Exposition Writing
Exposition Writing
Exposition Writing
Narrative exposition is the insertion of important background information within a story; for
example, information about the setting, characters' backstories, prior plot events, historical
context, etc.[1] In a specifically literary context, exposition appears in the form of expository
writing embedded within the narrative. Exposition is one of four rhetorical modes (also
known as modes of discourse), along with description, argumentation, and narration, as
elucidated by Alexander Bain and John Genung.[2] Each of the rhetorical modes is present in a
variety of forms, and each has its own purpose and conventions. There are several ways to
accomplish exposition.
Indirect exposition/incluing
Indirect exposition, sometimes called incluing, is a technique of worldbuilding in which the
reader is gradually exposed to background information about the world in which a story is
set. The idea is to clue the readers in to the world the author is building without them being
aware of it. This can be done in a number of ways: through dialogues, flashbacks, characters'
thoughts,[3] background details, in-universe media,[4] or the narrator telling a backstory.[3]
Instead of saying "I am a woman", a first person narrator can say "I kept the papers inside my
purse." The reader (in most English-speaking cultures) now knows the character is probably
female.[5]
Indirect exposition has always occurred in storytelling incidentally, but is first clearly
identified, in the modern literary world, in the writing of Rudyard Kipling. In his stories set in
India like The Jungle Book, Kipling was faced with the problem of Western readers not
knowing the culture and environment of that land, so he gradually developed the technique of
explaining through example. But this was relatively subtle, compared to Kiplings' science
fiction stories, where he used the technique much more obviously and necessarily, to explain
an entirely fantastic world unknown to any reader, in his Aerial Board of Control universe.[6]
Kipling's writing influenced other science fiction writers, most notably the "Dean of Science
Fiction", Robert Heinlein, who became known for his advanced rhetorical and storytelling
techniques, including indirect exposition.
The word incluing is attributed to fantasy and science fiction author Jo Walton.[7] She defined
it as "the process of scattering information seamlessly through the text, as opposed to
stopping the story to impart the information."[8] "Information dump" is the term given for
overt exposition, which writers want to avoid.[9][10] In an idiot lecture, characters tell each
other information that needs to be explained for the purpose of the audience, but of which the
characters in-universe would already be aware.[11] Writers are advised to avoid writing
dialogues beginning with "As you well know, Professor, a prime number is..."[12][13][14]