes at the right moment and, ceteris paribus, you will The intervening winter will probably be filled with
ovem,helm your opponent with numbers. Go to mass- battle in ~I'Iiddle East. Owing to the defection of France,
production a little early, on the other hand, and you the British air forc'e has been deprived of Rexibility,
Olav ,
find yourself
"
saddled with a laroe 0
number of obso- which is one of the greatest assets of the aerial arm.
lescent craft. That has been the fate, to some extent, of The enemy, on the other hand, with an easy hop from
both Gennanv and Ita Iv. Britain has been more fortu- Sicilv to Tunisia, will be able, if he so desires, to concen-
nate. She has" driven re~earch and production in elastic trate'very powerful aerial forces in the Libyan theater.
~a:ness and, though outnumbered in her air force as she There, too, he will probably dispose of a numerically
IS In her army, she has won great technical advantages superior army. The British will, however, have com-
by her policy .. mand of the sea and many advantages of position. A
\Ve may now, in order to complete the picture, turn long and strenuous struggle may therefore be expected.
from military to civil defense. M r. Churchill once ob-. On the northern Rank, Germanv may have entered
zen'cd that: -'The great sphere of domestic organization Rumania because she is already f~eling a shortage of
bc.comcs the counterpart of our military effort." He oil and can therefore afford to take no risks with her
\l1Ight almost have said part rather than counterpart. principal source of supply. Conceivably (she may be
Supplies are necessary; they have to be convoyed. For- arguing) British aircraft might appear in Thrace or in
~ign exchange is required' for the purchase ~f arma- the Aegean and swoop down on the Ploesti oil-field. In
[llents; therefore, export trade must be stimulated. To order to defeat that menace, she has brought a consider-
tneet the military assault on morale, a number of civil able quantity of aircraft and antiaircraft guns with her.
easures are ne~ded, all of them important and all now Thus oil is seen to dominate strategy; and it is not
18 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL

--
~....

A Short "Sullderialld" Escorts a COIlI'OJ'

alone in Rumania that it docs so. Russia must protect German aircraft, of which about half were fighte
Baku and, however keen she may be to keep out of the against a loss on our side of some 850 machines. Dl
war, must therefore bar any German attempt to pass the ing the same period over 6,000 German airmen \\'e1
Bosphorus. Again, the absence of oil from Spain and killed or taken prisoner against a loss on our side of ~:
western Africa seems likely, in spite of Hitler's ad- fighter-pilots and an insignificant number of bom~
vances to Franco, to prevent that area from being used crews.
as a main theater of operations. Moreover, a determina- In the meantime, in Hitler's own country, the sourc'
tion to build their power on a solid foundation of oil, of power have been hammered insistently and ace'
without which all hope of gaining and maintaining rately by a force of bombers which is hourly growin
supremacy in the air must fade, is probably enticing In the invasion ports, his army must have suffered hu.
the Axis powers to strike by north Africa towards Iraq casualties from naval and aerial action.
and Iran. The war in the air is not yet over. \Ve cannot captu'
To sum up the situation. At the time this is written, Germany's lead in numbers until the summer of 19~
Hitler has been concentrating his aerial strength on an lvloreover, though we are ahead of her now in tee
assault upon Britain for just four months. I-laving won nique, the memory of the first \Vorld \\Tar paints m3
every advantage of position, he endeavored to destroy pictures of vicissitudes due to the temporary ascendao.
the R.A.F. as a preliminary to invasion, but failed com- of particular machines; and it is possible that, duri
pletely in the attempt. He struck at British communica- the present war, new and efficient types on either s~
tions, especially at the docks of London and Liverpool, will be dominant for short periods. All that can be S3!j.
but his airmen lacked the precision necessary to render at the moment is that, with an air force greatly inferi
the attack seriously effective. He aimed a blow at in numbers to that of the enemy, we have repulsed h;:
British morale by assailing the civil populace and suc- attacks on Britain with heavy loss and that, operati
ceeded only in hardening its purpose to endure. under the grave disadvantages of long range to
In the twelve weeks following the 8th of August, our chief objectives and high relative vulnerabilty, we ha
defenses in their various forms accounted for 2,433 carried the war effectivelv into the enemy's country.
- -.
 The Graeco-Italian Campaign
By Major William Yale
The Graeco-Italian campaign in the Epirus and in while the right Bank was secured by the Italian advance
uthern Albania illustrates the significant role played along the coast to the Kalamas River. The topography
\. oeography and climate in both strategy and tactics. of this section of the Pindus area is such that the Italian
. Because there is meager data on the political and forces had to advance as widely separated spearheads
\'choIOQicalmatters affecting the military events, an with exposed Ranks. A continuous line of advance,
t~empt~o analyze them would be mere speculation. stretching from Lake Presba to the Adriatic, was impos-
he Italian defeat can, in the main, be satisfactorily sible.
xplained by examining the military, the strategical, The Greek plan of defense at the outset was to hold
nd oeographic aspects. the Italian spearheads in the mountains at any cost, in
S;uthern Albania, although it offers some advantages order to protect the approaches to the plains of Salonika
s a base for launching an invasion of northwestern and Thessaly. The Greeks offered less determined re-
reece, had many disadvantages. The main Italian sistance along the coastal area where the Italians
ases were on the Albanian coast at Durazzo, Valona, reached the Kalamas River. But this minor success
nd Porto Edda. From the first two, roads ran across the proved of little value because it was impossible to turn
astal plains along river valleys. The rivers rise in the the Greek left Bank from the western coast. Having
indus lvlountains-some of them on the Albanian side slowed up the advance in the mountains, the Greeks
f the frontier, others on the Greek side. The main then began their own offensive by penetrating between
'atershed is located in Greece in the heart of the Pin- the enemy's spearheads and threatening the communi-
us mountains of the Epirus. cations of the advanced columns.
The Italian columns advancing to the Greek frontier By a clever maneuver the Greeks, using the Yugo-
Bowed the river valleys southeastward. The nearer slavian frontier near Lake Presba to protect their right,
ey came to Greece the more narrow and precipitous worked through the mountains on the left Bank of the
came the valleys. Contact between the advancing force attacking Florina. Thus outRanked, the eastern-
nits grew increasingly difficult as rugged mountain most Italian spearhead began its retreat. This exposed
dges separated them. These broke the invading forces the left Rank of the Italians advancing on Kastoria and
to separate groups, each with its exposed Ranks, a made vulnerable the Ranks of the forces at Konitza and
isadvantage not felt to be important during the ad. at Yanina. These were compelled in turn to retire,
~'ance.But when the invasion was halted by resistance which left the troops on the Kalamas River exposed.
and the Greeks took the offensive, these vulnerable The Italians were obliged to retreat into Albania.
~anks made possible the successful Greek attacks. Shrewdly the Greeks made no attempt to attack the
The war started when the Italian advance forces Italian spearheads and risk the loss of men and ma-
trossed the frontier and began a penetration of the terials. By well conceived strategic plans and brilliant
Pindus massif. To reach their main objectives the tactics, and by exploiting every topographical advantage,
Italians started their drive through the heart of these troops trained in mountain warfare, who know every
lIlountains, which would have to be crossed before they ridge and valley in the Pindus, worked between the
could penetrate the vital areas of Greece. The ultimate hostile columns and menaced their supply lines con-
italian objectives were: the plain of Salonika in the fined to the narrow valleys of southern Albania.
northeast; the plain of Thessaly in central Greece, and Following up these initial successes, the Greek staff
the western coast south of the island of Corfu to the continued the same strategic plan and employed the
'Gulf of Corinth. same tactics in attacking the Italians in Albania itself,
, The route to Salonika passed through Florina from where the topography was even more favorable. Work-
where a railway, following a river valley through Edessa ing along the frontier of Yugoslavia, toward Lake
Onthe northwestern edge of the plain, ran to Salonika. Ochrid, the Greeks were able to reach the Mokra
The right Rank of the force attacking Florina was pro- mountains and force the Italians to withdraw from
jec~ed by Italian troops which advanced toward Kas- Pogradetz. Farther west they secured the ranges on the
klna. eastern side of the valley in which the town of Mos-
ih The. road to Thessaly lies through Yanina almost at kopolis lies. Thus they threatened to cut the Italian
1 e height of the Pindus watershed. From Yanina a communications in the valleys of the Shkumbi and
:fig~way descends to the plain at Kalabaka, the head of Devol rivers, preparing an advance upon the enemy
catlway passing through T rikkala to the Greek naval base at Elbasan along the roads to Tirana and Durazzo .
.se at Volo. In Thessaly this railroad crosses the main In the center the Italians, for a time, held on to

,f
f.llway between Salonika and Athens. The left Rank
the Italian forces advancing towards Yanina was pro-
tected bv. an Italian attack on Konitza to the north. ,
Liaskouika until their position there was outRanked by
Greek advances along the finger-like ridges which domi-
nate Premedi and Argyrokastron. These strategic towns
20 rRE COAS 1 AHIICCEIW JOCJHi'\'AL: Jmlllllr)'-rebr~

T be Alballiall Frollt
the Italians were forced to evacuate, for the Greeks not the attack on Greece, the Italian military leaders, if
only gained control of the mountains to the east, but responsible for the failure to reach the vital plains
penetrating between the coast and both Premedi and Salonika and Thessaly, must certainly bear the bl
Argyrokastron, captured Delvino, which. obliged the for their retreat. The Italian staff could have been u
Italians to abandon the important coastal base of Porto no illusions about the difficulties of the invasion.
Edda. At the present writing the Italians are fighting it must have known that the worst weather of the.
desperately to hold the key position north of Tepeleni, would prevail. Yet, when the civilian government or
which commands the lower reaches of the valley of the a military operation, commanders can but obey. At
Viosa River; and that at Moskopolis, which controls same time, the Italian command made inexcu
the central part of the valley of the Devol River, one of blunders.
the two main avenues leading to Elbasan; and that at Seemingly enamoured of blitzkrieg tactics, the Ita
Khimara on the coastal road to Valona. staff sent highly mechanized units up the narrow va
While advancing along the coast from Porto Edda into the Pindus massif into terrain that \vas utterly I
to Palermo on the road to Valona, the Greeks are press- suited for their use. Until the plains of Salonika
ing their encircling movement from the Mokra moun- Thessaly could be reached mechanized equipment
tains toward the middle section of the Shkumbi River. bound to be practically useless, clogging the moun
As the Italians retreat towards the coastal plain, their valleys and passes with supply trains which could
right and left Ranks are threatened by the Greek ap- operate along the highways. Indeed, the use of
proach to Valona and Elbasan. However, the Italians mechanized force seriously reduced mobility instea
now have their chance to reorganize and bring up increasing it.
reinforcements to check their opponents. On the This left the Ranks of Italian columns exposed t
other hand, as the Greeks descend to the broader valleys tack by the far more mobile mountain troops of
along the coast and into the plains between Berat, Pe- Greeks. \Vith plenty of manpower at their disposal
trolia, and Elbasan, they lose the advantages which the Italian staff failed to take the elemental precautio
finger-like mountain ridges gave them farther to the protecting vulnerable Ranks, a tactical error of \r
south. the Greek staff quickly took advantage.
Although political considerations may have led to Besides the topography and climate which far
 1':f"tJ

the Greeks, they also had many other advantages. The Greek forces also had native Albanian allies to
Southern Albania has a Greek population: for more serve them by misleading the Italians in the mountain
than twenty-five years it had been a Greek irrede1lta wilderness while acting also as guides and informers for
which some day the Greeks intended to make a part of the Greeks. Albanian Greeks sniped and raided supply
their Hellenic homeland. Even before the Balkan wars trains and isolated units.
of 1912 and 1913, the Greeks were planning to seize The brilliantly conceived strategy of the Greek staff
southern Albania before it might be absorbed either by coupled with the able tactical employment of troops
the Austro-Hungarian Empire or by Serbia or Italy. and equipment made this victory possible. The contrast
Consequently, the Greek staff had studied every aspect between the staff work of the Greeks and the Italians is
of a campaign there. Strategic plans were prepared for striking. The operation is an example of how competent
an invasion of Albania and special troops whose homes leadership can overcome the handicap of inferiority of
were in the Pindus mountains were trained in suitable numbers and of materiel. The Greek Army has written
tactics. The Italian occupation in 1939 warned the a brilliant chapter of military history ..
Greeks of a probable Italian invasion through the But whether the Greek forces, now far distant from
Epirus. Hence the Greek military authorities, backed their bases and with long and difficult lines of com-
bv the ~letaxas Government, prepared to meet such an munication, will be able to exploit their victory remains
aitack and launch a counteroffensive into Albania. to be seen.

* * *
The Rocket-Bomb*
By Major General J. F. C. Fuller, British Army, Retired
On September 19, 1939, we were threatened by a of this piece of fireworks was J\lajor General Sir W.
"secret weapon," Hitler himself telling us that: "The Congreve, who said, about a century ago: 'The rocket
moment may come when we shall use a weapon which is, in truth, an arm by which the whole system of mili-
is not yet known and against which there is no defense." tary tactics is destined to be changed."
Now, like a cork, it has bobbed up again, for German Though the range of Congreve's rocket was no
military leaders have said that weapons never before more than 3,000 yards, experts inform us that, should
used will be employed against Britain. two difficulties be overcome, there is no theoretical
It should be remembered that the life history of reason why a rocket could not be constructed which
weapons has been fairly constant; for nearly all have would travel from Berlin to London, or Berlin to New
emerged out of secrecy. York.
Daily, scores of men are thinking them out; thou- These two difficulties are motive power and mainte-
sands are devised; few are accepted, and then generally nance of direction. Should these be solved, then it will
most reluctantly; some have changed the course of his- become possible to bombard cities by rockets carrying
tory, whilst others have disappeared. scores~of tons of high explosives: manless projectiles
Though at first it may seem strange, yet it is logical which will devastate acres of built-up areas in a second.
that throughout history it is siege and not mobile war- Personally, I think that, as a stepping-stone to this
fare which has stimulated inventive oenius. Thus , in
/:)
war of annihilation, aircraft will be fitted with rocket-
the last war, no sooner was the \Vestern Front in- bombs, which will enable them to bombard a city with-
trenched than, as if out of a conjurer's hat, appeared out penetrating its ground antiaircraft defenses, as
. first lethal gas and secondly the tank. Nevertheless, formerlv, walled cities were bombarded bv, cannon and
though the one surprised us and the other our enemv, mortars.
the ideas behind these two weapons were nearlv as old "There is," wrote an American rocketeer five years
as war itself. ' ago, "no possible doubt that militarists all over the
D
~ No, there is precious little new in war. Therefore world, with the possible exception of England, are fully
should Hitler really have a secret weapon up his sleeve, alive to the tremendous possibilities of the rocket in
the ~ikelihood is that it is but the development of an modern warfare, and in the next war it will inevitably
o~dIdea. ""hat it is, I cannot say; yet I do know this: follow that rocket propulsion will be developed to the
Smce the ending of the "Vorld "Var the Germans have fullest extent of its destructive powers, just as happened
been experimenting with the oldest of all explosively in the Great \Var with the airplane."
propelled projectiles-the rocket. Be this as it may, there is a saving clause, and every
schoolboy who has played about with fireworks knows
-In modern times, the first man to make a true weapon
"'From The Gunner.
it. Rockets have the unpleasant habit of sometimes turn-
ing round. (By courtesy of The Eveni1lg Sta1ldard.)
 A sultry July morning in the city of Boston, metropo- medicine, politics and military science. The ladies
lis of His Majesty's none too loyal Colony of i'vIassachu- the lzallte-monde, who came tripping in to examine
setts Bay. The year, 1771. Officers of the detested garri- trifles on the stationerv counters, remained to excha
son that held in sullen subjection that hot-bed of rebel- polite pleasantries wit!1 dashing young lieutenants, fi
lion and sedition, when their soldier servants brought ing the shop an agreeable clearing house for the d
in the morning cup of tea, noted with interest in the gossip. lvlr. Knox, having celebrated his 21st birth
day's Gazette the news that: only four days past, wrapped up copies of T rist!
This day is opened a new London Book-store by Shandy and Baxter's Saints Rest with equal gravit)
Henry Knox, opposite William's Court, in Cornhill, guineas and shillings clinked in his cash drawer. B
Boston, who has just imported in the last ships from ness was brisk despite the uncertainty of the times.
London, a large & very elegant assortment of the most He was a very sterling and substantial young citi
modern books in all branches of Literature, Arts & this Hem" Knox. Born in Boston in 1750, the son
Sciences (catalogues of which will be published soon) once prosperous shipmaster, he had been left father
and to be sold as cheap as can be bought at any place in at the age of twelve. Discovering that the family f
town. Also a complete assortment of stationery. tunes had disintegrated, the sturdy lad at once assu
And before the day ended it was apparent to young the burden of supporting his widowed mother and
]\IIaster Knox that his new commercial venture was year old brother. Apprenticed to a bookseller.
going to be a success. Tory and \Vhig, officers in bril- learned the business from the ground up, saved
liant scarlet and sedate citizens in somber broadcloth, money, until nine years later he emerged from
came in to browse over the "elegant assortment" and servitude as the proprietor of his own establishm
stock up with imported stationery. For the military \Vhile clerking for Messrs. \Vharton & Bowes, he m
gentlemen there were fresh copies of the current best- it his business to familiarize himself with the conten~
sellers at home: Pamela, the hilarious and lustv Tom well as the exteriors of his employers' stock, and in
Jones and Clarissa. For the more serious-~inded, obscure manner to speak and read the French langu
Dodd's Sermons to YOllng Men, \Villiam Robertson's The latter accomplishment was to have a future use!
new histories, and ponderous tomes in the field of law ness which he could then hardly appreciate.
From the beginning of his studies, his tastes, liter
Announcement of the winner of the 1940 Knox Trophy appears
on page 41 of this issue.
and social, seem to have been distinctly military. Ph
;.;II\' he was a stalwart and imposing figure, big-boned,
lVlajor General Henry I{nox
(lenerously Reshed, ruddy of complexion, with a low
forehead. beneath which sparkled a pair of small grey Secretar)' of H'7ar Under President JJ'7ashington
c,'es. All that was needed to set off properly his manly
proportions was a well-fitting uniform. At eighteen he
acquired it. The Ancient and Honourable Company of
,\rtillerv t>aained a noble-looking recruit when the six-
••
foot bookseller's clerk signed his enlistment papers in
1768. \ Vhen the Boston Grenadier Corps was organized
in 1773 a new, snappier, (and roomier) uniform had to
be provided for Lieutenant Knox, second.in-command,
\ \'hen he appeared in the "unusually handsome"
habiliments of his new command, he made, we are told
'(] splendid figure," Even the British regular officers,
ordinariI\- contemptuous of the colonial militia bodies,
tonceded that the Grenadiers made a tolerable appear-
IInce.
~ Ir. Knox may have sensed the approaching need of
his dissatisfied and patriotically seditious country for
tompetent military mentors. By day he sold books,
~tationery, surveying instruments and playing cards, but
lifter business hours he boned drill, tactics, field engi-
neering and gunnery, until he had the textbooks gutted
bf their contents and the theory, if not the practice of
18th-century warfare carefully tucked away in a canny
 1

24 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL ] 1lI11tary- Februll1'

Scotch brain. The time was near when the opportunity Gage, also had his eye on young J\1r. Knox. So prall
for practice would be ample. ising a rebel must not be permitted to get beyond t~
These first three years of the London Book Shop's ex- reach of the King's sheriff. Orders went down to t~
istence were hectic enouoh in Boston Town. The Book Shop that the owner was confined to the limits
C>
Boston Massacre had left its stains on the cobblestones the post and under no circumstances to leave the to\\
before the Custom House and the snows of five winters II.
had failed to wash them away. Rebellion was in the air.
The East India Company's c;bests of China tea flavored April 19, 1775. Forty-nine Americans and 273 Em
the dirty water that sloshed about the piers. It was Tory ish so-Jdierslay dead between Concord and Chariest
and King's J\,lan now, or Patriot and \Vhig. Unhappily Neck. The Revolution had beoun. C>
\Vhen the sweati
for ]\llr. Knox, as stout a Patriot if a less noisv one, as regiments of Lord Percy and Colonel Smith returned
Samuel Adams himself, politics interfered ,~'ith per- their barracks that fateful evenino,o Boston learned t
sonal and private affairs. Among the more distinguished the years of agitation, talk and petitions were now p
of his Tory customers was the Royal Secretary of the history. Henceforth it was to be \Var, Rebellion, a
Province, Thomas Flucker, a loyalist oentleman who Revolution. The proprietor of the London Book St
, C>
seems to have been definitely plus ro)'aliste q/le Ie roi in lost no time in joining up. He and Lucy hastily pack
his sentiments. And Mr. Flucker had a dauohter. This a bundle of necessities and after dark slipped quie
o
charming and sprightly vouno ladv often made it a out of town, General Gage's sentries to the contra
~" L) .I

point to meet her fashionable friends among the book- notwithstanding. He was abandoning a prosper
shelves and tables of the London Book Shop. She business, she her home and family. On the sword t
bought books, but would be waited upon by none but her Henry had worn while a militia lieutenant
the proprietor himself, who found it difficult to make pended the carving out of a new fortune. Lucy had t
change for her properly because he thought her bright sword with her, cunningly sewn in the lining of
eyes more interesting than her guineas. YVhen the long cloak. Henceforth her husband was a rebel p
Grenadiers paraded on the Common in their dashing scribed, a rebel in fact and deed as well as in opini
uniforms. Mistress Flucker was unfailingly present, to All about the city the patriot militia swarmed like an v

toss admiring glances at the tall second-in-command. bees. At the headquarters of General Artemus 'Va
His politics might be anathema to her outraged parent, Mr. Knox proffered his services as a volunteer.
but the herculean frame, the martial bearing, and the General was just then desperately in need of offi
evident partiality of the Lieutenant for her company, who could emplace a battery and stake out an intren
outweighed all other considerations. \'7hen Mr. Knox ing position, martial mysteries completely outside
called at the Flucker mansion, the Secretarv and his comprehension of his staff of embattled farmers. He
wife were less than cordial, Mistress Lucy quite the re- cepted with alacrity the suggestion that the booksel
verse. vVhen actual marriage with the vouno be permitted to undertake the solution of such p
, 0 "rebel"

was suggested, the lady was compelled to listen to some lems. For two months the text-taught engineer plan
stormy remarks from her aristocratic parents. She stuck and superintended the construction of the siege wo
to her guns-and to her \iVhig militia grenadier-and, that encircled Gage in Boston. He would accept
being of age, could not legally be coerced. On June 16, ran k or commission as vet.
1774, Lucy and her Henry were married, the fuming After Bunker Hill tl~e army began to get organiZt
Secretary giving a reluctant consent when threatened General \Vashington came up to Cambridge as C.
with the scandal of an elopement. The happy couple C. and on July 5 made an inspection of the field wO
at once went to housekeeping, oblivious to the Flucker for which Knox was largely responsible. That anxi
family's gloomy prophecies of the dire disaster awaiting volunteer, who accompanied him as he examined l
redoubts and trenches, wrote proudly to Lucy
a union of Tory and Rebel.
\\70rcester:
Vhth his bride, j'dr. Knox acquired a single brother-
in-law. J\11r.Flucker, Jr., was a lieutenant in one of the \<\Thenthey had viewed the works they expressed
greatest pleasure and surprise at their situation and
I

j
King's Regiments, a good soldier, who perceived in his
parent utility, to say nothing of the plan, which did
sister's husband the makings of a first class officer. He
bestirred himself to secure for Knox a royal commission
escape their praise. f
and held out promises of early promodon and prefer- But not until early November was the civilian ~
ment if the bookseller would abandon his bouroeois o
suaded to accept a commission and don a uniform. If
trade, forego \Vhig activities and don the scarlet coat. haps his delay was evidence of his Scotch shrewd~JI
His loyal endeavors got him nowhere so far as Knox \\7ashington had his eye on this surprisingly compel
was concerned. That ardent patriot's sympathies were engineer, who seemed to be so well versed in the lor
wholly with the colonial cause. He kept his sword artillery management. The word got around that 51>1
sharp, his books on tactics and field works well thumbed, splendid material for a gunnery colonel was goinfl
and his associations with the seditious element closer waste. Old Richard Gridley, who commanded the ai
than ever. The Governor of Boston, General Thomas lery had been a good man in his day, but his day
 BOOKSELLER Ii\' ARMS
(J past. back in the years of the old French and April, went along to help out. He was definitely un-
lan \Var. "I take the liberty," wrote the Commander- employed at the moment, a Tory mob having sacked the
hief to the President of the Continental Congress, shop and wound up the business of its rebel owner for
recommending Henry Knox" as colonel of the one the time being. The pair halted briefly in Manhattan,
onlv regiment of guns of which the army boasted. -the thrifty Colonel finding the city "expensive." Up the
Ie apPointment, warmly seconded by the little group Hudson to Albany they proceeded. There General
flicers under Gridley came through in due course. Philip Schuyler hustled about among the prosperous
1(' bookseller belted on his sword and stepped forth Dutch fanners and rounded up the oxen. Arriving at
II colonel. The midnight hours of study by candle- Ticonderoga on December 5, Knox dug out the guns,
t had jumped him over the heads of all the lieuten- eight brass and six iron mortars, a howitzer and thirty
. captains and majors and old Colonel Gridley iron cannon. They ranged in caliber from 12 to 24-
ped aside with a sigh of relief. The Regiment was pounders. A barrel of flints and some cases of pig lead
d b\' its new commander to number 635 men, in would be useful and were added to the loads. Fortv-two
\'e compames. "exceeding strong sleds," with eighty yoke of ox~n to
own at Philadelphia) where the Congress was strug- drag them were freighted and the long journey to
o with the inauguration of a new government, stern Boston began. Four times the ice-choked Hudson had
John Adams of ivlassachusetts was highly gratified to be traversed between Lake George and Albany, the
e honor bestowed on his fellow-citizen from Boston. sledges and their motive power precariously shipped in
rha\'c been impressed," he wrote to Colonel Knox, flat-bottomed "gundalows." Then over the Green
h an opinion of your knowledge and abilities in the Mountains, through the snow-filled passes and along the
f1itaryway, for several years." He added some injunc- rough country r.oads of \"'estern Massachusetts to
that occurred to him as opportune. The Colonel Springfield. It was a slow and immensely difficult odys-
d be useful to him as a source of information at sey. Not until late in January did the long train plod
t y headquarters. "I want to know," he told Knox, wearily but triumphantly into Roxbury. Three thou-
namc. rank, and character of everv officer in the sand round shot for the 12-pounders were already on
~ '.... vVhat is comprehended witllin the term of hand, part of the spoil taken by Captain Manly of the
'neer? and whether it includes skill both on fortifi- privateer Lee when he captured the British ordnance
I ns and gunnery?" vVas there a "complete set of
brig Nancy off the coast. They were now to be delivered
. s upon the military art in the library at Harvard to their original consignees, but with considerable more
,t 'ge?" And what were the best books on those sub- velOCitythan expected or desired.
"~ Doubtless he got sound information on these mat- Off to Dorchester Heights went General John
the man who had been selling "the best books" to Thomas and a couple of thousand willing workers, to
( h and provincial officers for years surely knew all throw up new redoubts and emplace the mortars and
nswers in that field. heavy guns. \/Vith them went Colonel Knox and Lieu-
roughollt the autumn months the siege-it was tenant Colonel Gridley to show them how it must be
.e~ a blockade-dragged on. But to knock loose Gen- done. From dark to dawn on the night of !\Ilarch 2,
-lowe,who had succeeded the fatuous Gage, much 1776 the fatigue details, 800 men to a relief, labored
er and more numerous ordnance was imperatively mightily with ax, pick and shovel. \\Then Howe turned
red. Colonel Knox must find a lot of additional his long-barreled telescope on the Heights in the morn-
to throw shells into his beleaouered
,.., home town. ing he was amazed to see two powerful works, fronted
I he had the answer to Washington's inquiries. bv abattis and crowned with stone-filled casks, loom-
in May, the ebullient Ethan Allen, "in the name i~g menacingly on each of the two hills across the Bats.
i ovahand the Continental Congress," had taken h was clear that he must either assault and carry them,
1f
L iconderoga, its walls and storehouses well gar-
l with guns of various calibers, its magazines piled
or get out of Boston Town. \t\'hen the big 24-pounders
began to tumble the chimney-pots about his ears, and
ref'ith boxes of lead, barrels of flints and good British solid shot crashed through the brick walls of his bar-
niTlment powder. Knox suggested to \Vashington racks, the General wisely decided to evacuate. On the
'h~ehad better make a trip to Lake Champlain and ]7th he sailed for Halifax, and with him went] 1,000 of
o,:,era train of this valuable plunder. \t\'inter was the King's troops and seamen and a round thousand of
il' 111, the roads, if any, were lost in drifted snow, the Tory citizens of Boston. \Vashington marched in.
o e passes of the Berkshires were presumably im- Colonel Knox, whose batteries had been pounding the
rJle. Nevertheless, he would like to have a try at it. home town for two weeks, rode in the parade. If he ac-
.00ng oxen and sledges for transport, and following cepted the frenzied plaudits of the patriots on the curbs
h{\'er possible the frozen rivers, he thought he could with complacency, it is easy to forgive him. To borrow

.i
tile to bring home the ordnance bacon before the
the year. vVashington approved and Knox started
I~any, via New York City. Young brother \t\'il-
a journalistic cliche as yet unspawned, it was clearly a
case of "local-boy-makes-good." For a few days he
helped Brother \Villiam in the dismal task of resusci-
5 rho had been left in charge of the bookstore in
tating the wrecked business on Cornhil!. Then the
army departed for New York, but the Regiment of
Artillerv went without its colonel. ~1
ferred on the general subject of coast defense. He Ii
Con~ecticut and Rhode Island required fortifications
along their coasts. Colonel Knox must go there and lay the old salt, who reminded him, he said, of Van Tr
them out. Lucy, unwilling to remain longer in her safe "an antiquated figure," but shrewd and capable.
retreat at \Vorcester, came over and joined him, bring- would have taken him for an angel," he told Lucy'
letter, "only he swore now and then!"
ing with her a fat infant that she had recently pro-
duced. The Colonel sent the familv to Fairfield while
he went down to Newport and th~re marked out five
T~e ~hor~s.of the Sound prov.ide? for, Knox l~ft
proVInCIal c!tJzenry to do the dlggmg and happIly
I
batteries on which the stout Rhode Islanders could joined the army on Long Island. As Chief of Artil
exercise their muscles. These works, he informed the he found himself with 120 guns available, but only'. I

C. in C., "must, when executed, render the harbour ex- officers and men to work them. He needed 1,200
ceedingly secure." \Vith doughty Commodore Esek he begged \Vashington to arrange for a draft to b
Hopkins of the miniature Continental Navy, he con- his regiment up to strength. Howe was coming
-d'~en.
[0 b
1bark the annv" latel" chased out ~of Boston.
[oht thousand Hessians helped to bring the British
r~~e up to more than 30,000. Behind the trenches on
Lono Island the Americans waited nervously for the
H ta C~k
. ~ Irs. Knox and the bab\', were shipped back to
ronnecticut after a lively argument with their lord.
\ h' God!" wrote Knox to \Villiam, "may I ne\'er ex-
perience like feelings again! .. '. I scolded like a fury
at her for not having gone before!"

Knox dug out tbe gUllS, eigbt

brass alld six iroll mortars, a
bowitzer and tbirty iroll can-
11011. Forty-two "exceeding
strong sleds," witb eigbty
yoke of oxell to drag them
were freigbted alld tbe long
jouTlley to Bostoll begall.

nable." Later Sir \Villiam tried another tack. His Adju-

tant-General, Colonel Patterson, came over in person
" under a Bag of truce, bringing the letter or a new one.
Knox was amused as he stood at \Vashington's side and
watched the Bustered Englishman fumble for words in
the presence of the immensely dignified and awe-inspir-
ing Virginian.
"Colonel Patterson appeared awe-struck, as if he was
before something supernatural. Indeed, I don't wonder
Sir William, and his brother Lord Howe, who had
at it. He was before a very great man indeed." They had
kust come out from England bearing the "Olive
a cold buffet supper prepared and Knox lamented ex-
~ranch," would have preferred a pacific conclusion of
ceedingly that his sprightly Lucy was not there to do
he war just then. The celebrated attempt of the noble
the honors. The General's servants, he thought did
rl to open communications with \iVashington, with-
tolerably well, but the scarlet-coated guest disappointed
~t recognizing the existence of the self-styled United
them by declining to partake even of a glass of wine. It
),tates,is told by Knox in a letter to Lucy:
was evidently not calculated rudeness. Not even a
Colonel Reed and myself went down in the barge to swash-buckling English officer could be boorish in the
receive the message. \-\Then we came to them, the officer, august presence of the laird of Mount Vernon.
who was, I believe, the captain of the Eagle man-of-war, The remainder of the summer Knox passed in cease-
rose up and bowed, keeping his hat off: "I have a letter,
less labor. If his statement that for more than forty
Sir, from Lord Howe to Mr. vVashington." "Sir," says
days and nights he did not have time even to take off his
Co!. Reed, "we have no person in our army with that
address." clothes is to be taken literally, the Chief of Artillery
must have exuded, on hot August days, a fragrance al-
tlhe~ followed the polite argument. It was intimated most as formidable as the blasts from his own 12-pound-
,i~tIf.Lord Howe desired to address himself to General ers. He tells his Lucy of the ways in which his time was
ifashlOgton, well and good. The Commander-in-Chief occupied. He rises a little before the sun, and immedi-

J
the Armies of the United States was close at hand. ately, "with part of the Regiment" (there were, ap-
; t a letter addressed to some obscure Mr. \Vashington parently, some godless fellows on the rolls) he attends
uld not be delivered. "\\Thereupon," says Knox, "we prayers, sings a Psalm and reads a chapter from the
~wed and parted in the most genteel terms imagi- Bible at the Grand Battery. Considerable business is
 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOLIRNAL Jmlllary-Febrlllll'
28
despatched before breakfast. Then, until dinner, he would now realize that their stupid parsimony \\1
broils in a sun hot enough to roast an egg. Sometimes he likely to ruin the Cause. One or two more good beatin
dines with \Vashington, Stirling or Putnam, but is at the enemy's hands might be just what we needed'
mortified that he has not yet arranged to have them dine really make us a great people. The bogy that so everla,
with him. "However," he asserts, "that cannot be." One ingl)' terrified the patriot fathers-a standing anm.
wonders why. Perhaps his soldier servant is not up to was exactly what we must have, he declared. So he t~
the task of devising a dinner fit to put before the Great heart again and ordered Lucy to scout around and fill
1'lan. Here again he regrets the enforced absence of him some good blue cloth for a new uniform, "or,
that is not to be had, then some brown cloth superfin
the socially experienced Lucy.
That lady was finding her enforced exile amid the In blue and buff, or in the staider superfine brown,
back-waters of Connecticut anything but jolly. Her would keep on fighting.
aristocratic upbringing in Secretary Flucker's family The greatest handicap under which \Vashingt
had unfitted her for the bucolic existence she was forced labored -the lack of competent officers-worried KIl
to endure among the rude yeomanry of the Nutmeg incessantly. He thought the bulk of the Continen
State. She complained caustically in her letters to Knox, and State commissioned personnel a lot of "ignora
of their plebeian manners and uncouth speech, drawing stupid men," and until Congress saw fit to provide t
a mild rebuke from her republican husband. That want means to educate young professional oflicers prope
of refinement to which she objected, he told her, "is, or "thev will be beat until they are heartilv tired of i
will be, the salvation of America; for refinement of man- Alre~dv.; he was dreamino0 of 'the statelv~ a~ademv'" wh'
ners introduces corruption and venality." The kind of later he was to help found on the cliffs at vVest Poi
simplicity to be noted in these young States, should be, Disgustedly he characterized the Army as it stood, a
so he thought, guite pleasing to the attentive observer. receptacle for ragamuffins. The bookseller in arms
\Vhile Lucy fretted up at Fairfield, General Howe needed only a year in uniform to perfect himself in t
finally launched his attack on \\Tashington's line of fofts traditional militarv, habit of oorousin0o about conditio
across Long Island. The patriots took a sound drubbing, in "this man's Arnw."
with three generals lost as prisoners. Knox says that his Ill.
regiment "behaved like heroes" and that a lot of them It was directly under the eye and command of «
"went to glory." Their colonel was not with them dur- nel Knox that the never-to-be-forgotten crossino~ of t
ing the battle, having gone to the city to see that the bat- half-frozen Delaware was accomplished on Christr
teries did their duty if Lord Howe's fleet approached. night, 1776. "The floating ice in the river made I
The defeat on Long Island made necessary the evacu- labor almost incredible," he reported afterwards.
ation of New York and during the two weeks breathing perseverance, he added, accomplished what at ~
spell that the British obligingly allowed, Knox worked seemed impossible. By superhuman exertions he
furiously with Putnam to get the guns and what 3,000 men to the Jersev side between dark and davli.
munitions he could out of town. At the last minute he with eighteen guns. Sitting in the stern of the boa~
had to join in the wild scramble to get up to Harlem be- which \Vashington crossed, the corpulent artillery c
fore I-Iowe closed the trap. During the disorderly retreat evidently did considerable squirming while he wate
up the island, he came on General Silliman and a mob the progress of the struggling flotilla. It is related t
of demoralized troops at a fort called "Bunker's Hill." one of the austere Commander-in-Chiefs rare ribald
Knox was all for rallying the men and defending the was emitted that night at Knox's expense. "Cola
post to the last. But Putnam's aide, Major Aaron Burr Colonel, move that fat bottom of vours a bit and
came dashing along with orders for them to retreat. the boat!" Probably Glover's toili~g Gloucester fisl
\Vhen Knox refused to budge, Burr turned to the mill- men at the oars got a chuckle out of that Olympian ~
ing soldiers and told them that with a single howitzer he But after the victory at Trenton His Excellency publ
could knock the fort about their ears. They decided that thanked the big colonel in orders. Better even tI
he must be right and again took to their heels. Knox \Vashington's thanks was the recognition of his sel"\
had to follow or fight the British single-handed. They that arrived from the seat of civil government. J
already had his bedding roll with his "other uniform" Adams was looking out for Massachusetts. Along
in it; but he did not propose to join Stirling, Sullivan a commission as Brigadier-General to cheer up the
and \\Toodhull in captivity if he could help it. ready inspirited soldier. He was now to have, as ,
A period of general despondency followed the loss of complete command of all the artillery in the Army,
New York and Fort Vhshington. Even Knox, who was Lucy he protested modestly that people were
constitutionally optimistic, seems to have shared tem- lavish in their praises of his endeavors, than he dese
porarily in the cafard that affected everyone from All the merit he could claim, he insisted, was his
'Washington to the humblest militia drummer. vVhat dustry. vVashington thought otherwise and sent off
the country needed, he declared morosely, was a supply twenty-seven-year-old brigadier to Massachusetts I
of strong men who would refuse to be downed when tablish at some suitable place an arsenal and an
fortune declined to smile. He thought that Congress nance laboratory. Confidentially, he was directed to
t-H BOOKSELLER IN ARi\IS 29

"Colollel Pattersoll appeared awe-struck, as if be were before sometbillg super-

natural. Indeed, I dOIl't wOllder at it. He was before a very great mall illdeed."

great influence in his home State, in regulating the and her Harry had something even more serious to

l
tarydispositions of the province. He was already worry about. Knox was no sooner back in the camp at
. rmously popular there, and his trip home had excel- Morristown than he learned from her that a certain
results. He selected Springfield as "the best place Frenchman had appeared in Boston with a commission
II the four New England States" for his cannon from Silas Deane in Paris-a commission as Major-
1~dry and powder manufactory. He told the Massa- General with supreme command of the Artillery! Lucy
fictts solons that \Vashington expected them to fur- declared that much as she would hate to be separated
. recruits for the Army, not in proportion to the pop- longer from her husband, she was very sure that he
I lon of the State-they had already done that-but in would never suffer himself to be superseded in his own
, rtion of the great numbers they had hitherto sup- department by another, and a foreigner at that! The
. And he put this extraordinarv idea across! Before newlv created Chief of Artillery was thunderstruck at
War ended the Bay State hac!' sent into the Army the tidings. An unknown foreig~ soldier-of-fortune, just
re than double the number of troops furnished by in from the Continent, to be stepped up to a major-
other State in the Union. generalcy and given command of his Corps, without
\ he General managed to work in a brief visit with even a try-out to see whether he could point a cannon!
Perhaps he thought that there was no time to be lost in
I rotested, but that of Mrs. Major-General Heath, a making his protest. He went into a huddle with Greene
whose manners she found to stiff that it was im- and Sullivan, both of whom would also be outranked bv
t ible to be sociable with her. And Lucv was above all

2 gs sociable. Not a word had come' from Halifax

re the Fluckers had fled with the emigre Tories:
this interloper, and together they prepared letters t~
Congress. John Hancock, the President of that body,
was informed that if the rumor was true, they requested
-~famiIYcompletely ignored their erring rebel daugh- permission to retire from the Army. \Vashington, too,
n nd she was now fed up with a war that was cutting was much disturbed. Some of the Frenchmen sent over
I ff from family and husband alike. Before long she bv the American emissaries in Paris had turned out to
30 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL J nI/lIllry- Febn
be excellent fellows and valuable officers. But to start pounders barking harmlessly at J\lr. Chew's stout st(
one of them as a general of division, and hand over to walled mansion, was another near-disaster. This time
him the command of a proven organizer and fighter like got away all his ordnance, and with incurable optirn
Knox-that was going a bit too far. He wrote at once to reported to the Massachusetts Board of \Var that
Hancock in earnest protest. Knox was "one of the most men were still in fine spirits and ardently des
valuable officers in the service, who, combatting almost another go at the enemy. He knew of no ill co
innumerable difficulties in the department he fills, has quences that could follow the reverses, on the cont
placed the artillery upon a footing that does him the he thought that the army had gained valuable e)'1
greatest honor." He was, besides, a man of great mili- ence!
tary reading. sound judgment, and clear conceptions. He was lucky to escape most of the terrible wintel
It would never do to humiliate him in the manner pro- perience at Valley Forge that year. \Vashington ~
posed. him to explain, with a Captain Sargent, the needs
Congress at once backed down, but saved face by rap- distresses of the starving and half-naked troops at
ping Knox, Greene and Sullivan sharply over the camp. \\Then one of the well-fed gentlemen of the h
knuckles for their "singular impropriety" in writing the lature interrupted to remark wittily that he had nl
letters of protest. They were directed to apologize for seen a fatter man than General Knox, or a bel
attempting to coerce the supreme legislative body, but dressed one that the Captain, the emissary withered
they calmly ignored both admonishing and the penalty. by explaining that out of respect to Congress, the AI
The French officer whose appearance on the scene had had sent on its only member with an ounce of su
stirred up the hornet's nest was a certain M. Du Cou- fluous flesh and the only other one with a complete
dray, a first-class engineer whom Deane had contacted of clothes! The boys around the camp fires at Va
in Paris. He had come over in all good faith and was Forge got a bitter laugh out of that retort when t
easily placated by an appointment as Inspector-Gen- heard of it. V/ashington then gave Knox a leave of
eral of Ordnance with the rank of major-general, his sence and he went up to Boston to pass a couplt
commission being so dated that he ranked no one but a months with Lucy. She must have laid down the
lot of hard fighting brigadiers who had been in the serv- on the subject of separations, for when he retume(
ice since the beginning. vVithin a very few weeks he camp in early spring, she came along and took up 1
solved the whole problem of seniority by obligingly dence in his quarters. And why not? Mrs. vVashin~
drowning himself in the Schuylkill when he declined to Mrs. Greene, Lady Stirling and a good many 01
dismount from his horse while crossing the river on a were there, helping to keep their husbands cheerful
ferry. The animal, frightened in some manner, reared, industriously knitting socks for the blue bare feet of
fell overboard and carried his rider to the bottom and shivering soldiery. Lucy was getting fat, but she I
his death. The American brigadiers ceased growling good-natured, intelligent and so much to the m
and went back to work. Recruits were coming in, to be born that Martha V/ashington adored her. From I
disciplined and equipped for what promised to be an in- dav until the end of the war, she stuck close to
teresting and possibly successful campaign. For once the H~rry's headquarters, so that the soldiers said "sheI
army was fairly well supplied with arms and ammu- lowed the Army like a drum." When Philadel~
nition. Knox's spirits soared, although he worried a bit finally fell she rode in with the triumphant C
over what he called the evident increase of impiety nentals, but she refused to take up her abode "~
among the troops. After all, he was a Massachusetts town." The British garrison had paid slight atte
Puritan at heart, and he counted godliness very close to to sanitation during their stay. "The town stunk so.
marksmanship among the military virtues. Too many of mitted Knox, "that it was impossible for her to rema J
the ragged Continentals seemed to be acquiring the the city as was her first design."
habits and language of Flanders Fields to suit his \Vhen the army went out to reconquer the Jet.
notions of good discipline. and at Monmouth Lee almost let it in for anothe:
feat, Knox handled his corps with skill and daring.
IV. fighting on that day, he admitted, was the hottest h
The autumn campaign of 1779, despite Knox's san- ever seen, and he was enthusiastic over the cool
guine expectations, furnished the patriots with slight bravery and good conduct of his men. \t\Tashi
cause for rejoicing. Brandywine was unquestionably a again commended him, writing that "no artillery
defeat. "Our people behaved well," he observed phil- have been better served than ours." Through 177£
osophically, "but Heaven frowned on us to a degree." 1779 the interminable war dragged on, but Kno'
The unlucky Sullivan had something to do with it too, never doubtful of the outcome. \;\,lherever he w
but Knox seldom blamed his fellow generals. The Artil- tioned, in camp or garrison, he loved to entertai
lery Corps did their commander honor again, but he ishly, set a good board and serve sound wines. His
could not prevent the loss of ten precious guns. Ger- were expensive and his pay, when he could get it, .
mantown, with its sorry story of confused fighting in the began to cover his outlay. From time to time he in' ,
murky fog; the fatal delay when Knox kept the little 3- funds in privateering enterprises. v\lith luck, it
 BOOKSELLER IN ARi\lS 31
;l\' to quick wealth. Unhappily, most of the ships in means, the facilities, or the munitions were lacking, as
h'ichhe had shares were either captured by the British they repeatedly proved to be "the resources of his genius
isers,or failed to make port. \;\"inter quarters in '79, supplied the deficit of means," testified the Com-
we\-er,gave him the leisure to put into practice some mander-in-Chief. Immediateh' after the surrender he
his long cherished theories on the desirability of was recommended for promotion, but not until the fol-
ining officers in military schools. He set up an "acad- lowing March would the jealous Congressmen from
1\'" at the artillery park and compelled his officers to
States outside New England \'ote him his two stars. The
l~n to lectures and readings on tactics and gunnery. major-general's commission, at \Vashington's insistence,
he auditorium, 50 x 30 feet, built by his artificers, was was dated back to November 15, 1781.
rhaps the original ancestor of the great school later \Vhen Lord Cornwallis's band, dolefully playing
rise on the Hudson. \;\,'hen the opportunity came to The \,Vorld Turned Upside DOWJI, headed the march
Irbrate the French alliance, it was the General and of the surly British captives to the field outside of York-
rs. Knox who gave the "splendid entertainment." The town, they sounded the death knell of England's hopes
and ball that concluded the festivities was opened by that the rebellious colonies could be subdued. The vVar
'ncral \Vashington, whose proud partner was none was not to end officiallv for another vear, but the conse-
Jer than the plump and popular Lucy. quences of the Franco:American vic;ory were clearly, as
In Julv, ] 780 the French under Rochambeau arrived, Knox wrote to John Jay, "extensively beneficial." For
d j~ September, \Vashington, accompanied by Knox him, there remained three years of tough assignments
d Lafayette, went to Hartford to concert the plans of connected with the business of the little army. \Ve find
nbined operations. Then came the stunning blow of
him, in company with Gouverneur Morris, fruitlessly
no]d's treason, incredible to Knox who loved and ad- endeavoring to arrange with the stubborn and evasive
red the traitor. \"'hen the Pennsylvania Line, goaded British commissioners some settlement of the prisoner
yond endurance by their sufferings and the neglect of exchange and expense accounts. For a time, Knox com-
.ngress, mutinied at last, \Vashington sent Knox up
mands at \Vest Point, where he finds that key post not
, l\lassachusetts to raise money and new levies. To the sufficiently well fortified and devotes his inexaustible
neral Court in Boston he pictured in moving terms energy to remedying the defects. In authorizing the
miserable condition of the troops, and the "aggra- work, vVashington assures him that such is the confi-
ed calamities and distresses" that had resulted from dence in his abilities that even to point out to him the
k of pay, clothing and rations. From the Bay State bare outlines of what he should do was unnecessary.
New Hampshire he extracted promises that each of
At Newburgh, during the cruel winter of 1782-83,
ir soldiers, who had enlisted for the war, would im-
while the army fumed at the delay in demobilization
di~Helybe supplied with the munificent sum of $24.
but hung on hoping to get paid off before discharge, the
Wilh the French officers of the Expeditionary Force, officers teetered on the verge of mutiny. They boiled
ox was always popular. For one thing, he could down their grievances into memorial form and selected
ak French after a fashion; it was book-learned and
Knox to chairman their committee on redress. vVhen
-taught, but intelligible. His heartiness and socia-
Congress turned a deaf ear to his appeals, and the com-
Iy appealed to the gay and debonair blades in the motion over the notorious Newburgh Addresses threat-
ite uniforms. His real military capacities also im-
ened to disrupt the whole military establishment he re-
ssed them. iVlajorGeneral de Chastellux, a Member
mained unswervingly loyal. He admitted that a better
, he French Academy, thought Knox a military gen-
and stronger government was badly needed, but he fol-
. "He is a man of talent," the Chevalier testified,
lowed \Vashington faithfully in trusting to the ultimate
II instructed, of a buoyant disposition, ingenuous justice even of the confederate Congress.
true; it is impossible to know him without esteem-
The crisis past, Knox proposed and put across his

t
and loving him." In the 'American army Knox's
pet scheme to insure the preservation of associations
st intimate friend was the solid Quaker QMG, Na-
arising out of the \iVar, perpetuating friendships formed
nae] Greene, who was godfather to Lucy's son
in uniform, and keeping alive the brotherhood of field

t
ry, Jr. Greene had a broad sense of humor not often
and camp. The Society of the Cincinnati, forerunner of
overed in Revolutionary big-Wigs, and his bantering
the G.A.R. and the American Legion, was the product
ers to Knox from the deep South during the cam-
of Henry Knox's fertile imagination. He. served as its
n of 1781 make delightful reading.
first secretary and took on his broad shoulders a goodly
h~ part played by Knox in the swift and decisive
share of the denunciations that the outraged republi-
f!rations that culminated in the surrender of Corn-
lisat YorklOwn, was a doubly important one. To as-
f~le, in the North, the necessary ordnance and mu-
cans poured on it. It was an audacious attempt,
screamed these super-patriots, to establish an hereditary
nobility, on which a new tyranny would surely be
~ns, and the animals to haul them to Virginia, was
erected. One learned judge in South Carolina, who had
first task. To get them to Yorktown and then em-
resigned a lieutenant's commission in the Continental
e the guns and superintend their employment dur-
army in 1778, declared that the Society was planted in
Ihe bombardment, was the second. \Vhen the a "fiery, hot ambition and thirst for power."
 } 1lI11111ry- Febrll
•
THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
32
Confederation. If they got a real constitution out of
On November 25, 1783, at the head of the American
the association of the Pater Patriae with the work wo
arnw, Knox marched into New York Cit\, when Sir
be essential to its ratification. This was clear thinki
GU): Carleton and his garrison boarded th~ transports
and sound advice, and \Vashington took it.
for other and more hospitable shores. By this time he
The Secretary "at" \Var watched the tedious progr
weighed close to 300 pounds and it required a powerful
of the Convention with anxious eagerness. In Sept
horse to carry him as well as a good many yards of "blue
ber, 1787, the product of its combined wisdom \
cloth, super-fine" to uniform him. V/ith the \\lar over
ready for ratification or rejection by the states. K
and the British gone, one of the first tasks that fell to
agreed with Pitt that it was the pattern for all fut
him was the demobilization of the army that still re-
constitutions, and would be the admiration of all fut
mained in service. By Januarv, 1784, Kn'ox was able to
ages. He did yeoman service in prodding Massachu
report to the Presid~nt of C~ngress that one regiment
to favorable action. \Vhen, in June of '88 the neces
only, 500 men, and about 120 artillerymen then com-
nine states had ratified, Knox loomed large as a proba
prised the Army of the United States under his com-
big-wig in the coming government. James Madi
mand. He scattered this little force about to guard the
wrote to Jefferson that \Vashington, naturally, wo
arsenals and man a few posts on the northern lakes and
be the first President, and that either Knox or John !
then went back to Boston. Massachusetts put him to
work at once, sending him up into Maine to negotiate would be Vice-President. I
Knox was spared the necessity of declining the V i
with the Penobscott Indians. The following year, when
Presidency, because nobody voted for him, but \V
General Lincoln declined to continue as Secretary at
ington would hear of no one else for Secretary of \Y
vVar under the Confederation, Knox was elected to fill
That first Cabinet was a compact little foursome of
the post. The salary, out of which he was expected to
perts, each the President's conception of the ideal
pay a single clerk or assistant, was $2,450. Nevertheless,
for his job. Jefferson at the State Department, Hamil
he accepted the place, Battered that "nine states out of
at the Treasury, Knox at the vVar Department and
eleven" had voted for him in Congress. He thought
mund Randolph for Attorney-General, provided
that he would probably have time while in office, to im-
group of executive advisors not too unwieldy for
prove his private affairs, which were in no too healthy
conferences. The Postmaster-General, Colonel
a condition. He had, he told \\lashington, some depend-
Osgood, did not rise either to the dignity of a cabi
ence on the unwieldy estate of Mrs. Knox, and perhaps
seat or the managership of the party in those days •.
a bushel or two of the practically worthless Continental
was besides, an anti-Federalist, and "agin" the adop I
paper money that he had drawn as pay, but his expenses
were always considerable and he would need more than of the Constitution. I

The work of the Secretary of (no longer "at") \\ I

his salary to make ends meet.
during the next five years was sufficiently onerow
Shay's Rebellion in Massachusetts kept him busy for
keep him busy, but interesting enough to make I
some months. General Lincoln and Governor Bowdoin
happy. Theoretically, he was in charge of Navy aff
together managed to suppress the uprising, but Knox
as well, but since there was no Navy, the attention.
kept close tab on events and operations and reported
affairs required was largely speculative. In 1790 1
regularly to \Vashington at Mount Vernon. The com-
quarreled bitterly with Hamilton over the purcha
motions in the State fixed more firmly than ever in his
Army supplies. The Treasury head insisted that.
mind that detestation for a weak ce'ntral government
was his business, and Knox, rather reasonably, th~.
that had long been one of his chief preoccupations. He
it came within the province of the \Var Depart
longed for what he called "a government of unity."
Hamilton won the argument and the resulting
There never was a fiercer federalist and when the pros-
pect of a constitutional convention appeared he worked fusion and delay in getting provisions and munitio~
St. Clair's little force perhaps had a direct inBuen
like a Trojan to forward the project. He even sat down"
and wrote out a plan of his own for a sound federal
that unfortunate campaigner's disaster. The India. i
the South and on the vVestern borders made en
organization of the dissentient states. He would have a
work for the Secretary. He was continually negoti (
"Governor-General" with wide powers, and a Congress
treaties with the tribes, and then having to defen c
with teeth to it. \\Then he sent the draft to \\Tashington
work before a dissatisfied and carping Congress. ~
for perusal, the wise old gentleman on the Potomac ap-
days he spent "on the carpet" in the session hall,
proved, but commented sadly that there was small
with the President at his side, producing docu .
chance of the states accepting so vigorous a central au-
from his pockets on demand and explaining the \\'
thority. Vhshington hesitated long before deciding to
his Department to the House or Senate. SOUl I
attend the Convention. He asked for advice from his
Senator Maclay of Pennsylvania, who despised so •
closest friends and Knox responded to the invitation
of all breeds, thought it was "a mad act to have a
with characteristic energy. He told his chief earnestly
retary of \.Var in time of peace." But he grudgingh
that he must go. The presence of \\lashington, who
ceded that Knox was, naturally, trying to earn hi
would, of course, be elected chairman, was the sole
and justify the existence of his office.
surety against a patchwork revamping of the wretched
-
,9-H BOOKSELLER IN AR?dS 33
V. him with twelve children, nine of whom, in obedience
Despite the increase of his salary under the consti- to the pitiless infant mortality rates of the time, died in
tutionaloo\'ernment-he was raised to $3,000 and given childhood.
fourclerks at $500 and a messenger at $350-the costs The final appearance of Cincinnatus on the stage of
,f hino up to his position continued to outstrip his national affairs came in 1798. \Var with France ap-
income.:::>If he was frugal so far as the expenses of his peared certain. \Vashington was appointed lieutenant
Department went ($7,550 in 1793) he and Lucy still general of the provisional army to be raised for the
~uno to the mode of private life that had earned him emergency, and three major generals were authorized.
l1e ~ickname of "The Philadelphia Nabob." They He selected, and demanded from President Adams,
!enteda large house on Broadway, kept two horses and Hamilton, Pinckney and Knox, their seniority to be in
I groom, two female servants, one "girl without wages" the order named. Knox was deeply hurt. He had ranked
lI~da couple of indentured German lads, all probably, both Hamilton and Pinckney in the Revolution, and
ith husky appetites. The General and his lady were the great Federalist had been only a lieutenant colonel.
'ther giving or attending parties a good deal of the \IVashington patiently tried to explain to him that this
me. 7\ lore than one member of high society agreed was a new Arm)' and had no relation to the old one that
ith Lucy herself that nothing could be properly done was disbanded in '83. It was no use; the Nabob could
the drawing room or ballroom without her coopera- not see the argument. He had been a major general
on and general superintendence. She was now getting through seven years of war and peace, he was only 49,
oo<xl income from her share of her mother's estates, he felt that he was quite competent to command the
~ sole portion of the Flucker family wealth that had army under \iVasbington. President Adams felt the
caped confiscation after the Tory emigration. And the same way and stubbornly resisted the urging of his
cretan' had a finger in a good many financial pies, Cabinet members that he aquiesce in vVashington's
cludin'g the Ohio Company and some extensive land desires. He had to give way finally, but Knox refused
'culations in Maine. to accept the third place. As the French never showed
B~' 1794 he had had enough of public life and three up as invaders, the army was not used and it made no
ys after Christmas he sent his resignation to vVash- difference, although his apparent ill-temper and irrita-
gton. 'The indispensable claims of a wife and grow- bility let Knox in for some criticism.
g family of children," whose sole hopes of future se- For eight years more he lived regally at Thomaston,
rity depended on his exertions, no longer permitted running his vast estate with boundless energy, corre-
n to neglect "duties so sacred." The President reluc- sponding with old military comrades, and exerting a
tly let him go, telling him that he had deserved well marked influence on many phases of the State's activi-
his country. The General and his family went off to ties. They sent him to the legislature, the "General
omaston, i\hine, where he had already ordered the Court" at Boston, and the Governor admitted him to
ilding of "an elegant mansion" on his estate. He membership in the Council. Full-blooded, florid, pom-
led the place l\/lontpelier, differentiating the name pous in manner but generous, hearty, sensible and'good-
III that of Madison's home in Virginia by spelling it humored, he was regarded universally as the incor-
h one instead of two 1's. The house cost him about ruptible patriot, a soldier with unblemished record, and
. 5.000 nnd was of brick, stone and timber from his a citizen who deserved well of the Republic .
n bnds, with outhouses, stables and cookhouses pat- In 1806, when he was but 56 years of age, he died at
cd nfter those he had seen at Mount Vernon. The Thomaston, from an ailment which may have been ap-
atters and claim-jumpers who encroached on his pendicitis although medical science of the day laid it to
ad acres, and were chased off by the indignant Gen- a perforated intestine caused by swallowing a splinter
I, no\\" dubbed him 'The Nabob of Hancock of chicken bone. On the plain limestone shaft over his
Unty."
grave they carved the words:
h~ Nabob, however, was not permitted to enjoy his 'Tis Fate's decree; Farewell thy just Renown}
rement. He was much embarrassed by law-suits and The Hera's honoHr, and the good Man's crOW1l.
I e of his speculations turned out badly so that he lost They might well have added the words of the local
I deal of money. The multifarious enterprises con- historian, who perhaps sums up most fittingly the mili-
\ tedon the estate, sawmills, shipbuilding, lumbering, tant bookseller's claim to fame when he wrote:
. k-making and fishing, gave employment to over \Vherever Washington fought, Knox was by his side;
men, and were not invariably profitable. At the and there can be no higher testimony to his merits than
t house, a hundred beds were made every day, to that, during a war of so long continuance, he uniformly
11 ' care of the swarms of guests and relatives who retained his confidence and esteem.
) ped in, and usually stayed for more than a long The affections of the Army's first Commander-in-Chief
3 k-end. In time, the General pulled his affairs into were not prodigally bestowed. Three only of his gen-
II black, but during the first few years he sometimes erals knew the full measure of his love and trust. They
e perilously close to the bankruptcy courts. In ad- were Greene, Lafavette, and the devoted soldier who
n to her social activities, Lucy found time to present remained at his el~w from 1776 to 1794, Henry Knox.
ACTION AT DAKA~
By Colonel Cary Ingram Crockett, United States Army, Retired
Roused shortly after daybreak by the drone of strange after having been sought by British nava!.craft, ani,
aircraft the people of the coastal city rushed from their at Dakar on September 16th. The French 35,000:
homes to peer anxiously into the fast lightening skies. battleship Riclzeliell and several French submari
Circling high above the houses and harbor were a num- were already there. The Riclzeliell's rudder had b:
ber of airplanes of unfamiliar shape and marking. As disabled du;ing a British speedboat attack made s~
the people watched, black specks falling from the time before.
planes burst into sheaves of flashing leaflets which Soon after the arrival over the port of the airC
fluttered downward in the fresh morning breeze and whose sensational actions have already been descrih
came to rest in the streets and parks. A barefooted the situation became cleared up some{vhat for the k
native soldier grasped one of the pamphlets and rushed authorities. About seven-thirty A.l\I. a lifeboat Ayi~
with it to the palace of the Governor General. It con- white flag and carrying two officers and a few "f
tained a summons urging the officials, troops and in- French" sailors pulled up at the main wharf. TIl
habitants to surrender the place and unite with the Free officers brought a summons for surrender from Gelld
French force of General Charles de Gaulle. de Gaulle and a British admiral. The envoys were
A little later two of the foreign planes landed at the by two young naval lieutenants from the French b
principal airfield and seven armed men leaped from squadron at Dakar who telephoned to Governor G
them and tried to capture the airfield commander, but eral Pierre Boisson the contents of the summons.
bv that time the local forces were on the alert and the Governor General refused to surrender and ordered
a~dacious assailants were themselves taken prisoner. arrest of the parlementnires, but they managed to eS
This is how on September 23, 1940, war came to nfter being fired on.
Dakar, main seaport of Senegal, capital of French vVest A historical example of a forced landing on a h
Africa, lying about fourteen and a half degrees north shore under modern conditions was lncking until
of the Equator on the Gulf of Goree, a few miles south- British mnde their great lnnding on the western ti,
east of Cape Verde-the most westerly point of Africa. Gallipoli Peninsula in 1915. A forced landing is
Occupying a commanding strategic position over the of the most interesting and difficult types of ta
sea and air routes traversing the relatively narrow water operations. Moreover a duel between naval craft
area between Africa nnd the bulge of Brazil, Dakar is shore batteries is an extremelv rare occurrence.
strongly fortified and garrisoned; most of the troops are these reasons nn attempt is m'ade here to reconsr
native Senegalese. The port is a fueling station for from rather scanty information the stirring events
French maritime lines and naval ships; it is also a depot took place at Dakar during the period of Septe
for French trade with South America. The harbor is 23-26.
protected by two jetties, one over a mile in length; there At about nine A.M. on the same day (September'
are commercial and naval docks, a drydock and torpedo sea front watchers near Dakar signalled the ani\
boat basin; and safe anchorage is afforded for the largest two battleships and several cruisers and other craft
ships. Dakar was founded in 1862, a year after the miles off Cape l\rlanuel. These were the ships
declaration of a French Protectorate over the mainland. strong British naval force arriving from Bathurst.
It is connected with the homeland bv direct submarine ital of British Gambia, situated on the Gambia
cable to Brest, and as the sea termi~us of a raihvav to about a hundred and ten miles south of Dakar.
the interior has rail communication with upper Sendgal. British squadron is reported to have consisted 0
As early as 1904 the city, including suburbs, had a battleships, four cruisers, six destroyers, and six
total population of nearly 25,000. In 1887 the settle- ports carrying about seven or eight thousand de C
ment was made n commune on the French model, all troops, largely native Africans. Later reports in
citizens regardless of color being granted the franchise. the presence also of a fairly strong force of B
On September 11, 1940, as a result of what Prime Marines.
Minister Churchill characterized in his speech to the Evidently Governor General Boisson and
British Parliament of October 8th as a series of blunders French authorities on shore were not in sympathy
on the part of the British Admiralty, the three French the aims of the British and General de Gaulle. To
cruisers, Ceorge Leyglles, i"Iolltcalm, and Claire, ac- extent their sentiments had been influenced b,
companied by several destroyers, had been permitted naval action between British and French ships at
to pass through the Straits of Gibraltar. These ships, is not known. At any rate the coast artillery ba
 9-11 ACTION AT DAKAR 35
the Dakar vicinity were ordered to open fire immedi- tunitv for anv disaffected elements on shore to declare
~ek on the British ships, and did so. for d~ Gaull~.
Thereupon the British admiral warned the shore The next problem therefore became that of selecting
rces. presumably by signal, that unless the batteries a landing place or places. A glance at the sketch shows
ased firing he would be compelled to reply. The that Dakar, lying at the southern point of the peninsula
rench commander radioed back to the effect that the of Cape Verde near where it ends at Cape i\lanuel,
ritish ships should retire beyond the twenty-five mile could easilv be cut off from the mainland if a beach-
me: meanwhile the batteries continued to fire. head could' be captured to the eastward near where the
A bombardment by the British then began which is railway to the interior leaves the coast line.
id 10 have lasted for eight hours throughout the day vVith communication to the interior severed and an
the twenty-third. opposing naval force holding command of the sea
Since it has long been held as axiomatic that naval actually present in front of the port, the defenders
ssels hm'e little hope of victory in an en?-,' 'ment could hardly hope to wage a successful defense.
ith modern shore batteries it is to be regr. ~:_d that \Vithout doubt these and other considerations led 'the
'tails of this interesting fight are lacking. allied commanders to select landing places in the vicin-
The French naval vessels also took part i- '\e battle, ity of Rufisque, a town on the railroad and also the
It just when they began to do so is not lLJicated in coast, distant about twenty-one miles to the east of
c reports at hand. It is said, however, that the French Dakar. -
bmarine Persee torpedoed a British cruiser and darn- Naturally in the reports published the actual sites of
ed it seriously, but was itself sunk; also that a fifteen- the shore batteries are omitted. It is to be presumed,
ch shell from one of the shore batteries hit a British however, that since the permanent fortifications at
uiser and damaged it badly. Dakar had been established under competent direction
According to French accounts from Vichy the losses the tactical importance of Rufisque had not been over-
the defenders in casualties On September 23d totaled looked. Evidently at least one, and more probably sev-

1 6killed and 340 wounded.

The situation on the night of the 23d seems to have
. en a stalemate. According to the information
'\'ed from published parts of French official reports
I d (at third hand) from the conversation of French
re-
eral, shore batteries had been established in that local-
ity. In any case the cover of darkness for seizing beach-
heads. would be essential, and since surprise was a
highly desirable factor the more quickly the landing
operations could be carried out the less time the de-
I Icers who were present, neither side had gained a fenders would have for preparations to cover the entire
I isive advantage. Realizing evidently that other coast line.
asures must be adopted the allied commanders de- \Vhatever may have been the considerations which
ed to make a forced landing. Perhaps they thought governed the decisions of the allied commanders, the
t the Governor General would surrender after a time selected for the landing was the night of Septem-
w of force by land troops had been made. Such an ber 23d-24th, and the places, various beaches in the
1 'ration at least would indicate that the action was vicinity of Rufisque.
I merely a naval raid. Beyond doubt it was also Turning now to the situation of the military com,
uglu that a land operation would afford an oppor- mander on shore a glance at the map will show that he

Native Soldiers 011 the Beach at Rufisque

36 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOllENAL
ment between a naval force of considerable stre
on one side and various coast defense batteries a
fairly strong naval force on the other side. The
armament of the Riclleliell consisted of nine 15-i
guns. Due to this great ship's rudder being disabl
was necessary to use a tug to maneuver her; nenn
less she carried on throughout the fight and man.
to secure a direct hit on the British battleship Re
tion that caused a decided list. Resolution is said
have been further damaged by a torpedo fired from
French submarine Bevezieres. The Ricllelieu suff
minor hits only, but the destroyer Alldaciellx was
damaged and beached.
The firing continued on the 25th of September.
heaviest naval action apparently taking place d
the latel:10rning and afternoon of that day.
Three British scouting planes were claimed to
had little choice in his lines of action; that is, he was
limited to a beach defense. One great advantage was been shot down during the naval fighting.
that Dakar and Rufisque are connected by a railroad On September 26th the British warships with
extending inland from the beach and therefore pro- to Bathurst. The French claim that torpedo hits
tected to some extent from naval fire. vVithout doubt made on one battleship and a direct shell hit on
a highway also parallels the railroad although none was other, and also that a successful torpedo attack
shown on the chart from which the attached sketch carried out aaainst
o
one of the British cruisers. F
was traced. The railway and existing roadways of scouting planes reported that they observed the B
course greatly favored the quick dispatch of troops to squadron during the withdrawal to Bathurst and
cover the threatened landing beaches. Resol1ltioll was listing badly and several other \'
Unfortunately details of the landings attempted are were "limping."
lacking. The reports show that efforts were made to The total French casualties reported included
secure beach-heads near Rufisque, four landings being 1,000 killed, with damage to the arsenal, port \
tried; also that two other attempts were made at beaches and residential areas of over 20,000,000 francs.
to the south of Rufisque, the landing parties being The British communique covering the Dakar
formed in waves of approximately two hundred men dent stated in effect that General de Gaulle had
each. a mistake in concluding that Dakar would sun
The exact hours of the landings and the measures after a show of force, that his flag of truce had
taken to provide covering fire from the naval ships are fired upon, that the British bombardment followed
not stated. It is stated however that all the landing after the British ships had been attacked by the
attempts were repulsed with heavy losses to the attack- batteries, and that abandonment of the mission
ers in killed and wounded, and that over two hundred decided upon only when it had become clear tha
and fifty of de Gaulle's men were made prisoners. In ture of the place would require a major operatio
all probability the main effort must have taken place
after daybreak on the 24th as otherwise it would not
have been possible to observe the naval fire either from
the ships or spotting planes. Reports also state that the
effectiveness of the covering fire from the naval craft
was seriously reduced by a strong concentration of fire
from coast artillery heavy guns emplaced near Rufisque.
Apparently after the failure to capture and hold a
beach-head the de Gaulle forces were reembarked and
the transports withdrawn to the base at Bathurst.
Synchronizing his action with the attempts at land-
ing the British admiral sent an ultimatum demanding
surrender of Dakar by six A.l\l. of the twenty-fourth,
and threatened that upon refusal he would bombard
the city. Governor General Boisson refused to sur-
render and on Tuesday, September 24th, the bombard-
ment began.
GUll Crew Defellding Dakar
The picture is presented on this date of an engage-
 ACTION AT DAKAR 37
lOroh-e civil warfare between Vich\' and de Gaulle Study of the reports gives the impression that with
trOOps. respect to the gun fire of both ships and coastal batteries
.-\S well as can be ascertained from the incomplete the ratio of hits to shots fired was extremel\' low. Prob-
reports studied, the failure to gain a landing was due ably the shore batteries held the British sl;ips at such a
maink to faulty military intelligence; lack of surprise. distance from the shore that the\' were hull down on
inadequate strength and equipment, and the strong will the horizon and could hardl\' be ~een. In an\' case, the
10 resist and good tactical handling of troops on the honors rested with the def~nders. on whos~ side the
part of the defenders. shore batteries seem to ha\'e played a major part.
 ------------------------

Don't Blame
1he Const'Luctin9 Qua'Lte'Lmaste~
By Lieutenant Colonel W. D. Styer, Corps of Engineers, and
Major O. E. Davis, Quartermaster Corps

From the viewpoint of the average citizen, probably, \Ve will assume, for the sake of brevity, that
there is little to challenge the imagination in the build- strength of the garrison to be quartered at the camp
ing of an Army cantonment. It is a prosaic, practical been decided upon, the site selected and the neces
job, utterly lacking in either drama or mystery. The land leased or purchased. Further, we will take it
layout is simple, the materials are common to construc- granted that the Constructing Quartermaster has
tion, and labor seeks employment. There you have the ceived from the Construction Division, Quarterma
basic elements. All the local Constructing Quarter- Corps, in vVashington, a standard layout for the pro
master has to do is press the button andlo!-up springs together with master prints of all drawings and SF
a military city in ninety days, comprising hundreds of fications, and funds with which to proceed. An
wooden buildings to meet the thousand~ of needs of with the necessary authority, blue prints and copie
thousands of men! the contracts, he gets the green signal and takes a ~
That's what you think! see around the reservation to find out what kind
Let us follow through one of these projects in the job he has on his hands.
Temporary Emergency Construction Program and see The CQM's first view of the undertaking indi
how a CQj'vl operates. Let us get a glimpse of the com- the nature and order of his chief problems. First
plexities into which simple things ramify and extend, the question of an adequate and stable water s
and learn about some of the headaches connected with must be determined. Rolling land may suggest
the exacting job of the much-harassed Constructing desirability, next, of a gravity system of sewag
Quartermaster. It will give a new perspective to the posal, whereas Hat land might require sewage p
little task of building a city overnight. Engineering parties are at once started on the ta
It will be (luickly sensed that the whole industrial life preparing a topographical map which become~
of America Hows into the construction of an Armv basis of conferences with the Corps Area Comma
camp. Steel goes into nails holding sheathing fro~1 for the purpose of establishing the basic location
our forests. Deep from mother earth, through smelters, camp. At the same time a study is made of the s
refineries, mills and factories, move the varied materials of electrical power and fuel supply, while a tho
which shape the completed product. The impulse of survey is made of railway and road facilities.
demand reaches far and wide into countless markets Tl{e approval of the ~amp location within the
of needs and supplies. All the facilities of transportation tary reservation is the signal for things to happen.
and communication are brought into play-railways that moment the project goes forward and the
and trucks, radio, telegraph and telephone. And always has a large going concern to handle. The sta
bear in mind that between the first and the last piece of layout has to be adjusted to local ground conditi
paper mo\'es the mail man. task involving many complications. Road eleva
 DONT BLA~dE THE CONSTRUCTING QUARTERi\lASTER! 39

10£ instance, are set to meet surface drainage: floor warded on the progress of the job and matters affecting
krels of buildings are raised or lowered to comply with funds and personnel, not to mention problems that may
,.ewage system demands; water mains are laid out with arise from labor complaints and charges of unfair prac-
respect to li\~i~~ needs, and fire protection a~~ trans- tices. The question of priorities for materials necessi-
portation facJlItles mapped out for the expeditIOus de- tates factual data from each prime manufacturer, while
liren' of materials and supplies from the railroad sidings contract forms, precisely accurate. must be filed with
to th'e men on the job. the finance officer to insure timely payments to con-
The general problems and the general operations are tractors. All work in place, moreover, must be gi\'en
the same. whether the contract be advertised for com- progressive inspection, including supen'ision by the
petitive bids or be awarded on the cost-plus-fixed-fee technical staff employed for this specific purpose. In a
basis. 1\ cantonment has to be built in a hurry and the word, each action has its groove, its moment of time,
CQ;\ J is the spark plug of the project. for aiding or delaying related progress. A careful timing
An idea of the many details to which the CQi\ J must of details, therefore, is absolutely essential.
Qire attention in carrying out the program may be ob- As must be expected in jobs of this nature, encum-
~1ined by enumerating some of the duties and activities bered with a multitude of complexities, matters do not
for which he is held responsible. Samples of materials always move either as smoothly or as swiftly as desired.
must be inspected and checked with later deliveries. The date of completion of the project becomes more
Shop drawings showing the contractor's methods of con- and more vital, as it governs the induction date for
struction require approval. Utilities must move for- troops or trainees. The objective toward which the
ward in step with the shaping of the structures to be CQ1\'1 and his staff direct all their efforts is readiness
erected. including not only water and sanitary systems of the camp to receive troops on schedule. That is the
but electric power lines and communications, to provide real target but a lot of things can happen to prevent
immediate services. their scoring a bull's-eye. They go with the job and
Some of these camps arc very large business enter- the CQi\J must take them in his stride.
prises. employing upwards of 22,000 men each, with On a construction job involving the erection of sev-
\reekly payrolls of around $800,000, which have to be eral thousand semi-permanent tent structures or many
checked against the prevailing wage rates as received hundreds of frame barracks and buildings, the variety
from \Vashington. Reports must be prepared and for- of factors contributing to confusion or delay may well
40 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOLIRNAL ] a 111 wry- Fe

seem endless to the CQ1'd struggling to accomplish a developed an upward thrust approximating fire
construction miracle in from ninety to 120 days. per square foot, while at another the top soil \\'
\Vindow glass, as we know, is of standard si~e; yet covered to be but a thin layer of dirt, covering
one mill may deliver a sash-width different froin that rock shale that had to be drilled and blasted in 0
furnished by another, even though the glass may be of lay utility lines.
the same dimensions. Lumber may arrive poorly graded 'Each ~ite constitutes a different sort of challe
yet bearing the proper grade marks. Decisions have to the resourcefulness, determination and skill
be made as to the use of clay or concrete pipe for builders, the industry and cooperation of the \\
sewers; cement-coated steel pipe or cast-iron pipe for and the leadership of the CQM. An unexpect
water mains; coal or gas for fuel. Accumulating scrap crease in the strength of the camp ma)' precipi'
lumber and other debris must be continuously cleaned long succession of upsets to be overcome, affecti
up, reducing the fire hazard, the chance of i~jury and capacity of the water supply, sewage treatment
drawbacks to ready occupancy of sites. pital, bakery, laundry and other facilities. Alte
In all decisions, the CQl\/1 must hold in mental in the size of the project are followed by change
focus the completion date, the contractor's rights, the to contracts involving such essentials as cooking-
availability of labor and materials, the probable weather refrigerators, boilers, clough-mixers, cooking u!
conditions and whether solid facts or mere opinions are and many other items of necessary equipme
at hand as a basis for action. change-order in Texas will affect a factory in I
There is the little matter of priorities for construction or New England. The products of a nation.
projects, to insure procurement of materials in the the building of a camp for 20,000 soldiers.
order of military importance, with the least burden vVinter weather has not added to the joys
upon industry. vVith every request for a preference CQM. In some portions of the South long s
rating, the CQM must forward detailed information, rain have made outdoor work impossible and
giving the order number, date, item and description of roads impassable. In some parts of the North \\'
job; a statement from the prime manufacturer as to the been hampered by snow, ice and very low te
reason for the priority; and the delivery dates, with tures. vVhatever the obstacles may be, however
and without the rating sought. It is obvious that it up to the CQM to surmount the~. He does so
takes large numbers of letters, back and forth, com- the assistance and cooperation of the other part
piling this information and obtaining results. the job-the contractor, the architect-engineer a
In the popular mind, perhaps, labor troubles consti- worker.
tute one of the chief sources of delay in the construc- He is the quarterback of the team, out there
tion program. It should be said, however, in fairness to firing line, in the mud and snow, engaged in t
the hundreds of thousands of workers in organized and ative task of helping to shape the national d
unorganized labor engaged on these camps and can- structure of America. He has but one aim in
tonments, that the program has encountered little or no build that camp. Thanks to him and his associ at
retardation by reason of serious labor troubles. task is being accomplished, in many instances,
Some of the unsuspected handicaps that spring from face of seemingly insurmountable difficulties,
tricky soil conditions, range from difficulties with the the second-guessing of Monday morning quarte
impervious, gluey clay in some southern sections to the The first need of our new, vastly enlarged
frozen tundra of Alaska. At the site of one camp, it was army, is safe, adequate shelter. Trust the CQl\1.
found that the soil, with a change of moisture content, bust himself to have it ready when the troops J1l
Knox Trophy Winner

The Secretary of \\Tar has announced that the win- world. They are given in full recogmtJon of the fact
r of the Knox. Trophy in the Coast Artillery competi- that no nation can be safe or useful which does not
n for 1940 is Batten' B, 41st Coast Artillerv CRy), keep pace with the advance of science as applied to the
arts of war. ln this advance, the supreme test of efficien-
mmanded by Captai~ vVilliam J. IvlcCarthy: .
cy is accuracy in the science of gunnery. Every shot
The winning battery is stationed at Fort Kamehame-
which finds its mark adds to the security of the nation .
. Harbor Defenses of Pearl Harbor. Blasting out the I-fence the increasing interest, and watchful pride with
nning score with their eight-inch railway guns, the which the country follows the practice of the Navy in
rsonnel of Battery B made it a clean sweep for gunnery, and of the Army and Militia in artillery.
a\\'aii. since Battery C, II th Field Artillery, stationed
The above certificate accompanied the trophy for the
Schofield Barracks won the Field Artillery competi-
year 1927, which was won bv Batten' E, 52d Coast
n,
t\rtillery CRy). It may be of interest ~o note that the
The purpose of the trophy is expressed in the cer-
executive of that battery was Lieutenant vVilliam J.
cate which accompanies it:
t\1cCarthy-the same officer who commanded the win-
The Society of the Sons of the Revolution in the ning batt~ry in this competition.
Commonwealth of Massachusetts, desiring to make the In this issue of The JOURNAL appears "Bookseller in
early and inspiring traditions of the Army and Navy
Arms," by Major Charles \Vinslow Eliot, a story of the
tributary to the present efficiency of the service, has pre-
life of Henry Knox. For the artilleryman, this article
pared a series of trophies to be given for excellence in
gunnery and in artillery. The trophies bear the name is of particular interest now, at the time of award of
of Henry Knox, the most resourceful soldier of the the trophy which takes his name.
Re\'?lution, who won early distinction and rapid pro- The President of the Coast Artillery Board was
motion under \Vashington for skill in handling heavy charged with the responsibility of recommending the
ordnance, and who, upon the organization of the Fed- winning battery and the two next best batteries, which
eral Government, became the first Secretary of \Var. was done through the Chief of Coast Artillery.
The, career of General Knox has been recalled not only The computation of the scores and their comparison
for Its fitness to the purpose for which these trophies is a particularly complicated process because of the
are to be presented, but with still more reason, because varied armament of the Coast Artillery, and the differ-
o~ those professional and personal qualities which made
ent conditions under which practic~s are held. Al-
hIm,so conspicuous an example of the soldier and the
patnot-supreme devotion to the country, a controlling though there is nothing confidential in the rules for
. nse of honor, and unfailino~ couraoe and hopefulness computation, they will not be stated here, due to the
I ' 0
r n times of adversity. The Knox trophies are desianed space that would be required.
m. 0
The first award of the Knox Trophy was made in
express the reliance which the country must place
pon the technical skill of those who stand for its de- 1913. The trophies are the permanent property of the
ense. and for its part in maintaining the peace of the units to which they are awarded.
We~re LJoing Okal ,

J'vlan has always wanted to fly. Perhaps always, in 800-foot artesian well, giving an ample supply of e.
his dreams of Hight, he saw himself throwing down lent water; three regiments' worth of pretty good, if
upon a helpless enemy stink-pots and old bottles and small, mess halls; a recreation pier as long as the \w
bombs that would blow up after everybody thought deep; rail connections, small warehouses and admit
them harmless. Anyway it is a matter of history that no tration buildings; and, most important, a mild and \
sooner had successful flight been achieved than Man healthful, if temperamental and unpredictable, cIim
began doing these very things. The result, as we know, In September, a force of two to three thousand ~
is that prompt counter-measures had to be taken, and began the work of adapting the old camp to its
so, in the United States Army we find ourselves pos- uses. The new units are so much bigger than the 0
sessed of the antiaircraft artillery. Just how the new ones and they have so much more and so much hea
service got into the Coast Artillery Corps is no part of motor equipment that vigorous changes had to be m
this story; probably everybody knows all about it any- The work started with framing and screening all
way. For the reception and training of these regiments old tents and providing many new ones. Several t,
and battalions, many of them new, some of them trans- dred new buildings including those for admini
formed from other ~rms or branches, we are now build- tion, quartermaster and ordnance work, sanitation
ing camps and training centers in various parts of the kitchen use, had to be built. The roads wiII be re
country. As might be expected, these camps are not so in concrete and the whole place furnished with
many nor so big as those being provided for the ancient water mains, gas for fuel, and with drainage. Nfl
infantry, the clanking cavalry or the field artillery, all very much could be done prior to the arrival of tro:
of which have to be created on a divisional basis, so John \V. Soldier has been forced to do his ho.
whereas the brigade is at present AA's largest unit, keeping and his training while the camp was rOC
and will probably continue to be so. These training under his feet and swaying about his ears.
centers hold 10,000 to 12,000 men. They are large On the 26th of September arrived the 203d C
enough to enable several organizations to make joint Artillery from l\llissouri. Right on its heels came
use of various technical facilities, but not too large for 197th Coast Artillery from New Hampshire. On
profitable use of what firing points can be found. Camp tober 26th descended a regiment of frost-bitten sol
Hulen, Texas, is one of these training centers. Just just out of the snowbanks of Cape Cod; the 21
how three regiments of National Guardsmen have Coast Artillery, Massachusetts National Guard, otf
been getting along while the camp itself has been un- wise known a; the historic First Corps of Cadets.
dergoing expansion and reconstruction is the subject when the camp is finished, the 204th, and the I
of this storv. Separate Battalion, both from Louisiana, the 69th
Before o'ur present how-de-do, Camp Hulen was the Fort Crockett, Galveston, and the 106th Separate
training ground of Texas' 36th Division, National talion from Kentucky, will arrive to complete
Guard. "'/hen Uncle Sam took over its 1,350 acres he camp's quota, as now planned.
found so much space ready to use that it was deemed Now a little about the Texas part of this Gu
possible to install troops almost immediately. Good Mexico country, which is of special interest at this
shell roads criss-cross the area. Several hundred con- because it is to be one of the great training areas d
crete tent platforms were ready for use. There are an the coming months. The continent of North An
viajorSamuel H. Edes 197th Coast Artillery (A/J t

lulges in a lot of tumbling acts ~vhile it is up north chocolate pudding ere he can eat it, cactus and other
1n' itself, but as it nears the Gulf it c]uiets dG\m and thorny growth middling scarce, dust only about average
aliy, for the last fifty miles or so before reaching except at rodeos, and not much except the rattlesnakes,
, water's edge, stretches away in grassy prairie land, scorpions, black widow spiders and centipedes to keep
level as a billiard table and bald as a billiard ball, up the state's reputation. Texas is a big place and the
I" for clusters of derricks which mark the oil lands conditions so graphically presented in that grand old
, a few trees in the river bottoms. Towns, big and poem, "Hell on the Rio Grande," with which all old-
all, are spaced at thirty and fifty mile intervals, timers were so familiar, apply after all, only to a small
nected by excellent concrete highways. These, part of it. The rattlesnake business, however, is real
'C\U, are few and far apart and the road net is com- enough. And the bugs, Any battery is in disgrace that
cd by dirt roads usable for military purposes when hasn't at least one husky rattler to its credit, sometimes
, but most difficult when wet. About midwav on the killed in the battery street. The other disagreeable
I line between Galveston and Corpus Ch'risti lies neighbors mentioned have a partiality for living in mess
s Palac.ios Bay, an arm of jVlatagorda Bay, whose shacks, tents and latrines. Their extermination is a
r side is bounded by the great coastal barrier. matter of considerable industry and perseverance, but
amp Hulen occupies a point at the water's edge a it can be done in a matter of two or three weeks-except
west of the small trading and shrimp fishing for mopping up, necessary because the scorpion tribe
er of Palacios, normal population 2,500. A hun- and their brethren have their own brand of persever-
miles or more to the northeast is Houston, one of ance. The hunt must continue for some time after
ation's most beautiful cities and the promised land the last specimen seems to have been licluidated. In
\'ery officer and soldier. It will be seen from this fact the prudent soldier, be he Ozark or Codfish, had
ut "that, judged by ordinary standards, Hulen is best continue indefinitely to peer cautiously into bed
'r isolated. But ordinary standards, so far as dis- or shoe before venturing to insert therein either the
cs are concerned, do not apply to Texas nor to whole or any part of his anatomy.
ns, plenty of whom are said to take a fifty-mile Speaking of these old Border soldiers, one sees a
before breakfast just for a can of beer or a package respectable number of officers and NCO's still wearing
rn Rakes. But to other folks a hundred miles is the green and yellow ribbon which rewarded the Border
; a h~ndred miles and after a few exploratory trips, service. But of course these veterans are far outnum-
; aldler tendency is to content oneself with whatever bered by youngsters who will tell you with consider-
sement and recreation the camp and its immediate able pride that their fathers or uncles ate dust with
I undings afford. the old Umty-Umpth back in those memorable years,

't
t ur 200,000 National Guard soldiers who spent part It demonstrates that voluntary military service, or, even
916 and 19] 7 in the l'l'lexican Border service more specifically, National Guard service, runs in
ned families and could almost be called an hereditarv trait.
through hard experience to associate Texas
sand and s~ill mor~ sand, alk~li, limitless varieties Getting back to Hulen, how do these soldier~ from
Orn- .and bner-bearmg vegetatIOn, rattlesnakes and widely separated and widely differing parts of our coun-
a: poisonous creatures, Here on the 'continental try get on together, and what do their interrelations
, no sand at all, not even enough to dust a soldier's argue as to the solidarity and homogeneity of the Amer-

L
 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOllRNAL ]Cllwary-Fe
ican Army? The answer is. "Splendidly." No trouble (both .30 and .50), 37-mm., searchlight, with al
or friction at all; beyond the poking of a little fun at accompanying gadgetry of height finders, dir
regional peculiarities or dialect. No trouble-but down control boxes, sound locators, and so on. The :>
here soldiers from different states just do 110t mix. J\ly offer lots of opportunity for indoor work on rainy
friend the poolroom proprietor, tells me that different with inFantrv drill and artillerv drill reserved for
groups, each usually from a single regiment. come into wea ther. ..
his place, each having a good time in its own way- And then there's all the business connected
but not mixing. Later perhaps, witticisms and jibes. motor transportation. So much to learn about
yes. A lank J\lissourian down on the pier observed one tary driving, convoy work, upkeep and all the reSt
of the sting-rays that so infest the waters as to prevent trucks are kept pretty much on the move, what
swimming at some seasons. This one had met with overnight camps, supplies, and miscellaneous e
what a Texan might call "an acciDENT' and been They do splendidly, but truth compels one to
gathered to the sting-ray heaven. The soldier was heard that moments come when John Soldier wishes he
to remark, "Reckon he musta tried to bite one a' these back in the days of the army mule. The mule's
here dam' Yankees and hurt hisself." Mavbe the soldier virtue was-and is-that he tluives upon soft-gain
had seen the sign which appeared on a 'Yankee's tent the motor vehicle just doesn't. (Our new four-,
before the screens were installed, "DANGER-Anv drive pick-ups, known here as "doodle-bugs," co
rattlesnake bites me at his own risk." ' nearest to it of anything we have seen.) I-lard s
So much for weather and construction and snakes, roads are not scarce here, but good parking ar
but how's training coming along in the face of all these few. For lack of a better place, prime movers and
unhelpful things? Disappointments have, it is true, heavy cars have to be parked on natural ground,
appeared, but on the whole, training. especially in the Just what can be done in the wav of tactical i
broader aspects of soldiering, is coming along well. tion when a brigade, or several regi~ents, act t ,
Antiaircraft training consists of a great deal besides remains to be seen. Right now the chief botd
making pretty puffs of smoke up around a sleeve in the training program is the problem of finding
target; of filling the air full of brilliant searchlight points where a suitable field of fire is available.
beams hunting for the scudding, mothlike plane; or has an energetic commander and under his lead
streaking tracer bullets right through the nose of a the camp looks forward to having good firing pain
B-9-A target. The regiments now at Camp Hulen most everything else now wanting. It may be th
reached here with something like 50% recruits. They rainy season is about over (we are having won
will receive more recruits in January. First job, of weather for Christmas), but no native-born Tex
course, and one requiring the best efforts of every avail- be found who would bet so much as a worn-out
able trained man, is to accomplish the mental, physical,
string one way or the other. The spirit of eyer)'
and even spiritual transformation necessary before the
Camp Hulen is to push training along just as r
civilian can be called a soldier, and do it without spoil-
ing that part which we call the man himself. To do as possible in order to have the regiments rea
this, infantry training has to be clrawn upon heavily. active duty, when and if. And the one really bu
Interspersed is weapon training, which, in the case of topic of conversation among the officers and
the antiaircraftsmen runs all the way From the pistol Camp Hulen is-"\;VHERE DO \VE GO
and riRe, for local defense, through the machine-gun HERE-AND WHEN!"

* * *
If a general shows confidence in his men but ahvays insists on his
orders being obeyed, the gain will be mutual.
SUN Tzu.
 By \'V'. A. \'V'INDAS

F. F. F.
Chapter 12: THE MATE-GRIFFON

he i\late-Griffon was used during the eleventh and engaged in any of the trigger-hooks at (FFF). This
fth centuries. The design of medieval artillery had plan gives the machine a certain degree of traverse.
n to improve. This machine is still of the counter- Several writers of the times mention instances when
f.ht pattern, but certain changes have been made. the bodv of a dead horse was thrown bv a Mate-Griffon.
!Ie are two counterweights (AA) employed, instead This s~ems an astonishing weight t~ be hurIed by a
te usual one. These are large containers, filled with
p metal, and are closer to the fulcrum of the lever
"counterbalance" engine, but the range might have
been very short.
is the sling (B) which carried the projectile. The \iVith ~ stone sufficiently heavy to be effective against
urn is at (CC). thick donjon walls, the range of the iVlate-Griffon could
not have been very great. 1\'lany castles of this period
e winch at (D) is for "cocking" the arm, by pull-
are still standing, and there are often commanding
O\\'nthe sling end, and raising the counterweights. heights within three or four hundred yards of them. It
winch is fitted with a fly-wheel. does not seem reasonable that castles would have been
e pivot at (E) enables the weight and sling assem- built in such locations, if contemporary missile engines
fOrevolve, thus, when the arm is cocked it can be were effective at that range.
S0 S On the Highwa)
By Captain W. E. H. Voehl, Coast Artillery Corps
Did you ever see a ten-ton prime mover in a ditch? putting the behemoth back on the road, the strick
It's a sad sioht
o under anv.. circumstances, but to the giant is an object to tear the heartstrings. In the ho
motor transport officer who falls heir to the task of that this short article might save a few hours and no
little grief for the next man with a like problem, 1 08
the benefits of my experience with an upset prir
mO\'er.
~dy introduction to the task of righting ditch
vehicles occurred last summer. 1 was fortunate in tn
the message informing me of the accident was aCCur
and complete. The ten-ton prirrie mover was on its si
in a ditch beside a road, about twentv miles fro
Borinquen Field Air Base. '
From salvage piles nnd other sources we hnd,
sembled, in prepnration for just such nn emergency.
conglomeration of blocks of nil sizes ancllengths, \Ii
nnd mnniln rope with suitable cbmps, nnd old tin
\Ve had no wrecker capnble of handling n ten-ton f
so we loaded the above-mentioned materinl and SOt
issue items including a universnl wrecking bnr, blo
nnd tackle, nnd hydf3ulic jncks into two prime mOle
and set off for the wreck.
The wrecked truck was completely off the rondo
the right, nnd lying on its left side, as cnn be seen
illustrntion 1. Directly behind the truck wns a ten-fo
ditch which led to n culvert; this complicated the pn
lem because it restricted the distance we could to\\' I
wreck backwnrds, ns well ns reducing the number
angles at which rescue vehicles could approach ~
ditched truck.
After reconnoitering the terrain on both sides of u
road to find trees nnd other means of anchoring bllX
and tackle, it was decided in this case to perform u
operation in four steps. The truck would be pul
over to the right to set it bnck on its wheels; it \\'OL
be dragged backward a short distance; the left fre
wheel would be placed on the road by means
winches; finally, the prime mover would be towed e
of the ditch.
A stump was found on the hill to the right to and
the block and tackle, and the end of the rope 1
brought out to the road where it was attached to'
winch of one of the rescue party's prime movers.
chain was fastened to the wrecked truck's left r
spring, passed over the body, and made fast to
block. \Vhen the winch began to take up on the II
rope, the wrecked truck began to fall to the right.
lustration 2.)
At this point, blocks were set under the body of
truck to hold it in position if anything should br
The first prime mover remained in position to act 35
anchor, and a second one was brought to the rear of
 SO S ON THE HIGHWAY 47
wreck. The wire rope on the winch of the second problem in itself. Both front springs had been dalI1~
primemover was secured to the left rear spring of the aged, the right front wheel had been pushed back
,necked truck. On signal, the first prime mover began about a foot, every spring bolt had been sheared. and
10 slacken its cable while the second one took up its the steering assembly was bent. The front bumper was
line. (lllustration 3.) The wreck came backwards, at binding the left front wheel, which necessitated tearing
[he same time completing its upturning. Blocks were the bumper. The right wheel had to be pulled forward
~Iillused under the body of the truck to prevent loss before the truck could be moved: this was done by using
of lime in the event of a cable break. a line from the towing truck to force the axle forward.
Pari of the bank under the right front wheel of the As in so many militarv activities, the lessons of this
II reck was duo away. The first prime mover was moved
o .
experience boiled down to two essentials-the necessity
10 a position close to the wrecked truck's left front for advance preparation and complete informati9n. The
wheel. its wire cable made fast to the front axle of the speed with which the wrecked prime mover was placed
\I reck. The rope which had been used to right the. on the road-three hours-was a reward for months of
lruck was fastened to a small tree on the opposite side scouring salvage piles to assemble such items as blocks
of the road to prevent the wreck from slipping back to and extra rope. Complete information which was re-
its original position. The prime mo\'er began to take ceived before leaving our base insured that we came
up on its winch and the wrecked truck was pulled properly equipped for the job at hand. In the absence
slowlvonto the hard-surfaced road. (Illustration -L) of complete information, it is better to err bv. brinoino
0 0
T~wing the wrecked truck to Borinquen Field was a too much equipment.

* * *
If we desire to avoid insult we must be able to repel it; if we desire
peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our rising prosperity,
it must be known that we are at all times ready for war.
GEORGE \\1ASHINGTON.

* * *
... vVe are not a military nation, yet we are a rich nation, and
undefended wealth invites aggression.
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
 LATE
GERMAN AIRCRA

nkers 87 Dive
Imbers-"Stllka"
kel111's
,

,
Junker (lu 88)-Much-
med Medium Bomber

Dornier (Do 215 )-Long

Distance Reconnaissance
and Bombing Plane
FIGHTERS
)
Henscbel (Hs 123)
Obserz1ation Planes
in Ecbelon

( ,
Messerscbmitt 1
Most-lISed Fight

.. Heillkels (He 112)

rr Ready for Flight

(
Focke Wulff IIDes/royer"
~ r: ~
",,' •i .."'-~Il~r-i. ... rr";
!( ";.;;;~
...! .

.L
 )
Heinkel (He 115)
All-Purpose Seaplane

(:
Messerschmitt 11O's
EIJective Fighters

Fieseler Storch-A Lou;-

Speed Observation Plane
~ for Front-Line Cooperation

-
 •
Motor Torpedo Boats In Coast Defense
By H. T. Robertson, Boatswain's Mate First Class, U.S.N.
Hecent newspaper prognostications of the threatened overside within striking distance of the shore, to be u
German invasion of England have emphasized the pos- as scouts in conjunction with airplanes, to deal \I
sibilities of employment of swarms of motor torpedo such of our smaller patrol boats as may be in the vi
boats, the present-day descendants of the "mosquito- ity, and to land troops. 'vVith their light draft, t
boats" of \Vorld \Var fact and fiction. These craft have would be especially dangerous along the most ligh
a large degree of usefulness to any navy, but it is prob- defended portions of our shores, where in the past la
able that they might have even a greater bearing on ing operations were hardly considered feasible. A s
problems of coast defense. harbor, weakly defended, would be a perfect target
\Vhen it is considered that small !\11.T.B's are rela- this form of attack. vVith the landing Reet offshore.
tively inexpensive and require little time to build, the landing detachments would be fairly secure from at
economy of the craft both in money and man-hours be- bv sea.
comes more evident. These light M.T.B's should be able . Once established on shore, the next step would be
to skim over the water at forty-five to fifty knots, bearing the enemy to extend his lines to a hir-sized har
one 2I-inch or two IS-inch torpedoes, several depth where he would find dockyard facilities and a favo
charges, and a few light guns. A modern destroyer road and railroad network. Given enough MT.B's.
leader costs eight million dollars and takes a year or could probably keep our defense craft from the adja
more to build; think how many of these stinging hornets water areas while he consolidated his position.
of the sea could be built for that much monev-and in 'v\lith the added suggestion that the reader keep
how much less time! • mind the fact that the use of M.T.B's for landing \\.
For the enemy who attempts a landing on our shores permit the enemy transports, tenders and warcraft
Reets of these speedy craft might be of incalculable as- keep farther offshore than would be possible in pr
sistance. vVith their great speed and light draft, they ous conceptions of landing operations, we leave the
could evade our defenses long enough to land de- ject of the use of the boats by the enemy and tu
termined troops in positions where they might be a seri- their uses in defense.
ous threat to coast defense installations-they would be Right now our country is putting forth every po
the parachute troops of the sea. \Vhile whole Heets of ounce of effort to build up our defenses. No matter
MT.B's were landing troops on our shores, other Reets fast we are able to gear industry and our defense fo
of these well-armed craft could be playing havoc with we will never have a Reet sufficient to take care of
our net tenders, mine lavers and other harbor defense contingency. Every fighting ship of major type that
boats-even to the extent of sinking warships and mer- be released from coast defense duties strengthens
chant ships at anchor in our harbors. Reet twice over-a ship is added to the Reet, and
Mines and nets will probably not be a serious deter- placement will be saved if a ship assigned to coast
rent to these Reets of IVI.T.B's. Their draft is too shallow fenses should be sunk.
for them to contact ordinary mines. By installing a One division of five M.T.B's will release a patrol
small fin or projecting arm in front of the rudder and sel of some other type such as a destroyer or subm
propellers, they would skip over nets with the greatest used normally for coast defense. Almost every
of ease. In the interest of speed the fins might be re- mine planter ~nd net tender might carry one or :n
tracted within the hull, using much the same principle the smaller MT.B's; many of these craft might
as retractable landing gear in aircraft. Some additional one l\1I.T.B. of a larger type. The new large Reet
obstacle such as a Roating boom with spikes would have are capable of carrying one. \Vith this pick-a-bac
to be provided in order to stop them. rangement, harbor boats acquire formidable fig
An enemy force could carry large Reets of lvl.T.B's power, and the MT.B's range of operations is incr
both on deck and in the holds. They may be swung greatly.
19~1
l\10TOR TORPEDO BOATS IN COAST DEFENSE 53
In the defense of our larger sounds and harbors such the movement of the boats until they were placed in the
J' Chesapeake Bay, Puget Sound, Long Island Sound water. These highly mobile squadrons would be rein-
a~d Delaware Bay, the coast defense guns are hand i- forcements for local naval units, either MT.B. or other
pped when smoke is used or the weather is bad. types, having knowledge of the local situation and the
~nder these conditions, it is conceivable that the guns hydrography of the surrounding waters.
joht not cover all the shore line, all the mine fields, Small M.T.B's would not overlap standard railroad
~~d all the channels where an alert enemy might be cars more than a few inches, if at all, so there need be
tempted to plant a few mines. \Vith a Heet of l\1.T.B's no problem of routing the craft over the rails. As for un-
3' part of the local naval defense forces patrolling con- loading, a common railroad crane could do the job. To
~;antl\'. the range of the shore defenses would be ex- unload from an open trestle, the boats could be lifted
tendedso far to sea that even hit-and-run raids would be by a pair of overhead horses, the train moved to a po-
tOOcostlv for the enemy to attempt more than once. By sition which would bring the crane to the suspended
operating a screen of these light craft out to sea, harbor boat, the boat lowered, and the operation repeated until
mine and net tenders could retire to the protection of all boats were in the water. In emergencies, or where no
~horebatteries if attacked. crane or trestle would be available, the boats could be
With their tractor- and truck-drawn guns, as well as skidded overside in their cradles, designed so they would
the railroad mounts, the mobility of the Coast Artillery slide on inclined timbers.
Corps has become one of its most valuable features. These railroad squadrons could be moved with the
This idea of land mobilitv could be used bv the 1\lI.T.B. speed of our fastest passenger trains. A few da)'s would
slju~dronsas well. - . be sufficient to concentrate in Florida everv small M.
The plan would be relatively simple. Squadrons of 1'.13. stationed on the East coast. There, f~r example.
the smaller l\'J.T.B's would be loaded on railroad trains, thev could be used bv the Naw to make the \Vest
usino as man\' flatcars as necessarv to accommodate the Inclies a most uncomfo'rtable spot 'for an enem)'.
sljua~lron,pl~s a shop car, spare~parts car, dining and T ruck and trailer units, of which the United States
galleycar, office and radio car, crane, and the required has thousands, if not tens of thousands, could transport
fuel tankers. The Army would layout operating routes the small M.T.B's where railroads were lacking or in-
.me!communications procedure, being responsible for operable .

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54 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL la/wary-Fein

Supply for the ~l.TB. squadrons would be a small range of the guns, and harassed all the way in un
problem. No extensive shore establishments would be comes within the range of the coastal batteries. \\
necessarv. proper coordination, naval ~l.TB's and the Coast A.:
, Divisions could reprovision at neiuhborhood
0
grocery stores, and refuel (with the aid of metal drums) lery Corps working together can provide a much tig
at the nearest corner fillinu station. defense than has been the case in the past. ~
I:>

Intelligence, communications, and related functions The torpedo, the M.T.B's primary armament ..
could be handled the more easily with the assistance of weapon deadly to any ship. \Vhile a direct hit bl'
local boatmen, who know their ~wn waters and how to aerial bomb may not incapacitate a ship, few ships I
put that knowledge to the best use. j\ \y opinion of our able to withstand the effect of a well-placed to
coastal boat operators is rather high, after several vears \\lorking in waves, with the proper use of smoke
experience with them. These men's ideas on the" em- concealment, a squadron of M.T.B's should be abl
ployment of M.TB's should not be dismissed too destroy almost any ship.
lightly. Their knowledge of channels and currents The mobility of the motor torpedo boat, both
would be invaluable. Many of the operators of fishing tegical and tactical, makes this type of craft a valua
boats and other coastal craft have installed radiotele- adjunct to both attack and defense in shore operati
phone communication-with instruction in military in- The United States, and more particularly the
telligence and proper organization they could be ~sed Artillery Corps, is interested in coast defense. \\ \
as an efficient scoutinuo force while enuaued in their swarms of these cheap, fast, mobile boats to extend t 1
00
range and increase their fire power, the harbor defe
normal everyday occupations.
units will be far more formidable than ever before.
Just as one example from thousands of possibilities, a
releasing to the navy larger units, such as destroyers.
fishing boat may observe a strange ship. Remaining at a
fleet will be strengthened greatly.
safe distance, it might radio its information to the M.T
The time to prepare for adequate defense is 11
B. base, where one of the fast boats would be ordered to
Let's get into production on both types of MT.B's-
investigate. If the M.TB. should come to urief bv action
45-foot boats for railroad and truck squadrons, and
of the strange ship, another radio messag~ woufd brinu
larger 75-footers also. Let's organize our coastal boat
a division or more of the speedy little stingers. N~
to enable them to assist the M.TB's. National defen~
commander of a surface ship wants to meet a squadron
an expensive proposition at best-but in my opin
of deadly little M.T.B's an~1ed with torpedoes-espe- M.T.B's will ouiveus biuo results with relatively. s
cially in restricted waters where his maneuverabilitv is
outlay.
hampered ..
M.~.B's ca~ aid coast defense batteries materially by EDITOR'S NOTE: M.T.8's were in use during World War I; I
they form a part of nearly every navy. There are no available rep
extendmg theIr range. An enemy fleet could be brought which indicate the extensive use of these boats in coast defen.
under torpedo fire much farther out than the maximum World War II.
 Universal Bracketing Fire Adjustment Chart
By Captain Oswald H. Milmore, Coast Artillery Corps
The desirability of graphic solutions of artillery prob- the chart, and to determine the correction by measuring
.;is ob,'ious. In the ,'ast majority of cases the use of the distance to this point from a normal line. This in-
,,;ts increases the speed of solution of gunnery prob- troduces two more movements after the completion of
1Sand reduces the probabilities of error in compu- the sensing line to determine the correction when the
ion.
chart is employed alone. However, when the chart is
The Uni,'ersal Bracketing Fire Adjustment Chart, applied to a percentage corrector or to a range correction
.;cribedin this article, has the advantages of ease of ruler the same total number of operations are involved
nstfUctionand simplicity of operation. as in the existing methods, since the operation of read-
ing a numerical value of the correction on the chart and
PURPOSE
the application of this to the corrector are eliminated;
This chart is designed for use in artillery fire adJust- in this case the correction is applied by moving the
ent employing the bracketing method and will incli- slide through a distance corresponding to the distance
te graphically the correction which should be applied from the normal line to the reference point, no other
th~ ranae after anv combination of overs and shorts measurement of the distance being required.
vc been"observed during fire for effect. This particu- The chart is based upon the true normal curve of er-
chart gives corrections in terms of percentage of ror and will, therefore, vielel corrections which differ
1ge. but it may be adapted to yield corrections in somewhat from correctio~s determined by the approxi-
I~S of vards of range or of angular units of elevation, mate formula commonly used.! \Vhile the use of the ap-
desired. proximate formula is justified when numerous calcula-
The value of the probable error varies with range, al- tions must be made in the field (as was the case when
ough when expressed as per cent of range it is fairly a separate over-short adjustment chart had to be pre-
mtant within certain limits, extreme and very low pared for each value of the probable error, or in the ad-
noes being bevond these limits. Therefore the se-
t) ~, justment of precision fire in the Field Artillery, wherein
tion of a single value of the probable error in the con- no charts are used) it was felt that more exact mathe-
uction of bracketing fire adjustment charts and the matical relationships should be employed in the con-
e of such charts is justified only when corrections are struction of a universal chart. The chart may, of course,
pressed as a percentage of the range and the range be modified to give corrections based upon the approxi-
within such limits. \\Then the range is outside of these mate formula. D
ESCRIPTION
its and, regardless of the range, when the corrections
e expressed in other terms, cognizance must be taken The most probable value of the deviation of the
the variation in the magnitude of the probable error, center of impact from the target for any combination
that it would be necessary to provide a large number of numbers of overs and shorts may be determined from
alternate charts based on such diverse values of the the normal curve of error and from a knowledge of the
bable error unless a single chart is available which value of the probable error. For example, when eight
II yield corrections for any value of the probable er- shots are considered, seven of which are over and one of
r. which is short, the probable proportion of shots which
The chart is universal in that the same chart may be would fall between the target and the center of im-
'd for any value of the probable error and is, there- pact is 7-1 = 0.375. The probable proportion of
re, of particular value for rapid fire batteries because 16
obvi~testhe need for preparing a number of alternate shots, both over and short, which will fall within this
e adjustment charts. A further feature of the chart is distance of the center of impact is twice this number,
at it is constructed on a loaarithmic scale so that it i.e., 0.75. From the table of probability factors the factor
y be used if desired in con~ection with the percent- corresponding to this probability is found to be 1.706,
, correctoror with the ranae correction ruler to set the this being the most probable deviation in terms of prob-
de.sto their proper positioons.This is done simply by able errors. The proper correction is, therefore, down
\'lng the slide for a distance and in a direction indi- 0.426 forks.'
cd ~n the chart without the necessity of reading the
men.calvalue of the correction on the chart. The op-
'The approximate formula gives the correction as: Correction =
(0-5)
nunay for error in reading and applying corrections 2 (0 + 5) x F, where 0 and 5 are the number of shots observed to

thereby reduced. fall over and short of the target, respectively, and F is the value of
one fork (four probable errors) in yards of range, or per cent of
The chart is used in a manner similar to that of the range, or elevation, the correction and F being in the same units.
esent type of bracketing adjustment chart, except that "By the approximate formula the correction for this combination
of overs and shorts is given as down 0.375. Corrections determined
~orrection is not indicated continuously while the by the tables of probability are slightly smaller than those determined
s~ngsare being traced. After the completion of the by the approximate formula for corrections smaller than 0.25 fork;
are the same for corrections of 0.25 fork; and are considerably greater
Singline it is necessary to locate a reference point on for corrections above 0.25 fork.
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 A UNIVERSAL BRACKETING FIRE ADJUST~IENT CHART 57
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J n thismanner the corrections in terms of forks based on the reference line.) The horizontal distance from the
~ each combination of overs and shorts from I to 12 normal line to the reference point indicates the proper
~ calculated. correction in units as indicated on the logarithmic scales
~ r each of the corrections thus determined a number at the top and bottom of the chart.
J rrections in terms of per cent of range were calcu- For convenience in reading the correction it is desir-
j for various values of the probable error, likewise
~
-1 ressedin percentages. The logarithms of the ratios of
erted to uncorrected ranges (based on the up and
able to provide a rigid scale graduated like the loga-
rithmic scale shown, and to place the scale on the refer-
ence line with the 300 mark at the normal line. Such a

1
1
m percentage c~rrections thus obtai~ed) were p~ot-
3S abscissae, honzontally from a vertIcal nom1al hne
aring near the middle of the chart, against values
1 the probable error as ordinates, using a scale of I
scale can be provided conveniently by cutting the
lower horizontal logarithmic scale from the chart and
mounting it on a rule. It should be noted that the
logarithmic scale is not symmetrical about the 300 mark
h = 0.005 logarithmic units, this being the scale so that care must be taken not to invert it.
ullonlv used in the percentage correctors. Points The chart may be used in conjunction with the range
up~n the same correction in terms of forks were percentage corrector without reading the magnitude of
cd bv curves. Certain of these curves appear on the the correction by drawing the sensing line and locating
i,hcd' chart radiating from a point on the normal the reference point as described above but, instead of
e; others were omitted to avoid overcrowding. The measuring the distance, moving the read pointer
curves making the greatest angles with the normal through a distance equal to the distance. Thus, the
e correspond to up and down corrections of one form, chart is positioned so that the normal line coincides with
pecti\'e!y,and are applicable when all shots are ob- the fiducial edge. of the read pointer, and the latter is
.ed in the same sense. moved to the reference point.
,\ grid indicating the number of overs and shorts It may, with certain correctors, be convenient to
essary to yield a particular correction in terms of mount the chart on the corrector on the platform pro-
k, was then superimposed on the curves, so that the vided for the interpolator. In this case it is mounted
rrsections of grid lines fell on the proper curves. A with the top of the chart towards the range elevation
'arithmic scale indicating percentage corrections and tape so as to cause the logarithmic scale to be parallel to
ring 300 as normal appears at the top of the chart and the ballistic correction scale, the graduations of the two
repeated at the bottom. It is graduated so that one scales being in correspondence. It will be necessary to
Ie unit greated or less than 300 corresponds to a cor- modify the use of the corrector by using the adjustment
tion of 0.1% of range up or down, respectively. correction scale for setting ballistic corrections as well
ales indicating the probable error appear at the sides as corrections based on trial fire, and to move the carrier
till' chart. to incorporate adjustment corrections. For this purpose
OPERATION the short "ballistic pointer" should be replaced by a
\ horizontal reference line is drawn on the chart at longer pointer reaching over the chart. This long
e b.c\ of the probable error for the particular arma- pointer will hereafter be referred to as the "adjustment
ent and range, as indicated by the vertical scales at the pointer."
des of the chart. During fire sensings are marked on \Vhen fire for effect is begun the carrier wiII be po-
e chart in the usual manner with a heavy or colored sitioned so that the fiducial edge of the adjustment
>nci!.starting from the point of convergence of the pointer lies over the normal line of the chart. The refer-
rn's at the top of the chart. Thus, when a shot is ence point is located as described above and the carrier
w, a sensino line is drawn alono the orid line down-
000 is then moved until the edge of the adjustment pointer
~ard and towards the left one division' when a shot is lies over the reference point. The proper correction is
10rt, the sensing line is extended do~vnward and to- thereby set into the instrument,
~ards the right one division; and when a shot is re- For ;djustment corrections based on subsequent shots
;lOnedas a hit the sensing line is drawn downward to two possibilities are presented. The adjustment correc-
>henext grid intersection, since a hit is counted both as tion determined for the first series of shots may be in-
In O\'erand as a short. To determine the correction to corporated into the ballistic correction and the carrier
x: applied the location of the end of the sensing line may then be brought back to normal; subsequent shots
~Ith respect to the curves is noted and the curve pass- may then be plotted on the same chart (beginning
ng through the end of the sensing line is followed up again from the top) using a pencil of a different color, or
I r down to the horizontal reference line previously
on a new chart similarly mounted. Alternately, a chart
;awn; a reference point is marked at the intersection may be mounted on the board in a new position, se-
I the curve with the reference line. (\Vhen the end lected so that the normal line falls under the fiducial
,f the sensing line falls between two curves an inter- edge of the adjustment pointer in its position resulting
lOlatedreference point is visually located and marked from a prior adjustment correction.
58 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOlIRNAL ] Ill//Illry- Febr

III11II11I11II11I11IWIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII11I111I111I11I11I1

The United States ?1ews and Comment

Coast Artillery III111111ll1ll111ll1ll1ll11ll1ll1ll11ll!!1II111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111I1!IIIII!lIIIIIIIIIIIIIllmlllllllllllllllllllllll

Association JOURNAL
\Vith the resurgence of interest in national def(
Circulation Grows

the circulation curve in the editor's office gets ste(

Greater circulation means more income, more inc
means larger payments to authors, and larger paym
to our authors means more and better articles ..
The purpose of the Association shall be to promote improvement will, we hope, result in still greater c
the efficiency of the Coast Artillery Corps by main- lation and the start of the same cycle all over agai
taining its standards and traditions, by disseminating Keep us informed of your changes of address-
professional knowledge, by inspiring greater effort to- won't want to miss The JOURNAL,now of all times.
wards the improvement of materiel and methods of
training and by fostering mutual understanding, re-
Incidentallv, if vou have an article you would
spect and cooperation among all arms, branches and to ooet off •vo~/r ch~st, send it along.
~ The JOURN
components of the Regular Army, National Guard, alwavs on the lookout for new articles and new aull
Organized Reserves, and Reserve Officers' Training
Corps. i' i' i'

Holly Ridge, North Carolina

OFFICERS
A large new antiaircraft training center, which
MAJOR GENERAL J. A. GREEN been designated Camp Davis, is being constructe(
PRESIDENT
Holly Ridge, North Carolina, approximately tn
BRIGADIER GENERAL WILLIAM OITMANN miles north of \Vilmington.
. VICE-PRESIDENT Eight semi-mobile antiaircraft regiments are to
COLONEL CHARLES THOMAS-STAHLE activated there on 1\pril I, 1941. These will be de
SECRETARY-TREASURER
nated the 93d, 94th, 95th, 96th, 97th, 98th, 99th.
100th. The 99th and 100th will be activated \1
ADDITIONAL 1.1E1.1BERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL colored enlisted personnel.
BRIGADIER GENERAL F. S. CLARK Cadres for the new regiments arc now being trai
COLONEL C. S. GLEI1.1 in existing regiments, as follows:
COLONEL C. C. CURTIS
COLONEL E. A. EVANS
for the 93d c.A. (1\1\) by the 69th c.t\. 0
LIEUTENAi':T COI.oi':EL S. R. M1CKEI.SEi':
for the 94th c.A. (1\1\) by the 63d C.A. 0
for the 95th c.A. (1\1\) bv the 63c1 c.A. 0
LII:UTENAi':T COLO;\;EI. A. V. WI;\;TON
LIEUTENAi':T COLOi':EL C. I. CLARK
for the 96th c.A. (1\1\) b~' the 63c1 c.t\. 0
for the 97th C.A. (1\1\) b)' the 70th c.A. C~
for the 98th c.A. (1\1\) bv the 65th c.t\. (.\
76th C.t\. C-\
The Coast A rtiJJery JournaJ for
for
the
the
99th c.A.
IOOth c.A.
(1\1\)
(1\A)
b~ the
by the 77th c.t\. (A
COLONEL CHARLES THO~IAS-STAHLE, Editor
CAPTAIN ARTHUR SYMONS, Associate Editor These cadres will be transferred to Camp Da
The JOURNAL prints articles on subjects of
about February 15, 1941, and it is anticipated'
professional and general interest to officers of all selectees to complete the new regiments will be rece
the components of the Coast Artillery Corps in about March 15, 1941. Cadre personnel for the ~
order to stimulate thought and provoke discussion.
However, opinions expressed and conclusions drawn cal headquarters of the new station is being train~
in articles are in no sense official. They do not re- the 63d c.A. (AA), the 65th c.t\. (AA), and the
flect the opinions or conclusions of the Chief of
Coast Artillery or any other official or branch of c.A. (AA).
the War Department.
Colonel James B. Crawford, Coast Artillery
The JOURNAL does not carry paid advertising. has been designated as Executive Officer and Lieu
The JOURNAL pays for original articles upon
publication. Manuscripts should be addressed to ant Colonel S. L. McCroskev as Plans and Trai
the Editor. The JOURNAL is not responsible for Officer of the new training ce'nter. These officers
manuscripts unaccompanied by return postage.
arrived at Camp Davis following a period of tern
duty in the office of the Chief of Coast Artillery.
 NE\VS AND COi\Ii\IENT v 59
Individual Trophy \Vinners British A.A. Gunners
nouncement of the names of the winners of the Up to 10th November a seventh of the German
'idual Trophy Awards has been delayed due to the raiders destroved since the air attacks on Great Britain
umber of changes in the status of the Reserve began have b~en shot down by anti-aircraft guns. Dur-
: and Unit Instructors concerned. \\lith Unit ing the thirteen weeks previous to this date the gunners
UClOrsand regimental field officers not immediately destroved three hundred and fifty-seven bombers and
able. in some cases it was difficult to select. the fighte;s. In one week during A~gust they accounted
in or lieutenant who was most deserving of the for sixty-four-fifty bombers and fourteen fighters-an
average of nine a day.
s:lber is awarded to the Heserve captain or lieu- For some months after war was declared the crews
t in each corps area who has done most to pro- spent most of their time polishing their guns, practised
lhe training and esprit of the Coast Artillery regi- "shooting down" patrolling Spitfires and Hurricanes,
in lhe corps area that attains the highest rating in and impatiently awaiting the Nazi onslaught. \Vhen
xlcnsion school competition. the onslaught came they showed how effective their
re is a brief outline of the rules for the award: previous training had been.
The regiment's average Coast Artillery Heserve As the German Air Force has changed its tactics, so
r strength on the last day of December and June the gunners have quickly learned to deal with the new
be thirty or over. menace. Fast, high-flying l\tlesserschmitts have been
The number of Coast Artillery Heserve officers in shot down as well as the slower and lower flying
egiment who have earned twenty-five hours or Heinkels and Dorniers. On one occasion Dover gunners
;f credit while members of the regiment as evi- shot down a l\llesserschmitt 109 fighter which was just a
d b)' completed subcourse certificates or satisfac- white speck in the sky five miles above them.
completed command and general staff lessons be- An analysis of anti-aircraft successes reveals that
Julv 1st and June 30th, is divided by the regi- bombers and fighters hm;e been destroyed in the ratio
31 st;ength as determined in paragraph a above of two to one. Between 8th August and 10th November
he result expressed as a percentage. one hundred and twelve fighters were shot down against
The regiment with the highest percentage re- one hundred and ninety-six bombers and forty-nine
the saber. doubtful types. These figures, however, do not tell the
full story of the damage inflicted on the German Air
The saber is then presented to the Coast Artil-
Force by anti-aircraft fire. There are the "winged"
Hescn'e officer of that regiment in the grade of
bombers that may just manage to limp home but crash
J lieutenant, first lieutenant, or captain who has
on landing. Some are probably beyond repair, while
most 10 promote the active duty and inactive status
others may be out of service for several weeks. Definite
'ng and the esprit of the regiment, during the year.
news of t1~efate of these aircraft can never be known to
This officer is selected by a committee composed our vigilant gunner crews.
field officersof the regiment and its Unit Instruc- Almost every day wreckage of a German aircraft is
washed ashore, and examination often proves that the
l' winning regiment in each corps area and the guns can claim the victim.
~selected by the committees are: Shooting down aircraft is not the sale task of the gun-
t Corps 1\rea-606th C.A (TO) First Licuten- ners. Their concentration of fire may be so deadly that
oland Everard Falls, Boston, Massachusetts. the Nazi airmen drop their bombs and run for home
and Corps Area-621st C.A (HD) Second Lieu- without reaching their objective. This happened on
~J. F. Nichols, \Vilmington, Delaware. 19th August, when a formation of seventy German
Irds Corps Area-503d C.A (AA) Second Lieu- bombers approached the Thames Estuary. Spitfire pilots
t William Shinn Greer, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. who were patrolling at the time reported that the anti-
rth Corps Area-925th C.A (AA) Captain Alex- aircraft barrag~ was so terrific that the whole enemy
. James i\ I. \Vannamaker, Orangeburg, South formation turned and went back. It is also the task of
~na.
the gunners to keep the enemy bombers flying high and
h Corps 1\rea-535th C.A (AA) Captain Myron so make accurate bombing difficult. And the gunners
uer, Lebanon, Indiana. "point the way" to our fighter pilots, who, when they
th Corps Area-506th C.A (AA) Captain Carl see the puffs in the sky, are sometimes given their first
m Bernhard, Hales Corner, \Visconsin. clue of the enemy's location. Bursting shells also cause
enth Corps Area - 507th C.A (AA) Captain tight formations of bombers to break up and so make
d R. Johnson, vVyzata, Minnesota. them easier prey for the fighters.
h~h Corps Area-974th C.A (AA) Captain John There is no doubt that German airmen have learned
klan, Denver, Colorado. to respect our anti-aircraft defenses. Even when broad-
th Corps Area-509th C.A. (AA) Captain Glen casting Nazi pilots have openly admitted their dislike
Valker, Seattle, \Vashington. of our AA fire in general and of the London barrage in
60 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Jalllwry-Fehn
partdicular. This great barrage was first heard by of the Commanding Officer, Submarine Mine De
Lon oners on the night of 11th September. German although the students will be processed by the C
experts argued that such a tremendous concentration of Artillery School. '
fire must mean the weakening of our AA defenses else- The purpose of the course is to prepare officers
where. They imagined that the guns had been brought duty with submarine mine batteries.
to London at the expense of other towns and cities.
The experience of the past two months has discon- l' l' l'

certed them. Many of the German raiders destroyed by Rations in the German Army
AA fire since the London barrage first went up have
been shot down in other parts of the countr\'. They have Since the beginning of the war, the press has
crashed all round Enoland "from John' o'Gro'ats to quently mentioned the soy bean, chieHy in connect
Land's End." 0 with the German ration. Few of our readers will rea
The effect of London's nightly barrage has been to the extent to which Germany uses the soy bean and
force the rai?ers higher, to make them Hy faster, to turn extent of its im~ortan:e in wartime service of sup
them away from their targets. After a few hours on the It has become vHally lmportant to the Reich from
fi~st night the German bombers were Hying 6,000 feet point of view of food politics as well as from the mili
higher. Except when they hmre been helped by heavy point of view. The weakest point in German f
low clouds they have kept that height ever since. economy is the lack of animal food products, for
After the inauguration of the London barraoe the ample, meat, milk and eggs. The Germans have D
number of raiders who managed to get througl~ each this deficiency by the development of a soy bean &
night to central London became much smaller. They called "Edelsoja," which, because of its high proo
may set out with orders to bomb definite targets, but th~ content, 40-45%, as well as its fat and carbohrdr
network of steel Hung up against them forces them to content, can be used as a substitute for meat and' 0"
change their plans. They are now much more inclined animal products. This Hour is added to dishes such
to drop their bombs hurriedly and turn for home.- The soups, sauces, bread, pastry, and macaroni in sue
Fighting Forces-December, 1940. way that the Havor remains completely unchanged I
each individual receives the balanced daily ration
l' l' l'
protein, fat and mineral salts necessary for human n
New Mine Planters ishment, without receiving meat.
Six new mine planters are expected to be placed in Soy bean flour is neither a food substitute nor a n
cO~l11ission during the latter part of this year. Using ishment pill, but a new and highly valuable article
umBow steam propulsion instead of Diesel power, the food, the nutritive value of which has been attested
new vessels are expected to be much more maneuver- centuries by experience in the Ori~t. \Ve cannot
able. The Niles, newest of the present fleet of mine ford to laugh at German attempts to increase sov lX'l
cultivation. '
pla~ters, is a Diesel-powered ship. The heavy electrical
eqUipment used in conjunction with the Diesel enoines The military importance of the soy bean lies in its
~vill be o~itted in the new vessels, with a conseq~ent as an article of food as well as i~ the fact that
II1crease 111 maneuverability. chemicals are produced from it. Soy bean Hour
The increase in the nu~ber of warrant officers and other products are ideal foods for an army, and air
other crew ratings for the new ships, already provided they are considered as the iron ration of the Ge~
for by Congress, is welcome news for the mine planter army. These products are not only important as f
personnel, whose promotion has been slow heretofore. for men who perform manual labor, but they have
Examinations for promotions in the Mine Planter proved an excellent preventative .against rheumat
Service are in prospect shortly. An eligible list will and trench fever. \Vith a supply of soy bean rali
be prepared to fill the requirements of the new vessels. th.e German .Army can march into foreign coun
Without needmg to trouble about its subsistence.
l' l' l'
man papers, such as the Frallhfllrter Zeitullg,
Submarine Mine Courses often openly pointed out this fact. The German so
Beginning about February 1, 1940, the Coast Artil- can easily carry in his haversack a three day ratior
lery School will institute ten-week courses in Submarine soy beans, and reserves of this food can be supplied
.Mining, to be held at Fort Monroe. Two courses are short notice upon demand .
planned, with the decision for holding future courses )(- )(- )(-

reserved until a later date. Cans must be used very sparingly because of
Each course will have a capacity of twenty student shortness of the tin supply. After preliminary sl
officers, with preference given to students who are had been carried out, the Army administration was
graduates of electrical engineering courses, or who have to produce, within a very sho;t time, new foods \f
had eXp'erienc~ with automatic telephone equipment. could be packed in receptacles other than tin
Instruction wlll be conducted under the supervision These foods are suitable for military purposes froIU
~l NE\VS AND COi\Ir.lENT 61

'1Ipplr standpoint. Instead of tomato pulp in tins, there Concentrated foods play an important role in spe-
totOmato powder; canned cheese is replaced by pow- cialized rations-for example, rations for tank troops,
dere<!cheese, canned applesauce by apple powder, and fortress troops, mountain troops, and aviators. One of
iJm in tin pails by jam powder. the best examples of highly concentrated food is Pem-
The layman will undoubtedly understand that pow- mikan, originally used by the American Indian during
dere<!food not only facilitates packing, but it also im- long migrations. He prepared it from dried game and
proves the system ~f supply .. \Vhe~ cheese powder ~s cranberries. Following our own experiments and those
poured into a pall. and mIxed with cold. water, It of Nansen, the German Army developed Pellllllikall-
emeroes in a short tIme as a firm cheese whIch can be Lalldjaeger, which contains all the substances necessary
cut a~ well as Swiss or Tilsiter. The soldier receives for for building up the body, such as carbohydrates, pro-
dessert applesauce which was made by mixing apple tein, fat, and mineral salts. Pellllllikal/-Lalldjaeger con-
powder with cold '~'ate~ just before i.ssue. Easy solubil- tains the following:
ity means great savIng In transportatIon.
l\'leat, smoked, containing protein (beef and
pork);
... \Vhenever possible, raw vegetables or fresh Bacon, containing fat;
herbs are provided. In addition, pure Vitamin C has Soy bean Rour, containing protein, fat and carbo-
been de\'eloped and used in "V candies" as an anti- hydrates;
scorbutic acid. To assure a regulated apportionment, Dried fruits, containing carbohydrates;
:;0 mo. of anti-scorbutic acid is twice worked into can- \\They, containing minerals;
dies. ~alTies and the like, with dextrose, fat and whey. Tomato pulp, containing vitamins;
. Yeast, containing vitamins;
Green pepper, containing vitamins;
\ Vith the aid of new compression and refrigeration
Cranberries, containing vitamins;
methods, the Army administration, assisted by Army
Lezithin containing lipoid;
food experts, has produced tomato puree, tomato pulp,
and tomato powder from the German tomato. This FrallkfHrter Zeitll1lg, August 29, 1940.
was previously impossible because the variety of to-
mato raised in Germany during the short ripening
. period contained too high a water content. The tomato
and its products are tasty, nourishing, beneficial, rich
in vitamins, appetizing, and economical in that no
waste is involved in their preparation.
Dried vegetables, such as cabbage, carrots, and spin-
ach, compressed into brick form by means of hydraulic
presses, arc well known to all who have passed by a field
~ kitchen during this war. But the fact that sauerkraut,
dried and compressed into cubes, can now be sent to
the kitchens deserves special mention. Sauerkraut is a
vcry popular item of the Army ration.
The introduction of the American Birdseye refrigera-
tion methods in 1939 by the Army administration has
~ produced definite advantages in vitamin preservation,
especially in meats, fruits and vegetables. Not only is
a saving in tin accomplished by eliminating cans, but
food and vitamins can be kept for years frozen at 35° C
below zero. '
The immense amount of research work done by the
• chief of the Reich's Institute for Food Preservati~n is
of unusual importance in connection with the practical
transport of meat for the Army. Meat is packed already
roasted or cooked. Pork hocks and chops are packed in
corrugated cardboard boxes, the cartons are compressed
to double shoe-box size, and the contents are then frozen
THE KNOX MEDAL-Awarded by tbe Societ)' of tbe
(gradually. Under favorable transportation conditions,
SOl1S of tbe Ret'olutiol1 il1 tbe Commol1wealtb of Massa-
these products will stand journeys of five to six days, cbusetts, to tbe outstal1dil1g e111isted studel1t at tbe Coast
even in sunshine, and they can still be kept for years. Artiller)' Scbool. T be 1940 wil1l1er was Staff Sergeallt
In addition, a 400% saving in space is made. Josepb H. Valliere.
62 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
Trophy Runners-Up
In addition to the Knox Trophy award annou

Coast Artillery ment which is carried elsewhere in this issue, info

tion is now available concerning the batteries \\"
came in second and third in the competition.
Batten' C, 70th Coast Artillerv (AA), comma
Ring by Capt~in I-brian C. Parks, pla~ed second. This
tery, firing 3-inch antiaircraft guns, is located at
Stewart, Georgia.
In third place was Battery A, 6th Coast Artillen
Fort \\'infield Scott, California. l'vlajor E. Carl E'
hart commands this batten', which fired 6-inch ha
defense guns in the comp~tition.

l' l'

Army Motor Traffic

A Highway Traffic Advisory Committee to the \
Department, composed of nationally prominent ciri
traffic experts, has been formed to give advice on IT
tary traffic movements.
The committee will advise the vVar Department
the best means to expedite the movement of troops
supplies on public roads, and to coordinate these m
ments so as to reduce to a minimum interference \
normal civilian traffic.-Army and Navy JOHrnal.

l' l' l'

The Coast Artillery Association
has approved this ring, but it may be ..
,;

worn by any Coast Artilleryman, ..

;: The German Corps of Officials
whether or not he is a member of il
the Association. The design, as ~ Officials play an important part in the activities of
shown in the illustration, has been Co
German Army by performing many of the duties
worked out with great care. The
other side is equally attractive, de- ..
C
0

c signed to commissioned officers in other armies. T

picting a fort and the shield of the
United States superimposed on a 1a are not full-fledged soldiers according to German I
conceptions, but they occupy, rather, a double posit
crossed saber and rifle above the ...
letters U.S.A. .0
As officials of the German Reich, they are subjer.
il
GOLD OVERLAY
c
transfer from one division of the civil govern men I
~
To keep the cost within reach of ~ another; hence, they may be serving one year in
all, the manufacturer has worked '0

out a plan whereby the outside of .8 l'vlinistry of Agriculture and in the next year in
0 ~
the ring is 10k. gold over a sterling :; Army or Navy.
silver inlay; in appearance this is ...
exactly like the solid gold ring and ~ vVhile serving with the armed forces, they are sub
E
will wear equally as well. ~
N
to general laws governing officials of the German R
in
10K Solid Gold SterlinG
and also to most of the laws and regulations for ofli.
Plain
Gold Overlay
$26.00 $17.00 $ 7.50
Silver
..
Ii
.,c and soldiers. They wear a uniform closely akin to
Rubv 30.00 20.00 12.50
Blue Sapphire .. 30.00 20.00 12.50 of a soldier while on duty with the Army, but their
Topaz 30.00 20.00 12.50
Ameth)'st 30.00 20.00 12.50 ~
'0
form is distinguished from that of the soldier by
Garnet ' 32.00 22.00 14.00
Green Tourmaline 30.00 20.00 12.50
'0
C dark green color of the epaulets and cuff distinguisr
Emerald 30.00 20.00 12.50 ~
~ marks.
Bloodstone 28.00 19.00 11.00
'0
Onyx 27.50 18.50 10.50 C
-; Civil officials serving with the Army fall into
The same design fllnlished in '0
:; general categories.
miniatllre for ladies.
PRICES ON ApPLICATION.
~
Co

is. a. Officials of higher classification;

,
~ (
'0 b. Officials of upper middle classification;
Order From .! i c. Officials of lower middle classification;
COAST ARTILLERY ~
:s -5 d. Officials of lower classification.
JOURNAL g -=
..~"
"" ~~ It is not possible for a German official to be pro
1115 Seventeenth Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C.
..
:e
'"r.
from one of these group classifications to an
\Vhen a German desires to enter upon a civil 0

..
 19-1 NE\VS AND COi\ Il\ lENT 63
C3rrer in the German gO\'ern~ent, he is classified in
one of these four groups accordmg to the general level
oE his education and the degree of excellence with
\I hich he has passed the required examinations.
\l('neral. all officials of the higher service have passed
In ANTIAIRCRAFT
~\aminations equivalent to those required for gradua-
tion from an American university.
:\mlY officials perform a variety of different tasks.
DEFENSE
The [\\:0 principal classifications into which their duties
fall are the technical engineering and the administra- A COMPLETE Manual,
tire.
The following are the principal divisions of the ad-
Profusely Illustrated
ministrative service;
lntendance CQl\IC)
Finance
i\ lilitary Architecture
1\ lilitarv Pharmacv
Archi\'~s .
Libraries
Psycholoov
• 0,
Sport Teaching
Chemistry
~\Iilitary Agricultural Service
1\ li]itarv 1\1 useums Service
i\lilitar)' Forestry
Am1Y Radio Reception Service
Remount Service
1\ lobilization Service
/\rmv 1\ lotion Picture Service
Arm)' Clothing Service
Judge Advocate General's Department
Army Chaplains' Corps
/\on)' Trade Schools

Branches in the engineering and technical classifica-

H EHE is the book the Heserve officer called
to active duty, the National Guard of-
ficer in Federal service, and the Regular of-
tions arc as follows; ficer have been looking for. It covers all anti-
General Technical Service aircraft materiel-and does it completely and
t\rtillcrv in a manner you can understand. Manning
Sound ;nd Flash Ranging Service tables, tables of organization, selection of po-
Fortress Engineer Service sitions, marches, combat orders, defense
1\ lotor Transport Service against chemical warfare, gunners examina-
Signal Service tions-literally everything is covered.
Gas Protection Service One antiaircraft officer has said, "\\lith
Pioneer Service ANTIAIRCRAFr DEFENSE, the lOR,
Topographical Service and a bedding roll, I'm ready for anything."
Ordnance Senrice Don't spend your time searching through
stacks of manuals and texts-buy ANTIAIR-
Ge.rman officials, while on duty with the Army, are CHAIT DEFENSE and own a one-book li-
?ot gIven military titles, but each position has a title of brary.
ItS OWn. Thus, the Chief Intendant of the German
Army has the title of Generalstabsintendmlt, while the Price $2.00 Order
Chi~f Intendant of the Corps Area has the title of Gen-
er~ll1ltendallt. All officials of the higher and upper- ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE
mIddle classifications have social position equal to that from
of an officer within the Armv while those of the lower-
THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
middle and lower classificati;ns are treated as noncom-
missioned officers.-Das Buell Vom Heer, Germany 1115 17th St., N.W'. W'ashington, D. C.
19~O.• '
 BOARD NOT
Any individual, wlletiJer or not he is a member of tIle service, is invited to submit constrllctive
suggestions relating to problems under study by tIle Coast Artillery Board, or to present (Ill)' new
problems tlwt properly may be considered by the Board. Communications should be addressed to tIle
President, Coast Artillery Board, Fort Monroe, Virginia.

THE COAST ARTILLERY BOARD

COLONEL VVILLIAl\1S. BOWEN, GAG, Presidellt
LT. COLONEL FRANKLIN E. EDGECOl\1B,GA.C. CAPTAIN CHARLES E. SHEPHERD, C.A.C.
LT. COLONEL ELLSWORTH YOUNG, C.AG CAPTAIN DONALD H. Sl\IITH. C.AC.
LT. COLONEL \VILLlAl\I F. GERHARDT, Ordnance Department CAPTAIN \VILLIS A PERRY, GAG
i\/lAJOR ROBERT \\1. CmCHLOW, JR.• C.AC. CAPTAIN l\hCHAEL M. IRVINE. GAG
MAJOR ROBERT H. KREUTER, C.A.C. CAPTAIN JAMES NESl\IITH, GAG
CAPTAIN JAl\IES E. l\lcGRAW, C.AG SECONDLIEUTENANT VVALTERV. JOHNSON, C.A

Revision of TM 2160-35, Coast Artillery Target use of this scale eliminates the need for an auxil'
Practice. The Coast Artillery Board has completed and tangent scale. Also a new work sheet for determ'
Forwarded to the Chief of Coast Artillerv a draft of tion of range deviations has been included for'
Technicall\i\anual 4-235, Coast Artillery Target Prac- when the deviations are reported as angular val
tice. This manual is a revision of TM 2160-35, Coast Care should be taken that the new work sheets
II
Artillery Target Practice. Major changes included in used only when deviations are reported in accorda I:
the revision are stated below. with the new film scale.
fl. General. (4) Table 1. This table has been revised
(I) Officials for target practice are required to be brought up to date.
detailed from other regiments unless this is mani- c. Submarine mines, test phase. The instructions
festly impracticable. the test phase of a submarine mine practice have
(2) Instructions for classification of organizations revised to require the planting and maintenance c
have been changed to conform to Circular 77, \VD, two complete groups instead of only one.
1939; that is, classification will be made by army and d. Antiaircraft guns. Under current instructi
department commanders instead of by the \Var De- one record practice is fired without trial fire on the
partment. of practice. Another requirement has been added to. (
b. Seacoast artillerv. effect that no adjustment of fire will be permitted d
(I) Settling sl;ot5. A subparagraph has been ing this practice. This does not prohibit the applicat' I
added to clarify the instructions relative to the firing prior to the beginning of a course, of corrections b
of "settling shots." Subject to the approval of the on observation of preceding courses. It is believed t
district or brigade commander, mobile batteries are this is a service condition and wiII serve to impress
authorized to fire one round per gun of the target battery commanders the importance of preparation
practice allowance as "settling shots" when occupy- fire.
ing positions from which no firing has been con- e. Antiaircraft automatic weapons.
ducted. (I) The requirement that on at least one co
(2) Time 01lt for changing zones. Mortar bat- of each practice the average slant range will be "N
teries are to be authorized a time out of not to ex- than 500 yards" has been changed to read "less t
ceed 2K for changing zones. The added time is ex- 700 yards." Safety requirements restrict the m
pected to provide greater latitute in directing the mum altitude of the target to 300 yards. The mX
movements of the tug. mum elevation of the M-2 mount is 68lh deg~
(3) Film scale. The matter formerly appearing in These two conditions make it desirable to increase
TR 435-56, Schloming Film and Tangent Scale has maximum limit prescribed for average slant range
been revised and included in the new publication. (2) For additional assignment practices, the.
A new film scale which provides for the measurement quirement that "slant range wiII be less than
of deviations directly in angular values has been pre- yards when fire is opened on each course" has be
pared for the issue by the Coast Artillery Board. The modified by adding "except on incoming courses
 COAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES 65
9~1
.. - on minimum altitude and maximum elevation
L~m . J\ lateriel,"since it is contemplated that, wherever the
of the machine gun mounts make this change de- site permits, 12-inch or 16-inch guns mounted on bar-
,irable. bette carriages may be fired by Case II methods:
- ~) For those practices in which the central con- On page 70, the last sentence in subparagraph 31 c
(quipment 1\1-1 is used, a tabular and graphical (4) and page 74, the last sentence in subparagraph 31
lroal~sis are required. New fom1s AA-19 and AA-20 d (5), each be amended to read:
~~\'~ been prepared for this purpose. The analysis "A sight is provided for Case II fire except for those
,hows the leads actually used and the leads which batteries so sited as to preclude that method of fir-
~hould have been ~sed. The analysis i.s designed to ing."
coO\'ey a picture of the performan~e of the fire con- Telescope mounts and sights are provided for all
lrol section on each course and pomt out to battery batteries of this type except those so sited as to preclude
commanders errors to be corrected by further train- the use of Case II fire in any important part of the
ino. field of fire.
t. ~i\ntiaircraft searchlights ... f f f
(I) The requirement that searchlight practices
be conducted from war positions has been added. Use of Lewis Charts. It is contemplated in the next re-
(2) The size of the defensive sector has been vision of FM 4-110 to delete all reference to the use of
Lewis Charts for the solution of triangles in view of the
chanoed so as to vary with the number of lights
fact that these problems may be solved with the Crichlow
cmpl~yed, a 360-degree defense bein~ provided when
Slide Rule. Formulre and instructions for the solution of
fifteen or more searchlights are available. triangulation problems are printed on the slide rule, and
(3) Each searchlight battery is required to con- all trial shot and calibration problems may be solved by
duct three record service practices annually instead using the reverse side of this rule. For these reasons the
of one practice per platoon as prescribed in TM necessity of using several Lewis Charts, especially under
2160-35. adverse weather conditions, is eliminated and the result is
f f f a simplification of the battery officer's field problems.
The Crichlow Slide Rule has been standardized for issue
Case II poilItilIg for seacoast gUllS. The Coast Artil- to antiaircraft organizations. Pending the issue of these
en' Board has recommended that the following changes rules they may be purchased from the Book Department,
be'made in T1\1 4-210, "Coast Artillery \Veapons and Coast Artillery School.

Deflection for Automatic Weapons

I. a. The section on fire adjustment appearing in Chap- the i\I-2 antiaircraft machine gun mount and that these
k'r 5 of Fi\ I 4-112 states, "The use of central control formulre are not strictly true for the rotary type of sight as
hluipment necessitates thinking of leads in terms of lateral used on the 37-mm. gun. The graphical analysis of the
lnd H'llit,i\ angles instead of distance along a target's difference in the construction of the two sighting systems
tuurse Jnd above or below that course. This requires a (Figure I) can be used to define an equation for the dif-
knowledge of lead characteristics. The adjusters at the ference in the deflections that should be computed for
tenlra] control box must have not only a thorough knowl- each type of sight.
~ge of how to estimate initial leads, but also a knowledge b. The tangent sight. In the tangent type of sight, the
pr how these leads change .... A study of the effects of lateral deflection is measured and laid off in a plane per-
lhe increased speed of service targets upon leads is the only pendicular to the vertical plane through the gun axis and
method of training at the present time for such targets." the future position of the target. This plane of lateral de-
b. The officer assigned to an automatic weapons battery flection also contains the axis of the gun. This is the plane
~houldbe thoroughly familiar with the deflections required GVS in Figure I-A.
for lhe many types of airplane courses presented as possible
c. The rotary sight. In the rotary type of sight, the
fire control problems. The computation and plotting of
lateral deflection is measured and laid off in a plane per-
deAectionsfor various types of courses is one of the best
pendicular to the vertical gun plane and passing through
methods of improving the knowledge and technical skill
the present position of the target. This is the plane GToW
of officerswho instruct the adjusters at the central control
in Figure I-B.
box.. In addition to providing a way to the basic under-
~llndll1g of why deflections vary for various types of d. Conversion of de~ections.
rourses,this type of "home work" also leads to a knowledge (I) The vertical deflection to be used with each type
of how and why various chanoes in basic data affect the of sight is the same.
deAections. 0
(2) Lateral defiection.
£. The following discussion is published with a view to
(a) With the tangent or machine gun type of
l'XF,te,nding
the subject matter appearing in Chapter 2 of
,v 4-112. VS.
sight: Tan bt = GS
2. Sighting systems.
t a. Subparagraph 28 c, FM 4-112 states that certain lroW.
ormul<ewere set up for the tangent type sight as used on ( b) In the rotary sight: Tan b 37 = G\V
66 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL J alllUlr)'-Feb
---
TlIQ

appearing in Figure II. The distance Toa equals S.tp s

Upand T pa equals Sgtp cos Up.•
a. Lateral de~ectiolls.
(1) Diagrams A and B of Figure II represent the lk,
zontal plot of a course.
. " _ Sgtp sin Up
S m VI - Ro
To convert this deflection angle in the horizontal p~
to the angle in the slant plane, this expression must

multiplied by cos Eo,but cos Eo= ~ .

.... • -1 Sgt" sin Up

•• V = sm Do
Another method of arriving at the same formula is
consider that the distance Sgtp sin Up does not chanoe
the plane in which true lateral deflection is mea;u
but the distance R, increases and is equal to Do.
A B present slant range.
17l1tGENT SIGHT (2) Also 1\, = Uo- u"
Figure I Sin b = sin (uo - u,,) cos Eo
(3) Numerous other relationships could be shown,
(c) Since ToW = VS, any solution, some element of present position
G\V (tan ()3J = GS (tan ()t) must be calculated. In order to obtain the time of Hi
GS
G\V = cos (a + ~.) and superelevation, the elements pertaining to the fu;
position of the target must be calculated. Due to
.'. tan 1\37 = tan I\t cos (a1 + ~.) (A) simplicity, equation (l) is preferred. A simple and
(3) The lateral lead is alwavs oreatest for the tanoent ficiently accurate method of determining Do is to
• b b

type of sight. This is true because the plane GVS is the D" using L as the abscissa and the values of ranoe as
reference plane for lateral leads. The rotary sight sets ordinates of a graph. Plot D" against L,,; read D~ ag ,
off the lateral lead either above or below the reference values of Lo. A vertical scale of one inch equals 100 va
plane. Formula (A) reduces the tangent of the rotary is sufficiently accurate to obtain deflections within ~
sight lateral lead by the cosine of the angle between the mil of the true value in the majority of cases. Lateral
plane GVS and the plane GToW. The cos (a +
~s) flections calculated by means of equation (l) are corr
term in the conversion factor is always positive regardless for all types of courses.
of the sign of (a + ~s). b. Vertical defiections.
(4) Since in the vast majority of courses the lateral (1) Constant altitude. Diagrams C and D of Fi~
deflection is increasing while the vertical deflection de- II represent the vertical projection in the plane of v
creases and after passing the midpoint the lateral deflec- cal deflection (through the gun and the future posi;
tion decreases and the vertical deflection increases (in of the target).
negative value), it is believed that a maximum value of S"t" cos u" sin E"
T an a1 =)
()t and (a + ~s) may be assumed as approximately 200
S
I p::t: I'tp cos Up COS Ep
mils. Under this assumption the difference in I\t and 1\37
Al Sin a, S"tp cos u"
would be four mils for tan 1\37 = tan 200 mils x (cos so Sin (180 - Ep) = Do cos b
200 mils = .19891 x .98079 = .19509 and 1\37 = 196
mils. •• 1 S"tll COS U" sin E"
a1 =sln D o cos V"
3. The Campbell formulre appearing on page 12 of FM
4-112 are correct for the tangent type sight and are within Equation (4) is favored for use in connection with e:
a few mils of being correct for the rotary type sight under tion (1) since Do is used as the element of present p
,extreme conditions. The use of these formula: is believed tion data in each equation. Equation (3) does notl
to have the following disadvantages: tain an element of present position data and if a sin:
a. Any error in the determination of future angular method of determining lateral deflection without
height results in an error of the same magnitude in the use of present position data could be found, equa
vertical deflection. (3) could be used to advantage. Equation (4) ha5
b. Proof of the derivation of the formula: is not simple. additional advantage when the Crichlow circular
c. The terms within the formula: are not subject to rule is used, in that the value for the sines of small an.
~raphical check. The only real way to check the compu- can be used. Values for tangents of angles below
tations is to recompute the deflections. mils are not printed on this rule and their incl
4. The deflection formulre appearing in subparagraph would further complicate the tangent scale.
"28 c, page 14, FM 4-112, can be derived from elements c. Vertical de~ctions-Diving targets. Diagrams f
shown in Figure II, A, B, C and D. The derivation of the and G of Figure II represent planes through the .
following formulre is a continuation of the analysis of this vertical plane of deHections. Applying the law of sint
group of expressions obtained from the elements of data the triangles in Diagrams F and H (approaching dh.e'
E COAST ARTILLERY BOARD NOTES 67

I
I
I
~ 39tp cos 0(1'
17; ~ ~
I Ep

'c"
D

Figure II
S.lp COS U From Diagram E, Figure II (receding dive),
--2
cos Y. 0" cos
~-
= f)

sin ]80-£"
u
+ Y. .
S In
+
S~tp cos Upsin (£11 y,.)
1 °1 = 0o cos u" cos Yv (6)

S.lp COS Up [sin 180 - (£1' - y,.)] = Do cos {)cos y,. sin 01 Equations (6) and (7) can be combined in the following
form:
Sin (J
,- S~tpcos up sin (£p - y ..)
_
(5) . _I Sj<tpCOS Up sin (£p :::t: Yv)
Of)cos 0 cos Yv ° 1
= sin
Do cos b cos y ..
(7)
68 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL J alillary-Fe
If tiH equals the altitude change during one second, tiHtp Line7 - tp (F (f)
equals the change in altitude between To and Tw Gamma Line8 - S!'tp
sub v (y ..) equals the angle of di,-e projected into the plane Line9 - Lo = Lp - Sgtp
of vertical deRection. Line10 - S~tpsin ap
~ tiHtp LineII -Do (Graph)
1an y,. = - ---- (8)
' -I Line 10
Sl'tp COS Up ..
Lme 12 - ~ = sm Line 11
Sl'tp COS Up
C as y .. = I . (9) Line 13 - tiHtp
ti -Itp/sm y.
Line 14 - Sl'tp cas ap
Substituting equation (9) in equation (7),
Line 13
. -I Sl'tp cas Upsin (lOp::!::y,.)
Line 15 - y .. = tan-I Line 14
0\ = sin 0 o cas b. S I'tpcas a •
l
"'Line 16 -
lOp::!::y,.
tiHtp/sin y,. Line 17 -
Sin (lOp::!::y,.). Line 14
. Sin (lOp::!::y,) tiHtp Line 18 -
Do cas ~
or 01 = sm-I . (10)
Do cas b sm y. Line 19 -
Cas y .. ' Line 18
5. Forms fo calculatiolls. • o'-I Line 17

a. For constant altitude courses, equations (l) and (4)

Lme 20 - 0\ = sm Line 19
can be used with a ruled form similar to that appearing on Line 21 - y)s (FIT)
page 13 of F~ I 4-112. The form is ruled in as many vertical Line 22 - VO (Line 21 ::!::Line 20)
columns as needed. The horizontal lines can be arranged Equation (l) can be combined with equation (l0) in
as follows: following form for calculation:
Line 1- Lp Line 1- Hp
Hill . L (I-Ip - Hill)
Line 2 - up = tan-I L L me2- p=-----
p tan y
Hill . _IRill
Line 3 - 1\. = -.-- Lme 3 -Up = tan L
sin Up
II
l-I Rill
Line 4 - lOp= tan- I
R p
Line 4 - Hp = -.--
Sin up
. H Hp
Lme5-0p= -.--=-- . - -I!-IP
sin Ep cas Ep L me ) - lOp= tan R
p
Line 6 - t,1- (FIT) . Hp Hp
Line 7 - Sl'tp Lme 6 -Op = -.-- =--
sin lOp cas lOp
Line 8 - Lo = L'I ::!::Sl'tp Line 7 - tp (FIT)
Line 9 - Sl'tp sin up
Line 8 - Sgtp
Line 10 - Do (Graph)
Line 9 - Lo = Lp - S!'tp
Line 9
Line II - b = sin-I Line 10 Line 10 -Sl'tp sin up
Line 11 - Do (Graph)
Line 12 - Sl'tll cas up Line 10
Line 13 - Sin Ep' Line 12 Line 12 - ~ = sin-I L'me II
Line 14 - Cos ~ • Do Line 13 - M-Itp
Line 13
Line 15 - 01 = sin-I Line 14 Line 14 - Sl'tl)cas up
I
Line 13
Line 16 - y)sCF IT) Line 15 - y .. = tan- Line 14
Line 17 -VO (Line 16::!:: Line 17)
"'Line16 - lOp::!::Y.
b. In calculating deRections for diving or climbing Line17 - Sin (Ep ::!::Y..) x Line 13
courses, equation (1) can be combined with equation (7) Line18 - Do cas b
and the following form used. The following assumed Line19 - Sin y. x Line 18
quantities should be shown at the top of the form as they Line 17
arc common to all points: Line 20 - 0\ = sin-\ Line 19
RlIllHill, y, tan y, S, Sl" and tiI-1.
Line 21 - y). (FIT)
Line 1- Hp
Line 22- VO (Line 21 ::!::Line 20)
. 2 L (Hp- Hili)
L me - p=----- 6. Mechanics of calclIwtion. The forms listed hare
tan y
devised for use with the Crichlow slide rule. If the
. Rill
Lme 3 - Up= tan-I e- cated multiplications and divisions are performed on
\' ordinary slide rule or on a calculating machine, it will
. Hill necessary frequently to refer to tables of natural fun
Lme 4 - HI' = -.--
sin Up in mils and the forms should be enlarged so as to p
. Hp
Lme 5 - lOp= tan-I R
p
*The sum of Ep and y. is used on the receding diving, or app
. HI' Rp ing climbing, leg of a course. The difference between Ep and
Lme6-0p= -.- =--
used on the approaching diving, or receding climbing, leg of a
sin lOp cos 101,
9~1 COr\ST AHTILLERY BOARD NOTES 69
. ntal columns for recording the value of these func- be rapidly calculated as it will be necessary to compute
n~o The use of a Crichlow circular slide rule is recom- only lines 7, 8, 9, 10 (use same Dp graph) and II. In the
nded. B\' following the directions printed on the face computation of vertical deflections for other speeds, multi-
f ~herule for the solution of right triangles, all computa- S..
. "can be completed, without reference to tables of ply line 12 by 50' Compute lines 14, 15 and 17. All the
~;;nometric functions, In performing calcu]ations of the elements of future position including tp and ~8 are not
<> Line 10, I]d "S" h changed by a change in the speed for which deflections
'pe: ~ = sin'l Line II 10 arm on t enumerator
are computed.
Scale E), set arm "L" on the denominator (Sca]e E). 7. Plottillg de~ectiolls. As a general rule, ten points will
ri!hout changing the angular displacement between the determine the trace of a curve representing the deflection
'0 arms. mo\'e "L" until "S" is on the index. Read the when plotted against Lo as shown on page 17 of FM 4-112.
~Iue of the angle under "L" on scale D. \Vhen using the Frequently it is convenient to separate the origin of the
richlo\\' rule to multiply a number by the sin or cas of ordinates sufficientlv so that the curve of lateral deflection
n anale, it must be remembered that the scales are can- will not cross the cu'rve of vertical deflection. 1\ Ianv officers
ruct:d for the reciprocals of these functions. The opera- prefer to use lead curves rather than a lead chart o{the type
'on of multip]ying 1,000 by the sin 800 mils is as follows: shown on page 19 of FM 4-112. One metpod of reducing
laid arm "S" on the index, set arm "L" on 800, Scale D. the number of sheets necessary is to plot [he lateral and
\'ithout changing the angular displacement between the vertical leads on separate sheets of graph paper. If each
n115,mo\'e "L" to I ,000. Read the product 707 under arm sheet is used to plot the curves for one altitude and speed,
S" on Scale E. If the Lp distances are selected symmetri- about six courses of varying Rill can be plotted. Another
all\' on each side of the midpoint, all of the elements of method is to plot curves of constant altitude and horizontal
he 'basic computation will be the same on each side of the range on each sheet, plotting curves for various speeds.
idpoinl. Lo and Do are the on~y terms entering into the Each individual will probably have his favored method of
.l\culation of the latera] deflectIons that have to be com- using the calcu]ated leads. \Vhatever method is used,
utet! for points on each side of the midpoint. In deter- some system of numbering or indexing the data should be
lining graphically Do, it is necessary to plot only the ap- adopted in order that a particular type of curve may be
)f(l.lchinalea
<> <>
as the curve will reverse at the midpoint and easilv located. No matter what svstem of calculation and
etrace itself. If deflections for a constant altitude course plotting is used, the author of ~ set of lead charts will
re computed for various Rill and H values and for one find that the work is well paid for by his increased knowl-
peed (50 yds/sec), the deflections for all other speeds may edge and ability in the automatic weapon field.

Callan Hall
 •
00
PORT TOWNSEND

8~SEATTLE
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3'T"ORIA "---l fop" LEWIS I/ ~

.VANCOUVER /' \

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CENTER
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A.A. TRAINING CENTER
MARCH FIELD

TORREY PINES
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HD OF SAN DIEGO AN 01 EGO /'

FORT ROSECRANS

o
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100
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200 , .
300 400 MILES
I

Location of Coast Artillery Troops

in Continental United States
 H. D OF" PoRTLAND I
I
FORT PREBLE ~

H.D.OF" PORTSMOUTH

I
FORT CONSTITUTION ~

F: LMOUTH
~~~~F" B~~~:ON
CAMP EOWAROS I
~
H. D. OF" NEW BEDFORD ~
FORT

H D OF"NARRAGANSETT
FORT ADAMS
RODMAN

BAY I
~

H D OF"LONG 15L~ND D ~
FORT H.G WRIGHT ~

CA"'P UPTON ~

H D OF" sOU-rnERN N y. ~
FORT HAMILTON ~

H D OF" SANDY HOOK ~

FORT H.ANCOCK ~

H D. OF" THE DELAWARE ~

FORT DUPONT ~

He THIRD CA.D ~
C.A ScHOOL ~
C A.BoARD ~
SM. DEPOT ~
H D ~;HESAPEAK£: ~

CAMP
FORT MONROE

PENDLETON I
~

A.A. TRAINING CENTER

HOLLY RIDGE

H D OF" CHARLESTON
FORT MOULTRIE (\

C'
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o

HOOF" KEY WEST

KEY WEST BARRACKS

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d I
 -
(;\
COAST ARTILLERY I
I

ACTIVITIES
OFFICE OF CHIEF OF COAST ARTILLERY
Chief of Coast Artillery
MAJOR GENERAL JOSEPH A. GREEN

ExeCfltive
COLONEL K. T. BLOOD

Persollnel Organization and Training

LIEUTENANT COLONEL F. E. El\IERY, JR. LIEUTENANT COLONEL H. N. HERRICK

Materiel
MAJOR R. E. STARR
J\lAJOR J. E. HARRIMAN
J\lA]OR F. R. CHAl\IBERLAIN, JR.
MAJOR C. N. BRANHAM
MAJOR \\1. I-I. J. DUNHAM
MAJOR C. VAN R. SCHUYLER Finance
MAJOH F. B. KANE LIEUTENANT COLONEL J. T. LEWIS
SECOND LIEUTENANT D. B. SELDEN LIEUTENANT COLONEL L. \\1. JEFFEHSO~

Plans and Projects Coast Artillery Journal

COLONEL A. G. STRONG COLONEL C. THOMAS-STAHLE
LIEUTENANT COLONEL C. E. COTrER CAPTAIN A. SYMONS
LIEUTENANT COLONEL J. T. DE CAMP
LIEUTENANT COLONEL L. L. DAVIS

***************************
Fort Monroe
MAJOR GENEHAL FHEDERIC I-I. Sl\lITH, Commanding Third Coast Artillery District
BRIGADIEH GENERAL FRANK S. CLARK BRIGADIER GENEHAL BOLLIN L. TILTON
Commandant, Coast Artillery School Commanding General, Harbor Defenses of Clwsapeake '
COLONEL \VILLL\M S. BOWEN and Fort Monroe
President, Coast Artillery Board COLONEL MALCOLM \V. FORCE
Commanding 244th Coast Artillery
LIEUTENANT COLONEL FRANCIS B. CHRISTIAN
COLONEL REGINALD B. COCROFT
Commanding 2d Coast Artillery
Commanding Virginia Beach State Camp
COLONEL DELMAH S. LENZNER
LIEUTENANT COLONEL DALE D. HINMAN
Commanding Submarine lvline Depot
Commanding 7Ist Coast Artillery (AA)
LIEUTENANT COLONEL l'VlANNING M. KIMMEL, JR.
COLONEL CHARLES C. CURTIS
Commanding 57th Coast Artillery (TD) Commanding 213th Coast Artillery
COLONEL SAMUEL F. HAWKINS COLONEL ALONZO E. WOOD
Commanding 74th Coast Artillery (AA) Commanding 246th Coast Artillery

By Major Franklin \V. Reese and Lieutenant George H. Burgess

Brigadier General Rollin L. Tilton, U.S.A. who as- elude Fort l\llonroe, Fort VV001, Fort Story and ()l
sumed command of the Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Pendleton at Virginia Beach. Fort Monroe is at pr~
Bay and Fort Monroe November 8, 1940, was welcomed garrisoned by the 2d Coast Artillery (HD), the'
to the post by a brigade review. General Tilton's last Coast Artillery (TD), the 74th Coast Artillery (.\
assignment was as Harbor Defense Commander of San and the 246th Coast Artillery (HD).
Francisco Bay, with headquarters at Fort vVinfield Rapid expansion of all the units of the Harbor
Scott. fenses is in full swing at Fort Monroe and the
The Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay now rn- parts of the Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay.
 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES

lonel Samuel F. Hawkins, formerly instructor of

-l6th Coast Artillery is now commanding officer of
-ldl Coast Artillery (AA). Thirty-three additional
'C officers were assigned to the regiment January
d a larue droup of selectees is expected March 5.
rs' ins~rl1~tion and cadre training is progressing
k.
i~adier General Arthur G. Campbell arrived to
~mmand of Camp Pendleton, Virginia, located
1e Virginia State RiAe Range at Virginia Beach.
fonner station was Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
mp Pendleton itself is a new camp established for
onal Guard units. The 213th Coast Artillery (AA),
sdvania National Guard, and the 244th Coast
~r\' (TO), New York National Guard, are now
n~d here.
1e followinoo construction is underwav , or about to

Fort ~ lonrbe- Temporary construction for the

t Artillery School includes forty-three buildings to
, students, equipment and classrooms. Temporary
ruction for additional troops includes seventy-five
nment type buildings for housing, messing and
e.
Fort Story-Temporary buildings sufficient to
t\\'o regiments and overhead troops and a two-
red bed hospital.
Camp Pendleton-Temporary buildings to house
egiments and overhead troops.
Fort Eustis, Virginia-Temporary buildings are
constructed to hOllse 14,000 troops at this Coast
ery Replacement Center.
Tile Coast Artillery Scbool ill opera/ioll

74TII COAST ARTILLERY (AA) Since all batteries of the regiment are quartered m
Camp No.2, this change proved beneficial.
13)'Major C. M. l\'Iendenlwll, Jr.
i i i
,'ember and December have been months of in-
20 COAST ARTILLERY
e training for the regiment. Training programs
a state of flux, due to the necessity of furnishing By Captain Leslie G. Ross
anal cadres for expansion of other units, training The 2d Coast Artillery has changed regimental com-
for our expansion, and meeting the test, demon- manders since the last report. Colonel Francis P. Harda-
n, and drill requirements of the Coast Artillery way departed in mid-November for California.
I and Board. Gunners' instruction has been pro- Fort Eustis claimed another ranking member of the
19 at a rapid pace. Delay in receiving lumber for 2d-Lieutenant Colonel Charles E. Atkinson. lieuten-
k., construction has resulted in postponing our ant Colonel Francis B. Christian, a recent arrival from
SIDnuntil March 5 1941. vVashington, D. C., assumed command of our regiment
e initial allotment of transportation was received on December 10, 1940.
ber. 1940. Since then the Regimental Garage The 2d Coast Artillery, which has always called
en the scene of great activitv with mechanics and Harbor Defense Headquarters its own, is well on its
t . r.e~ei\'ing the maximum ~;aining possible with way to becoming an independent regiment. A battalion
clhtles available.
organization has been initiated with Headquarters Bat-
December 6, 1940, the first selectee, Private Cyril tery and Batteries A, B, and D, comprising the 1st Bat-
eenya (Spec. 020), arrived, and was assigned to talion under the command of Captain Edgar R. C.
B. He will ultimatelv be one of the kev men in \\Tard. The 2d Battalion commanded by Captain Leslie
gimental Band.' ,
G. Ross, contains Headquarters Battery and Batteries
I imental Headquarters moved from its office in C, E, and F.
eadquarters to Building T-423, Camp No.3. On January 3, 1941, Battery G, a Harbor Defense
 74 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOLIRNAL
searchlight battery, was organized from cadres furnished Major and Mrs. V. \V. \Vortman (ex Panama
within the regiment. their two children were welcomed to our midst On
The 2d Coast Artillery's main mission these days is vember 30. Major \\'ortman has been assigned to
cadre training for Fort Eustis, with the mission of as Executive.
furnishing 402 enlisted men, all of whom are special-
ists, to Fort Eustis. Regimental cadre schools are being
246TH COASTARTILLERY(HD)
organized to train the specialists required. Lieutenant
.Colonel Joseph Hafer is assisting with the training. By Second Liel/tenant Hilary E. Duval
The 2d has recently completed two annual service The 246th Coast Artillery (HD) functioning
target practices. Battery A, commanded then by Captain divided regiment has now settled down to a
vVard, completed its practice on December 14, 1940. routine of army life. Training under a 44 hour
Battery C, commanded by Captain Thompson, success- schedule, officers and men are kept busy with
fully completed a 3-inch AA practice on December 21, moments few and far between.
1940. Our schedule consists of gunners' instruction,
The 2d Coast Artillery is expecting augmentation to lery drill, searchlight drill, interior guard duty, inf
tables of organization strength at an early date. The first drill, antiaircraft defense, and other subjects whi
contingent, 349 trainees, is scheduled to arrive on Jan- toward training a good soldier.
uary 8, 1941; twenty-nine Reserve officers reported on Officers of our regiment are attending semi-\\'
December 26th. schools. Gunnery, military law, administration, h
defense command, and various other subjects are
57TH COASTARTILLERY(TO) studied. Noncommissioned officers are receiving in
tion in such subjects as electricity, radio and signal
By Captaill En/mor G. J\lIartin
munication and courses for Master Gunner.
Since the publication of its last news letter, the 57th Troops of our regiment from both stations took
has blossomed forth with its regimental insignia. The with full equipment and set up bivouac during
shield commemorates the outstanding feat of the regi- months of November and December. Battalion pa
ment's service in France during the first \\Torld \\Tar, and regimental reviews were held weekly while brio
the cutting of the railway line between l\llontmedy and reviews were held about once a month. On Satur
Sedan on November 6, 1918, from positions near November 9th, troops of the 246th stationed at F
Stenay. Monroe participated in a brigade review given in h
One item of interest which took place on October of Brigadier General Rollin L. Tilton, commandin£
29, was not included in the last news letter. This was Harbor Defenses of Chesapeake Bay. Troops
demonstration firing by Battery B, Captain A. A. units of the 246th stationed at Fort Story took par.
Koscielniak commanding, for visiting South American the Armistice Dav Memorial Parade held in Norl
officers. From all points of view this was a perfect prac- Virginia. '
tice. vVhen the visitors arrived the target was on its Dances, parties and other social activities arc ma
course, the field of fire was clear, firing began, the first the life of a soldier very enjoyable to both officers
salvo was a bracket for range, firing continued without men of our regiment. Officers and Noncommissi
interruption, deviations in direction and range were ex- Officers' Clubs are the scenes of entertainment du
cellent. The visitors took away with them the knowledge many off-duty periods.
that 155's are accurate and fast shooting guns when On December 19th Regimental Headquarters
properly handled. tery was transferred to Fort Story, Virginia. At the
During November Batteries A and B fired their first time Battery H of the 3d Battalion was transferred
annual target practices. In spite of bad weather and Fort Monroe.
numerous delays both practices were entirely satisfac- \Vith many things settled and barracks compIer
tory. officers and men of the 246th Coast Artillerv (H
Athletics still occupy an important place in training are doing what we hope is our part towards Nati
schedules. Football and volleyball schedules have been Defense.
completed. Batteries are now participating in the Post i i i
basketball and bowling leagues.
FORT STORY
The battalion still occupies barracks at Fort Monroe.
According to present plans we expect to move to Camp By Second Lieutenant Anthony R. Bayer
Pendleton, near Virginia Beach the latter part of Febru- The 71st Coast Artillery (AA) came to Fort 5t
ary where we will be expanded to a regiment upon re- Virginia, August 1st, 1940, and work began at on.
ceipt of selectees. Intensified training for the incoming recruits C3
vVe suffered a sudden loss when Technical Sergeant the soldiers far into September. This training consi.
James H. Tays was ordered as a First Lieutenant to of regular calisthenics, infantry drill, artillery dr
Fort Meade for reception center duty. organized athletics, and necessary fatigue details.
 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 75
~l
\fter the ~ational Guard was called into active serv- and occupation of positions both day and night by all
. for one year. Fort Story was designated to receive units.
bJtlalio~s of the 246th Coast Artillery. Upon re- The Officers' Mess had a buffalo dinner on Decem-
\inO this order, the 71st went into action at once in ber 5th, the piece-de-resistance having been furnished
ri~ a laroe area, preparing tent Roors, making bv the Countv Commissioners of Lehigh County Al-
che;. and ~etting up the camp area in general for l;ntown, Pen~sylvania, from the game preserve f~rm-
incomino Guardsmen. The two battalions arrived erly owned by the late General H. C. Trexler.
the earl" part of October and received a cordial wel- Social functions over the holidays, in addition to sev-
le at the Fort. They immediately dug in and set up eral cocktail parties, included a Christmas party for
ff training schedules. The Guards are now manning the children of the regiment on Christmas afternoon and
155-mm.guns, 8-inch railway howitzers, and 3-inch a New Year's Eve party at the Pinewood Hotel in Vir-
tiaircraft guns. ginia Beach. On Christmas Eve, a camp carol service
The hrina points necessary for the different guns was held at Camp Pendleton Post Headquarters at
re constr:C:tedby both the 71st and the 246th. These which the public of Virginia Beach was invited to join
'ng points were carefully planned and built by the the units at the Camp.
ll~ries immediately interested. Firing schedules are i
\\' being followed under constant guidance and super-
244TH COASTARTILLERY
ion with satisfactory results being obtained.
Fordiversion and sport, organized athletics have been A welcome Christmas present to the men of the
dertaken with great enthusiasm. 244th Coast Artillery was the move into the new bar-
The post has installed a quartermaster supply office, racks area, completed over the Christmas holiday. Each
artermaster commissary, main post exchange with building, holding sixty-three men, was fully occupied
ee branches, ordnance and artillery engineer offices, by Christmas Eve, with the noon and eveninoI:> meal of
t('orological station, radio station, hospital, post that day being served in the new mess shacks.
'ater. finance officer, and other organizations vital for The various battery messes had decorated the build-
e successfuloperation of the post. ings in keeping with the holiday spirit, with pine trees,
The famed old Coast Guard Station has now been re- cones, and so on, ~ Qathered in the neiohborhood
b'
and
eled and turned into an officers' club. The officers' with the traditional lighted Christmas tree very much in
,'cs hal'e made excellent use of the club durinot> the evidence. There was a present for each man, supplied
y. E,'ery Saturday night an officers' dance is held, by friends of the New York troops. The Christmas
th guests coming from Camp Pendleton, Fort Mon- boxes contained wool pull-over sweaters, cigarettes and
. and Langley Field. candy .
The new cantonments are spreading out in all direc- Since the last issue of the JOURNAL,drill has been
ns. Already the two battalions of the National Guard progressing wel!. Instructors have been selected and
movinginto the new baracks. To date, all construc- their training is in progress in preparation for the re-
on tlw 110S1is on schedule , and if anvthino a little ception of the 244th's allotment of selectees earlv in
"b' the new year. •
cad of schedule.
During the period just prior to the holiday lay-off,
We are noli' looking forward to the arrival of the se-
l'e'.
all three battalions emplaced guns in nearby positions,
one emplacement of each battery taking advantage of
cover, and the other located in the open. When drill re-
2 I3TII COASTARTILLERY(AA) opens after January 2d, these guns will be used for
camouRage training, while the balance of the guns of
By Captain Ralph O. Bowman
each battery will be emplaced overlooking the beach,
As much training as possible was crowded into the preparatory to subcaliber and service practices scheduled
loci prior to December 21 st when the Christmas to take place shortly.
I.id.a~began. In addition to artillery drill, specialists During the holiday suspension of drill, trips to near-
mmgand tracking, gunners' examinations were com- by points of interest were arranged by the various ele-
led; record riRe hre was completed except for a few ments of the regiment. Points visited included the
bt ere on furlo~gh, and many hours spent in c.P.X. Naval Operating Base at Norfolk, Fort Monroe,
ems and tactIcal problems involving the selection colonial \Villiamsburg, and the Lost Colony at Roanoke.

* * *
 First Coast Artillery District
~IAJOR GENERAL THOMAS A. TERRY, COl1/J1ll1l1dillg
COLONEL \VILLIA;\[ C. KOENIG, Execlltil'e
CAPTAIN FAY S. HA;\[;\[ERS LIEUTENA;\". COLONEL JAMES G. DEVINE
$-1 alld Ad jlltant $-4
LIEUTENANT COLONEL ROBERT T. CHAPLIN FIRST LIEUTENANT EDWIN G. ORRICK
$-2 Assistallt $4
LIEUTENANT COLONEL VERNON \;\T. HALL SECOND LIEUTENA;\". \VILLIA;\[ O. HOGARTH
$-3 Assistant Adjutant
CAPTAIN GEORGE R. CAREY
Aide-de-Camp

It is apparent, even to the casual observer, that times Orders assignina v twenty, additional reserve 0
have changed in the First Coast Artillery District. This to this post have been received. This will bolster a
one-time "Haven of the Caretaker" is now a bee-hive of Officer of the Day roster.
activity. The personnel in all harbor defenses have Recreational f~cilities for the enlisted men are
settled into stride and training has been intensified. complete but progress is being made in the right d
The strength of all elements in the harbor defenses tion. A weekly showing of films in the town ha
will be greatly augmented in the near future and the adjoining New Castle and a Christmas Party have
next few months promise to be busy, instructive, and the high spots so far.
interesting. Detailed plans for the inspection and train-
HARBOR DEFENSES OF PORTLAND
ing of recruits and selectees have been formulated. New
construction to house these enlisted men is proceeding
BRIGADIER GENERAL RODEHT C. GARRETT,
C()1Jl1Jwnding
satisfactorily.
General ~rerry continues to spend much of his time By First Lielltellant Jo111lM. ROSSlUlgel
in frequent inspections of all harbor defenses. He em- Brigadier General Hobert C. Garrett arrived D
phasizes the fact that much remains to be done but ber 13, 1940, to take command of the Harbor Def
expresses satisfaction with the progress that has been of Portland. General Garrett is no stranger for
made. served here as Harbor Defense Commander and
HARBOR DEFENSES OF PORTSMOUTH Commanding Officer of the 68th Coast Artillery (.\
from December, 1939, to September, 1940.
LIEUTENANT COLONEL EDWARD G. COWEN,
The 240th Coast Artillery, under the command
Commanding
Colonel Fogg, has adjusted'itself to its new emir
By Second Lielltenallt \Villiam R. Kintner ment. The change from civilian to army life was
By the end of October, most of the pioneering work quickly and smoothly. All posts are seething \
connected with the reactivation of a dormant post had action. Training has been intensified. During the \I
been accomplished at Fort Constitution. The tall grass of November 9th, six batteries of the 240th C
was cut and the existing buildings were painted. \\Tin- Artillery fired creditable service practices.
terized tents were set up to quarter the men during the The 8th Coast Artillery, commanded by Col
interim before the first barracks were completed. Nat- Kemble, continues its training. In addition, deta
urally the bulk of the activity at this command centered plans for the reception of trainees in February h<
around the expansion program. been worked out and made ready for operation.
On November 23d, Headquarters Battery and Bat- The holidays have come and gone with the u
tery A moved from Headquarters Building to barracks festivities and celebrations. Recreation and athle
at the New Reservation. Their former quarters were played an important part in providing enjoyment
immediately occupied by a detachment sent from the one and all.
Harbor Defenses of Portland to form the Corps Area }-}ARBOHDEFENSES OF BOSTON
Service Command.
Battery A carried on an intensive training program
COLONEL MONTE J. HICKOK, Commmldillg
leading up to a record service practice the latter part of By First Lieutenant Stanley IV. Howard
December. On December 9th the 22d Coast Artillerv New construction and intensified training
fired its first sub-caliber practice. On December 17th brought much activity to Fort Banks and the nine.
the first record service practice was held. The second posts from Fort Ruckman in Nahant to Fort Revere
practice was fired on December 20th with quite favor- Hull. After a tour of inspection of the defenses in
able results notwithstanding the inexperience of the ton Harbor on November 26th, l\llajor General J
gun sections. A. \Voodruff, Commanding General of the First
Major General Terry made several inspection visits Area, in a letter to Colonel Monte J. Hickok,
to this post during the October to December period. manding Officer of the Boston Harbor Defenses,
 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES /I

J' 'BY much pleased at the progress that has been The officer personnel will be further augmented on
"e'in administration and training of your harbor de- January 5, 1941, with the arrival of eighteen line offi-
<;('S. The guard of honor was excellent." cers, a chaplain, and three medical officers.
The progress made i.n the Harbor Defenses of Boston
HARBOR DEFENSES OF NARRAGANSEll BAY
, depicted in a radIO broadcast through an all-New
~Iand hook-up over the Colonial Network by Cola- COLONEL EARL C. \VEBSTER, Commanding
tHickok on December 10th. His address dealing By Captain George A. Ford
th the improvements of the defenses at Boston and The construction of temporary barracks and quarters
anah-sis of harbor defenses was received favorably and other buildings has changed the outward aspect of
the r~dioaudience. the outlying posts as well as that of Fort Adams itself.
Joining the Corps Area Service Command at Fort The 243d Coast Artillery is now in its new buildings
'nksare First Lieutenants Elmer \\1. Davis and Earle at Fort \\1etherill and Fort Getty; new construction for
\ tallett. the expanded 10th is well unde~ way and will be com-
Colonel William D. Cottam's 241st Coast Artillery pleted prior to the arrival of selectees. Moderate
D) is entering on its fourth month of active service weather has contributed to rapidity of all phases of con-
Ih trainino reaching a high standard of efficiency. struction as well as to troop training. However, the
lr per ce~ of Battery "A," 241st Coast Artillery, at
243d, faced with the prospect of seacoast firing in
r~I leath, \Vinthrop, )\'Iass., attend the local evening midwinter, is now concerning itself with such matters
1001. Battery "N," of the same regiment at Fort An- as viscosities of recoil oils in zero temperatures. The
\\'s. is maintaining a library of 1,500 books for that 10th Coast Artillery upon arrival shortly of the Junior
rnson. Mine Planter Anderson, will investigate the January
\Iine planting operations have been conducted in temperatures of the local waters.
~ton Harbor, by Batteries "A" and "C," 9th Coast Several Reserve officers of the garrison have been
tillerv. transferred to Panama within the past two or three
E1rl~;winter descended upon Boston Harbor on De- months. Lieutenant Carl Fuller departs in January for
llber -Ith. when the temperature dropped below zero. station at Fort Randolph.
nunately many of the troops who had been sheltered
tents had moved into barracks on November 30th. HARBOR DEFENSES OF LONG ISLAND SOUND
-he 9th Coast Artillery which now has four batteries COLONEL THOl\IAS H. JONES, Commanding
i\'ated. will be increas~d to authorized strength with-
By Lieutenant Joel T. HI alker
the next few months.
The island forts of these harbor defenses have grown
HARBOR DEFENSES OF NEW BEDFORD to huge proportions during the last few weeks, necessi-
LIEUTENANT COLONEL CHARLES J. HERZER, tating the use of other post buildings as improvised bar-
Commanding racks. Even though recreational activities have been
somewhat limited, the men have shown a fine spirit of
By Captain )01m H. Kochevar cooperation, making the best of the situation without
run Hudman is bustling with activity. Preparations loss of morale. Forts Terry and Michie are now fully
e been made for the reception of trainees to activate activated by the 242d Coast Artillery and are being re-
[eries "13" and "C" in February, 1941. The con- built to accommodate that regiment.
ction of barracks to house these selectees is proceed- If any of the old timers should return to the post,
satisfactorily. they would find very few familiar faces. 1\1ost of the
allery "A," commanded by Captain Underwood, former enlisted men of the Eleventh Coast Artillery
completed all preliminary preparations incident to 'have been recently transferred, or are about to be trans-
conduct of sub-caliber and service practices. The ferred, to other posts as initial cadres or as station com-
lien' was sorry to lose the seryices of Technical Ser- plements. A large number of officers have left during
nt.1 ane wh~ has been ordered to active duty as a the fall and winter months. Lieutenant Colonel Ira
t lIeutenant at Camp Edwards but rejoices at his B. Hill was transferred to the Army Base at Boston for
'ancement. duty with the General Staff Corps and Captain Dun-
ecent arrivals at the post include Lieutenants Or- ham has been transferred to Panama.
~ a~d Shagrin who have been assigned to Battery Although many officers and enlisted men took ad-
. LIeutenant Carrera who has been assioned to com- vantage of leaves and furloughs, the holiday season
nd the Service Detachment and Lie~tenant De- proved to be very enjoyable for those remaining on the
illy who takes over the duties of Harbor Defense post. The enlisted men enjoyed their Christmas parties
nance Officer. In addition, Lieutenants Pryor and at their batteries and a number of Christmas and New
ghtman ~ave reported for temporary duty at Fort Year's parties climaxed by the annual New Year's Eve
man. LIeutenant Brightman is Hawaii bound and dance at the Officers' Club, furnished the high spots in
utenant Pryor sails for Puerto Rico in January. the social calendar for the officers.
 ~:'
T eut city, Marcb Field

March Field
By Lielltenmzt Lilllfs P. Ward

Daniel in the lion's den had much in common with and D operate messes for the 1st Battalion. Orgam
the 78th Coast Artillery (AA) when the latter was or- tion of the 2d Battalion is set for January or early F
ganized at March Field, California, an Air Corps post. ruary.
And somewhat parallel to Daniel and the lion, the Lieutenant Colonel Van Volkenburoh remained
o
78th and the Air Corps formed a mutual admiration command for slightly more than two months when
society. Going even a step farther, the 78th and the received orders sending him to the Presidio of San F
Air Corps showed each other their wares and compared cisco. Soon after Lieutenant Colonel Van Volkenb
notes. Each was happy with his lot. 'left, Brigadier General E. B. Colladay and Lieute
"\IVe'll take Byin'," said the air corps. Colonel H. "V. Stark arrived at the field.
"Glad we're on the ground," said the 78th. General Colladay initiated construction of the h
Seriously, though, the cooperation given the 78th by antiaircraft training center across the road from Ma:
the Air Corps was, to put it mildly, superior. Field, and Lieutenant Colonel Stark assumed comm
J\IIarch Field is situated on a high plateau overlook- of the 78th.
ing the orange groves of Hiverside and San Bernardino. Both had previously been with the 75th c.A. at f
It is eleven miles east of Hiverside, about sixty-five miles Lewis. As a colonel, General Colladay was reoime.
- 0
south and east of Los Angeles. commander of the 75th and Lieutenant Colonel S'
I-lard baked and dried out in the summer under the was his executive officer.
Southern California sun, it's a barren sagebrushy spot, The new antiaircraft training center will soon
but freshened with the winter rains it's a different post. the permanent station of five antiaircraft reoimeo
The palm trees dotting the residential section add a two Hegular Army and three National Guard. 1
tropical touch in the green setting.
Prior to the organization of the 78th in August, about
3,000 officers and men were stationed at the field. Air
Corps, Quartermaster Corps, Signal Corps, Medical
Corps, Engineers, Dental Corps, Ordnance Depart-
ment-all were represented.
The organization of the 78th was carried out under
the supervision of Lieutenant Co10nel Hobert H. Van
Volkenburgh, commanding officer.
Commissioned personnel drew heavily from the He-
serve corps, but the regimental staff was made up of
regular army officers. Cadres from Fort Lewis, Fort
Scott, and Fort \Vorden formed the nucleus around
which the enlisted personnel was built up from re-
cruits.
Orders sending the 28th Engineers to Alaska pro-
vided four temporary barracks and a mess hall for the
cadre, and recruits were housed in Hangar Seven. So
rapidly did the regiment expand that Hangar Seven
now houses the overBow from the barracks and another
mess hall has been turned over to the 78th. Batteries C Residential grollllds, Marcb Field
 ~l COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 79

h. of course, will relinquish their temporary barracks colder climates. Pro,'ision has been made for outdoor
Hanoar Se,'en and move across the road. The 65th basketball and ,'ollevball courts and soccer and touch-
o .
due from Fort Scott and soon after both WIll be ball fields ..
'ned b,' the 215th, 216th, and 217th (\linnesota Na- The training center will be occupied in January or
lIonal Guard regiments, converted this year from in- early February.
fantry. ". "
1\ tremendous tent CIty has mushroomed up over a Because of crowded living conditions at the field the
bn!e area in the past month. officers and married noncommissioned officers of the
Full consideration is being devoted to the entertain- 78th have taken residence in Riverside and surrounding
ment and recreational needs of the men. The new communities. But with the steadv inAux of officers,
trainino center will have six post exchanges: one cen- houses are becoming increasingly ~ore difficult to lo-
tfal ex~hange and one for each regiment. Each regi- cate.
ment will have its own recreation hall, 55 by 99 feet, Riverside, a city of more than 30,000 population,
\lith a stage for regimental programs and church serv- offers most of the conveniences to be found in larger
icrs. cities-adequate primary and secondary schools and the
First-run movies will be shown in the training cen- Riverside Junior College, beautiful parks, good depart-
ter's 90 b,' 200 foot theatre tent. ment stores, quiet residential sections, two golf courses,
The S'outhern California sunshine precludes the the Victoria Country Club, and four motion picture
necessity for indoor recreational facilities required in houses.

* * *
Harbor Defenses of Puget Sound
COLONEL JAl\IES H. CUNNINGHAl\I, Commanding
By Secolld Lielltellallt TllOmas L. Chambers

7\ lost of the cantonments for the 248th Coast Artil- to determine the efficiency of the blackout. The cities
lery will probably be completed in January and those of Port Townsend and Port Angeles, \\7ashington, the
at Casey and Flagler in February. The new buildings Coast Guard stations at Port Townsend and Port
at \Varden. in addition to those for the 248th Coast Angeles, and nearby industrial establishments partici-
,\rtillery, will include a recreation building for the 14th pated in the exercise. Upon the arrival of the observing
Coast Artillery and an officers' dormitory and mess planes over Fort \-Vorden, the Harbor Defense Com-
capable of accommodating about forty officers. mander telephoned the message "Simulate Air Alert"
\Ve are busy training cadres for the formation of to municipal authorities, who, in turn, relayed it to the
ne\\' units-those for the new units to be activated in industrial establishments. The same message was trans-
January have been under training for several months. mitted by radio to the Coast Guard stations. The planes
,\nother cadre of sixteen officers and 166 enlisted men
observed the effect of the blackout for ten minutes. The
will begin its training January 1st, under Lieutenant
results obtained were excellent in every respect.
Colonel William R. Stewart. This cadre will go to
Torrev Pines, California, in Februarv. The wharfs at both Casey and Flagler are being re-
On'December 16th the Harbor Defenses of Puget built and a harbor boat, the Virginia V, has been char-
~und, with the cooperation of the Air Corps at Gray , available until 1\ larch
tered in Tacoma for sixtv, davs,
FJcld, conducted a night air alert, with air observations 13th.
 Fort Bragg
COLONEL CLAUDE M. THIELE
COlllll/lllldillg Provisiollal Coast Artillery Brigade

Pursuant to General Orders No. 12, Headquarters I Carolina. This cadre will include sixteen first seroe
Corps, dated November 30, 1940, there was formed at sixty-six sergeants of various qualifications, thin "
Fort Bragg on December 5th a Provisional Coast Artil- corporals, eighteen clerks, thirty-two cooks, and
lery Brigade, composed of the 67th Coast Artillery specialists. Another cadre of eighty-four men inclu
(AA), the 76th Coast Artillery (AA) and the 77th five first sergeants, eleven cooks, six clerks, and n
Coast Artillery (AA). Colonel Claude ]'1'1. Thiele, teen sergeants of special qualifications will go to
commanding the 77th, is the senior officer now assigned, Coast Artillery Replacement Center near Galv
but as he was on detached service, the organization was Texas. In addition, a third cadre of about ninety
effected by Colonel Turley with the assistance of the will be furnished to the 2d Battalion of this organ
Plans and Training officers of the battalions concerned tion when it is organized in February.
and by the temporary use of two newly assigned Re- The 77th is still under canvas. Siblev stoves
serve captains. to take the chill off the air in the tents, a~d so far,
This provisional brigade has been functioning un- have remained remarkably free from illnesses. M
officially for the past two months as a matter of coordi- buildings formerly used by OVITC groups serYe
nation of training activities among the antiaircraft units classrooms as well as messes. Temporary barracks
at this station and is the forerunner of the 34th Brigade rapidly being constructed and, it is hoped, will be a\
which is contemplated but not yet activated. able for occupancy by February 1st.
Equipment is gradually arriving. So far, we h
1ST BATTALION, 67TH COAST ARTILLERY (AA) four 3-inch AA guns, one director M4, five sear
LIEUTENANT COLONEL ROBERT E. TURLEY, JR. lights, five sound locators, twelve 50-caliber mach
Commanding guns, and seven I Y2-ton trucks. All this equipment
being used primarily for cadre instruction since t
By Captain J. E. Mortimer is no opportunity for organization artillery drill.
The 67th Coast Artillery (AA) was activated on July
I, 1940. At that time, it consisted of one first lieutenant
and three recruits. On July 13th a cadre of 126 men
arrived from the 62d Coast Artillery (AA) and by July
17th the battalion reached its full strength. Our first
transportation, a Plymouth sedan, arrived October 14th
and has been followed by twelve cargo trucks.
Our guns, which arrived October 18th, did not re-
main idle long. Instruction progressed with such rapid-
ity that all battery officers fired trial and verification
fire problems during November and December.
The battalion moved from its tent camp to com-
fortable wooden barracks on December 1st. In fact, the
barracks, with their automatic, humidified heating and
toilet facilities, are so comfortable that a soldier of the
last war would probably declare that the present day
army h ad gone "." SISSY,
The battalion is busy with recruit training and train-
ing cadres for our 2d Battalion and other units to be
activated. Officers have been ordered in and out so fre-
quently that it keeps the adjutant busy keeping score.

77TH COAST ARTILLERY (AA)

COLONEL CLAUDE M. THIELE, Commanding

In the area of the 77th Coast Artillerv, classes are
being held in every available building, instructing
cadres for organizations soon to be formed. Of the 506
men in the 77th, 375 are being trained as cadre person-
nel to be sent out about February I, 1941.
The largest cadre to be furnished, 168 men, is for
the 100th Coast Artillery (AA), at \~7ilmington, North Pay day il1 tbe 76tb
 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 81
run schools simultaneouslv for officers, for noncommis-
sioned officers and for specialists. From now on, for
several months, schools will take up most of the time.
\\lork was commenced on the new barrack area dur-
ing the first week of November. Barracks planned will
accommodate 2,000 men. Completion is promised by
the middle of January or the first of February. Con-
struction is going ahead on schedule.
Four 2;...2-ton trucks arrived the latter part of NO\'em-
ber, the first practical indication that the 76th is a
mobile unit. Other motor vehicles are expected to fol-
low shortly.
As December opened the Fort Bragg units com-
menced to obtain the final information as to the scope
The Sorfbern-airs-popu/ar quartet of tbe 76tb of activities for the next few months. The 76th received
orders to provide cadres for the 99th Coast Artillery
he 77th has twenty-seven officers, fourteen Regular (AA) at \Vilmington, North Carolina, the 54th Coast
1\' and thirteen Reserve. 1\llost of the Reserve offi- Artillery (TD) at the Replacement Center at Galves-
~re from the middle west, many from Kansas. On ton. the Replacement Center at Fort Eustis, Virginia,
ember 15th an informal dinner party was held for and some for the Quartermaster Corps. This will leave
he ofIicers and ladies of the battalion for the purpose about 260 men for the foundation of the 76th which is
ettin(J acquainted. Special entertainment was pro- due for expansion in February. Consequently, all fond
I b\'oLieutenant Frank J. Anneberg and Captain ideas of antiaircraft target practice practically went up
nit 'Schweidel. Lieutenant Anneberg has had an in smoke, replaced by extensive cadre training, at least,
resting career, specializing in physical culture. He for another three or four months.
appeared in Ripley's "Believe it or Not" several
s for his feats of roller skating on his hands, shaving
Ie standing on his head, playing a saxophone or
king a pitcher of water while standing on his head,
other stunts, (Naturally Lieutenant Anneberg is
lctics Officer of this organization!) Captain Schwei-
an accomplished magician, amused an appreciative
Il,mceat the party with a number of feats of magic.
min Schweidel's brother, Haskell Schweidel, who
ned to be visiting at Fort Bragg and who is a pro-
nal magician, also gave an extraordinary perform-

1ST BAlTA LION, 76TH COAST ARTILLERY (AA)

LIEUTENANT COLONEL I-IARRY R. PIERCE,
Commanding
IS battalion finally completed its provisions for
mg warm during the winter. All tents were framed
OStof them were walled from scrap stock salvaged
the construction area. The pine needles first laid
1n battery areas to keep down the sand were found
too great a fire risk and were replaced by sawdust
answered the purpose better.
order to harden the officers and men, practice
es were the order of the day each Friday during
r, later reduced to twice a month in November.
o\,embcr 8th the unit had worked up to the over-
bIVouac stage after a twelve-mile march. Un-
tely the temperature suddenly dropped to [wen-
rees and caused much discomfort but resulted in
t deal of beneficial experience.
ter the completion of recruit training activities
ered around the troop schools. It was necessary to T be so/die!"'s life is a I'aried one
 Corregidor News Letter
COLONEL JOHN L. HOLCOl\1BE, COllllluwdillg
COLONEL JOSEPH F. COITRELL, E.yeclltive
LIEUTENANT COLOl\'r.L L. J. BOWLER, Adjutant alld S-l
LIEUTENAl'rr COLONEL S. MCCULLOUGH, S-2 LIEUTENANT COLONEL \V. C. BRALY, S-3
LIEUTENANT COLONEL L. R. CREWS, S4
LIEUTENANT COLONEL NAPOLEON BOUDREAU COLONEL JOHN L. HOLCOl\IBE
Cammal/ding 59th Coast Artillery (HD) C01llll/alldillg 60th Coast Artillery (AA)
COLONEL \VILLIS SHIPPAM COLONEL OCTAVE DECARRE
COII/manding 91st Coast Artillery (PS) (HD) Commanding 92d Coast Artillery (PS) (TD)

During October and November the Rock had very Captain Harry Schenck joined by transfer from tlw
little rain and fewer typhoons, consequently few inter- 92d Coast Artillery (PS) and has been assigned.
ruptions in gunnery practice. Special attention has Battery G.
been centered on Beach Defense. The November transport brought First Lieutenan
J\llachine-gun and 75-mm. gun practice was conduct- Stockton D. Bruns and J. B. McCluskey and Seco~
ed mainly by the noncommissioned officers with com- Lieutenants Robert G. Cooper, H. T. Simpson, S. hi
missioned officers acting only as officials. Excellent Byars, \\1. E. Lewis, P. D. Morehouse, and H. I
results were obtained both with standard and emer- Schutte ..
gency fire control methods. 60TH COASTARTILLERY
Reserve officers reporting for duty in the recent By Major G. L. Field
months are undergoing strenuous practical training
with personnel and materiel and already are taking over As we go to press, the 60th Coast Artillery (M) ba-
responsible battery assignments. been completing antiaircraft machine-gun practices. :
Preparations are being made for the 1940-41 Philip- and F Batteries have fired their .30 caliber practices all
pine Department maneuvers to be conducted on the are in the process of completing the .50 caliber firin~
Island of Luzon during December and January. These practices were slightly delayed by the transf
Tennis and badminton experts have been working of the 2d Observation Squadron from Nichols Field'
out daily on the Club courts. The newly completed Clark Field, but now that the Air Corps is in its nev
improvements, including indirect lighting and ceiling home, the last practices should be fired within the nel:
lining to the Main Club room have greatly improved three days. Scores are not yet available, but all appea:
conditions for indoor activities. ances to date are creditable.
Major General and Mrs. \\Tilson sailed November Air Corps enlisted personnel still form a not ineo
25th on. the evacuation liner lVashillgtoll. Prior to siderable part of this regiment, and their willing 0
their departure a Post Despedida was held for the \\Til- operation, in spite of the adverse circumstances unde'
sons, and the General reviewed all the Harbor Defense which they arrived and remain, leaves a new high m~
troops at a ceremony in his honor. A special ceremony for the standards of inter-branch cooperation.
was held at Harbor Defense Headquarters when Gen- Colonel \,y. C. Koenig left on the November 6
eral \iVilson took the oath as J\/lajor General. transport to go to the First Coast Artillery District
Boston. Sailing on the same transport were 1'vlajora
59TH COASTARTILLERY Mrs. E. F. Adams.
The new arrivals for the 60th Coast Artillery on
By Major A. K. Chambers
November transport included: Lieutenants R. O. H
All baveries have completed Beach Defense firings C. V. Haven, K. \V. Ramsey, C. K. Britt, H. E. P
and this has proved to be one of the most interesting Jr., and C. H. Pipkin.
and instructive phases of the training year. In all prac- Other recent arrivals were a daughter, Patricia Ant.
tices fire was conducted by noncommissioned officers; to Lieutenant and Mrs. Lawrence C. Baldwin, a graJt
commissioned officers acted only as officials. The ob- daughter to Colonel Karl C. Baldwin, and a son, bal\t
jective was training of maximum personnel rather than F., Jr., to Lieutenant and Mrs. Dallas F. Haynes.
high scores by a selected, experienced few. However, Organization Day was celebrated on November ~
two small pyramidal targets were destroyed by the 75- The Harbor Defense Recreation Officer presented'
mm. guns. 60th Coast Artillery with the 1939-40 champion.
vVe have had many personnel changes. Colonel trophies in baseball, tenpin bowling and volley I
Robert P. Glassburn and First Lieutenant Kenneth Battery B was presented the Regimental Comman~
Glade returned to the United States on the November Trophy for all-round athletic supremacy during
transport. Captains Reed Graves and Clair M. Conzel- year ending June 30th. Interbattery champion'
man have been assigned to the Harbor Defense Staff. trophies were presented as follows: softball, Battez:
-19-11 COAST ARTILLERY ACTIVITIES 83
basketball, Battery A; duckpins, Battery D; tenpins, with emergency beach weapons, and range practice
Battery E. with all small arms. Battery Officers' schools, artillery
training and chemical defense occupies the training cal-
9IsT COASTARTILLERY(PS)
endar for November and December. Organization Day,
By Lieutenant Colonel V. P. Foster November 15, 1940, was celebrated with an appropri-
The past two months have been busy ones for the ate program and by special athletic events on Herring
9Ist Coast Artillery (PS). The 2d Battalion has com- Field-Middleside. Battery C won the Organization
pleted riRe and pistol practice and improved its tech- Day plaque-a beautiful piece of artistic work by the
~ique in antiaircraft guns and searchlights. The 1st Bilibids.
Battalion has been spending much of its time on mines. General \-\Tilson, Harbor Defense Commander, pre-
Officers' classes have been organized for the newly sented the Harbor Defense Trophy awards to this regi-
arri\'ed lieutenants. Their duties and schools are run- ment for championship in bowling duckpins, bowling
ning on a coordinated plan that is rapidly fitting them tenpins and basketball. Each member of the regimental
into the 9Ist Coast Artillery as a high-grade team. team received a silver medal appropriately engraved.
After three successive years in the runner-up position The regiment was pleased to welcome First Lieuten-
of the Department Basketball League (Scout Division) ant and Mrs. Charles F. Monteith, Second Lieutenant
~ the 91st Coast Artillery Squad moved forward a notch and Mrs. Robert 1. \Vheat, and Second Lieutenant
and brought the Championship Cup to our Trophy and Mrs. Jules D. Yates, who arrived on the November
Cabinet for the first time since 1931. The final game 1st transport.
with the 45th Infantry at Fort McKinley had the dis- Second Lieutenants Royal S. Gulden, Jr., and Elton
tinction of being the first scout basketball game to be D. \Vinstead also joined by transfer from the 9Ist Coast
broadcast over the Philippine network, and was en- Artillery CPS) on October 20th.
thusiastically received throughout the Provinces. Captain Harry \\T. Schenck has been transferred to
the 59th Coast Artillery for duty at Fort Hughes since
920 COASTARTILLERYCPS) October 20th.
By Lieutenallt Colonel E. L. Barr Captain Thomas H. Harvey and family returned to
the States on the November 6th transport for assign-
Since the last news letter this regiment successfully ment to the 76th Coast Artillery, Fort Bragg, North
completed the various problems of intensive training Carolina.

* * *
Puerto Rico
rVlA]ORGENERALE. L. DALEY,Commanding
By Captain Peter S. Peea

} During the last two months all Coast Artillery units 66TH COASTARTILLERY(AA)
have been acting as Infantry units. Training in these
CAPTAINE. F. McKEE, Commanding
organizations has been largely devoted to the school of
t~r soldier and infantry drills. To prepare for the recep- By Captain E. {t. Chapman
lion of the new National Guard units and later on for The 66th Coast Artillery (AA) moved into its third
the selectees who enter the service, the Department temporary home on October 28th. The buildings were
. CQmmander has directed that each organization be barely finished, but we had to move to make room for
trainedto be examples for the new men. As a result the
the 25th Bombardment Group and attached troops ar-
saluting, the military appearance, and the training of riving in Puerto Rico. The ground had not been graded.
the troops is outstanding.
Due to the heavy rains, we swam around in a sea of
D.uring November \Var Department authority was mud. Ingenuity and overtime soon conquered the mud
• rec~l\'ed to recruit to war strength in Regular Army so that now we are able to move on dry land.
~nItsand peace strength in National Guard organiza- The month of November saw an intensive recruiting
tIOns.As soon as the information was sent out from drive. Neither replacements nor recruits came down
this Headquarters the recruiting offices at the various from the States. All the increases had to be found in
postswere swamped. Puerto Rico. Our recruiting office worked from the
 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL }allllary- February

51 ST COAST ARTILLERY

LIEUTENANT COLONEL B. L. FLANIGEN, COII/lllclIldino .:l

By First Lielltellant O. K. Marslzall

On October 12th the battalion returned from Borin-
quen Field to take over its new station, the post of San
Juan. The 51st is the first Coast Artillery unit to occupy
this station since the United States took possession of
Puerto Rico. Before the time of the American occupa-
tion, the four-century old ramparts had always been
armed with heavy Spanish artillery. Since ]898 the
United States troops stationed here have been Infantn'
All Coast Artillery troops in the Puerto Rican n;..
partment are engaged in intensive training. At tilt
present time batteries of the 51st Coast Artillery aft
undertaking field exercises and small arms practices a;
AA macbine gUll agaillSt a troPical sky Punta Salinas. Batteries alternate in moving to tilt
little peninsula and camping in shelter tents among tht
6th to the] Oth, from the 12th to the 15th, and on the coconut trees. The seasonal rains which are prevalen;
19th. During those days we processed and enlisted a at this time of the year make camping a little damp bu'
total of 947 men. This brought the 66th to war not uncomfortably so. The men are enjoying the train-
strength, the 201st to peace strength. The greatest dif- ing and work.
ficulty was finding applicants who spoke enough Eng-
lish to understand instructions. After recruiting, the
first task that confronted us was to feed and toughen 201 ST COAST AHTILLEHY
the men to enable them to undergo a rigorous training
program. CAPTAIN RAFAEL CHAHNECO, Commanding
The thirteen weeks training program arrived and we By Second LielltenCint Agustin Ec11evarria) Jr.
all plunged into that. vVe have been working steadily
on that program with a view to having an efficient, The 20]st Coast Artillery (AA) was originally a par
highly trained antiaircraft unit in record time. In addi- of the 92d Infantry Brigade, Puerto Rican Nation.
tion to our own training, we are charged with the train- Guard. The gun batteries were scattered all over tht
ing of the 201st. This battalion was inducted from the Island with the Headquarters, Headquarters Batten
Puerto Rico National Guard on October ] 5th. It is a and Searchlight Battery stationed at San Juan.
new organization. One battery, Battery B, had had a On October ] 5th the 20]st was inducted into t
few hours instruction. The Batten' Commanders of the Army of the United States. Upon induction, order
66th have spent eighty per cent ~f their time with the were received to move to Borinquen Field to under~
20Ist, leaving their own batteries largely in the hands instruction by the officers of the 66th Coast Artillen
of their lieutenants. The arrival of the 20]st at "Punta Borinquen,"
In addition to our intensive training we have had it is called in Spanish, was quite an event. Our ten'
the privilege of furnishing the guard of honor for Sec- had been pitched by personnel from the 66th C
retary of the Treasury Morganthau, General Andrews, Artillery. The area assigned to our battalion was t
and the House Military Affairs Committee. remains of a sugar cane field. The pyramidal ten
The temporary officers' quarters will be ready for oc- were pitched over the burned cane. Our recruits looke
cupancy by Christmas. The 66th is fortunate to be very much like caterpillars when they tried to mar
assigned seven of them. It appears now that our fami- down the battery streets. The reader may well imagi
lies will be off the highways by Christmas. Most of the troops parading through a recently plowed field. Hill
families have lived far from the post for over a year. labor with constant supervision has turned our battali
It appears that we will be performing as an antiair- area into an attractive site. \Ve will move soon;
craft outfit again. During the week of December 16th another area with temporary wooden barracks as ()I;.
we completed some antiaircraft machine-gun firing. It home.
was the first time that we had been able to do so. The conversion of infantrymen into artillerymen
Although the results were not startling we were glad to 110 easy task, especially with cadres of untrained offi
be firing again. Since the arrival of additional Air Half of the officer personnel of the 20]st come from
Corps personnel and planes about December ]st, we Organized Reserves and half from Infantry units
have been able to obtain many more Bying missions. the National Guard. All are college graduates "
The Air Corps has been very cooperative. \iVith their have obtained their commissions through R.o.l
help we are getting back into the swing of things. courses.
 Hawaiian Separate Coast Artillery Brigade
i\IA]OR GENERAL FULTON Q. C. GARDNER, Comma/zdino b

COLONEL J. H. LINDT, Chief of Staff

i\IA]OR E. FIELDING, Adjlltallt General Co S-l
CAPTAIN D. D. MARTIN, S-2 Co Gllnnery LIEUTENANT COLONEL R. i\ I. PERKINS, S-3 & \Var Plans
i'VIA]ORT. "V. MUNFORD, S-4
i\IA]OR I. H. RITCHIE CAPTAIN E. M. LEE
Com. and Engineer Officer Ordnance Officer
LIEUTENANT COLONEL J. C. BATES
Sec. Ath. Officer
MA]OR N. D. FRANKLIN
Judge Advocate
COLONEL E. B. \VALKER COLONEL P. H. HERMAN
Commanding Harbor Defenses of Pearl Harbor Commanding Harbor Defenses of Honolulu
COLONEL CHARLES K. WING COLONEL JOHN H. SHERMAN
Commanding 64th Coast Artillery (AA) Commanding 251 st Coast Artillery
By Captain Milan G. \Veber •

THE 251 ST J OlNS THE BRIGADE \Vhen completed, the camp for the regiment will
[\ welcome increase in the personnel of this brigade contain 48 barracks buildings, 12 mess halls, 9 maaa-
tookplace when the 251st Coast Artillery (AA), Na- zines and storehouses, 5 officers' quarters, 7 show~rs
tionalGuard, having previously been inducted into the and latrines, a dispensary, officers' mess, camp head-
Federalservice, arrived from California. The advance quarters, post office, regimental dayroom, theater, laun-
partyof the regiment, consisting of twenty officers and dry, motor repair shop, utilities, gasoline station, fire
-2i enlisted men under the command of Lieutenant station, guard house, photo laboratory, engineer and
ColonelRudolph C. "Vueste, arrived in Honolulu on quartermaster buildings-a total of 96 buildings. Com-
boardthe S.S. George Washington on November 4th. plete sewage and sanitary facilities are being installed
The remainder of the regiment, consisting of thirty-two concurrently with building construction.
officers,one warrant officer, and 415 enlisted men Earlv• during the construction period 'I:> on the niaht
mired on November 23d, on the U .S.A.T. Leonard of November 19th, while Batteries G and H were oc-
\\'ood. The regimental commander, Colonel John H. cupying tents at the camp, a heavy rainfall took place.
Shennan accompanied this detachment. It is 'believed A large part of the camp area was under two feet of
that this is the first instance of a mainland National water and most of the tent floors were below the water
~uard Regiment being stationed outside of the con- level. This necessitated a premature move to those bar-
rlnentallimits of the United States in time of peace. racks which were nearing completion. Since the roofs
had at that time not been covered with roofing ma-
CONSTRUCTION OF CAMP l\tIALAKOLE terial, the rain came into the buildings and tents were
put up in the barracks. The floors of the barracks are
Origin~lly planned to become only a firing center for
several feet above the around so that the floors at least
the mobIle antiaircraft units of this brigade, Camp I:> "
were not in standing water as the formerly occupied
\1alakole, located on the west shore of Oahu about
tM ~iles .north of Barber's Point is now in the process tent floors had been.
of expanSIOnand construction so that it will be the
~o.mepost of the 251 st Coast Artillery as well as the
nng ~enter as originally planned. Housing plans were
accordInglyexpanded and construction of the buildings
rushed.
SOOnafter arrival, units of the 251st Coast Artillery

•
mored Out to Camp l\llalakole and are continuing the
~nstruction begun by the 64th Coast Artillerv (AA).
t he time of the writing of this letter (Dece~ber 26
1940) . I
,SIX ettered batteries of the reaiment are at Mala-'
ko Ie th ..
. ' e remammg personne I b eing
I:>
temporarily sta-
tIonedat
f h F orts Sh a ftel' an d R uger, pen d'mg completIOn
.
o t e camp. The 2515/ an'h'es
86 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL Jmlllar)'-Febrll~

Department awarded the medal to Captain Eubank in

recognition of the heroism displayed by him in rescuing
a woman from drowning near Mokapu Beach, Oahu.
on September 4, 1940.

PERSONNEL CHANGES

Colonel C. M. S. Skene, the Chief of Staff of th~

brigade for the past two years, is sailing this week for
the mainland where he will assume command of theI
63d Coast Artillery (AA) at Fort Bliss, Texas. Colo-
T ellt camp, 251 st Coast Artiller)' nel John H. Lindt, who has been the brigade S-3 ane
\\Tar Plans officer, will become Chief of Staff. Lieuten-
The officers and men of the regiment have taken ant Colonel Robert 1\1. Perkins will be changed fron:
these difficulties in their stride and have maintained S-4 to S-3 and vVar Plans officer. Major Thomas \Y
throughout a high standard of morale. The Hawaiian Munford will become the brigade S-4.
Separate Coast Artillery Brigade welcomes the 251st Captain E. M. Lee will become the Ordnance Office
Coast Artillery into the fold. of the brigade replacing Lieutenant Colonel R. S. Ban
who is moving to Schofield Barracks. Colonel Paul H
PRESENTATION OF SOLDIER'S MEDAL Herman, having arrived in Honolulu on December
On December 12, 1940, Major General Fulton Q. C. 14th, is the new Commanding Officer of the Harlxx
Gardner presented the Soldier's Medal to Captain Defenses of Honolulu, replacing Lieutenant Colone
Perry H. Eubank at a review of the troops of the Har- Shuev E. vVolfe who becomes the Harbor DefenSt
bor Defenses of Honolulu at Fort DeRussv. The \\Tar Exec~tive.

COllstructioll ill California

 COAST ARTILLERY ORDERS

(Covering period November 1 through December 31, 1940)

Colonel Paul D. Bunker t.o Philippine De- to Miscellaneous Station, Hollyridge, North Lieutenant Colonel Maurice Morgan to
rtment sailing San FranCIsco, January 24. Carolina. Antiaircraft Training Center, Camp Hulen.
~ Colon~1 James B. Crawford to Miscellane- Lieutenant Colonel Evans R. Crowell to Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey M. O'Connell
ous Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina. Replacement Center, Torrey Pines, California. to Replacement Center, Fort Eustis.
Colonel Henry C. Davis, .Ir. to 65th, March Lieutenant Colonel Cyril W. Dawson to Lieutenant Colonel George R. Owens to
Field. " San Francisco Port of Embarkation, Fort Miscellaneous Station, Hollyridge, North
Colonel Edward B. DenOls to FIrst Corps Mason. Carolina.
:\re-a Service Command, Fort Banks. Lieutenant Colonel John T. DeCamp to Lieutenant Colonel Otto G. Pitz to Re-
o Colonel Albert Gilmor to Second Corps ~Office of the Chief of Coast Artillery. placement Center, Fort Eustis.
Am Service Command, Fort Ontario. Lieutenant Colonel Harold P. Detwiler to Lieutenant Colonel Caesar R. Roberts to
Colonel Francis P. Hardaway to Replace- GSC with troops, Quarry Heights, C. Z. 40th Coast Artillery Brigade, Fort Sheridan.
ment Center, Torrey Pines, California. Lieutenant Colonel Ward E. Duvall to Lieutenant Colonel Lloyd E. Rolfe, CA-
Colonel Paul H. Herman to Hawaiian De- Panama Canal Department sailing San Fran- Res to active duty, Fort Ord.
partment sailing San Francisco, December 4. cisco, January 10 . ...--Lieutenant Colonel William Sackville to
Colonel John B. Maynard to Replacement .... Lieut~nant Colonel Charl~s R. Finley to 71st, Fort Story.
Center, Hitchcock, Texas. GSC; WIth troops, Quarry HeIghts, C. Z. Lieutenant Colonel Lucas E. Schoonmaker
Colonel Charles B. Meyer to 68th, Camp LIeutenant Colonel Archibald D. Fisken to 3d Coast Artillery District, Fort Monroe.
Edwards ..... to Fort Ontario. \ Lieutenant Colonel Evan C. Seaman to
Colonel George F. Moore to Philippine Lieutenant Colonel John W. Fletcher, CA- Replacement Center, Fort Eustis.
Department sailing Honolulu, November 14. Res .to duty with Assistant Chief of Staff G-3. Lieutenant Colonel Rexford Shores to Ha-
Colonel Hollis LeR. Muller to 9th Coast LIeutenant Colonel William C. Foote waii.an Department sailing San Francisco,
Artillery District, Presidio of San Francisco. (GSC) to Headquarters Second Army, Chi- Aprd 4.
Colonel Harold F. Nichols to Replacement cago, Illinois ..... Lieute~ant Colonel Harry W. Stark to 7Rth,
Center, Fort Eustis. Lieutenant Colonel Manly B. Gibson to March FIeld.
Colonel Willis Shippam to New York Replacement Center, Torrey Pines, California. Lieutenant Colonel William R. Stewart to
Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. Lieutenant Colonel Roy S. Gibson (In£.) Replacement Center, Torrey Pines, California.
Colonel Cedric M. S. Skene to 63d, Fort to M!scellaneous Station, Hollyridge, North Lieutenant Colonel Edward L. Supple to
Bliss. CarolIna. Misce.lIaneous Station, Hollyridge, North
Colonel Oscar C. Warner to 54th, Hitch- Lieutenant Colonel Richmond T. Gibson CarolIna.
cock, Texas. to Miscellaneous Station, Hollyridge, North Lieutenant Colonel William H. Sweet to
Lieutenant Colonel Carl R. Adams to Re- Carolina. Panama Canal Department, sailing Charles-
placement Center, Torrey Pines, California. Lieutenant Colonel Walter J. Gilbert to ton, February 20.
Lieutenant Colonel Reamer W. Argo to Ne'".' York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. Lieutenant Colonel Louis H. Thompson to
'Panama Canal Department sailing New York LIeutenant Colonel Chauncey A. Gillette New York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn.
February 18. to Replacement Center, Fort Eustis. Lieutenant Colonel Berthold Vogel to Re-
Lieutenant Colonel Charles E. Atkinson to ~ Lieutenant Colonel Arthur W. Gower to placement Center, Hitchcock, Texas.
Replacement Center, Fort Eustis. 54th, Hitchcock, Texas. Lieutenant Colonel Albert H. Warren to
Lieutenant Colonel Henry R. Behrens to Lieutenant Colonel Joseph B. Hafer to Re- Replacement Center, Torrey Pines, California.
Replacement Center, Fort Eustis. placement Center, Fort Eustis. Lieutenant Colonel William C. Washing-
Lieutenant Colonel Enrique M. Benitez to,/ Lieutenant Colonel Linton Y. Hartman to ton to Replacement Center, Fort Eustis.
Gen~ral Staff Corps. Misce.lIaneous Station, Hollyridge, North v L.ieutenant Colonel Lawrence B. Weeks to
LIeutenant Colonel Herbert H. Blackwell CarolIna. ASSIstant Commandant Coast Artillery School.
10 3d Coast Artillery District, Fort Monroe. Lieutenant Colonel Allison W. Jones to Major Philip W. Allison (FA) to 6th,
Lieutenant Colonel George Blaney to Re- Rep~acement Center, Fort Eustis. Fort .Winfield Scott ..
placement Center, Fort Eustis .. Lleutenant Colonel Clifford R. Jones to Major Laurence W. Bartlett to GSC with
LIeutenant Colonel Elmer R. Block (FA) Mlsce}laneous Station, Hollyridge, North troops .. Qua.rry Heights, C. Z.
Replacement Center, Hitchcock, Texas. Car<?hna. Major WIllIam 1. Brady to 6th, Fort Win-
LIeutenant Colonel Benjamin Bowering to .Lleutenant Colonel Rolla V. Ladd to 54th field ~cott.
J.ep~acement Center, Hitchcock, Texas. HItchcock, Texas. Major Paul W. Cole to GSC with troops
lleutena~t Colonel Robert D. Brown to Lieutenant Colonel Arthur 1. Lavery to Philippine J?~partment. '
lion Ontano. Replacement Center, Fort Eustis. Major WIllIam H. J. Dunham to Office of
lIeutenant C;olonel Abraham 1. Bullard to Lieutenant Colonel Abraham M. Lawrence the C~ief of Coast Artillery.
~h, Fort BlIss. to Replacement Center, Fort Eustis. Major John W. Dwyer to Miscellaneous
LIeutenant Colonel Albert D. Ch'ipman to Lieutenant Colonel Frederick Lofquist to Statio?, HOllyr!dge, North Carolina.
1st, Fort Du Pont. Replacement Center, Torrey Pines, California. M~Jor Hamdton P. Ellis to 61st, Fort
lieutenant Colonel Francis 1. Christian to Lieutenant Colonel Edward B. McCarthy Shen~an.
?d, Fort Monroe. to Replacement Center, Fort Eustis .. MaJor .George R. Geller, CA-Res to duty
lleut.enant Colonel Charles 1. Clark, CA- / Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth McCatty to WIth ASSIstant Secretary ?f War. .
~_to IOstructor Command and General Staff ...... 9th Coast Artillery District, Presidio of San ./ bfaJor ~dward A. KlelOman to GSC WIth
"'UD()1. Francisco. troops .. NlOth Corps Area.
3dlieutenant Colonel Hugh McC. Cochran, ,/ Lie~tenant Colonel Samuel 1. McCroskey w~ffiJ~d £onald D. Lamson to 18th, Fort
t, ,to 33d Coast Artillery Brigade Camp to MIscellaneous Station, Hollyridge North ~nf ~ Dotl. ld ~f L h
00 en. 'Carolina. ' v ."'aJor ona H c ean to 7St , bfarch
lieut C FIeld.
CA.R en(ant olonel George H. Collins, Lieutenant Colonel Hubert A. McMorrow Major Edward L Millis CA-Res to active
l" eo QM-Res) to Newburg, Missouri. to Replacement Center, Fort Eustis. duty Fort Hamilto~ '
1.Ii~:~ltenant Colon~1 Morris E: Conable to Lieutenant Colonel William .R. Maris to bfajor George F. Nichols to Miscellaneous
Carolin:~eous StatIOn, Hollyndge, North Rep~acement Center, Fort. ~uStIS. Statio~, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
l" " LIeutenant Colonel WIlham F. Marquat \I Major Joseph S. Robinson to 54th Hitch-
Rep;eutenant Colonel Frederic W. Cook to to Replacement Center, Hitchcock, Texas. cock, Texas. '
l.acement Center, Fort Eustis. Lieutenant Colonel John B. Martin to Major Edmond E. Russell, CA-Res to active
leutenant Colonel William W. Cravens New York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. duty, Fort Hamilton.
 ~
88 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL J allllar)'-Febrllary
Major Harold W. Smith to New York ....
6 ptain James Nesmith, 2d, CA-Res to ac- cellaneous Station, Hollyridge, North Caro-
Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. tive duty with Coast Artillery Board. lina.
Captain Kenneth H. Newton, CA-Res to First Lieutenant Jack Cunningham, CA-
Major Forrest B. Volkel, CA-Res to in-
CQM, AA Firing Center, Riverside, Cali- Res to active duty with Air Corps, \Vright
structor, Command and General Staff School.
Major Francis O. \Vood (FA) to 18th, fornia. Field.
Captain William F. Niethamer to AA First Lieutenant Harry De Metropolis to
Fort Stevens.
Captain Gilbert N. Adams to Miscellane- Training Center, Camp Hulen. 52d, Fort Hancock.
Captain Charles]. Odenweller, Jr. to 22d, First Lieutenant Malcolm R. Derby, CA.
ous Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
Fort Constitution. Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing Ne ...
vCaptain John Alfrey to 21st, Fort Du Pont.
Captain George E. Orr, (QM-Res) to Asst. York, December 27.
Captain William W. Bailey to Miscellane-
CQM, McChord Field. First Lieutenant Alden \'('. DeYoe, CA.
ous Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
Captain Calvin L. Partin to 54th, Hitch- Res. to active duty, Coast Artillery School.
Captain Jesse H. Burke, CA-Res to active
cock, Texas. First Lieutenant James S. Dougherty, Jr.,
duty with Air Corps, Savannah Air Base.
Captain William P. Price, CA-Res to in- CA-Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing
Captain Clifton C. Carter to Headquarters
structor, Coast Artillery School. New York, January 18.
Second Corps Area, Governors Island, N. Y.
1.:••Captain Kai E. Rasmussen to 6th, Fort First Lieutenant Jack G. Engelbert, CA.
Captain William S. Coit to Miscellaneous
winfield Scott. Res orders to active duty revoked.
Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
Captain Karl A. Remensnyder, CA-Res to First Lieutenant Kenneth T. Farner, CA.
Captain Walter C. Conway to Miscellane-
active duty Hawaiian Department, sailing Res to active duty with Air Corps, MacDill
ous Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
Captain Clair McK. Conzelman to New New York, January 4. Field.
Captain John R. Richards, Jr., CA-Res First Lieutenant Cui W. Fuller, CA-Res
York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn.
(QM-Res) to Asst. to QM, Fort Monroe. to Panama Canal Department, sailing New
Captain Lewis C. Cook, CA-Res to active
Captain Raymond W. Rumph to Miscel- York, January 18.
duty, Fort Leavenworth. First Lieutenant Green R. Gaillard, CA. Res
Captain Harry B. Cooper, Jr. to Miscel- laneous Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
Captain Kermit R. Schweidel to 54th, to active duty with Air Corps.
laneous Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
Hitchcock, Texas. First Lieutenant Michel A. Garrett, CA.
Captain Frederick E. Day to Miscellaneous
Captain Frank H. Shepardson to 3d, Fort Res (QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, Galveston.
Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
MacArthur. First Lieutenant Frederick J. Gerlich to
Captain Matthew K. Deichelmann to GSC
Captain Charles W. Skeele, CA-Res to New York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn.
with troops, Quarry Heights, C. Z.
active duty with Air Corps. First Lieutenant Kenneth Glade to 5th
Captain Levi C. Erdman, CA-Res to active
Captain Charles E. Snyder, Jr., CA-Res to Fort Hamilton. '
duty with Air Corps, Hawaiian Department,
Hq. 3d Coast Artillery District, Fort Monroe. First Lieutenant Clarence B. Gragg, CA.
sailing New York, January 23. Res to active duty with Air Corps, Hawaiian
Captain Harvey H. Eustrom, CA-Res (QM- Captain Oscar B. Steely to Miscellaneous
Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina. Department, sailing New York, November
Res) to Asst. CQM, Burlington Shell Load-
Captain Alexander J. Stuart, Jr., (OD) to 23.
ing Plant, Burlington, Iowa. First Lieutenant Roswell H. Graves, CA.
Captain Odea Evans, CA-Res to active duty, U. S. Military Academy.
Captain Ralph L. Tellman CA-Res (QM- Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing
Randolph Field. New York, December 27.
Captain Robert W. Evans, CA-Res to active Res) to Asst. CQM, Union Centre, Indiana.
Captain John F. Thorlin (OD) to Office First Lieutenant John C. Harvell, CA. Res
duty with Air Corps, Wright Field.
of the Chief of Ordnance. to duty with the Air Corps, Orlando, Florida.
Captain Nels Fardahl, CA-Res to active
Captain William M. Vestal to Panama First Lieutenant Herman H. Hauck to 21st,
duty with Air Corps, Randolph Field.
Canal Department, sailing New York, Feb- Fort Du Pont.
Captain Frederick P. Fein, CA-Res to active
ruary 18. First Lieutenant George M. Hays, CA-Res
duty, Mitchel Field. to instCllctor Coast Artillery School.
Captain Frank T. Folk to Miscellaneous Captain Russell Vincent, QM-Res to Asst.
CQM, Fort Lewis. First Lieutenant Charles F. Heasty, Jr. to
Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
Captain Benjamin M. Warfield to 54th, Hq. 2d Coast Artillery District, New York
Captain William R. Galt, CA-Res (QM-
Hitchcock, Texas. City.
Res) to Asst. CQM, Fort Hayes.
Captain Bernard S. Waterman to 21st, First Lieutenant James R. Holmes to New
Captain Harold P. Gard to 5th, Fort
Fort Du Pont. York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn.
Hamilton. First Lieutenant Bowen C. Hucklebem,
Captain Norman L. Geidel, CA-Res to Captain H. Bennett Whipple to instructor,
Coast Artillery School. Jr., CA-Res to Asst. CQM, Fort Custer. .
Bowman Field. First Lieutenant Seth F. Hudgins to 5th,
Captain Ralph I. Glasgow to Miscellaneous Captain George F. Wigger, CA-Res (QM-
Res) to Asst. CQM, Philadelphia and vicinity. Fort Hamilton.
Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
First Lieutenant Aaron A. Abston to New First Lieutenant Lloyd B. Knouse, CA.Res
Captain Harry R. Hale to 6th, Fort Win-
York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. to active duty, Hawaiian Department.
field Scott. First Lieutenant John W. Koletty, CA.Res
Captain Robert M. Hardy to 19th, Fort First Lieutenant Frank H. Baker, Jr.,. CA-
Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing New to Asst. CQM, Kankakee Ordnance \X'orks.
Rosecrans.
York, December 27. Joliet, Illinois.
Captain John L. Hitchings, (Cav) to Pan-
First Lieutenant Marshall W. Baker, CA- First Lieutenant Arpad A. Kopcsak to Mis.
ama Canal Department sailing Charleston,
Res. orders to active duty revoked. cellaneous Station, Hollyridge, North Caro-
February 20.
First Lieutenant Lawrence C. Baldwin to lina.
Captain Albert H. Hollandsworth, CA-Res
New York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. First Lieutenant George E. Louttit, CA.
(QIII-Res) to Office of the Quartermaster
First Lieutenant Kenneth W. Bandel, Res (QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, Philadelphia
General. ~~ci~
NGUS to Hawaiian Department, sailing San
Captain John N. Howell
Coast Artillery School.
to instructor,
Francisco, December 17. First Lieutenant Arthur W. Lynch, (A. I
First Lieutenant John B. Bomar, CA-Res Res (QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, Fort
Captain William L. Johnson to Miscel-
to Air Corps, Orlando, Florida. Huachuca.
laneous Station, Hollyridge, North Carolina.
First Lieutenant William T. Boyd, CA-Res First Lieutenant Hiram Van E. Mahan.
Captain Roy K. Kauffman to 202d, Fort
to Hq. H.D. of Chesapeake Bay, Fort Mon- CA-Res (QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, Infantry
Bliss.
roe. Replacement Center, Macon, Georgia.
Captain John M. Kimble, CA-Res to active
duty, Hawaiian Department, sailing New First Lieutenant John Y. Brightman, CA- First Lieutenant William H. Marvel, (A.
York, November 23. Res to Hawaiian Department, sailing New Res to active duty, Savannah Airport.
Captain Lewis S. Kirkpatrick to New York York, February 6. First Lieutenant Frederick A. Miller to
Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. First Lieutenant Ira E. Buckholtz, CA-Res New York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn.
Captain George E. McCormick, Jr., CA- to Asst. CQM, Fort Lewis. First Lieutenant Robert L. Milligan, (A.
Res to active duty, Fort Snelling. First Lieutenant Julian H. Burns, CA-Res Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing 1
Captain Edward W. McLain to 54th, (QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, AA Firing Center, New York, January 18.
Hitchcock, Texas. Wilmington, North Carolina. First Lieutenant George F. Mincher, (A.
Captain John B. Morgan to 5th, Fort First Lieutenant Jerome S. Byrne to New Res to active duty with Air Corps Savannah
Hamilton. York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. Airport.
Captain William R. Murrin to 22d, Fort First Lieutenant James III. Cochran to First Lieutenant Elmo R. Morgan, CA-ReS
Constitution. Miscellaneous Station, Hollyridge, North to Asst. CQM, Fort Bliss and vicinity.
Captain Paul B. Nelson to 78th, March Carolina. First Lieutenant James R. Murphy, CA.Res
Field. First Lieutenant Joseph Conigliaro to Mis- to AA Training Center, Fort Bliss.
 COAST ARTILLERY ORDERS 89
First Lieutena.nt \X-:alter H. Redit, CA-Res Second Lieutenant John Cheney, CA-Res Second Lieutenant Harold N. Kaufman,
'0 acti,'e duty with Air Corps. to instructor, Coast Artillery School. CA-Res. to Puerto Rican Department, sailing
, First Lieutenant Dean A. Rhody, CA-Res Second Lieutenant Robert L. Colligan, Jr. New York, December 27.
:0 active duty with Air Corps, Savannah Air to 21st, Fort Du Pont. Second Lieutenant James Kravitz, CA-Res
lUse. Second Lieutenant Randolph U. Crenshaw, to active duty Coast Artillery School.
First Lieutenant James W. Scales, CA-Res CA-Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing Second Lieutenant Thomas M. Lewis, CA-
(QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, Cam~ Bowie. Charleston, January 20. Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing
First Lieutenant Alen Seff to Miscellaneous Second Lieutenant George H. Cully, CA- New York, January 18.
$lalion, Hollyridge, North Caro!ina. Res to Asst. CQM, Nacimiento, California. Second Lieutenant Edwin C. Luedeking,
Firsl Lieutenant Earle M. Shiley to New Second Lieutenant Robert J. Delaney to CA-Res to active duty, Fort Hamilton.
York Port of Embarka.tion, Brooklyn. 6th, Fort Winfield Scott. Second Lieutenant Max McCord, CA-Res
First Lieutenant Justin A. Shook, CA-Res Second Lieutenant Frank A. deLatour, Jr. to 20th, Fort Crockett.
to active duty with Air Corps. to 54th, Hitchcock, Texas. Second Lieutenant Glen A. McFeters, CA-
First Lieutenant Ward H. Shurtz, CA-Res Second Lieutenant Ramon F. Delosua, CA- Res to active duty with Air Corps, Selfridge
:,J Panama Canal Department, sailing Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing Field.
Charleston, January 2? .. New York, January 18. Second Lieutenant Mark P. Manion, CA-
First Lieutenant Wtlham P. Simpson, CA- Second Lieutenant Benjamin \X'. Dicker- Res to active duty with Air Corps, March
Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing son, Jr., CA-Res to Panama Canal Depart- Field.
:\ew York, January 18 . ment, sailing New York, January 18. Second Lieutenant Donald R. Morton, Jr.,
• First Lieutenant George C. Smith, CA-Res Second Lieutenant Kenneth W. Dickman, CA-Res to Asst. CQM, Fort Saulsbury.
(QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, Camp Shelby. CA-Res to active duty with Air Corps, Wright Second Lieutenant Thomas H. Muller to
First Lieutenant Mike Smith, CA-Res Field. 14th, Fort Worden.
(QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, Fort Deven. Second Lieutenant Harry W. Dille, CA- Second Lieutenant Reuben W. Mundy,
First Lieutenant Stazy J. Sukiennik, CA- Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing New CA-Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing
Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing York, December 27. Charleston, January 20.
~ew York, January 18. Second Lieutenant Charles P. Downer, CA- Second Lieutenant Allen H. Murphy, CA-
First Lieutenant \X'alter H. Thaxton, CA- Res to active duty with Air Corps, Savannah Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing New
Res to active duty with Air Corps, Langley Air Base. York, December 27.
Field. Second Lieutenant John P. Dwyer to Air Second Lieutenant Edward A. Murphy, Jr.
Filst Lieutenant Earl E. Thayer, CA-Res Corps Basic Flying School. to Moffett Field.
(QM-Res) to Asst. CQM, Fort Monroe. Second Lieutenant Adam J. Eisenhauer to Second Lieutenant John A. O'Brien to 6th,
First Lieutenant Wallace W. Thurston, Puerto Rican Department, sailing New York, Fort Winfield Scott.
CA-Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing January 18. Second Lieutenant James C. Parker, CA-
~e\\" York, January 18. Second Lieutenant John J. Egan, CA-Res Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing
First Lieutenant Edwin M. Turner, CA-Res orders to active duty revoked. Charleston, January 20.
(QM-Res) to Office of the Quartermaster Second Lieutenant Jewel W. Ewing, CA- Second Lieutenant Gerald ]. Priebe, CA-
General. Res to active duty with Air Corps, MacDill Res to active duty with Air Corps, Jefferson
First Lieutenant William H. Vail, Jr. to Field. Barracks.
Miscellaneous Station, Hollyridge, North Second Lieutenant Philip J. Foran, Jr., Second Lieutenant Henry P. Pryor to
Carolina. ~A-Res to Panama Canal Department, sail- Puerto Rican Department, sailing New York,
First Lieutenant Henry L. Walter, CA-Res Ing New York, January 18. January 18.
ro Panama Canal Department, sailing Charles- Second Lieutenant Frank S. Fugman to Second Lieutenant Paul Psillos, CA-Res to
ron, January 20. QMC, Scott Field. active duty with Air Corps, Savannah Air-
First Lieutenant Hyman B. Wax, CA-Res Second Lieutenant Kirby D. Goldblum, port.
to active duty with Air Corps, Langley Field. CA-Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing Second Lieutenant Richard K. Redfern,
First Lieutenant James M. Williams, CA- New York, December 27. CA-Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing
Res to active duty, Fort Leavenworth. Second Lieutenant James A. Grazier, CA- New York, January 18.
First Lieutenant Grover L. Wilson, Jr., Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing Second Lieutenant William C. Roberson,
(A-Res to active duty with Air Corps, Lang- Charleston, January 20. Jr., CA-Res to 62d, Fort Totten.
Ie\' Field. Second Lieutenant Ernest G. Gruters, CA- Second Lieutenant William W. Saunders
'First Lieutenant John D. Wood to New Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing to 19th, Fort Rosecrans.
York Port of Embarkation, Brooklyn. New York, January 18. Second Lieutenant Hillard W. Shaffer, CA-
First Lieutenant Clair M. Worthy, CA-Res Second Lieutenant Clarence E. Gushurst to Res to active duty QMC, Kankakee Ordnance
to 20th, Fort Crockett. 6th, Fort Winfield Scott. Works, Joliet, Illinois.
Second Lieutenant John E. Aber to 54th, Second Lieutenant Arthur F. Hanson, CA- Second Lieutenant Ferdinand Stano, CA-
Hitchcock, Texas. Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing Res to active duty Coast Artillery School.
Second Lieutenant Joseph W. Baker, CA- New York, December 27. Second Lieutenant Charles P. Stroble, Jr.
R;S to Panama Canal Department, sailing Second Lieutenant Malcolm R. Harvey, to Panama Canal Department, sailing Charles-
:'\ew York, January 18. CA-Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing ton, January 20.
Second Lieutenant Charles L. Beaudry to New York, December 27. Second Lieutenant Fred A. Sumpter, CA-
5-1h, Fort Monroe. Second Lieutenant John C. Hattox, CA- Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing
Second Lieutenant James N. Belote, CA- Res to active duty, MacDill Field. New York, January 18.
R;S to. Panama Canal Department, sailing Second Lieutenant William P. Hickman, Second Lieutenant John C. Tredennick to
'\ew lork, January 18. ~A-Res to Panama Canal Department, sail- 57th, Fort Monroe.
Second Lieutenant Irving W. Brooks, CA- Ing New York, January 18. Second Lieutenant Kenneth F. Troup, CA-
Res to aCllve duty, Coast Artillery School. Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing
Second Lieutenant Robert B. Jaffa, CA-Res
New York, January 18.
Second Lieutenant William N Brown II to Panama Canal Department, sailing New
(A-Res to active duty with Air Corps Kelly' York, January 18. Second Lieutenant Gordon L. Way, CA-
~el~ ' Res. to active duty with Air Corps, McChord
Second Lieutenant James C. Jeffries, Jr. Field.
R Second Lieutenant Ullman J. Carruth, CA- ~A-Res to Panama Canal Department, sail- Second Lieutenant Edgar K. Young, CA-
es to aCllve duty with Air Corps Kelly Ing Charleston, January 20.
Field. ' Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing
Second Lieutenant Walter V. Johnson, New York, January 18.
(Second Lieutenant Ernest W. Chapman, CA-Res to active duty, Fort Monroe. Second Lieutenant Robert W. Young, CA-
(~-Res to Panama Canal Department, sailing Second Lieutenant Ernest B. Jones to 76th, Res to Puerto Rican Department, sailing New
arJeston, January 20. Fort Bragg. York, December 27.

* * *
 OOK REVIEWS
'There are events which are so great that if a writer has
participated in them his obligation is to try to write
them truly rather than assume the presumption of alter-
ing them with invention. It is events of this importance
Commissars and Crusaders that have produced RegIer's book." \Ve may assume
that .Mr. RegIer has written truly of events as he sa\\'
TI-IE GREAT CRUSADE. By Gustav Regier. Trans-
them. That he was a prejudiced observer, there can be
lated from the German by vVhitaker Chambers and
no doubt, but there is no reason to question the accuracy
Barrows Mussey. New York: Longmans, Green and
of his vivid description. He tells of the heroism and of
Company. 448 Pages; $2.50.
the horrors of the Spanish \iVar. The reader is impressed
The great crusade, about which this book is written; by the number of men from all nations who came to
is the crusade against dictatorship, against the Naziism Spain and volunteered to fight for liberty against the
of Hitler's Germany and the Fascism of Mussolini's men and machines of Hitler and l\1ussolini.
Italy. The crusaders are men from Russia, Poland, There is color and warmth in this book. There is
Hungary, Germany, France, Italy, and all of Europe, nothing detached about it. \Ve follow Albert, the
who fought as volunteers in the International Brigades Commissar, from day to day. His struggles for disci-
for Republican Spain against the Moors, Nazis, and pline, selection of officers, political discourses, and
Fascists serving under Franco. This is the story of one philosophy of Communism are described. \Ve share his
of the communist brigades that fought so successfully experiences through battle, alarms, attacks, defense.
in the early part of the Spanish \Var. The author was wounds, and contact with danger and death. Much
the Brigade Commissar, a sincere Communist. He tells space is devoted to extolling the doctrines of Russia and
of the early battles to protect Madrid, and of the battles of Communism and in villifying totalitarianism and the
at Las Rozas, El Escorial, Arganda, Algora and Guada- doctrines of Facism.
lajara. The book does not carryon to the final defeat of
Republican Spain and the end of the war, but closes f

on a note of optimism with Franco's forces apparently Plan for Vicwry

stopped. This is not a tactical treatise; there are no
DE GAULLE AND THE COMING INVASI00
maps showing the plans of campaign and battle for
OF GERMANY. By James Marlow. New York: E
either side. The action in battle is a bit difficult to fol-
P. Dutton and Company, 1940. 95 Pages; $1.00.
low. The author does give a series of clear, sharp pic-
tures of what he observed, what he and the officers and Here is a timely, short, well written book. There
men of his brigade did and thought, both during and are only ninety-five pages. The pages are large, t~
between battles. Vie meet the brigade commander and print is large, and the book is easy to read. Genera,
appreciate his task of controlling several battalions all Charles de Gaulle is in the news as the creator anL
speaking different languages. His orders were issued leader of The Army of All Free Frenchmen, and:l' I
through several interpreters. The brigade surgeon fig- such he is recognized by the British. This book tells~ I
ures prominently in the story, as do the commissars of his efforts as far back as 1934, when he published hi'
the several organizations. The position of a "commissar" Towards a Professional Army, to convince the French
in the military organization is of interest to officers in General Staff of the necessity for a highly mobik
the American army. mechanized force for the defense of France. His adrjet
Ernest Hemingway states in his preface to this book, went unheeded. The French placed their dependenet
 BOOK REVIE\VS 91
19.41
~ t'c defense, the ilvlaginot Line. The Germans Mine of Information
on ~ta I .,,,, d I I
cd the "Panzer-DivISIon, orgamze a most exact y MINE AND COUNTERl\HNE. Bv Professor A. M.
cr~ Gaulle recommended. The result is history. The Low. New York: Sheridan House,' 1940.220 Pages;
35f e nce is that the Germans adopted De Gaulle's Illustrated; $2.75,
mere
'd - of a war of movement,•. 0f tan's,k mec I"1amzatlOn
I e3:> History, science and anecdote combine in this book
d 'r planes' the French dId not. The book pomts out to offer a complete and readable treatise on naval and
an advantage, of a permanent army 0f s'~
the 31 k'll ed an d
, cd technicians over a mass of half tramed con- military mines. A touch of philosophy and a heavy
tram layer of propaganda, strangely enough, do not seem to
scripts. , . detract from the content.
The storv is told of De Gaulle s part m the Battle of
Torpedoes, land mines, air mines and booby traps
France, and how he was called to adviseh the . govern-
f h are considered in detail. The chapters on mine sweep-
ment at Bordeaux, but too late. The aut or IS 0 t e
'n'lon that the French succumbed too easily. He is ing are particularly instructive and entertaining. From
\ery critical of Gamelin, \Veygand and Petain, t I1e "ld
Opl
0
Greek fire to the airplane-clropped magnetic mine, Pro-
me~ of Vichy." De Gaulle has tried to keep alive the fessor Low's treatise is complete.
French spirit of resistance and fosters the hope that The writer is British-aggressively so. To the Ameri-
France e,'entually may join the British i!l driving out can, his sense of outrage at German methods and at
the very idea of the use of mines in a blockade may seem
the invader.
The last chapter is devoted to the Plan for Victory. a bit overdone, if excusable. However, he is unstinting
The "Defense of Britain" eventually must give way to in his praise of individual Germans who participated
the invasion of Germany if democracy is to win free in both the Great \Var and the present one.
fromdomination by dictators. The answer given to in- Mine and COlllzterlllille is recommended to the mili-
'''lsion is overwhelming superiority in the air, on the tary reader for the information it contains, and to the
land. and on the sea. First, with overwhelming air and civilian for its wealth of human interest material. \Var
ml\'al superiority, secure a deep bridgehead; next, looms large in our consciousness today. lHille and
guarantee uninterrupted supply by air and sea. The COUlztermine treats of an important phase of warfare.
spearheadof the attack should be the mechanized land
f
forceacting in close cooperation with the air force. As
De Gaulle visualizes it: Pride of Virginia
"Tanks and guns. ONE HUNDRED YEARS AT V.M.I. By Colonel
~lore guns and more tanks. \i\Tilliam Couper (Executive Officer and Histori-
Thousands of airplanes. ographer, V.M.!.) Richmond: Garrett and Massie,
Tens of thousands of airplanes." 1940. Four volumes; $12.00.
f General George C. Marshall has written the follow-
ing foreword to this complete and readable four-volume
More Conjecture work:
lllE SHAPE OF THE \"TAR TO COME. (Anony- "This book of a century in the history of the Vir-
mous), New York: Longmans, Green and Company, ginia Military Institute records the development of
1940. 83 Pages; $1.00. high ideals in a long procession of young men, proven
at times by the test of battle and self-sacrifice. No other
In this little book the author, who very wisely re- institute of learning in America, I believe, can offer
mainsanonymous, tells the story of the Second \Vorld such a record. It is unique from the standpoint of the
War as viewed from the vantage point of 1945. After participation of the cadets as a corps in the armies of
re'icwing the events as now known to us he continues the Confederacy. The traditions and standards evolved
to review them as he thinks we will know them five over a period of eighty-five years under the leadership
~ears from now. of three remarkable characters, have permanently en-
According to this preview, Germany, on a foggy dowed the Institute with a legacy for the development
ntght in No,'ember, 1940, feints at the London area of future citizens having that stamp of character neces-
and invades the British midlands, using submarine sary to the maintenance of a genuine democracy,"
trailers," tanks carried by giant planes, tremendous After many years of preparation the author, in fifty-
numbersof parachute troops, fifth columnists in Eire, three chapters, takes the reader from the organization
a~ gas.The German forces are, however, repulsed, but and establishment of the Institute to the end of its first
t details of the operations and the later surprising century. "Organization and fruition; destruction and
b: nts with the part played by the United States had
er be told bv the book itself
ravage by an invading army; existence in trenches and
If h' . within the sheltering walls of an almshouse; fire and
ind t ese things come true, the author will be a prophet theft; building and rebuilding-surely some guardian
eed.
angel has preserved and re-assembled the official rec-
92 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL ]ll1l1lary-Febrllll1J

>) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) >) < < < < < < < < < < < < < < ords of the Virginia i\ lilitary Institute. But presef\'~
and re-assembled they were. Orders, letters, reports. Ii
ographical sketches of practically all former cadets, t

FIELD MANUAL gether with a bewildering mass of related records ha,

been carefully read-they
be found within these books."
form the basis of what is t

BINDERS By the publication of these volumes Colonel CoulXt

has made available to all many extremely interesti~
documents which formerly were available to only a fe\'
This work is essential to complete the library of t~
friend and alumnus of the V.M.I. as well as that of t~
individual who may be interested in the history of \'iT.
ginia during the period 1839-1939.

Stonewall Jackson at First Hand

I RODE "VITH STONEWALL. By Henry Kyd Douglas.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 194(
V MANUALS Do NOT GET LOST.
384 Pages; Illustrated; Index; $3.00.
V KEEPS l\'IANuALS IN SYSTEMATIC ORDER.
This is the book you are looking for if you want llJ
V MANUALS REMAIN IN GOOD CONDITION. escape for a few hours from today's wars by getting bad
to the seemingly more solid ground of old and well-lorex!
V No HOLE-PUNCHING NECESSARY. campaigns. "Being chiefly the war experiences of the youn~
est member of Jackson's staff from the John Brown raid to
V INEXPENSIVE. the hanging of Mrs. Surratt" -this is the subtitle-and a
V HUGGED, DURABLE. fine, straightforward book it is.
The author wrote most of the book immediately after
V EASY TO OPERATE. the War Between the States came to a close, using diaries
and notes he had made all during the war. He laid t~
book aside until 1899, abstracting material from it onh
'1.50 occasionally for use in addresses and articles for magazines
Then he rewrote the whole manuscript. "I have added
(20% discOlIIll ill lols of 10 or more, somewhat," he says in his preface, "and taken away mOlt
f. o. b. Jj/' asbill glOll) freely; and time has mellowed the acerbity of more yout~I

T eclmical A1a/wal Billders at same price

ful days. My wounds have healed long ago and left Jl( I
hurt. "Vhile I cannot go back on the boy soldier of '6
whose hair was as black as his coat is now, and whose coo'
was as gray as his hair is now, I remember that in '99 he'
wearing glasses, that few of his comrades are left, and th2:
it behooves him to write nobly, discreetly, and fairly."
But somehow this fine book went unpublished unL
1940 when the author's nephew submitted it to the Un I
versity of North Carolina Press.

What It Takes to Fight Wars

THE ECONOMICS OF WAR. By Horst MendershaL •

sen. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1940. 308 Pa~

Index; $2.75.
This is a level-headed, thoroughgoing, and reada\j
OIWER FIWl\I treatment of one of the biggest subjects in the world abclt
which a book can be written. The main body of Mr \
The Coast Artillery Journal Mendershausen's book is divided into four parts. The fi~1
deals with what a warring nation needs, the second \I,d
1115 Seventeenth Street, N.\X'.
the war economy, the third with the international ecr
WASHINGTON, D. C. nomics of war and the situation of neutrals, and the fi~
part with postwar economics. The author has includtL
»»»»»»»««««««« the minimum of economic terminology in his writing. >
 '941 BOOK REVIE\VS 93
thaI there are few passages, if any, in his work which are
rd for (he lavman to understand.
»»»»»»»«««««««
baTh partS o( the book that deal with what the individuals
of a :ation must expect the effect of a war to be on their
Ii are indeed clearly presented. It seems to me, how- COURT-MARTIAL
ves. that at least one military aspect of war economics is
=what inadequately cO\'ere~. I refer to the author's sec-
. dealino with transportatIon. The author does not PRACTICAL GUIDE
~ 0 out ~ he might well have done the possible tre-
dous effect upon t h'e economIcs 0 f a natIOn an d a na-
uuno . By MAJOR T. F. McCARTHY,
men,stransportation of air warfare, and the exhaustive con- U. S. Army
~ration that should be given in time of peace to substi-
te means and routes of transporting supplies for the
tu '"
rpose of minimizing wartime interruptIOns, An almost indispensable aid and guide for
PuThe Economics of \Var is well documented but not too all members of courts-martial, as well as for
hl'~lVih-so. The tabular data in the appendixes are clearly
an<!eronomicallv presented. Any military reader can un- the judge advocate and defense counsel. De-
derstand the pr~sent endeavors of this country far more signed not to take the place of the Mmlllal for
dearly after reading this excellent work. Courts-Martial, but to supplement it, this

i
book ofFers convenience in reference that will
i i
sa\'c crucial minutes. The spiral binding
\'«'hen the Soldier Governs guarantecs that the Guide will lie flat, open at
A PI\,\CTICAL i\IANUAL OF MARTIAL LAW. the needed page. Contrasting page colors are
By Frederick Bernays \Viener. Harrisburg: Military a key to the pages to be used by different of-
Service Publishing Company, 1940. 184 Pages; ficers oC the court; the text arrangement itself
$2.00. distinguishes between the matter for general
The author of this book is a special assistant to the and special courts. The left-hand pages are
AHornev General of the United States and a captain blank, to facilitate note-taking.
in the Judge Advocate General's Department of the
Officers' Hesenre Corps.
DON'T WAIT UNTIL YOU ARE
fhe author defines martial law as the carrying on of
gO\ernmcnt in domestic territory by military agencies, DETAILED TO A COURT.
In \\ hole or in part, with the consequent supersession of
MARTIAL
me or all civil aoencies.
o I-lis book therefore does not
deal with the law governing the internal structure and
. Order COURT-MARTIAL PRACTICAL GUIDE
operations oC the army, courts-martial, military govern-
now; have it on hand when you need it. It
mem, or even with military aid to a civil government
stIllexercising all its functions. will save research and embarrassment-you
1his reviewer can find nothing of substance in the will benefit by the experience of an officer
book \\ ith which to take issue and does not conceive it who has sat on manv courts-martial.
-'
to be .his duty to "speck" it for trifles on which he might
cnUClze the author. The book covers its field thor-
oughly, even exhaustivelv. The reader is at once struck
With the scholarship o(the author and the immense $1.00 Postpaid
amOUnt of research done by him. The text and foot-
notes show that he has not only read the cases in the
al COUrtstouching his subject, but also has search-
tbe law reports of all the states of the Union, of Eng- Order
• and oC the British dominions and colonies. In COURT-MARTIAL PRACTICAL
cion
I- ,~e cites. many books and magazine articles of GUIDE
"'1)nl, bIOgraphIcal, and historical nature. The foot-
are a mine of information to anyone who wishes from tbe
lilafke a further study, either legal or historical, of
o the topics with which the book deals. COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL
~. author's language is breezy, almost colloquial, 1115 Seventeenth Street, N. \V.
liferent from and much more readable than the
WIASHINGTON, D. C.
'fhe ous style sometimes found in legal writings.
layman, and particularly the soldier, with the
»»»»»»»«««««««
 --
94 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL lan,wry-February

»»»»»»»««««««« liking for clear-cut decisions fostered by his tactical

training, wishes a categorical answer, yes or no, to the
question whether such-and-such conduct is lawful. As
A Practical Manual Captain \\liener's book shows, it is not always possible
to give categorical answers to such questions with cer-
of tainty, but the book goes on far in the direction of gir-
ing such answers as may safely be done by a conscien-
Martial Law tious and prudent lawyer who has thoroughly studied
By FREDERICK BERNA YS WIENER his subject.
Captain, JAGD-Res. The book should be within reach of every judge
Special Assistant to the Attorney General advocate, whether of the Regular Army, the National
of the United States. Guard, or the Reserve Corps, and will be found inter-
esting and instructive reading by any line officer.
RITTEN in English and not in
W law, the purpose of this Manual
is to provide a practical guide to the
VENEZUELA. By Henry J. Allen, New York:
much discussed and much-confused field Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1940. 290 Pages:
of martial law. The reader will not find $3.50.
here any closely-reasoned exposition of
This is basically a travel book, but it also corers
legal theories or any flights into the brieRy and interestingly the history and politics of this
speculations of juristic philosophy. It colorful South American country. Assurance that this is
states the law-what can be done, what no mere superficial travelogue is afforded by the fact
cannot be done, where the doubtful areas that the observer is an experienced traveler and journal-
lie-with just enough of the underlying ist, a special adviser to the State Department and a
fonner governor of Kansas.
doctrine to clarify the results and to
Important changes have taken place in Venezuela
show the reasons for the decisions. It is
during the past five years. An intensive social service
intended as a guide to law and not to welfare and economic program has been put into opera-
tactics. tion. The author is enthusiastic about the results ob-
TABLE OF CONTENTS tained so far but points out problems yet to be soh'ell
and pitfalls to be avoided.
Introduction.
1. Martial Law- \Vhat It Is And vVhat It Is The book is well worth reading.
Not.
II. Necessity The Basis, The Justification,
and The Measure of Martial Law. EXTERIOR BALLISTICS. By Lieutenant Colonel
III. \Vhy and How Martial Law Differs from Thomas J. Hayes, New York: John \I\Tiley and Sons
A State of \Var. 1940. 98 Pages; Paper Cover; $1.00.
IV. Employment of State Troops in Domestic
Disturbances. This is essentially a reprint of Chapters X and XII
V. Employment of Federal Troops in Do- from the author's textbook Elements of Ordnallce
mestic Disturbances. written while he was Professor of Ordnance and So-
VI. Martial Law and Interference vVith the ence of Gunnery at the United States Military Acad-
Person. emy. Quoting from an earlier review of the origin~
VII. Martial Law and Interference \Vith Prop- book, "He has written a remarkably clear treatise ona
erty.
difficult technical subject."
VIII. Martial Law and Trial by Military Tribu-
nals. Although this is not a volume for grammar-sch()(
IX. Personal Liability of Officers and Soldiers students, the reader who has a reasonable knowlcd\!t
for Acts Done During Martial Law. of mathematics can find his way through the page-
X. Concluding Remarks. without too much difficulty. There is a large quanti~
Table of Cases. of information tucked into the ninety-eight pages of th
Index. book.
Price $2.00 The volume recently published was written pO'
The Coast Artillery Journal marily to aid engineers 'and others who are facing Un-I
1115 Seventeenth Street, N.W'. familiar problems in connection with the National Dr
WASHINGTON, D. C. fense program, but it is equally valuable for sen~l'
line officers who do not own the much more expenS1\
»»»»»»»««««««« Elements of Ordnance.
 /9-11 BOOK REVIE\VS 95
Generalissimo
CHIAp;G KAI-SHEK: MARSHAL OF CHINA. By
S,'en Hedin. New York: The John Day Company, Inc.,
19-tO.284 Pages; Illustrated; Index. $3.00.
It is to be doubted whether there is any other living
man who knows as much about the interior of Asia-Tibet,
Turkestan, the hinterland of China, and all those great
MAGAZINES
interior reaches of the Asian continent-as Sven Hedin,
the famous Swedish explorer. In one of his books, for ex-
ample, he tells how his expedition, then seeking to reach
the forbidden city of Lhasa, crossed some of the highest
mountain ranges on earth, half a dozen times at maximum The JOURNAL'S periodical department
altitudes in the highest passes of eighteen thousand fee~. is the most efficient agent for handling
In another book he describes the hazards his party en-
countered in crossing an unexplored Chinese desert. On
your magazine business-both organ-
this trip he found the ruins of a great city, a city that a izational and individual. It is speedy
white man had never looked upon since the days of J\,larco
and accurate: speedy because orders
Polo, if ever a white man had seen it at all.
All these exciting adventures are told in Sven Hedin's are sent to the various publishers on
popular books for the g:neral reader. But each of his ex- the date of receipt; accurate because
plorations has been carned out not merely for the glory of
Sweden or Sven Hedin himself, but to extend the world's the JOURNAL understands the idiosyn-
scientific knowledge of unknown regions. Consequently, crasies of military addresses.
most of $ven Hedin's explorations have also resulted in
the writing of many detailed scientific volumes containing
the full reports of Hedin and the scientists who accom- No matter how many magazines yolt
panied him.
order, you have but ONE letter to
Naturally, a man who has spent most of his life-he has
been at it for more than forty years; he is more than seventy write. If a change of address becomes
now-must inevitably meet many high political and mili- necessary! ONE letter does the trick.
tary figures in the lands he explores. You cannot take off
through Central Asia equipped with an ordinary passport. ONE letter suffices to renew a group
Full arrangements for permission must be made with the of magazines no matter what the ex-
highest authorities, not only, for example, the Central
authorities of China, but also the highest provincial author- piration dates.
ities in each region. Thus it is that Sven Hedin in the
past two decades has several times had interviews with
Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek. We guarantee to meet the best price
His latest book, Chiang Kai-shek, has for its basis these quoted by any responsible agent for
personal encounters between the two men.
any magazine or group of magazines.
Perhaps the most interesting part of the book to a mili-
tary reader is the part that tells about Chiang Kai-shek We will supply any periodical, pub-
during the days he was held prisoner 'by the Young lished anywhere, in any language, at
Marshal at Sian. From Hedin's account there can be no
do~bt as to the high quality of leadership shown by Chiang publishers' rates or less.
Kal-shek during this difficult period. As a prisoner he
spent his time endeavoring to prove to his captors how
great a mistake they had made. But in speaking to them,
~e blamed himself to a large extent for what had happened.
} ha\'e always told my subordinates," he told his captors,
that when they make mistakes their superiors must also The next time you order periodicals
be blamed for not having given them adequate training. for the club, day room, or yourself, get
As I am in supreme command of the army, your fault is a quotation from
:150 m~ ~ault, and I must ask for punishment by the central
uthofltles.... As you have rectified your mistake at an
~r1y stage, the crisis has not been prolonged, and I believe
I e central authorities should be able to be lenient with The Coast Artillery Journal
you ....
1115 17th Street N.W. Washington. D. C.
of ~Ih~vealways impressed upon the people the importance
bil.ethlcalprinciples and integrity ... to bear responsi-
It ~nd to obey discipline. If a superior officer cannot
I1la e hiS subordinates observe these principles, he himself
96 THE COAST ARTILLERY JOURNAL la/wary-February'
is partly to be blamed. Hence in connection with this SUICIDE OF A DEi\'IOCMCY. Bv Heinz Pol. New
crisis I am ready to bear the responsibility as your superior York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1940. 296 Pages; $2.50.
officer .... " There is a good deal of material in this account of the
This speech and others noted by Sven Hedin in his fall of France not touched upon by other writers. This is
book are in a sense military classics, the product of the true because the author, who was arrested and held as a
mind of a leader who has been engaged upon the most political prisoner back in the days of the Reichstag fire.
difficult military task of any commander in our time. later escaped and became an editorial writer in Paris where
he had opportunity to witness the decay of French politics.
In his chapter on "The Army and the Maginot Line"
The Armies of China the author says that Hore-Belisha, the former British war
minister, after inspecting the Maginot Line early in the
T\VIN STARS OF CHINA. By i\lajor Evans Fordyce
war, made an adverse report upon it when he got back to
Carlson. New York: Dodd Mead & Company, 1940.
London. He also goes at some length into the early warn-
319 Pages; Maps; Index; $3.00.
ings of DeGaulle and the efforts of Reynaud to modernize
THE CHINESE ARMY. By Major Evans Fordyce Carl- the French Army. Gamelin, says the author, '\vas not dis-
son. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1940. 130 inclined toward far-reaching reforms-he loved to outline
Pages; Index; $1.00. plans, which promptly disappeared into a drawer when
others wrinkled their brows at them. But time and aoain
The author of Twin Stars of China and of The Chinese he succumbed to the spirit that prevailed around him "and
Army is a former Marine Corps officer who has seen most
that was conservative to the extreme."
of what he writes about at first-hand. I recommend the
longer book to military readers because it contains more
details than the other and is written in more of a running
style. However, the smaller book contains a good deal of HITLER'S GERMANY. By Karl Loewenstein. New
factual material not in the other volume and both are York: The Macmillan Company, 1940. 230 Pages:
essential reading to any student of the present Chinese $1.75.
military situation. This is a new edition of a highly readable book which
In The Chinese Army Major Carlson feels that an ulti- tells how the German government works. It shows in
mate Chinese victory will depend on the following things. ample detail for the general military reader all the different
"The Chinese people must remain united. The forces en- bureaucratic ramifications of the Nazi government.
gaged in positional warfare must continue to be increased The picture we get, perhaps, from reading the news.
in strength and improved in efficiency. The forces engaged papers and magazine articles, is one of an extremely effi.I
in guerilla warfare must continue to be increased in cient, single-headed, absolute type of government, some-
strength and improved in efficiency .. There must be har- thing like those autocracies of old where the will of a single
monious cooperation between the people and the military man was law. \Vell, the will of a single man is law in
forces. China must continue to receive credits and sup- Germany, but it apparently takes an enormous number of
plies from abroad until such time as she can manufacture overlapping government agencies to put that will into
her own war materials. Present ports of entry into China effect.
must be kept open in order to provide avenues for the flow
of war material into the country."
WAR WITHOUT MUSIC. By Peter Muir. New York: I

Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940. 262 Pages; $2.00.

Democracy's Handbook Peter i\lluir was in charge of an American ambulance
unit during the recent campaign in France. He was cap-
SPEAK UP FOR DEMOCRACY. By Edward L. Bernays. tured by the German Army and was their prisoner for a
New York: The Viking Press, 1940. 127 Pages; $1.00. short time. In his book he simply recounts the adventures
This is truly a practical and thorough handbook of of his ambulance unit and himself from the time the unit
counter-propaganda. It offers to every American who wants was formed until it was safely evacuated into Spain. As a
to "speak up for Democracy" all the information he needs veteran of the First vVorld War the author observes many
to get busy with. things which are of interest to military readers.
Mr. Bernays has presented his material in a simple,
straightforward manner. On the basis of long experience
I
in public relations with some of the largest organizations ENEMY SIGHTED. By Alec Hudson. New York: TIt
in the United States, he makes public his own methods in
l\lacmillan Company, 1940. 61 Pages; $1.25.
behalf of Democracy.
If this book is used as widely as it should be used, there This is another exciting little book by Lieutenant W. J
should be little fear that any foreign propaganda will seri- Holmes, a naval officer who writes under the pseudon~~
ously or permanently inRuence the minds of any sizable Alec Hudson. Those who read his fine Battle Stations wiL~
number in this country. Propaganda is a powerful agent want to read this book in which he describes the work ofaI
whenever it is efficiently used. But when propaganda is patrol consisting of the British cruiser Perseus and the Brit-
efficiently used to sustain the institutions we know have ish submarine Petard which succeeded after a number ct
worked and will work to our common benefit, it can become weeks in intercepting and sinking the raider, the Adl11i~
far more powerful than any propaganda seeking to attack Schroeder. Lieutenant Holmes certainlv knows his sU~
those institutions. mannes.
-

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New Edition of that "Must"
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1940, and the law providing for extended
active duty for National Guard and Re- CONTENTS
serve personnel required an extensive re- FIRST STATION
ORIENTATION
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~lESS MANAGEMENT
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