11/10/2014 HW week8

HWweek8
Due:11:59pmonWednesday,October22,2014
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy

Exercise8.12

Abatstrikesa0.145kgbaseball.Justbeforeimpact,theballistravelinghorizontallytotherightat45.0m/s,anditleavesthebattravelingtotheleftatan
angleof35 abovehorizontalwithaspeedof65.0m/s.Theballandbatareincontactfor1.75ms.

PartA
Findthehorizontalcomponentoftheaverageforceontheball.Takethexdirectiontobepositivetotheright
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.

ANSWER:

Fx = 8100 N

Allattemptsusedcorrectanswerdisplayed

PartB
Findtheverticalcomponentoftheaverageforceontheball.

Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:

Fy = 3100 N

Correct

ABallHitsaWallElastically

Aballofmassmmovingwithvelocityv i strikesaverticalwall.Theanglebetweentheball'sinitial
velocityvectorandthewallisi asshownonthediagram,whichdepictsthesituationasseen
fromabove.Thedurationofthecollisionbetweentheballandthewallist,andthiscollisionis
completelyelastic.Frictionisnegligible,sotheballdoesnotstartspinning.Inthisidealized
collision,theforceexertedontheballbythewallisparalleltothexaxis.

Typesettingmath:55%

PartA
Whatisthefinalanglef thattheball'svelocityvectormakeswiththenegativeyaxis?

Expressyouranswerintermsofquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

f =

PartB

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

ARelationBetweenMomentumandKineticEnergy

PartA

Acardinal(Richmondenacardinalis)ofmass3.80102kgandabaseballofmass0.146kghavethesamekineticenergy.Whatistheratioofthe
cardinal'smagnitudepc ofmomentumtothemagnitudepb ofthebaseball'smomentum?

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

pc

pb
=

PartB
Amanweighing670Nandawomanweighing490Nhavethesamemomentum.Whatistheratiooftheman'skineticenergyKm tothatofthewoman
Kw ?

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

Km
=
Kw

Exercise8.16

Startingatt=0s,ahorizontalnetforceF = ( 0.265N/s)t ^
i + (0.445N/s2 )t2 ^
j isappliedtoaboxthathasaninitialmomentum
2.85kg m/s)
p = (
^
i +( 3.85kg m/s)^
j .

PartA
Whatisthemomentumoftheboxatt=2.10s?

Enterthexandy componentsofthemomentumseparatedbyacomma.

ANSWER:

p , p
x y
= 2.27,2.48 kg m/s

Correct

TheImpulseMomentumTheorem

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11/10/2014 HW week8
LearningGoal:
Tolearnabouttheimpulsemomentumtheoremanditsapplicationsinsomecommoncases.

Usingtheconceptofmomentum,Newton'ssecondlawcanberewrittenas

dp

F = ,(1)
dt

dp
whereF isthenetforceF net

actingontheobject,and istherateatwhichtheobject'smomentumischanging.
dt

Iftheobjectisobservedduringanintervaloftimebetweentimest1 andt2 ,thenintegrationofbothsidesofequation(1)gives

t2 t2 dp

F dt = dt .(2)
t1 t1 dt

Therightsideofequation(2)issimplythechangeintheobject'smomentump2 p1 .Theleftsideiscalledtheimpulseofthenetforceandisdenotedby

J .Thenequation(2)canberewrittenas


J = p2 p1 .

Thisequationisknownastheimpulsemomentumtheorem.Itstatesthatthechangeinanobject'smomentumisequaltotheimpulseofthenetforceacting

ontheobject.InthecaseofaconstantnetforceF net actingalongthedirectionofmotion,theimpulsemomentumtheoremcanbewrittenas

F (t 2 t 1 ) = m v 2 m v 1 .(3)

HereF ,v 1 ,andv 2 arethecomponentsofthecorrespondingvectorquantitiesalongthechosencoordinateaxis.Ifthemotioninquestionistwo

Thefollowingquestionswillhelpyoulearntoapplytheimpulsemomentumtheoremtothecasesofconstantandvaryingforceactingalongthedirectionof
motion.First,letusconsideraparticleofmassmmovingalongthexaxis.ThenetforceF isactingontheparticlealongthexaxis.F isaconstantforce.

PartA
Theparticlestartsfromrestatt = 0 .Whatisthemagnitudepofthemomentumoftheparticleattimet?Assumethatt > 0 .

Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofm,F ,andt.

ANSWER:

p =

PartB
Theparticlestartsfromrestatt = 0 .Whatisthemagnitudev ofthevelocityoftheparticleattimet?Assumethatt > 0 .

Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofm,F ,andt.

ANSWER:

v =

PartC
Theparticlehasmomentumofmagnitudep1 atacertaininstant.Whatisp2 ,themagnitudeofitsmomentumtsecondslater?

Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofp1 ,m,F ,andt.

ANSWER:

p2 =

PartD
Theparticlehasmomentumofmagnitudep1 atacertaininstant.Whatisv 2 ,themagnitudeofitsvelocitytsecondslater?

Expressyouranswerintermsofanyorallofp1 ,m,F ,andt.

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11/10/2014 HW week8
ANSWER:

v2 =

Letusnowconsiderseveraltwodimensionalsituations.

Aparticleofmassmismovinginthepositivexdirectionatspeedv .Afteracertainconstantforceisappliedtotheparticle,itmovesinthepositivey
directionatspeed2v .

PartE
FindthemagnitudeoftheimpulseJ deliveredtotheparticle.

Expressyouranswerintermsofmandv .Usethreesignificantfiguresinthenumericalcoefficient.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

J =

PartF

WhichofthevectorsbelowbestrepresentsthedirectionoftheimpulsevectorJ ?

ANSWER:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

PartG

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

PartH
IfthemagnitudeofthenetforceactingontheparticleisF ,howlongdoesittaketheparticletoacquireitsfinalvelocity,2v inthepositiveydirection?

Expressyouranswerintermsofm,F ,andv .Ifyouuseanumericalcoefficient,usethreesignificantfigures.

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

t =

Sofar,wehaveconsideredonlythesituationinwhichthemagnitudeofthenetforceactingontheparticlewaseitherirrelevanttothesolutionorwas
consideredconstant.Letusnowconsideranexampleofavaryingforceactingonaparticle.

PartI
Aparticleofmassm = 5.00 kilogramsisatrestatt = 0.00 seconds.AvaryingforceF (t) = 6.00t
2
4.00t + 3.00 isactingontheparticle
betweent = 0.00 secondsandt = 5.00 seconds.Findthespeedv oftheparticleatt = 5.00 seconds.

Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecondtothreesignificantfigures.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

v = m/s

ASuperballCollidesInelasticallywithaTable

Asshowninthefigure,asuperballwithmassmequalto50gramsisdroppedfromaheightof
hi = 1.5 m .Itcollideswithatable,thenbouncesuptoaheightofhf = 1.0 m .Thedurationof

thecollision(thetimeduringwhichthesuperballisincontactwiththetable)istc = 15 ms.In
thisproblem,takethepositiveydirectiontobeupward,anduseg = 9.8 m/s2 forthemagnitude
oftheaccelerationduetogravity.Neglectairresistance.

PartA
Findtheycomponentofthemomentum,pbefore,y ,oftheballimmediatelybeforethecollision.

Expressyouranswernumerically,totwosignificantfigures.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

p
before,y
= kg m/s

PartB
Findtheycomponentofthemomentumoftheballimmediatelyafterthecollision,thatis,justasitisleavingthetable.

Expressyouranswernumerically,totwosignificantfigures.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

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11/10/2014 HW week8
ANSWER:

p
after,y
= kg m/s

PartC
FindJ y ,theycomponentoftheimpulseimpartedtotheballduringthecollision.

Expressyouranswernumerically,totwosignificantfigures.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

Jy = kg m/s

PartD
FindtheycomponentofthetimeaveragedforceFavg,y ,innewtons,thatthetableexertsontheball.

Expressyouranswernumerically,totwosignificantfigures.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

F avg
y
= N

PartE
FindKafter Kbefore ,thechangeinthekineticenergyoftheballduringthecollision,injoules.

Expressyouranswernumerically,totwosignificantfigures.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

Kafter Kbefore = J

ImpulseonaBaseball

LearningGoal:

Tounderstandtherelationshipbetweenforce,impulse,andmomentum.

TheeffectofanetforceF actingonanobjectisrelatedbothtotheforceandtothetotaltimetheforceactsontheobject.Thephysicalquantityimpulse

J isameasureofboththeseeffects.Foraconstantnetforce,theimpulseisgivenby

J = F t .

Theimpulseisavectorpointinginthesamedirectionastheforcevector.TheunitsofJ areN sorkg m/s.

Recallthatwhenanetforceactsonanobject,theobjectwillaccelerate,causingachangeinitsvelocity.Hencetheobject'smomentum(p = mv )willalso
change.Theimpulsemomentumtheoremdescribestheeffectthatanimpulsehasonanobject'smotion:

p = J = F t .

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11/10/2014 HW week8
Sothechangeinmomentumofanobjectequalsthenetimpulse,thatis,thenetforcemultipliedbythetimeoverwhichtheforceacts.Agivenchangein
momentumcanresultfromalargeforceoverashorttimeorasmallerforceoveralongertime.

InPartsA,B,Cconsiderthefollowingsituation.Inabaseballgamethebatterswingsandgetsagoodsolidhit.Hisswingappliesaforceof12,000Ntothe
ballforatimeof0.70 103 s.

PartA
Assumingthatthisforceisconstant,whatisthemagnitudeJ oftheimpulseontheball?

Enteryouranswernumericallyinnewtonsecondsusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:

J = N s

PartB

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

PartC

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

PartD

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

PartE

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

CollidingBalls

BallsAandBrollacrossatable,thencollideandbounceoffeachother.Thepathsofthetwoballsarepictured(viewedfromabove)inthediagram.

PartA
WhichsetofarrowsbestrepresentsthechangeinmomentumforballsAandB?

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11/10/2014 HW week8

Hint1.Considerthecomponentsofthemomentumvector
Recallthatmomentumisavectorquantity.Itishelpfultoconsiderthehorizontalandverticalcomponentsofthemomentaseparately.Howdo
theverticalcomponentsofthemomentachangeduringthecollision?Howdothehorizontalcomponentschange?(Dothehorizontal
componentsofthemomentachange?)

ANSWER:

A
B
C
D
E

Correct

PartB
WhichofthefollowingarrowsindicatesthedirectionoftheimpulseappliedtoballAbyballB?

Hint1.Definitionofimpulse
Impulseisdefinedasthechangeinmomentum.HowdoesthemomentumofballAchangeduringthecollision?(Ifyougetstuck,trylooking
backatpartA.There,youfoundthechangeinmomentaforeachoftheballs.)

ANSWER:

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=3229422 8/44
11/10/2014 HW week8

A
B
C
D
E

Correct

MomentumandKineticEnergy

Considertwoobjects(Object1andObject2)movinginthesamedirectiononafrictionlesssurface.Object1moveswithspeedv 1 = v andhasmass
m 1 = 2m .Object2moveswithspeedv 2 = 2v andhasmassm 2 = m .

PartA
Whichobjecthasthelargermagnitudeofitsmomentum?

Hint1.Momentum
Recallthatanobject'smomentumisgivenby
p = mv .

Hint2.Comparethemomenta
PerhapsthesimplestwaytocomparethemomentaofObject1andObject2istocarryoutthestepsthatfollow:

1. WritedownthemomentumequationforObject1:p1 = .
2. Foreachknownvariableintheequation,substitutethevalueprovidedintheproblemintroduction.
3. Simplifytheequation.
4. RepeatthesestepsforObject2.
5. Compareyourequationforp1 tothatforp2 .

Completethefirstthreestepstofindanexpressionforp1 .

Writep1 intermsofmandv .

ANSWER:

p
1
= 2mv

ANSWER:

Object1hasthegreatermagnitudeofitsmomentum.
Object2hasthegreatermagnitudeofitsmomentum.
Bothobjectshavethesamemagnitudeoftheirmomenta.

Correct

PartB
Whichobjecthasthelargerkineticenergy?

Hint1.Kineticenergyandmomentum
Kineticenergyisgivenby
2
1 2 p
K = mv = .
2 2m

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11/10/2014 HW week8
Hint2.Comparethekineticenergies
PerhapsthesimplestwaytocomparethekineticenergiesofObject1andObject2istocarryoutthestepsthatfollow:

1. WritedownthekineticenergyequationforObject1:K1 = .
2. Foreachknownvariableintheequation,substitutethevalueprovidedintheproblemintroduction.
3. Simplifytheequation.
4. RepeatthesestepsforObject2.
5. CompareyourequationforK1 tothatforK2 .

CompletethefirstthreestepstofindanexpressionforK1 .

WriteK1 intermsofmandv .

ANSWER:

K1 = mv
2

ANSWER:

Object1hasthegreaterkineticenergy.
Object2hasthegreaterkineticenergy.
Theobjectshavethesamekineticenergy.

Correct
Manystudentsconfusethequantitiesmomentumandkineticenergyandthinkthattheyarethesamething.However,asthisproblemhas
demonstrated,theyaretwoverydifferentphysicalquantitiesandeveniftwoobjectshavedifferentmomenta,theycanstillhavethesameamount
ofkineticenergy.

PucksonIce

Twohockeyplayers,AaronandBrunnhilde,arepushingtwopucksonafrictionlessicerink.Thepucksareinitiallyatrestonthestartingline.Brunnhildeis
pushingpuckB,whichhasamassthreetimesasgreatasthatofpuckA,whichAaronispushing.
TheplayersexertequalconstantforcesofmagnitudeF ontheirpucks,directedhorizontally,
towardsthefinishline.Theystartpushingatthesametime,andeachplayerpusheshisorher
puckuntilitcrossesthefinishline,adistancedaway.

PartA
Whichpuckreachesthefinishlinefirst?

Hint1.Computetherelativeaccelerationofthepucks
IfaA andaB arethemagnitudesoftheaccelerationsofpucksAandB,respectively,whatisthevalueoftheratioaA /aB ?

ANSWER:

aA /aB = 3

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11/10/2014 HW week8
ANSWER:

Bothpucksreachthefinishlineatthesametime.
PuckAreachesthefinishlinefirst.
PuckBreachesthefinishlinefirst.
Moreinformationisneededtoanswerthisquestion.

Correct

PartB
LetKA bethemagnitudeofthekineticenergyofpuckAattheinstantitreachesthefinishline.Similarly,KB isthemagnitudeofthekineticenergyof
puckBatthe(possiblydifferent)instantitreachesthefinishline.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

Hint1.Determinethesimplestwaytoanswerthisquestion
Thereareseveralpossibleapproachestothisproblem.Whichisthesimplest?
Choosethebestoption.

ANSWER:

UseF = ma (forceequalsmasstimesacceleration)tofindtheaccelerationofeachpuck.
1 2
Used = at (relatingdistancetraveledtoaccelerationandtime)tofindthetimetothefinishline.
2

Usetheworkenergytheorem.
Applyconservationofmomentumandenergy.

Hint2.WorkdoneonpuckA
FindW A ,theworkdoneonpuckAoverthedistanced.

ANSWER:

WA = Fd

Hint3.WorkdoneonpuckB
FindW B ,theworkdoneonpuckBoverthedistanced.

ANSWER:

WB = Fd

ANSWER:

KA = KB
KA < KB
KA > KB
Youneedmoreinformationtodecide.

Correct

PartC
LetpA bethemagnitudeofthemomentumofpuckAattheinstantitreachesthefinishline.Similarly,pB isthemagnitudeofthemomentumofpuckB
atthe(possiblydifferent)instantitreachesthefinishline.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

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11/10/2014 HW week8
Choosethebestoption.

Hint1.Method1:Computetheratioofthepucks'velocities
mA 1
Themomentumofanobjectistheproductofitsmassandvelocity.Fromtheproblemintroduction,youknowthat m = .Findv A /v B ,the
B 3

ratioofthevelocityofpuckAattheinstantitreachesthefinishlinetothevelocityofpuckBatthe(possiblydifferent)instantitreachesthefinish
line.

Hint1.Howtofindthefinalvelocities
Youcaneasilycomputetheratiousingthe(alreadydetermined)factthatthefinalkineticenergyofbothpucksisthesame.Writethe
1 2
kineticenergyofeachpuckintermsofitsvelocity(forexample,K A = mA vA ).Settheseexpressionsequal,andusetheknown
2

ratioofthemasses.

ANSWER:

v A /v B = 1.73

Hint2.Method2:Usetheimpulsemomentumtheorem
Theimpulsemomentumtheoremstatesthat
p = F t .

Youaregiventhatbothforcesarethesame,andyouhavecomparedthetimesinanearlierpart.

ANSWER:

p
A
= p
B

p
A
< p
B

p
A
> p
B

Youneedmoreinformationtodecide.

Correct

ImpulseandMomentumRankingTask

Sixautomobilesareinitiallytravelingattheindicatedvelocities.Theautomobileshavedifferentmassesandvelocities.Thedriverssteponthebrakesandall
automobilesarebroughttorest.

PartA
Ranktheseautomobilesbasedonthemagnitudeoftheirmomentumbeforethebrakesareapplied,fromlargesttosmallest.
Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.Iftherankingcannotbedetermined,checktheboxbelow.
ANSWER:

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=3229422 12/44
11/10/2014 HW week8

Correct

PartB
Ranktheseautomobilesbasedonthemagnitudeoftheimpulseneededtostopthem,fromlargesttosmallest.
Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.Iftherankingcannotbedetermined,checktheboxbelow.

Hint1.Relatingimpulsetomomentum
Theimpulseappliedtoanobjectisequaltotheobjectschangeinmomentum.Therefore,theimpulseneededtostopthemshouldbeequalto
thedifferencebetweentheinitialmomentumandthefinalmomentum.(Thefinalmomentumiszerosincethecarisbroughttoastop.)

Hint2.Applytheimpulsemomentumtheorem
Allofthecarsarebroughttorest.Whatisthefinalmomentumpfinal ofeachautomobile?

Enteryouranswerinkilogrammeterspersecondtothreesignificantfigures.

Hint1.Howtofindmomentum
Recallthatanobject'smomentumisequaltotheproductofitsmassandvelocity.

ANSWER:

p
final
= 0 kg m/s

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

Correct

PartC
Ranktheautomobilesbasedonthemagnitudeoftheforceneededtostopthem,fromlargesttosmallest.
Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.Iftherankingcannotbedetermined,checktheboxbelow.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Youknowtheimpulseneededtostopthecars.However,thisimpulsecouldbeaverylargeforceexertedoverafractionofasecond,avery
smallforceexertedoverseveralminutes,oranysituationinbetween,solongastheforcemultipliedbythetimegivestheproperimpulse.You
mustknowthetimeintervalsoverwhichthestoppingforcesareexertedtodeterminethemagnitudesofthestoppingforcesfromtheimpulses.

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

Correct
Themoremomentumanobjecthas,themoreimpulseisneededtostopit.However,thisimpulsecanbeprovidedviaalargeforceactingovera
shorttimeintervalorarelativelysmallforceactingoverarelativelylongtimeinterval.Ifyouaredrivingdownthehighwayat55mph,youcanstop
yourcarbyeitherlightlypressingonthebrakesandtravelingalongtimebeforestopping,orpressingmorefirmlyonthebrakesandstoppingmore
quickly.Inbothcases,yourbrakingsystemhasappliedthesameamountofimpulsetoyourcar.

KineticEnergyandMomentumConceptualQuestion

Thetwotoycarsshowninthefigure,withmassesasgiveninthefigure,arereadytorace.Both
carsbeginfromrest.Foreachquestion,statewhetherthecorrectansweriscarA,carB,or
whetherthetwocarshaveequalvaluesfortheparameterinquestion.

Forthenextthreepartsassumethatthecars'motorssupplythesameforcetoeachcaroverthecourseofa1.0meterrace.

PartA
Whichcarcrossesthefinishline1.0mawayfirst?

Hint1.Threewaystoanalyzemotion
Newton'ssecondlaw,theworkenergyrelation,andtheimpulsemomentumrelationcanallbeusedtodrawconclusionsabouttheforcesthat
actonanobjectandtheobject'smotion.Whichapproachtousedependsontheinformationgivenintheproblemstatementandtheinformation
youaretryingtodetermine.Inthiscase,youareaskedakinematicquestion,soyoushouldusethetechniquethatwillgiveyouauseful
kinematicquantitysuchasaccelerationorinitialvelocity.

ANSWER:

CarAwins
CarBwins
Bothcarscrossthefinishlineatthesametime.

Correct

PartB
Whichcarhasthelargerkineticenergywhenitcrossesthefinishline1.0maway?

Hint1.Theworkenergyrelation
Sincebothcarsstartfromrestandmoveinthesamedirection,theworkdoneoneachcarisequaltoitsfinalkineticenergy.Recallthatworkis
givenastheproductofappliedforce(paralleltothedirectionofmotion)andthedistanceoverwhichtheforceisapplied.Noticeyouaretold
aboutbothforceanddistanceinthedescriptionoftherace.

ANSWER:

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=3229422 15/44
11/10/2014 HW week8

CarA
CarB
Bothcarshavethesamekineticenergy.

Correct

PartC
Whichcarhasalargermomentumwhenitcrossesthefinishline1.0maway?

Hint1.Theimpulsemomentumrelation
Sincebothcarsstartfromrest,theimpulseappliedtoeachcarisequaltoitsfinalmomentum.Recallthatimpulseisgivenastheproductof
appliedforceandthetimeintervaloverwhichtheforceisapplied.Youaregiventheequalityoftheforcesinthedescriptionoftherace.Thetime
isthesubjectofPartA.

ANSWER:

CarA
CarB
Bothcarshavethesamemomentum.

Correct

Inthethenextthreepartsweanalyzeadifferenttypeofrace,inwhichthecars'motorssupplythesameforcetoeachcaroverthecourseofa10second
race.

PartD
Whichcarhastraveledfartherafter10s?

ANSWER:

CarA
CarB
Bothcarstravelthesamedistance.

Correct

PartE
After10swhichcarhasalargerkineticenergy?

Hint1.Theworkenergyrelation
Sincebothcarsstartfromrestandmoveinthesamedirection,theworkdoneoneachcarisequaltoitsfinalkineticenergy.Recallthatworkis
givenastheproductofappliedforce(paralleltothedirectionofmotion)andthedistanceoverwhichtheforceisapplied.Youaregiventhe
equalityoftheforcesinthedescriptionofthesecondrace.ThedistanceisthesubjectofPartD.

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

CarA
CarB
Bothcarshavethesamekineticenergy.

Correct

PartF
After10swhichcarhasalargermomentum?

Hint1.Theimpulsemomentumrelation
Sincebothcarsstartfromrest,theimpulseappliedtoeachcarisequaltoitsfinalmomentum.Recallthatimpulseisgivenastheproductof
appliedforceandthetimeintervaloverwhichtheforceisapplied.Noticeyouaretoldaboutbothforceandtimeinthedescriptionofthesecond
race.

ANSWER:

CarA
CarB
Bothcarshavethesamemomentum.

Correct

ImpulseandChangeinVelocity

Aglobofverysoftclayisdroppedfromaboveontoadigitalscale.Theclaystickstothescaleonimpact.Agraphoftheclay'svelocityvs.time,v clay (t) ,is

Theexperimentisthenrepeated,butinsteadofusingtheclayglob,asuperballwithidenticalmassisdroppedfromthesameheightontothescale.
Boththeclayandthesuperballhitthescale2.9saftertheyaredropped.Assumethatthedurationofthecollisionisthesameinbothcasesandtheforce
exertedbythescaleontheclayandtheforceexertedbythescaleonthesuperballareconstant.

PartA
Sketchthegraphofthesuperball'svelocityvs.time,v ball (t) ,fromtheinstantitisdropped(t = 0 s )untilitbouncestoitsmaximumheight(t = 6 s ).
Assumethatthesuperballundergoesanelasticcollisionwiththescale,andthatthescale'srecoilvelocityisnegligible.Thelightcoloredgraphalready
presentintheanswerwindowisv clay (t) .

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

PartB
Basedonyourgraph,isthechangeinmomentumofthesuperballduringitscollisionwiththescalegreaterthan,lessthan,orequaltothechangein
momentumoftheclayduringitscollisionwiththescale?
ANSWER:

Thechangeinmomentumofthesuperballisgreaterthanthechangeinmomentumoftheclay.
Thechangeinmomentumofthesuperballislessthanthechangeinmomentumoftheclay.
Thechangeinmomentumofthesuperballisequaltothechangeinmomentumoftheclay.

PartC
Istheimpulsedeliveredtothesuperballduringitscollisionwiththescalegreaterthan,lessthan,orequaltotheimpulsedeliveredtotheclayduringits
collisionwiththescale?

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

Theimpulsedeliveredtosuperballisgreaterthantheimpulsedeliveredtotheclay.
Theimpulsedeliveredtosuperballisequaltotheimpulsedeliveredtotheclay.
Theimpulsedeliveredtosuperballislessthantheimpulsedeliveredtotheclay.

PartD
Istheforceexertedbythescaleonthesuperballgreaterthan,lessthan,orequaltotheforceexertedbythescaleontheclay?

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

Theforceexertedbythescaleonthesuperballisgreaterthantheforceexertedbythescaleontheclay.
Theforceexertedbythescaleonthesuperballislessthantheforceexertedbythescaleontheclay.
Theforceexertedbythescaleonthesuperballisequaltotheforceexertedbythescaleontheclay.

PSS8.1ConservationofMomentum

LearningGoal:
TopracticeProblemSolvingStrategy8.1ConservationofMomentum.

Protectinghisnest,a600gperegrinefalconramsamarauding1.5kgraveninmidair.Thefalconismovingat20.0m/s,andtheravenat9.00m/satthe
momentofimpact.Thefalconstrikestheravenatrightanglestotheraven'sdirectionofflightandreboundsstraightbackwithaspeedof5.00m/s.By
whatangledoestheimpactchangetheraven'sdirectionofmotion?

ProblemSolvingStrategy:Conservationofmomentum

IDENTIFYtherelevantconcepts:
First,decidewhethermomentumisconservedthatis,whetherthevectorsumoftheexternalforcesactingonthesystemiszero.Ifitisn't,youcan'tuse
conservationofmomentum.

SETUPtheproblemusingthefollowingsteps:

1. Defineacoordinatesystem.Oftenit'seasiesttopointthexaxisinthedirectionofoneoftheinitialvelocities.Makesureyouareusingan
inertialframeofreference.
2. Draw"before"and"after"sketches,treatingeachbodyasaparticle.Drawvectorsforknownvelocities,andindicateallothergiveninformation.
Weusuallyusecapitalletterstolabeleachparticleandsubscripts1and2forinitialandfinalvelocities,respectively.
3. Identifyyourtargetvariable(s).

EXECUTEthesolutionasfollows:

1. Writeanequationinsymbolsequatingthetotalinitialxcomponentofmomentum(i.e.,beforetheinteraction)tothetotalfinalxcomponentof
momentum(i.e.,aftertheinteraction),usingpx = mv x foreachparticle.Dothesamefortheinitialandfinalycomponents,ifneeded.Be
carefulwithsigns!
2. Solveyourequation(s)forthedesiredunknownvariables.Youmayneedtoconvertfromvelocitycomponentstomagnitudesanddirections,or
viceversa.
3. Insomeproblems,energyconsiderationsgiveadditionalrelationshipsamongthevariousvelocities.

EVALUATEyouranswer:
Doesyouranswermakephysicalsense?

IDENTIFYtherelevantconcepts
Eachbirdisactedonbyfourexternalforces:Theairexertslift,thrust,anddragforcesonthewingsandbody,andtheearthexertsweight.Theforcesthat
thebirdsexertoneachotherareinternaltothesystem.Duringthecollision,theforcesthatthebirdsexertoneachotheraremuchlargerthananynet
externalforceoneitherbird.Sinceexternalforcesactingonthebirdsarenegligiblysmallcomparedtotheinternalforcesofthecollision,youcantreatthe
birds'momentumasconservedduringthecollision.

SETUPtheproblemusingthefollowingsteps

PartA
Youmustdefineyourcoordinateaxes.Whichofthechoicesshowninthefigureisthemostconvenientsetofaxesforthisproblem?

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ANSWER:

SetA
SetB
SetC
SetD

PartB

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

EXECUTEthesolutionasfollows

PartC

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

EVALUATEyouranswer

PartD

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

CollisionsinOneDimension

Onafrictionlesshorizontalairtable,puckA(withmass0.252kg)ismovingtowardpuckB(withmass0.372kg),whichisinitiallyatrest.Afterthecollision,
puckAhasvelocity0.116m/stotheleft,andpuckBhasvelocity0.645m/stotheright.

PartA
Whatwasthespeedv Ai ofpuckAbeforethecollision?

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

v Ai = m/s

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11/10/2014 HW week8

PartB
CalculateK ,thechangeinthetotalkineticenergyofthesystemthatoccursduringthecollision.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

K = J

ConservationofMomentuminTwoDimensionsRankingTask

PartA
Thefiguresbelowshowbird'seyeviewsofsixautomobilecrashesaninstantbeforetheyoccur.Theautomobileshavedifferentmassesandincoming
velocitiesasshown.Afterimpact,theautomobilesremainjoinedtogetherandskidtorestinthedirectionshownbyv final .Rankthesecrashes
accordingtotheangle\texttip{\theta}{theta},measuredcounterclockwiseasshown,atwhichthewreckageinitiallyskids.

Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.

Hint1.Conservationofmomentumintwodimensions
Sincemomentumisavectorquantity,thexcomponentofmomentumandtheycomponentofmomentummustbeindividuallyconservedinany
collision.Thus,thetotalxmomentumbeforethecollisionmustbeequaltothetotalxmomentumoftheslidingwreckageafterthecollision.The
sameistrueforthetotalymomentum.

Hint2.Determiningtheangle
Oncethexandymomentaofthewreckagearedetermined,theexactanglethroughwhichthewreckageskidscanbedeterminedby
trigonometry.Determiningtheexactangleofthisfinalmomentumvectorisaccomplishedthesamewayyouwouldfindtheangleofanyvector,
typicallybyfindingtheinversetangentoftheycomponentoverthexcomponent.(Youcanalsodeterminetherankingwithoutcalculatingthe
exactangleatwhichthewreckageskids.)

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

Correct

Exercise8.17

Theexpandinggasesthatleavethemuzzleofariflealsocontributetotherecoil.A.30caliberbullethasmass7.20103{\rmkg}andaspeedof601{\rm
m/s}relativetothemuzzlewhenfiredfromariflethathasmass2.90{\rmkg}.Thelooselyheldriflerecoilsataspeedof2.15{\rmm/s}relativetotheearth.

PartA
Findthemomentumofthepropellantgasesinacoordinatesystemattachedtotheearthastheyleavethemuzzleoftherifle.
ANSWER:

p= 1.92 {\rmkg\cdotm/s}

Correct

FillingtheBoat

Aboatofmass250{\rmkg}iscoasting,withitsengineinneutral,throughthewateratspeed1.00{\rmm/s}whenitstartstorainwithincredibleintensity.The
rainisfallingvertically,anditaccumulatesintheboatattherateof100{\rmkg/hr}.

PartA
Whatisthespeedoftheboataftertime0.500{\rmhr}haspassed?Assumethatthewaterresistanceisnegligible.

Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecond.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\rmm/s

PartB

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

PartC

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

AGameofFrictionlessCatch

ChuckandJackiestandonseparatecarts,bothofwhichcanslidewithoutfriction.ThecombinedmassofChuckandhiscart,\texttip{m_{\rmcart}}{m_cart},
isidenticaltothecombinedmassofJackieandhercart.Initially,ChuckandJackieandtheircartsareatrest.

Chuckthenpicksupaballofmass\texttip{m_{\rmball}}{m_ball}andthrowsittoJackie,whocatchesit.Assumethattheballtravelsinastraightlineparallel
totheground(ignoretheeffectofgravity).AfterChuckthrowstheball,hisspeedrelativetothegroundis\texttip{v_{\rmc}}{v_c}.Thespeedofthethrown
ballrelativetothegroundis\texttip{v_{\rmb}}{v_b}.

Jackiecatchestheballwhenitreachesher,andsheandhercartbegintomove.Jackie'sspeedrelativetothegroundaftershecatchestheballis
\texttip{v_{\rmj}}{v_j}.

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Whenansweringthequestionsinthisproblem,keepthefollowinginmind:

1. Theoriginalmass\texttip{m_{\rmcart}}{m_cart}ofChuckandhiscartdoesnotincludethemassoftheball.
2. Thespeedofanobjectisthemagnitudeofitsvelocity.Anobject'sspeedwillalwaysbeanonnegativequantity.

PartA
Findtherelativespeed\texttip{u}{u}betweenChuckandtheballafterChuckhasthrowntheball.

Expressthespeedintermsof\texttip{v_{\rmc}}{v_c}and\texttip{v_{\rmb}}{v_b}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{u}{u}=

PartB
Whatisthespeed\texttip{v_{\rmb}}{v_b}oftheball(relativetotheground)whileitisintheair?

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rmball}}{m_ball},\texttip{m_{\rmcart}}{m_cart},and\texttip{u}{u}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmb}}{v_b}=

PartC
WhatisChuck'sspeed\texttip{v_{\rmc}}{v_c}(relativetotheground)afterhethrowstheball?

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rmball}}{m_ball},\texttip{m_{\rmcart}}{m_cart},and\texttip{u}{u}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmc}}{v_c}=

PartD
FindJackie'sspeed\texttip{v_{\rmj}}{v_j}(relativetotheground)aftershecatchestheball,intermsof\texttip{v_{\rmb}}{v_b}.

Express\texttip{v_{\rmj}}{v_j}intermsof\texttip{m_{\rmball}}{m_ball},\texttip{m_{\rmcart}}{m_cart},and\texttip{v_{\rmb}}{v_b}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmj}}{v_j}=

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PartE
FindJackie'sspeed\texttip{v_{\rmj}}{v_j}(relativetotheground)aftershecatchestheball,intermsof\texttip{u}{u}.

Express\texttip{v_{\rmj}}{v_j}intermsof\texttip{m_{\rmball}}{m_ball},\texttip{m_{\rmcart}}{m_cart},and\texttip{u}{u}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmj}}{v_j}=

MomentuminanExplosion

Agiant"egg"explodesaspartofafireworksdisplay.Theeggisatrestbeforetheexplosion,andaftertheexplosion,itbreaksintotwopieces,withthe
massesindicatedinthediagram,travelinginoppositedirections.

PartA
Whatisthemomentum\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rmA,i}}{p_vec_A,i}ofpieceAbeforetheexplosion?

Expressyouranswernumericallyinkilogrammeterspersecond.

Hint1.Initialmomentum
Themomentumofanyobjectisdeterminedbytheproductoftheobject'smassandvelocity.Theeggisinitiallyatrest.Usethistofindtheinitial
velocity.

ANSWER:

\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rmA,i}}{p_vec_A,i}= 0 {\rmkg\cdotm/s}

Correct
Similarly,pieceBhaszeromomentumbeforethecollision.Thetotalmomentumofthe"egg,"thesumofthetwoindividualmomenta,isalsozero.

PartB
Duringtheexplosion,isthemagnitudeoftheforceofpieceAonpieceBgreaterthan,lessthan,orequaltothemagnitudeoftheforceofpieceBon
pieceA?

Hint1.Forcesinanexplosion
TheforcesspecifiedinthisproblemmustobeyNewton'sthirdlaw,whichstatesthateveryactionhasanequalmagnitudeandoppositely
directedreaction.

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11/10/2014 HW week8

ANSWER:

greaterthan
lessthan
equalto
cannotbedetermined

Correct

PartC
ThemomentumofpieceB,\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rmB,f}}{p_vec_B,f},ismeasuredtobe500\rmkg\cdotm/saftertheexplosion.Findthemomentum
\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rmA,f}}{p_vec_A,f}ofpieceAaftertheexplosion.

Enteryouranswernumericallyinkilogrammeterspersecond.

Hint1.Conservationofmomentum
Thelawofconservationofmomentumstatesthatthetotalmomentuminanisolatedsystemofobjectsmustremainconstant,regardlessofthe
interactions(orcollisions)betweentheobjects.Thus,thetotalmomentumofthetwopiecesoftheeggaftertheexplosionmustbeequaltothe
totalmomentumofthetwopiecesoftheeggbeforetheexplosion.

ANSWER:

\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rmA,f}}{p_vec_A,f}= 500 {\rmkg\cdotm/s}

Correct

MomentumandInternalForces

LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtheconceptoftotalmomentumforasystemofobjectsandtheeffectoftheinternalforcesonthetotalmomentum.
Webeginbyintroducingthefollowingterms:

System:Anycollectionofobjects,eitherpointlikeorextended.Inmanymomentumrelatedproblems,youhaveacertainfreedominchoosingtheobjectsto
beconsideredasyoursystem.Makingawisechoiceisoftenacrucialstepinsolvingtheproblem.

Internalforce:Anyforceinteractionbetweentwoobjectsbelongingtothechosensystem.Letusstressthatbothinteractingobjectsmustbelongtothe
system.

Externalforce:Anyforceinteractionbetweenobjectsatleastoneofwhichdoesnotbelongtothechosensysteminotherwords,atleastoneoftheobjects
isexternaltothesystem.

Closedsystem:asystemthatisnotsubjecttoanyexternalforces.

Totalmomentum:Thevectorsumoftheindividualmomentaofallobjectsconstitutingthesystem.

Inthisproblem,youwillanalyzeasystemcomposedoftwoblocks,1and2,ofrespectivemasses\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}and\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}.To
simplifytheanalysis,wewillmakeseveralassumptions:

1. Theblockscanmoveinonlyonedimension,namely,alongthexaxis.
2. Themassesoftheblocksremainconstant.
3. Thesystemisclosed.
Attime\texttip{t}{t},thexcomponentsofthevelocityandtheaccelerationofblock1aredenotedby\texttip{v_{\rm1}\left(t\right)}{v_1(t)}and\texttip{a_{\rm
1}\left(t\right)}{a_1(t)}.Similarly,thexcomponentsofthevelocityandaccelerationofblock2aredenotedby\texttip{v_{\rm2}\left(t\right)}{v_2(t)}and
\texttip{a_{\rm2}\left(t\right)}{a_2(t)}.Inthisproblem,youwillshowthatthetotalmomentumofthesystemisnotchangedbythepresenceofinternalforces.

PartA
Find\texttip{p\left(t\right)}{p(t)},thexcomponentofthetotalmomentumofthesystemattime\texttip{t}{t}.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},\texttip{v_{\rm1}\left(t\right)}{v_1(t)},and

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\texttip{v_{\rm2}\left(t\right)}{v_2(t)}.

ANSWER:

\texttip{p\left(t\right)}{p(t)}= \left(m_{1}v_{1}\left(t\right)\right)+\left(m_{2}v_{2}\left(t\right)\right)

Correct

PartB
Findthetimederivative\texttip{dp(t)/dt}{dp(t)/dt}ofthexcomponentofthesystem'stotalmomentum.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{a_{\rm1}\left(t\right)}{a_1(t)},\texttip{a_{\rm2}\left(t\right)}{a_2(t)},\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},and
\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}.

Hint1.Findingthederivativeofmomentumforoneblock
Considerthemomentumofblock1:p_1(t)=m_1v_1(t).Takethederivativeofthisexpressionwithrespecttotime,notingthatvelocityisa
functionoftime,andmassisaconstant:

\large{\frac{dp_1(t)}{dt}=\frac{d\left(m_1v_1(t)\right)}{dt}=m_1\frac{dv_1(t)}{dt}}.

Hint2.Therelationshipbetweenvelocityandacceleration
Recallthedefinitionofaccelerationas\large{a(t)=\frac{dv(t)}{dt}}.

ANSWER:

\texttip{dp(t)/dt}{dp(t)/dt}= \left(m_{1}a_{1}\left(t\right)\right)+\left(m_{2}a_{2}\left(t\right)\right)

Correct

Whydidwebotherwithallthismath?Theexpressionforthederivativeofmomentumthatwejustobtainedwillbeusefulinreachingourdesiredconclusion,
ifonlyforthisveryspecialcase.

PartC
Thequantityma(masstimesacceleration)isdimensionallyequivalenttowhichofthefollowing?

ANSWER:

momentum
energy
force
acceleration
inertia

Correct

PartD
Accelerationisduetowhichofthefollowingphysicalquantities?

ANSWER:

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velocity
speed
energy
momentum
force

Correct

PartE
Sincewehaveassumedthatthesystemcomposedofblocks1and2isclosed,whatcouldbethereasonfortheaccelerationofblock1?

Hint1.Forceandacceleration
Sincethesystemisclosed,theonlyobjectthatcanaffectblock1istheotherblockinthesystem,block2.

ANSWER:

thelargemassofblock1
airresistance
Earth'sgravitationalattraction
aforceexertedbyblock2onblock1
aforceexertedbyblock1onblock2

Correct

PartF
Whatcouldbethereasonfortheaccelerationofblock2?

ANSWER:

aforceexertedbyblock2onblock1
aforceexertedbyblock1onblock2

Correct

PartG
Letusdenotethexcomponentoftheforceexertedbyblock1onblock2by\texttip{F_{\rm12}}{F_12},andthexcomponentoftheforceexertedby
block2onblock1by\texttip{F_{\rm21}}{F_21}.WhichofthefollowingpairsequalitiesisadirectconsequenceofNewton'ssecondlaw?

ANSWER:

F_{12}=m_2a_2andF_{21}=m_1a_1
F_{12}=m_1a_1andF_{21}=m_2a_2
F_{12}=m_1a_2andF_{21}=m_2a_1
F_{12}=m_2a_1andF_{21}=m_1a_2

Correct
Notethatboth\texttip{F_{\rm12}}{F_12}and\texttip{F_{\rm21}}{F_21}areinternalforces.

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PartH
Letusrecallthatwehavedenotedtheforceexertedbyblock1onblock2by\texttip{F_{\rm12}}{F_12},andtheforceexertedbyblock2onblock1by
\texttip{F_{\rm21}}{F_21}.Ifwesupposethat\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}isgreaterthan\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},whichofthefollowingstatementsabout
forcesistrue?

Hint1.WhichofNewton'slawsisusefulhere?
Newton'sthirdlaw!

ANSWER:

|F_{12}|>|F_{21}|
|F_{21}|>|F_{12}|
Bothforceshaveequalmagnitudes.

Correct
Newton'sthirdlawstatesthatforces\texttip{\vec{F}_{\rm12}}{F_12_vec}and\texttip{\vec{F}_{\rm21}}{F_21_vec}areequalinmagnitudeand
oppositeindirection.Therefore,theirxcomponentsarerelatedbyF_{12}=F_{21}

PartI
Nowrecalltheexpressionforthetimederivativeofthexcomponentofthesystem'stotalmomentum:dp_x(t)/dt=F_x.Consideringtheinformationthat
younowhave,choosethebestalternativeforanequivalentexpressiontodp_x(t)/dt.

Hint1.Whatis\texttip{F_{\mitx}}{F_x}?

F_x=F_{12}+F_{21},
thetotal(internal)forceonthesystem(asawhole).Usetheinformationfromthelastparttosimplifytherighthandsideoftheaboveequation.

ANSWER:

0
nonzeroconstant
kt
kt^2

Correct
Thederivativeofthetotalmomentumiszerohencethetotalmomentumisaconstantfunctionoftime.Wehavejustshownthatforthespecial
caseofaclosedtwoblocksystem,theinternalforcesdonotchangethetotalmomentumofthesystem.Itcanbeshownthatinanysystem,the
internalforcesdonotchangethetotalmomentum:Itisconserved.Inotherwords,totalmomentumisalwaysconservedinaclosedsystemof
objects.

ConservationofMomentuminInelasticCollisions

LearningGoal:
Tounderstandthevectornatureofmomentuminthecaseinwhichtwoobjectscollideandsticktogether.

Inthisproblemwewillconsideracollisionoftwomovingobjectssuchthatafterthecollision,theobjectssticktogetherandtraveloffasasingleunit.The
collisionisthereforecompletelyinelastic.

Youhaveprobablylearnedthat"momentumisconserved"inaninelasticcollision.Buthowdoesthisfacthelpyoutosolvecollisionproblems?Thefollowing
questionsshouldhelpyoutoclarifythemeaningandimplicationsofthestatement"momentumisconserved."

PartA

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11/10/2014 HW week8
Whatphysicalquantitiesareconservedinthiscollision?

ANSWER:

themagnitudeofthemomentumonly
thenetmomentum(consideredasavector)only
themomentumofeachobjectconsideredindividually

Correct

PartB
Twocarsofequalmasscollideinelasticallyandsticktogetherafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,theirspeedsare\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}and
\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.Whatisthespeedofthetwocarsystemafterthecollision?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Thinkabouthowyouwouldcalculatethefinalspeedofthetwocarswiththeinformationprovidedandusingtheideaofconservationof
momentum.Betteryet,trythecalculationout.Whatdoyouget?

ANSWER:

v_1+v_2
v_1v_2
v_2v_1
\sqrt{v_1v_2}
\large{\frac{v_1+v_2}{2}}
\sqrt{{v_1}^2+{v_2}^2}
Theanswerdependsonthedirectionsinwhichthecarsweremovingbeforethecollision.

Correct

PartC
Twocarscollideinelasticallyandsticktogetherafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,themagnitudesoftheirmomentaare\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1}and
\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}.Afterthecollision,whatisthemagnitudeoftheircombinedmomentum?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Thinkabouthowyouwouldcalculatethefinalmomentumofthetwocarsusingtheinformationprovidedandtheideaofconservationof
momentum.Betteryet,trythecalculationout.Whatdoyouget?Keepinmindthatmomentumisavector,butyouareaskedaboutthe
magnitudeofthemomentum,whichisascalar.

ANSWER:

p_1+p_2
p_1p_2
p_2p_1
\sqrt{p_1p_2}
\large{\frac{p_1+p_2}{2}}
\sqrt{{p_1}^2+{p_2}^2}
Theanswerdependsonthedirectionsinwhichthecarsweremovingbeforethecollision.

Correct

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PartD
Twocarscollideinelasticallyandsticktogetherafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,theirmomentaare\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rm1}}{p_1_vec}and
\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rm2}}{p_2_vec}.Afterthecollision,theircombinedmomentumis\texttip{\vec{p}}{p_vec}.Ofwhatcanonebecertain?

Hint1.Momentumisavector
Momentumisavectorquantity,andconservationofmomentumholdsfortwodimensionalandthreedimensionalcollisionsaswellasforone
dimensionalcollisions.

ANSWER:

\vec{p}=\vec{p_1}+\vec{p_2}
\vec{p}=\vec{p_1}\vec{p_2}
\vec{p}=\vec{p_2}\vec{p_1}

Correct
Youcandecomposethevectorequationthatstatestheconservationofmomentumintoindividualequationsforeachoftheorthogonal
componentsofthevectors.

PartE
Twocarscollideinelasticallyandsticktogetherafterthecollision.Beforethecollision,themagnitudesoftheirmomentaare\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1}and
\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}.Afterthecollision,themagnitudeoftheircombinedmomentumis\texttip{p}{p}.Ofwhatcanonebecertain?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblemmathematically
Momentumisavectorquantity.Itisimpossibletomakeexactpredictionsaboutthedirectionofmotionafteracollisionifnothingisknownabout
thedirectionofmotionbeforethecollision.However,onecanputsomeboundsonthevaluesofthefinalmomentum.Startwiththeexpression
for\texttip{\vec{p}}{p_vec}fromPartD:

\vec{p}=\vec{p_1}+\vec{p_2}.
Therefore,

|p|=\left|\vec{p_1}+\vec{p_2}\right|=\sqrt{|p_1|^2+|p_2|^2+2\vec{p_1}\cdot\vec{p_2}}=\sqrt{|p_1|^2+|p_2|^2+2|p_1||p_2|\cos{\theta}},
where\texttip{\theta}{theta}istheanglebetween\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rm1}}{p_1_vec}and\texttip{\vec{p}_{\rm2}}{p_2_vec}.(Toderivetheabove,
youwouldhavetobreakeachvectorintocomponents.)Sothevalueof|p|iscontrolledby\texttip{\theta}{theta}.

Hint2.Howtoapproachtheproblemempirically
Considerthedirectionsfortheinitialmomentathatwillgivethelargestandsmallestfinalmomentum.

ANSWER:

p_1+p_2\gep\ge\sqrt{p_1p_2}
\large{p_1+p_2\gep\ge\frac{p_1+p_2}{2}}
p_1+p_2\gep\ge|p_1p_2|
p_1+p_2\gep\ge\sqrt{{p_1}^2+{p_2}^2}

Correct
Whenthetwocarscollide,themagnitudeofthefinalmomentumwillalwaysbeatmostp_1+p_2(avalueattainedifthecarsweremovinginthe
samedirectionbeforethecollision)andatleast|p_1p_2|(avalueattainedifthecarsweremovinginoppositedirectionsbeforethecollision).

CollisionatanAngle

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11/10/2014 HW week8
Twocars,bothofmass\texttip{m}{m},collideandsticktogether.Priortothecollision,onecarhadbeentravelingnorthatspeed2v,whilethesecondwas
travelingatspeed\texttip{v}{v}atanangle\texttip{\phi}{phi}southofeast(asindicatedinthefigure).Afterthecollision,thetwocarsystemtravelsatspeed
\texttip{v_{\rmfinal}}{v_final}atanangle\texttip{\theta}{theta}eastofnorth.

PartA
Findthespeed\texttip{v_{\rmfinal}}{v_final}ofthejoinedcarsafterthecollision.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v}{v}and\texttip{\phi}{phi}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmfinal}}{v_final}=

PartB

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

AnExcitingEncounter

Anatomofmass\texttip{M}{M}isinitiallyatrest,initsgroundstate.Amoving(nonrelativistic)electronofmass\texttip{m_{\rme}}{m_e}collideswiththe
atom.Theatom+electronsystemcanexistinanexcitedstateinwhichtheelectronisabsorbedintotheatom.Theexcitedstatehasanextra,"internal,"
energy\texttip{E}{E}relativetotheatom'sgroundstate.

PartA
Findthekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rme}}{K_e}thattheelectronmusthaveinordertoexcitetheatom.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{E}{E},\texttip{m_{\rme}}{m_e},and\texttip{M}{M}.

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=3229422 31/44
11/10/2014 HW week8

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{K_{\rme}}{K_e}=

PartB
WecanusetheresultfromPartAtostudyaprocessofinterestinatomicphysics:acollisionoftwoatomsthatcausesoneoftheatomstoionize(lose
anelectron).Inthiscase,\texttip{E}{E}istheenergyneededtoionizeoneoftheatoms,calledtheionizationenergy.Themostefficientwaytoionizean
atominacollisionwithanotheratomisforthecollisiontobecompletelyinelastic(atomssticktogetherafterthecollision).Ifthecollisionwereperfectly
elastic,thentranslationalkineticenergywouldbeconserved,andtherewouldbenoenergyleftoverforexcitingtheatom.Ifthecollisionwerepartially
elastic,thensomeoftheinitialkineticenergywouldbeconvertedintointernalenergy,butnotasmuchasinaperfectlyinelasticcollision.Inpractice,
interatomiccollisionsareneverperfectlyinelastic,butanalyzingthiscasecangivealowerboundontheamountofkineticenergyneededforionization.

Isitpossibletoionizeanatomof{}^{133}\rmCs,initiallyatrest,byacollisionwithanatomof{}^{16}\rmOthathaskineticenergy
\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}{K_initial}of4.0electronvolts?Theionizationenergyofthecesiumatomis3.9electronvolts.Itdoesn'tmatterwhatenergyunits
youchoose,aslongasyouareconsistent.Forthisquestion,itismostconvenienttouseelectronvolts(\rm{eV})throughout.Notethat
1\\rm{eV}=1.60\times10^{19}\rm{J},whichyoumaybemorefamiliarwith.

Youcantakethemassoftheoxygenatomtobe16atomicmassunitsandthatofthecesiumatomtobe133atomicmassunits.Itdoesn'tmatterwhat
massunitsyouchoose,aslongasyouareconsistent.Forthisquestion,itismostconvenienttouseatomicmassunits,sincethesearethenumbers
youareprovidedwith.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

yes
no

PartC

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

EnergyinanInelasticCollision

Anironblockwithmass\texttip{m_{\rmB}}{m_B}slidesdownafrictionlesshillofheight\texttip{H}{H}.Atthebaseofthehill,itcollideswithandstickstoa
magnetwithmass\texttip{m_{\rmM}}{m_M}.

PartA
Whatisthespeed\texttip{v}{v}oftheblockandmagnetimmediatelyafterthecollision?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Becausethehillisfrictionless,youcanapplyconservationofenergytotheironblocktofinditsvelocity\texttip{v_{\rmB}}{v_B}atthebaseofthe
hill(beforeitcollideswiththemagnet).Onceyouknowtheironblock'sspeed,youcanapplyconservationofmomentumtoitscollisionwiththe
magnettofindthespeed\texttip{v}{v}ofthetwoobjectsimmediatelyafterthecollision.

Hint2.Findthespeedoftheblockatthebottomofthehill
Useconservationofenergytofindthespeed\texttip{v_{\rmB}}{v_B}oftheblockatthebaseofthehill.

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

v_{\rmB}=\sqrt{2m_{\rmB}gH}
v_{\rmB}=2gH
v_{\rmB}=\sqrt{2gH}

ANSWER:

\large{v=\left(\frac{m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM}}{m_{\rmB}}\right)\sqrt{2gH}}
\large{v=\left(\frac{m_{\rmB}}{m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM}}\right)\sqrt{2gH}}
\large{v=\left(\frac{m_{\rmB}}{m_{\rmM}}\right)\sqrt{2gH}}
\large{v=\left(\frac{m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM}}{m_{\rmB}}\right)2gH}
\large{v=\left(\frac{m_{\rmB}}{m_{\rmM}}\right)2gH}

Correct

PartB
Nowassumethatthetwomassescontinuetomoveatthespeed\texttip{v}{v}fromPartAuntiltheyencounteraroughsurface.Thecoefficientoffriction
betweenthemassesandthesurfaceis\texttip{\mu}{mu}.Iftheblockscometorestafteradistance\texttip{s}{s},whichofthefollowingequationswould
youusetofind\texttip{s}{s}?

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Theworkenergytheoremstatesthatthenetworkdoneonanobjectisequaltotheobject'schangeinkineticenergy.Inotherwords,allthe
energythatthemasseshaveafterthecollisionwillbedissipatedbytheworkdonebyfrictionastheytravelovertheroughsurface.

Hint2.Workdonebyfriction
Thework\texttip{W_{\rmfr}}{W_fr}doneonanobjectbytheforce\texttip{F_{\rmfr}}{F_fr}offrictionis

W_{\rmfr}=F_{\rmfr}s,
where\texttip{s}{s}isthedistancetraveled.Recallthat

F_{\rmfr}=\mun,
where\texttip{n}{n}isthenormalforceactingontheobject.

ANSWER:

\large{\left(\frac{(m_{\rmB})^2}{m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM}}\right)gH=\mum_{\rmB}gs}
\large{\left(\frac{(m_{\rmB})^2}{m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM}}\right)gH=\mum_{\rmM}gs}
\large{\left(\frac{(m_{\rmB})^2}{m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM}}\right)gH=\mu(m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM})gs}
\large{\left(\frac{(m_{\rmB})^2}{m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM}}\right)gH=\mu(m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM})gs}
\large{\left(\frac{(m_{\rmB})^2}{m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM}}\right)gH=\mu(m_{\rmB}+m_{\rmM})g}

Correct

AGirlonaTrampoline

Agirlofmassm_1=60kilogramsspringsfromatrampolinewithaninitialupwardvelocityofv_i=8.0meterspersecond.Atheighth=2.0metersabove
thetrampoline,thegirlgrabsaboxofmassm_2=15kilograms.

Forthisproblem,useg=9.8meterspersecondpersecondforthemagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity.

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11/10/2014 HW week8

PartA
Whatisthespeed\texttip{v_{\rmbefore}}{v_before}ofthegirlimmediatelybeforeshegrabsthebox?

Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecond.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmbefore}}{v_before}= \rm{m/s}

PartB
Whatisthespeed\texttip{v_{\rmafter}}{v_after}ofthegirlimmediatelyaftershegrabsthebox?

Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecond.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmafter}}{v_after}= \rmm/s

PartC

Thisquestionwillbeshownafteryoucompletepreviousquestion(s).

PartD
Whatisthemaximumheight\texttip{h_{\rmmax}}{h_max}thatthegirl(withbox)reaches?Measure\texttip{h_{\rmmax}}{h_max}withrespecttothetop
ofthetrampoline.
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeters.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{h_{\rmmax}}{h_max}= \rmm

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11/10/2014 HW week8

ABulletIsFiredintoaWoodenBlock

Abulletofmass\texttip{m_{\rmb}}{m_b}isfiredhorizontallywithspeed\texttip{v_{\rmi}}{v_i}atawoodenblockofmass\texttip{m_{\rmw}}{m_w}restingon
africtionlesstable.Thebullethitstheblockandbecomescompletelyembeddedwithinit.Afterthebullethascometorestwithintheblock,theblock,with
thebulletinit,istravelingatspeed\texttip{v_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{v_f}.

PartA
Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthiscollision?

Hint1.Typesofcollisions
Aninelasticcollisionisacollisioninwhichkineticenergyisnotconserved.Inapartiallyinelasticcollision,kineticenergyislost,buttheobjects
collidingdonotsticktogether.Fromthisinformation,youcaninferwhatcompletelyinelasticandelasticcollisionsare.

ANSWER:

perfectlyelastic
partiallyinelastic
perfectlyinelastic

Correct

PartB
Whichofthefollowingquantities,ifany,areconservedduringthiscollision?

Hint1.Wheniskineticenergyconserved?
Kineticenergyisconservedonlyinperfectlyelasticcollisions.

ANSWER:

kineticenergyonly
momentumonly
kineticenergyandmomentum
neithermomentumnorkineticenergy

Correct

PartC
Whatisthespeedoftheblock/bulletsystemafterthecollision?

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11/10/2014 HW week8
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v_{\rmi}}{v_i},\texttip{m_{\rmw}}{m_w},and\texttip{m_{\rmb}}{m_b}.

Hint1.Findthemomentumafterthecollision
Whatisthetotalmomentum\texttip{p_{\rmtotal}}{p_total}oftheblock/bulletsystemafterthecollision?

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{v_f}andothergivenquantities.

ANSWER:

\texttip{p_{\rmtotal}}{p_total}= \left(m_{w}+m_{b}\right)v_{f}

Hint2.Useconservationofmomentum
Themomentumoftheblock/bulletsystemisconserved.Therefore,themomentumbeforethecollisionisthesameasthemomentumafterthe
collision.Findasecondexpressionfor\texttip{p_{\rmtotal}}{p_total},thistimeexpressedasthetotalmomentumofthesystembeforethe
collision.
Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v_{\rmi}}{v_i}andothergivenquantities.

ANSWER:

\texttip{p_{\rmtotal}}{p_total}= m_{b}v_{i}

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{v_f}= \large{\frac{m_{b}v_{i}}{m_{b}+m_{w}}}

Correct

AOneDimensionalInelasticCollision

Block1,ofmass\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}=3.90{\rmkg},movesalongafrictionlessairtrackwithspeed\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}=31.0{\rmm/s}.Itcollides
withblock2,ofmass\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}=55.0{\rmkg},whichwasinitiallyatrest.Theblockssticktogetherafterthecollision.

PartA
Findthemagnitude\texttip{p_{\rmi}}{p_i}ofthetotalinitialmomentumofthetwoblocksystem.

Expressyouranswernumerically.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Findtheinitialmomentumofeachblockseparatelythenaddthetwomomentatogether.Recallthatmomentumisequaltomasstimesvelocity:
\vec{p}=m\vec{v}.

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11/10/2014 HW week8

ANSWER:

\texttip{p_{\rmi}}{p_i}= 121 \rmkg\cdotm/s

Correct

PartB
Find\texttip{v_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{v_f},themagnitudeofthefinalvelocityofthetwoblocksystem.

Expressyouranswernumerically.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Applyconservationofmomentum,keepinginmindthatthemassafterthecollisionisthesumoftheindividualblocks'masses.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmf\hspace{1pt}}}{v_f}= 2.05 \rmm/s

Correct

PartC
Whatisthechange\DeltaK=K_{\rmfinal}K_{\rminitial}inthetwoblocksystem'skineticenergyduetothecollision?

Expressyouranswernumericallyinjoules.

Hint1.Findtheinitialkineticenergy
Find\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}{K_initial},theinitialkineticenergyofthetwoblocksystem.

Expressyouranswernumericallyinjoules.
ANSWER:

\texttip{K_{\rminitial}}{K_initial}= 1870 \rmJ

ANSWER:

\texttip{\DeltaK}{DeltaK}= 1750 J

Correct

MomentuminaCollisionGraphingQuestion

Twoasteroids,driftingatconstantvelocity,collide.Themassesandvelocitiesoftheasteroidsbeforethecollisionareindicatedinthefigure.

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11/10/2014 HW week8

PartA
SketchgraphsofthemomentaofasteroidsAandBbeforethecollision.

Hint1.Initialmomentum
Themomentumofanyobjectisdeterminedbytheproductoftheobject'smassandvelocity.

Hint2.Shapeofthemomentumvs.timegraph
Theasteroidsaredriftingatconstantvelocitybeforethecollision,andhaveconstantmass.

ANSWER:

Correct
Thetotalmomentumofthesystemoftwoasteroidsbeforethecollisionisequaltothesumoftheindividualmomenta.Afterthecollision,thetwo
asteroidsjointogethertoformasinglemegaasteroid.Whentwoobjectssticktogetherafteracollision,thecollisioniscalledperfectlyinelastic.

PartB
Duringthecollision,isthemagnitudeoftheforceofasteroidAonasteroidBgreaterthan,lessthan,orequaltothemagnitudeoftheforceofasteroidB
onasteroidA?

Hint1.Collisionforces
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11/10/2014 HW week8
TheforcesspecifiedinthisquestionmustobeyNewton'sthirdlaw.

ANSWER:

greater
less
equal
cannotbedetermined

Correct

PartC
Sketchagraphofthetotalmomentuminthesystemofthetwoasteroidsafterthecollision.

Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Thelawofconservationofmomentumstatesthatthetotalmomentuminanisolatedsystemofobjectsmustremainconstant,regardlessofthe
interactions(orcollisions)betweentheobjects.Thus,thetotalmomentumofthetwoasteroidsafterthecollisionmustbeequaltothetotal
momentumofthetwoasteroidsbeforethecollision.

ANSWER:

Correct

PartD
Whenthetwoasteroidscollide,theysticktogether.BasedonyourgraphinPartC,determinethevelocityofthenewmegaasteroid.

Hint1.Definitionofmomentum
Momentumisequalto(total)masstimesvelocity.

ANSWER:

16.7 \rmm/s

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11/10/2014 HW week8

Correct

ThreeBlockInelasticCollision

Ablockofmass\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}movingwithspeed\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}undergoesacompletelyinelasticcollisionwithastationaryblockofmass
\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}.Theblocksthenmove,stucktogether,atspeed\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.Afterashorttime,thetwoblocksystemcollides
inelasticallywithathirdblock,ofmass\texttip{m_{\rm3}}{m_3},whichisinitiallystationary.Thethreeblocksthenmove,stucktogether,withspeed
\texttip{v_{\rm3}}{v_3}.Allthreeblockshavenonzeromass.Assumethattheblocksslidewithout
friction.

PartA
Find\large{\frac{v_2}{v_1}},theratioofthespeed\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}ofthetwoblocksystemafterthefirstcollisiontothespeed
\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}oftheblockofmass\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}beforethecollision.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},and/or\texttip{m_{\rm3}}{m_3}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\large{\frac{v_2}{v_1}}=

PartB
Find\large{\frac{K_2}{K_1}},theratioofthekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm2}}{K_2}ofthetwoblocksystemafterthefirstcollisiontothekineticenergy
\texttip{K_{\rm1}}{K_1}oftheblockofmass\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}beforethecollision.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},and/or\texttip{m_{\rm3}}{m_3}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\large{\frac{K_2}{K_1}}=

PartC
Find\large{\frac{v_3}{v_1}},theratioofthespeed\texttip{v_{\rm3}}{v_3}ofthethreeblocksystemafterthesecondcollisiontothespeed
\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}oftheblockofmass\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}beforethecollisions.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},and/or\texttip{m_{\rm3}}{m_3}.

http://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=3229422 40/44
11/10/2014 HW week8

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\large{\frac{v_3}{v_1}}=

PartD
Find\large{\frac{K_3}{K_1}},theratioofthekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm3}}{K_3}ofthethreeblocksystemafterthesecondcollisiontotheinitial
kineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm1}}{K_1}oftheblockofmass\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}beforethecollisions.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},and/or\texttip{m_{\rm3}}{m_3}.

ANSWER:

\large{\frac{K_3}{K_1}}=

PartE
Supposeafourthblock,ofmass\texttip{m_{\rm4}}{m_4},isincludedintheseries,sothatthethreeblocksystemwithspeed\texttip{v_{\rm3}}{v_3}
collideswiththefourth,stationary,block.Find\large{\frac{K_4}{K_1}},theratioofthekineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm4}}{K_4}ofalltheblocksafterthe
finalcollisiontotheinitialkineticenergy\texttip{K_{\rm1}}{K_1}oftheblockofmass\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}beforeanyofthecollisions.

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},\texttip{m_{\rm3}}{m_3},and/or\texttip{m_{\rm4}}{m_4}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\large{\frac{K_4}{K_1}}=

TrafficAccidentAnalysis

Considerthefollowingtwocaraccident:Twocarsofequalmass\texttip{m}{m}collideatanintersection.DriverEwastravelingeastward,anddriverN,
northward.Afterthecollision,thetwocarsremainjoinedtogetherandslide,withlockedwheels,beforecomingtorest.Policeonthescenemeasurethe
length\texttip{d}{d}oftheskidmarkstobe9meters.Thecoefficientoffriction\texttip{\mu}{mu}betweenthelockedwheelsandtheroadisequalto0.9.

Eachdriverclaimsthathisspeedwaslessthan14meterspersecond(about31mph).Athird
driver,whowastravelingcloselybehinddriverEpriortothecollision,supportsdriverE'sclaimby
assertingthatdriverE'sspeedcouldnothavebeengreaterthan12meterspersecond.Takethe
followingstepstodecidewhetherdriverN'sstatementisconsistentwiththethirddriver's
contention.

PartA
LetthespeedsofdriversEandNpriortothecollisionbedenotedby\texttip{v_{\rme}}{v_e}and\texttip{v_{\rmn}}{v_n},respectively.Findv^2,the
squareofthespeedofthetwocarsystemtheinstantafterthecollision.

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11/10/2014 HW week8
Expressyouranswertermsof\texttip{v_{\rme}}{v_e}and\texttip{v_{\rmn}}{v_n}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

v^2=

PartB
Whatisthekineticenergy\texttip{K}{K}ofthetwocarsystemimmediatelyafterthecollision?

Expressyouranswerintermsof\texttip{v_{\rme}}{v_e},\texttip{v_{\rmn}}{v_n},and\texttip{m}{m}.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{K}{K}=

PartC
Writeanexpressionforthework\texttip{W_{\rmfric}}{W_fric}doneonthecarsbyfriction.

Expressyouranswersymbolicallyintermsofthemass\texttip{m}{m}ofasinglecar,themagnitudeoftheaccelerationduetogravity
\texttip{g}{g},thecoefficientofslidingfriction\texttip{\mu}{mu},andthedistance\texttip{d}{d}throughwhichthetwocarsystemslides
beforecomingtorest.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{W_{\rmfric}}{W_fric}=

PartD
Usingtheinformationgivenintheproblemintroductionandassumingthatthethirddriveristellingthetruth,determinewhetherdriverNhasreportedhis
speedcorrectly.Specifically,ifdriverEhadbeentravelingwithaspeedofexactly12meterspersecondbeforethecollision,whatmustdriverN'sspeed
havebeenbeforethecollision?
Expressyouranswernumerically,inmeterspersecond,tothenearestinteger.Take\texttip{g}{g},themagnitudeoftheaccelerationdueto
gravity,tobe9.81meterspersecondpersecond.

Youdidnotopenhintsforthispart.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v_{\rmn}}{v_n}= m/s

CollidingCars

Inthisproblemwewillconsiderthecollisionoftwocarsinitiallymovingatrightangles.Weassumethatafterthecollisionthecarssticktogetherandtravel
offasasingleunit.Thecollisionisthereforecompletelyinelastic.

Twocarsofmasses\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}and\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}collideatanintersection.Beforethecollision,car1wastravelingeastwardata
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11/10/2014 HW week8
speedof\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1},andcar2wastravelingnorthwardataspeedof\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.Afterthecollision,thetwocarssticktogetherand
traveloffinthedirectionshown.

PartA
First,findthemagnitudeof\texttip{\vec{v}}{v_vec},thatis,thespeed\texttip{v}{v}ofthetwocarunitafterthecollision.

Express\texttip{v}{v}intermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},andthecars'initialspeeds\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}and
\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.

Hint1.Conservationofmomentum
Recallthatconservationoflinearmomentummaybeexpressedasavectorequation,
\vec{p}_{\rminitial}=\vec{p}_{\rmfinal}.
Eachvectorcomponentoflinearmomentumisconservedseparately.

Hint2.xandycomponentsofmomentum
Themomentumofthetwocarsystemimmediatelyafterthecollisionmaybewrittenas\vec{p}=p_x\hat{i}+p_y\hat{j},wherethexandy
directionsaretheeastwardandnorthwarddirections,respectively.

Find\texttip{p_{\mitx}}{p_x}and\texttip{p_{\mity}}{p_y}

Expressthetwocomponents,separatedbyacomma,intermsof\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1},\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2},
\texttip{v_{\rm1}}{v_1}and\texttip{v_{\rm2}}{v_2}.

ANSWER:

\texttip{p_{\mitx}}{p_x},\texttip{p_{\mity}}{p_y}= m_{1}v_{1},m_{2}v_{2}

Hint3.Avectoranditscomponents
RecallthatthesquareofthemagnitudeofavectorisgivenbythePythagoreanformula:

p^2=p_x^2+p_y^2.

Hint4.Velocityandmomentum
Find\texttip{v}{v},themagnitudeofthefinalvelocity.

Express\texttip{v}{v}intermsofthemagnitudeofthefinalmomentum\texttip{p}{p}andthemasses\texttip{m_{\rm1}}{m_1}and
\texttip{m_{\rm2}}{m_2}.

ANSWER:

\texttip{v}{v}= \large{\frac{p}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}

ANSWER:

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11/10/2014 HW week8

\texttip{v}{v}= \large{\sqrt{\left({\frac{m_{1}v_{1}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\right)^{2}+\left(\frac{m_{2}v_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}\right)^{2}}}

Correct

PartB
Findthetangentoftheangle\texttip{\theta}{theta}.

Expressyouranswerintermsofthemomentaofthetwocars,\texttip{p_{\rm1}}{p_1}and\texttip{p_{\rm2}}{p_2}.

ANSWER:

\tan(\theta)= \large{\frac{p_{2}}{p_{1}}}

Correct

PartC
Supposethatafterthecollision,\tan\theta=1inotherwords,\texttip{\theta}{theta}is45^\circ.Thismeansthatbeforethecollision:

ANSWER:

Themagnitudesofthemomentaofthecarswereequal.
Themassesofthecarswereequal.
Thevelocitiesofthecarswereequal.

Correct

PrelectureConceptQuestion8.05

PartA
Whichofthefollowingstatementsaretrue?Selectallcorrectresponses.
Chooseallthatapply.
ANSWER:

Thetotalmomentumofanynumberofparticlesisequaltothevectorsumofthemomentaoftheindividualparticles.
Thevectorsumofforcesactingonaparticleequalstherateofchangeofmomentumoftheparticlewithrespecttotime.
Thetotalmomentumofanisolatedsystemisconstant.
Thevectorsumofforcesactingonaparticleequalstherateofchangeofvelocityoftheparticlewithrespecttotime.
Thetotalmomentumofanysystemisconstant.
Thetotalmomentumofanynumberofparticlesisequaltothealgebraicsumofthemomentaoftheindividualparticles.

Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis93.5%.
Youreceived16.82outofapossibletotalof18points.

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