Prepared By: Shanny G. Estera RPH: 5-Hydrixymethylfurfural

EXPERIMENT 5: ISOLATION AND 3.
Cellubiose- Glucose + Glucose (β-1,4)

CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATES 4. Lactose- Glucose + Galactose
Carbohydrates
 Are polyhydroxyaldehydes and Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides
polyhyroxyketones Starch α-1,4/α – Hyaluronic acid
 Cn(H2O)n 1,6
 Monosaccharides as their building blocks. Glycogen α – 1,4 and Dermatan (skin)
 Other types of carbohydrates: α-1,6
- Oligosaccharides Cellulose β -1,4 Keratan (nails)
- Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides Chitin NAG Agarose, peptidoglycan
 Also known as the simple sugars.
 Cannot be further hydrolyzed.
Oligosaccharide
 Simplest monosaccharide contains three
1. Dextrin: product of starch degradation.
carbon called trioses.
Polysaccharides/ Glycans
A. Hexoses
1. Glucose
Qualitative Test
 Aldohexose
 Dextrose, blood sugar, physiologic
1. Molisch test
sugar
 General Test for carbohydrates.
2. Fructose
 Reagent: Molisch Reagent (α-
 Ketohexose
Naphthol in 95% ethanol)
 Reducing sugar
 (+) Purple/ Red ring
 Fruit sugar, sweet fruit and honey
 Principle: Dehydration
 Aka Levulose, the sweetest
monosaccharide.
Carbohydrates react with conc. sulfuric
3. Galactose
acid get dehydrated to form furfural and
 Readily absorbed in the intestines,
its derivatives.
biosynthesized in mammary glands.
4. Mannose
Test for Hexoses

Hexose Test
Glucose Moore’s test
Fructose Seliwanoff’s Test Furfural

Galactose Mucic Test
Mannose Osazone Test
B. Pentose 5-HydrixymethylFurfural
1. Arabinose- found in Gum Arabic/ Acacia
2. Fehlings test:
2. Ribose- found in RNA
3. Deoxyribose- found in DNA
 Reagent: Fehling’s Reagent ( consist of
bistartratocuprate II).
Disaccharide
 Fehlings solutions is always freshly
- Composed of two monosaccharide
prepared.
units.
o Fehlings A: Copper (II) sulfate
1. Sucrose- Glucose + Fructose
pentahydrate
2. Maltose- Glucose + Glucose (α-1,4)
Prepared by: Shanny G. Estera RPh

o Fehlings B: Potassium sodium tartrate.
 The bistartratocuprate(II) complex
oxidizes the aldehyde to a carboxylate 4. Tollen’s Test
anion, and in the process the copper (II)  Used to test the presence of aldehyde.
are reduced to copper (I) giving a Red ppt  In this reaction the aldehyde group of
as a positive result. the sugar is oxidized to form a
o Principle: Reduction Reaction carboxylic acid while the Ag 1+ is reduced
o (+) Brick red ppt to silver metal, which deposits as a thin
film on the inner surface of the glass.
 Principle: Redox reaction
 Reagent: Silver + Ammonia
 (+) Silver mirror
5.
Picric Acid
3. Benedicts Test Test
 Test for simple carbohydrates, it  Test for
identifies reducing sugars which the presence of reducing sugars.
have free ketone or aldehyde functional  The reducing sugars react with Picric Acid
groups. (toxic yellow crystalline solid) also chemically
 Can be used to test presence of glucose known as 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) to form a
in urine. red colored Picramic Acid.
 Sodium carbonate provides the  Reducing sugars reduce picric acid(yellow
alkaline conditions which are required solution) to picramic acid (mahogany red
for the redox reaction. Sodium citrate solution).
complexes with the copper (II) ions so  Reagent: Picric Acid
that they do not deteriorate to copper(I)  (+) Mahogany Red
ions during storage.
 Benedicts reagent: NaOH + CuSO4
 Principle: Reduction rxn
 (+) Brick red
4. Barfoed’s Test 6. Osazone/Kowarsky Test

 Used for distinguishing monosaccharides  Monosaccharide reacts with phenyl
from reducing disaccharides. hydrazine which is a crystalline
Monosaccharides usually react in about 1-2 compound. The sugars which will
minute while the reducing disaccharides take reduce as a result of this reaction will
much longer time between 7-12 minutes to result in the formation of osazones.
react with the reagent.  Reagent: Phenylhydrazine
 Principle: Reduction rxn  (+) Yellow ppt
 Reagent: Cupric acetate in acetic acid
 (+) Brick Red ppt.

 (+) Insoluble ppt
10. Bial’s Test

- Test used to distinguish pentoses from
hexoses.
- Pentoses ( such as ribose sugar) form furfural
in acidic medium which condense with orcinol
in presence of ferric ion to give blue green
colored complex which is soluble in butyl
alcohol.
- Reagent: Resorcinol + Iron
- (+) Blue-green/ Blue soln
7. Seliwanoff’s Test
- Specific test for ketones.
- Ketoses undergo dehydration to yield
furfural derivatives more rapidly than
aldoses.
- The test reagent causes the dehydration of
ketohexoses to form 5-
hydroxymethylfurfural.
- Reagent: Resorcinol in Conc. HCl
- (+) Red/ Pink
8. Keller-Killiani Test
 Test used to identify presence of
deoxysugar, cardiac glycosides.
 Reagent: Acetic acid, Fe chloride,
Sulfuric acid
 (+) Reddish Brown
Glycogen Storage Disease

9. Mucic Acid Test
 Test for Galactose, Oxidation of most
monosaccharides by nitric acid yields
soluble dicarboxylic acids, however
galactose yields insoluble mucic acid.
 Reagent: Nitric Acid

0 Glycogen synthase
I Von Glucose-6-phosphatase
Gierke
II Pompe Acid maltase/α-1,4-

glucosidase If ever may mga katanungan or di
naiintindihan just message me para
III Forbes- Debranching enzyme
Cori mabigyan natin ng kasagutan 😊
IV Andersen Branching enzyme
- SHANNY ESTERA RPh
V McArdle Muscle phosphorylase
VI Hers Glycogen
phosphorylase
VII Tarui Muscle

phosphofructokinase
VIII Liver phosphorylase

kinase

Prepared By: Shanny G. Estera RPH: 5-Hydrixymethylfurfural

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EXPERIMENT 5: ISOLATION AND 3.

Cellubiose- Glucose + Glucose (β-1,4)

Test for Hexoses

Glucose Moore’s test

Fructose Seliwanoff’s Test Furfural

Mannose Osazone Test

Prepared by: Shanny G. Estera RPh

4. Barfoed’s Test 6. Osazone/Kowarsky Test

Prepared by: Shanny G. Estera RPh

10. Bial’s Test

Glycogen Storage Disease

Prepared by: Shanny G. Estera RPh

II Pompe Acid maltase/α-1,4-

V McArdle Muscle phosphorylase

VII Tarui Muscle

VIII Liver phosphorylase

Prepared by: Shanny G. Estera RPh

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