One of the most common electrical motor used in most applications which is known as induction motor.

This motor is also called as asynchronous motor because it runs at a speed less than its synchronous
speed. Here we need to define what is synchronous speed. Synchronous speed is the speed of rotation of
the magnetic field in a rotary machine and it depends upon the frequency and number poles of the
machine. An induction motor always runs at a speed less than synchronous speed because the rotating
magnetic field which is produced in the stator will generate flux in the rotor which will make the rotor to
rotate, but due to the lagging of flux current in the rotor with flux current in the stator, the rotor will never
reach to its rotating magnetic field speed i.e. the synchronous speed. There are basically two types of
induction motor that depend upon the input supply - single phase induction motor and three phase
induction motor. Single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor which we will discuss later and
three phase induction motoris a self-starting motor.

Working Principle of Induction Motor

We need to give double excitation to make a machine to rotate. For example if we consider a DC motor,
we will give one supply to the stator and another to the rotor through brush arrangement. But in induction
motor we give only one supply, so it is really interesting to know that how it works. It is very simple,
from the name itself we can understand that induction process is involved. Actually when we are giving
the supply to the stator winding, flux will generate in the coil due to flow of current in the coil. Now the
rotor winding is arranged in such a way that it becomes short circuited in the rotor itself. The flux from
the stator will cut the coil in the rotor and since the rotor coils are short circuited, according to Faraday's
law of electromagnetic induction, current will start flowing in the coil of the rotor. When the current will
flow, another flux will get generated in the rotor. Now there will be two flux, one is stator flux and
another is rotor flux and the rotor flux will be lagging w.r.t to the stator flux. Due to this, the rotor will
feel a torque which will make the rotor to rotate in the direction of rotating magnetic flux. So the speed of
the rotor will be depending upon the ac supply and the speed can be controlled by varying the input
supply. This is the working principle of an induction motor of either type single and three phase.

Types Induction Motor

Single Phase Induction Motor

1. Split phase induction motor

2. Capacitor start induction motor
3. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor
4. Shaded pole induction motor
Three Phase Induction Motor

1. Squirrel cage induction motor

2. Slip ring induction motor
We had mentioned above that single phase induction motor is not a self starting and three phase induction
motor is self starting. So what is self starting? When the machine starts running automatically without any
external force to the machine, then it is called as self starting. For example we see that when we put on
the switch the fan starts to rotate automatically, so it is self starting. Point to be noted that fan used in
home appliances is single phase induction motor which is inherently not self starting. How? Question
arises How it works? We will discuss it now.

Why is Three Phase Induction Motor Self Starting?

In three phase system, there are three single phase line with 120 phase difference. So the rotating
magnetic field is having the same phase difference which will make the rotor to move. If we consider
three phases a, b and c, when phase a is magnetized, the rotor will move towards the phase a winding a, in
the next moment phase b will get magnetized and it will attract the rotor and then phase c. So the rotor
will continue to rotate.

Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor

Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting?

It will be having only one phase still it makes the rotor to rotate, so it is quite interesting. Before that we
need to know why single phase induction motor is not a self starting motor and how the problem is
overcome. We know that the ac supply is a sinusoidal wave and it produces pulsating magnetic field in
uniformly distributed stator winding. Since pulsating magnetic field can be assumed as two oppositely
rotating magnetic fields, there will be no resultant torque produced at the starting and due to this the
motor does not run. After giving the supply, if the rotor is made to rotate in either direction by external
force, then the motor will start to run. This problem has been solved by making the stator winding into
two winding, one is main winding and another is auxiliary winding and a capacitor is fixed in series with
the auxiliary winding. This will make a phase difference when current will flow through the both coils.
When there will be phase difference, the rotor will generate a starting torque and it will start to rotate.
Practically we can see that the fan does not rotate when the capacitor is disconnected from the motor but
if we rotate with hand it will start to rotate. So this is the reason of using capacitor in the single phase
induction motor. There are several advantages of induction motor which makes this motor to have wider
application. It is having good efficiency up to 97%. But the speed of the motor varies with the load given
to the motor which is an disadvantage of this motor. The direction of rotation of induction motor can
easily be changed by changing the sequence of three phase supply, i.e. if RYB is in forward direction, the
RBY will make the motor to rotate in reverse direction. This is in the case of three phase motor but in
single phase motor, the direction can be reversed by reversing the capacitor terminals in the winding.

Working Principle of Three Phase Induction Motor

An electrical motor is such an electromechanical device which converts electrical energy into a
mechanical energy. In case of three phase AC operation, most widely used motor is Three phase
induction motor as this type of motor does not require any starting device or we can say they are self
starting induction motor.For better understanding the principle of three phase induction motor, the
basic constructional feature of this motor must be known to us. This Motor consists of two major
parts: Stator: Stator of three phase induction motor is made up of numbers of slots to construct a 3
phase winding circuit which is connected to 3 phase AC source. The three phase winding are arranged in
such a manner in the slots that they produce a rotating magnetic field after 3Ph. AC supply is given to
them. Rotor: Rotor of three phase induction motor consists of cylindrical laminated core with parallel
slots that can carry conductors. Conductors are heavy copper or aluminum bars which fits in each slots &
they are short circuited by the end rings. The slots are not exactly made parallel to the axis of the shaft but
are slotted a little skewed because this arrangement reduces magnetic humming noise & can avoid stalling
of motor.
Working of Three Phase Induction Motor

Production of Rotating Magnetic Field

The stator of the motor consists of overlapping winding offset by an electrical angle of 120. When the
primary winding or the stator is connected to a 3 phase AC source, it establishes a rotating magnetic field
which rotates at the synchronous speed. Secrets Behind the Rotation: According to Faradays law an
emf induced in any circuit is due to the rate of change of magnetic flux linkage through the circuit. As the
rotor winding in an induction motor are either closed through an external resistance or directly shorted by
end ring, and cut the stator rotating magnetic field, an emf is induced in the rotor copper bar and due to
this emf a current flows through the rotor conductor. Here the relative speed between the rotating flux and
static rotor conductor is the cause of current generation; hence as per Lenz's law the rotor will rotate in the
same direction to reduce the cause i.e. the relative velocity.

Thus from the working principle of three phase induction motor it may observed that the rotor speed
should not reach the synchronous speed produced by the stator. If the speeds equals, there would be no
such relative speed, so no emf induced in the rotor, & no current would be flowing, and therefore no
torque would be generated. Consequently the rotor can not reach the synchronous speed. The difference
between the stator (synchronous speed) and rotor speeds is called the slip. The rotation of the magnetic
field in an induction motor has the advantage that no electrical connections need to be made to the rotor.
Thus the three phase induction motor is:

Self-starting.
Less armature reaction and brush sparking because of the absence of commutators and brushes
that may cause sparks.
Robust in construction.
Economical.
Easier to maintain.

Types of Three Phase Induction Motor

Induction motor is also called asynchronous motor as it runs at a speed other than the synchronous speed.
Like any other electrical motor, induction motor have two main parts namely rotor and stator.
Stator
As the name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A three phase supply is given to the
stator of induction motor.

Rotor
The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor. The rotor is connected to the mechanical load through the
shaft. The rotor of the three phase induction motor are further classified as-

1. Squirrel cage rotor,

2. Slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor.
Depending upon the type of rotor used the three phase induction motor are classified as-

1. Squirrel cage induction motor

2. Slip ring induction motor or wound induction motor or phase wound induction motor
The construction of stator for both the kind of three phase induction motor remains the same and is
discussed in brief in next paragraph. Stator of Three Phase Induction Motor The stator of the three
phase induction motor consists of three main parts:

1. Stator frame
2. Stator core
3. Stator winding or field winding
1. Stator Frame: It is the outer most part of the three phase induction motor. Its main function is
to support the stator core and the field winding. It acts as a covering and provide protection and
mechanical strength to all the inner parts of the machine. The frame is either made up of die cast or
fabricated steel. The frame of three phase induction motor should be very strong and rigid as the air
gap length of three phase induction motor is very small, otherwise rotor will not remain concentric
with stator which will give rise to unbalanced magnetic pull.
2. Stator Core : The main function of the stator core is to carry alternating flux. In order to reduce
the eddy current losses the stator core is laminated. This laminated type of structure is made up of
stamping which is about 0.4 to 0.5 mm thick. All the stamping are stamped together to form stator
core, which is then housed in stator frame. The stampings are generally made up of silicon steel,
which reduces the hysteresis loss.
3. Stator Winding or Field Winding : The slots on the periphery of stator core of the three phase
induction motor carries three phase windings. This three phase winding is supplied by three phase ac
supply. The three phases of the winding are connected either in star or delta depending upon which
type of starting method is used. The squirrel cage motor is mostly started by star-delta stater and hence
the stator of squirrel cage motor are delta connected. The slip ring three phase induction motor are
started by inserting resistances so, the stator winding can be connected either in star or delta. The
winding wound on the stator of three phase induction motor is also called field winding and when this
winding is excited by three phase ac supply it produces rotating magnetic field.

Torque Equation of Three Phase Induction Motor

The torque produced by three phase induction motor depends upon the following three factors:Firstly the
magnitude of rotor current, secondly the flux which interact with the rotor of three phase induction motor
and is responsible for producing emf in the rotor part of induction motor, lastly the power factor of rotor
of the three phase induction motor. Combining all these factors together we get the equation of torque as-
Where, T is the torque produced by induction motor, is flux responsible for producing
induced emf, I2 is rotor current, cos2 is the power factor of rotor circuit.
The flux produced by the stator is proportional to stator emf E 1. i.e E1 We know that transformation
ratio K is defined as the ratio of secondary voltage (rotor voltage) to that of primary voltage (stator

voltage). Rotor current I2 is defined as the ratio of rotor induced emf under running

condition , sE2 to total impedance, Z2 of rotor side, and total impedance Z2 on rotor side is
given by , Putting this value in above equation we get,

s= slip of Induction motor We know that power factor is defined as ratio

of resistance to that of impedance. The power factor of the rotor circuit is

Putting the value of flux , rotor current I 2, power factor cos2 in

the equation of torque we get, Combining similar

term we get, Removing proportionality constant we get,

Where ns is synchronous speed in r. p. s, ns = Ns / 60. So, finally the

equation of torque becomes, Derivation of K in torque

equation.
In case of three phase induction motor, there occur copper losses in rotor. These rotor copper losses are

expressed as Pc = 3I22R2 We know that rotor current, Substitute this value of I2 in

the equation of rotor copper losses, Pc. So, we get The ratio
of P2 : Pc : Pm = 1 : s : (1 - s) Where, P2 is the rotor input, Pc is the rotor copper losses, Pm is the mechanical

power developed. Substitute the value of Pc in above equation we get,

On simplifying we get, The mechanical

power developed Pm = T, Substituting the value of Pm

 We know that the rotor speed N = N s(1 - s) Substituting this

value of rotor speed in above equation we get, Ns is

speed in revolution per minute (rpm) and n s is speed in revolution per sec (rps) and the relation between

the two is Substitute this value of Ns in above equation and simplifying it we get

Comparing both the equations, we get, constant K = 3 / 2ns

Equation of Starting Torque of Three Phase Induction Motor
Starting torque is the torque produced by induction motor when it is started. We know that at start the

rotor speed, N is zero. So, the equation of starting torque is

easily obtained by simply putting the value of s = 1 in the equation of torque of the three phase induction

motor, The starting torque is also known as standstill torque.

Maximum Torque Condition for Three Phase Induction Motor

In the equation of torque, The rotor resistance, rotor inductive reactance

and synchronous speed of induction motor remains constant . The supply voltage to the three phase
induction motor is usually rated and remains constant so the stator emf also remains the constant. The
transformation ratio is defined as the ratio of rotor emf to that of stator emf. So if stator emf remains
constant then rotor emf also remains constant.
If we want to find the maximum value of some quantity then we have to differentiate that quantity with
respect to some variable parameter and then put it equal to zero. In this case we have to find the condition
for maximum torque so we have to differentiate torque with respect to some variable quantity which is
slip, s in this case as all other parameters in the equation of torque remains constant. So, for torque to be

maximum Now differentiate the above equation by using division rule of

differentiation. On differentiating and after putting the terms equal to zero we get, Neglecting
the negative value of slip we get So, when slip s = R2 / X2, the torque will be maximum and this
slip is called maximum slip Sm and it is defined as the ratio of rotor resistance to that of rotor
reactance. NOTE: At starting S = 1, so the maximum starting torque occur when rotor resistance is
equal to rotor reactance.
Equation of Maximum Torque

The equation of torque is The torque will be maximum when slip s = R 2 /

X2 Substituting the value of this slip in above equation we get the maximum value of torque as,

In order to increase the starting torque, extra resistance should be added to the
rotor circuit at start and cut out gradually as motor speeds up.

Conclusion From the above equation it is concluded that

1. The maximum torque is directly proportional to square of rotor induced emf at the standstill.
2. The maximum torque is inversely proportional to rotor reactance.
3. The maximum torque is independent of rotor resistance.
4. The slip at which maximum torque occur depends upon rotor resistance, R 2. So, by varying the
rotor resistance, maximum torque can be obtained at any required slip.

Single phase power system is widely used as compared to three phase system for domestic purpose,
commercial purpose and to some extent in industrial purpose. As the single phase system is more
economical and the power requirement in most of the houses, shops, offices are small, which can be
easily met by single phase system. The single phase motors are simple in construction, cheap in cost,
reliable and easy to repair and maintain. Due to all these advantages the single phase motor finds its
application in vacuum cleaner, fans, washing machine, centrifugal pump, blowers, washing machine,
small toys etc.The single phase ac motors are further classified as:

1. Single phase induction motors or asynchronous motors.

2. Single phase synchronous motors.
3. Commutator motors.
This article will provide fundamentals, description and working principle of single phase induction
motor.

Construction of Single Phase Induction Motor

Like any other electrical motor asynchronous motor also have two main parts namely rotor and stator.

Stator: As its name indicates stator is a stationary part of induction motor. A single phase ac supply is
given to the stator of single phase induction motor. Rotor: The rotor is a rotating part of induction motor.
The rotor is connected to the mechanical load through the shaft. The rotor in single phase induction motor
is of squirrel cage rotor type. The construction of single phase induction motor is almost similar to the
squirrel cage three phase motor except that in case of asynchronous motor the stator have two windings
instead of one as compare to the single stator winding in three phase induction motor.

Stator of Single Phase Induction Motor

The stator of the single phase induction motor has laminated stamping to reduce eddy current losses on its
periphery. The slots are provided on its stamping to carry stator or main winding. In order to reduce the
hysteresis losses, stamping are made up of silicon steel. When the stator winding is given a single phase
ac supply, the magnetic field is produced and the motor rotates at a speed slightly less than the
synchronous speed Ns which is given by

Where, f = supply voltage frequency, P = No. of poles of the motor. The construction of the stator of
asynchronous motor is similar to that of three phase induction motor except there are two dissimilarity in
the winding part of the single phase induction motor.

1. Firstly the single phase induction motors are mostly provided with concentric coils. As the
number of turns per coil can be easily adjusted with the help of concentric coils, the mmf distribution
is almost sinusoidal.
2. Except for shaded pole motor, the asynchronous motor has two stator windings namely the main
winding and the auxiliary winding. These two windings are placed in space quadrature with respect to
each other.

Rotor of Single Phase Induction Motor

The construction of the rotor of the single phase induction motor is similar to the squirrel cage three phase
induction motor. The rotor is cylindrical in shape and has slots all over its periphery. The slots are not
made parallel to each other but are bit skewed as the skewing prevents magnetic locking of stator and
rotor teeth and makes the working of induction motor more smooth and quieter i.e less noise. The squirrel
cage rotor consists of aluminum, brass or copper bars. These aluminum or copper bars are called rotor
conductors and are placed in the slots on the periphery of the rotor. The rotor conductors are permanently
shorted by the copper or aluminum rings called the end rings. In order to provide mechanical strength
these rotor conductor are braced to the end ring and hence form a complete closed circuit resembling like
a cage and hence got its name as squirrel cage induction motor. As the bars are permanently shorted by
end rings, the rotor electrical resistance is very small and it is not possible to add external resistance as the
bars are permanently shorted. The absence of slip ring and brushes make the construction of single phase
induction motor very simple and robust.

Working Principle of Single Phase Induction Motor

NOTE: We know that for the working of any electrical motor whether its ac or DC motor, we
require two fluxes as, the interaction of these two fluxes produced the required torque, which is
desired parameter for any motor to rotate. When single phase ac supply is given to the stator winding
of single phase induction motor, the alternating current starts flowing through the stator or main winding.
This alternating current produces an alternating flux called main flux. This main flux also links with the
rotor conductors and hence cut the rotor conductors. According to the Faradays law of electromagnetic
induction, emf gets induced in the rotor. As the rotor circuit is closed one so, the current starts flowing in
the rotor. This current is called the rotor current. This rotor current produces its own flux called rotor flux.
Since this flux is produced due to induction principle so, the motor working on this principle got its name
as induction motor. Now there are two fluxes one is main flux and another is called rotor flux. These two
fluxes produce the desired torque which is required by the motor to rotate.

Why Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting?

According to double field revolving theory, any alternating quantity can be resolved into two components,
each component have magnitude equal to the half of the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity
and both these component rotates in opposite direction to each other. For example - a flux, can be
resolved into two components

Each of these components rotates in opposite direction i. e if one m / 2 is rotating in clockwise direction
then the other m / 2 rotates in anticlockwise direction. When a single phase ac supply is given to the
stator winding of single phase induction motor, it produces its flux of magnitude, m. According to the
double field revolving theory, this alternating flux, m is divided into two components of magnitude m /2.
Each of these components will rotate in opposite direction, with the synchronous speed, N s. Let us call
these two components of flux as forward component of flux, f and backward component of flux, b. The
resultant of these two component of flux at any instant of time, gives the value of instantaneous stator flux
at that particular instant.

Now at starting, both the forward and backward components of flux are exactly opposite to each other.
Also both of these components of flux are equal in magnitude. So, they cancel each other and hence the
net torque experienced by the rotor at starting is zero. So, the single phase induction motors are not self
starting motors.

Methods for Making Single Phase Induction as Self Starting Motor

From the above topic we can easily conclude that the single phase induction motors are not self starting
because the produced stator flux is alternating in nature and at the starting the two components of this flux
cancel each other and hence there is no net torque. The solution to this problem is that if the stator flux is
made rotating type, rather than alternating type, which rotates in one particular direction only. Then the
induction motor will become self starting. Now for producing this rotating magnetic field we require two
alternating flux, having some phase difference angle between them. When these two fluxes interact with
each other they will produce a resultant flux. This resultant flux is rotating in nature and rotates in space
in one particular direction only. Once the motor starts running, the additional flux can be removed. The
motor will continue to run under the influence of the main flux only. Depending upon the methods for
making asynchronous motor as Self Starting Motor, there are mainly four types of single phase induction
motor namely,

1. Split phase induction motor,

2. Capacitor start inductor motor,
3. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor,
4. Shaded pole induction motor.
5. Permanent split capacitor motor or single value capacitor motor.

Comparison between Single Phase and Three Phase Induction Motors

1. Single phase induction motors are simple in construction, reliable and economical for small power
rating as compared to three phase induction motors.
2. The electrical power factor of single phase induction motors is low as compared to three phase
induction motors.
3. For same size, the single phase induction motors develop about 50% of the output as that of three phase
induction motors.
4. The starting torque is also low for asynchronous motors / single phase induction motor.
5. The efficiency of single phase induction motors is less as compare it to the three phase induction
motors.
Single phase induction motors are simple, robust, reliable & cheaper for small ratings. They are generally
available up to 1 KW rating.

Types of Single Phase Induction Motor | Split Phase Capacitor Start Run Shaded Pole

The single phase induction motors are made self starting by providing an additional flux by some
additional means. Now depending upon these additional means the single phase induction motors are
classified as:

1. Split phase induction motor.

2. Capacitor start inductor motor.
3. Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor ( two value capacitor method).
4. Permanent split capacitor (PSC) motor .
5. Shaded pole induction motor.
Split Phase Induction Motor
In addition to the main winding or running winding, the stator of single phase induction motor carries
another winding called auxiliary winding or starting winding. A centrifugal switch is connected in series
with auxiliary winding. The purpose of this switch is to disconnect the auxiliary winding from the main
circuit when the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the synchronous speed. We know that the
running winding is inductive in nature. Our aim is to create the phase difference between the two winding
and this is possible if the starting winding carries high resistance. Let us say Irun is the current flowing
through the main or running winding, Istart is the current flowing in starting winding, and VTis the supply
voltage.We know that for highly resistive winding the current is almost in phase with the voltage and for
highly inductive winding the current lag behind the voltage by large angle. The starting winding is highly
resistive so, the current flowing in the starting winding lags behind the applied voltage by very small
angle and the running winding is highly inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding
lags behind applied voltage by large angle. The resultant of these two current is I T. The resultant of these
two current produce rotating magnetic field which rotates in one direction. In split phase induction
motor the starting and main current get splitted from each other by some angle so this motor got its name
as split phase induction motor.

Applications of Split Phase Induction Motor

Split phase induction motors have low starting current and moderate starting torque. So these motors are
used in fans, blowers, centrifugal pumps, washing machine, grinder, lathes, air conditioning fans, etc.
These motors are available in the size ranging from 1 / 20 to 1 / 2 KW.

Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM

The working principle and construction of Capacitor start inductor motors and capacitor start capacitor
run induction motors are almost the same. We already know that single phase induction motor is not self
starting because the magnetic field produced is not rotating type. In order to produce rotating magnetic
field there must be some phase difference. In case of split phase induction motor we use resistance for
creating phase difference but here we use capacitor for this purpose. We are familiar with this fact that
the current flowing through the capacitor leads the voltage. So, in capacitor start inductor
motor and capacitor start capacitor run induction motor we are using two winding, the main winding
and the starting winding. With starting winding we connect a capacitor so the current flowing in the
capacitor i.e Ist leads the applied voltage by some angle, st.

The running winding is inductive in nature so, the current flowing in running winding lags behind applied
voltage by an angle, m. Now there occur large phase angle differences between these two currents which
produce an resultant current, I and this will produce a rotating magnetic field. Since the torque produced
by these motors depends upon the phase angle difference, which is almost 90. So, these motors produce
very high starting torque. In case of capacitor start induction motor, the centrifugal switch is provided
so as to disconnect the starting winding when the motor attains a speed up to 75 to 80% of the
synchronous speed but in case of capacitor start capacitors run induction motor there is no centrifugal
switch so, the >capacitor remains in the circuit and helps to improve the power factor and the running
conditions of single phase induction motor.

Application of Capacitor Start IM and Capacitor Start Capacitor Run IM

These motors have high starting torque hence they are used in conveyors, grinder, air conditioners,
compressor, etc. They are available up to 6 KW.

Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Motor

It has a cage rotor and stator. Stator has two windings main and auxiliary winding. It has only one
capacitor in series with starting winding. It has no starting switch. Advantages and Applications No
centrifugal switch is needed. It has higher efficiency and pull out torque. It finds applications in fans and
blowers in heaters and air conditioners. It is also used to drive office machinery.

Shaded Pole Single Phase Induction Motors

The stator of the shaded pole single phase induction motor has salient or projected poles. These poles
are shaded by copper band or ring which is inductive in nature. The poles are divided into two unequal
halves. The smaller portion carries the copper band and is called as shaded portion of the pole.

ACTION: When a single phase supply is given to the stator of shaded pole induction motor an
alternating flux is produced. This change of flux induces emf in the shaded coil. Since this shaded portion
is short circuited, the current is produced in it in such a direction to oppose the main flux. The flux in
shaded pole lags behind the flux in the unshaded pole. The phase difference between these two fluxes
produces resultant rotating flux.

We know that the stator winding current is alternating in nature and so is the flux produced by the stator
current. In order to clearly understand the working of shaded pole induction motor consider three regions-

1. When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum positive value.
2. When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value.
3. When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to zero.
REGION 1: When the flux changes its value from zero to nearly maximum positive value In this
region the rate of rise of flux and hence current is very high. According to Faraday's law whenever there
is change in flux emf gets induced. Since the copper band is short circuit the current starts flowing in the
copper band due to this induced emf. This current in copper band produces its own flux. Now according
to Lenz's law the direction of this current in copper band is such that it opposes its own cause i.e rise in
current. So the shaded ring flux opposes the main flux, which leads to the crowding of flux in non shaded
part of stator and the flux weaken in shaded part. This non uniform distribution of flux causes magnetic
axis to shift in the middle of the non shaded part.

REGION 2: When the flux remains almost constant at its maximum value- In this region the rate of rise
of current and hence flux remains almost constant. Hence there is very little induced emf in the shaded
portion. The flux produced by this induced emf has no effect on the main flux and hence distribution of
flux remains uniform and the magnetic axis lies at the center of the pole.

REGION 3: When the flux decreases from maximum positive value to zero - In this region the rate of
decrease in the flux and hence current is very high. According to Faraday's law whenever there is change
in flux emf gets induced. Since the copper band is short circuit the current starts flowing in the copper
band due to this induced emf. This current in copper band produces its own flux. Now according to Lenz's
law the direction of the current in copper band is such that it opposes its own cause i.e decrease in current.
So the shaded ring flux aids the main flux, which leads to the crowding of flux in shaded part of stator
and the flux weaken in non-shaded part. This non uniform distribution of flux causes magnetic axis to
shift in the middle of the shaded part of the pole. This shifting of magnetic axis continues for negative
cycle also and leads to the production of rotating magnetic field. The direction of this field is from non
shaded part of the pole to the shaded part of the pole.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Shaded Pole Motor

The advantages of shaded pole induction motor are

1. Very economical and reliable.
2. Construction is simple and robust because there is no centrifugal switch.

The disadvantages of shaded pole induction motor are

1. Low power factor.
2. The starting torque is very poor.
3. The efficiency is very low as, the copper losses are high due to presence of
copper band.
4. The speed reversal is also difficult and expensive as it requires another set of
copper rings.

Applications of Shaded Pole Motor

Applications of Shaded pole motors induction motor are- Due to their low starting torques and reasonable
cost these motors are mostly employed in small instruments, hair dryers, toys, record players, small fans,
electric clocks etc. These motors are usually available in a range of 1/300 to 1/20 KW.