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    01 Analytical Chemistry

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    ZenPhi
    Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and determining the relative amounts of components in a sample. It plays a central role in connecting many branches of science. A typical quantitative analysis involves choosing an appropriate method, acquiring and processing a representative sample, eliminating interfering substances, measuring a property, calculating results, and estimating reliability. Analytical chemistry provides essential feedback for chemical process control systems through measurement, comparison, and control functions.

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    01 Analytical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    ZenPhi
    313 views3 pages
    Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and determining the relative amounts of components in a sample. It plays a central role in connecting many branches of science. A typical quantitative analysis involves choosing an appropriate method, acquiring and processing a representative sample, eliminating interfering substances, measuring a property, calculating results, and estimating reliability. Analytical chemistry provides essential feedback for chemical process control systems through measurement, comparison, and control functions.

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    Analytical chemistry

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    01 Analytical chemistry

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    Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and determining the relative amounts of components in a sample. It plays a central role in connecting many branches of science. A typical quantitative analysis involves choosing an appropriate method, acquiring and processing a representative sample, eliminating interfering substances, measuring a property, calculating results, and estimating reliability. Analytical chemistry provides essential feedback for chemical process control systems through measurement, comparison, and control functions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    313 views3 pages

    01 Analytical Chemistry

    Uploaded by

    ZenPhi
    Analytical chemistry involves separating, identifying, and determining the relative amounts of components in a sample. It plays a central role in connecting many branches of science. A typical quantitative analysis involves choosing an appropriate method, acquiring and processing a representative sample, eliminating interfering substances, measuring a property, calculating results, and estimating reliability. Analytical chemistry provides essential feedback for chemical process control systems through measurement, comparison, and control functions.

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    of 3

    1 The Nature of Analytical Chemistry

    Analytical chemistry: separating, identifying and determining the relative amount


    of the components.
    Qualitative analysis: reveals identity of the elements and compounds in a sample
    Quantitative analysis: indicates the amount of each substance in a sample
    %, concentration
    * Complete analysis
    * Elemental analysis
    * Partial analysis

    1A The Role of Analytical Chemistry


    Chemistry
    Biology Biochemistry
    Inorganic Chemistry Physics
    Botany
    Genetics Organic Chemistry Astrophysics
    Geology Microbiology Physical Chemistry Astronomy Engineering
    Geophysics Molecular Biology Biophysics
    Civil
    Geochemistry Zoology Chemical
    Paleontology Electrical
    Paleobiology Mechanical

    Medicine
    Environmental Clinical Chemistry
    Sciences Analytical
    Medicinal Chemistry
    Ecology Chemistry Pharmacy
    Meteorology Toxicology
    Oceanography

    Agriculture
    Agronomy
    Animal Sciences Materials science
    Crop Sciences Social Sciences Metallurgy
    Food Sciences Polymers
    Horticulture Archeology
    Solid State
    Soil Sciences Anthropology
    Forensics

    Figure 1-1 The relationship between analytical chemistry, other branches of chemistry
    and the other sciences. The central location of analytical chemistry in the diagram
    signifies its importance and the breadth of its interactions with many other disciplines.

    1
    1B Quantitative Analytical Methods
    Gravimetric methods: mass of analyte or compound chemically related to it
    Volumetric methods: Titration method
    Spectroscopic methods: interaction between electromagnetic radiation and
    analyte atoms or molecules or on the production of
    such radiation by analyte.
    Electroanalytical means: voltage, current, resistance and quantity of electrical
    charge.

    1C A Typical Quantitative Analysis


    Select method

    Acquire sample

    Process sample

    Is No Carry out
    Sample soluble chemical
    ? dissolution
    No Yes
    Change Measurable property ?
    chemical form
    Yes
    Eliminate interferences

    Measure property X

    Calculate results

    Estimate reliability of
    results
    Fig. 1-2 Flow diagram showing the steps in a quantitative analysis. There are a
    number of possible paths through the steps in a quantitative analysis. In the simplest
    example represented by the central vertical pathway, we select a method, acquire and
    process the sample, dissolve the sample in a suitable solvent, measure a property of
    the analyte, calculate the results, and estimate the reliability of the results. Depending
    on the complexity of the sample and the chosen method, various other pathways may
    be necessary.

    2
    1. Choosing a method
    accuracy desired
    economic factors
    complexity of the sample and the number of components in the sample

    2. Acquiring the sample


    Assay: the process of determining how much of a given sample is the material
    indicated by its name.
    Sampling: the process of collecting a small mass of a material whose composition
    accurately represents the bulk of the material being sampled.

    3. Processing the sample


    Preparing laboratory samples
    Defining replicate samples
    Preparing solutions: physical and chemical changes

    4. Eliminating interferences
    Specific method: measure the desired substance accurately in the presence of any
    possible combination of foreign substances.
    Selective method: determine any of a small group of ion or compounds in the
    presence of certain foreign ions or compounds.
    Separation technique:
    Precipitation
    electrodeposition
    solvent extraction
    ion exchange
    chromatography

    5. Calibration and measurement


    6. Calculating results
    7. Evaluating results by estimating their reliability

    1D In Integral Role For Chemical Analysis Feedback Control


    Systems
    measurement, comparison and control

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