Physics

Class 9th

Motion
Dis tance S
Speed = =
Time t
Total Dis tance Covered
Average Speed =
Total Time Elapsed

Total Displacement
Average Velocity =
Total Time Elapsed

Change in velocity v final − vinitial

Acceleration = =
Time Taken t
Three equations of Motion
v = u + at Where S is the displacement,
1 2 u is the initial velocity,
S = ut + at v is the final velocity,
2
a is the acceleration and t is time
v = u + 2aS
2 2

a
Displacement in nth second, Sn = u + (2n – 1)
2

Force and Lows of Motion

Momentum(P)
P = mv
Where m is the mass of the object and v is the velocity
Newton’s second law,
m(v − u)
F=
t
F = ma
Here F is the force applied, v and u are the initial and final velocities
Impulse
J = F t
J = m(v – u)
Law of Conservation of Momentum
The law of conservation of momentum, states that
If the net external force on a system of particles is zero, the linear momentum of the system remains
constant
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2
Here v and u are the initial and final velocities of the respective objects
Centripetal Acceleration
v2
ac =
r
Centripetal Force
Fcentrifugal = –Fcentripetal
mv 2
Fcentrifugal = –
r

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Gravitation
Universal Law of Gravitation
Mm
F=G
r2
Here M and m are the two masses separated by distance r and G is the gravitational constant whose value
is 6.7 × 10–11 Nm2/kg2
Acceleration due to gravity
F = mg
GM
g=
d2
Here d is the distance from the point of measurement to the centre of the planet
For earth g = 9.81 m/s2
Kepler’s third law
r3
= constant
T2
Here r is the distance between planet and the sun and T is the time taken to complete one revolution
For two planets in comparison
r23 r13
=
T23 T12
Thrust and Pressure
Force(N)
Pressure =
Area(m2 )
Density
M
=
V
Where M is the mass and v is the volume of the object
Density of a subs tance
Relative Density =
Density of water
Buoyant Force
FW = mg = pVg
Where m is density times the volume of the body (ρV); g is the acceleration due to gravity
FB = Apparent Weight – Actual Weight
Work Done (W) = Force (F) × Displacement (d)
W=F×d
Kinetic Energy
1
KE = mv2
2
m is the mass and v is the velocity
Kinetic energy and momentum
2
1 P P2
K= m  =
2 m 2m
Here p is the momentum
Potential energy between two points A and B
UB – UA = mgh
Where h is the distance between two points

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Work W
Power = P=
Time t
Energy Consumbed E
Power = P=
Time taken t

Sound
Frequency and Time Period
1
f=
T
Where f is the frequency and T is the time period
Relation between wavelength(), frequency(f), speed(v) and Time period(T)
 = vT

v=
T
V = f

Class 10th

Reflection of Light
Law of Reflection
1. incident ray, reflected ray, and normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection i.e., i = r.

Image formation by Plane Mirror

1. The image is virtual. The image and the object are equidistant from the mirror
2. The object size is equal to the image size i.e., magnification is 1.

Image formation by spherical Mirror

1. Focal length is equal to half of radius of curvature i.e., f = R/2.
2. The object distance u, image distance v and focal length f are related by the mirror formula.
1 1 1
+ =
v u f
3. The magnification is the ratio image height to the object height and it is given by
v
m=−
u
Refraction of Light
Refractive Index
speed of light in vacuum c
= =
speed of light in medium v
Laws of Refraction
1. Incident ray, refracted ray, and normal at the point of incidence lie in the same plane.
2. The angle of incidence is related to the angle of refraction by Snell’s Law:
sini 2
=
sinr 1

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Lens Formula
The object distance u, image distance v and focal length f of a lens are related by the lens formula
1 1 1
− =
v u f
The magnification by a lens is given by
v
m=
u
Power of a Lens
The power of a lens is related to its focal length by
P = 1/f
The power P in diopter if f in metre.

Electricity
Electric Current
The electric current in a wire is equal to the charge flowing per unit time in it i.e.,
I = Q/t
Potential Difference
The potential difference between two points is the work required to move a unit charge from one point to
the other i.e.,
V = W/Q

Resistance
The resistance of a wire of length I and cross-sectional area A is given by
R = l/A,
Where  is the resistivity of the wire material.
Ohm’s Law
The current through a wire of resistance R connected to a source of potential V is given by
V = IR

Resistors in Parallel
The equivalent resistance Req of two resistors connected in parallel is given by
1 1 1
= +
Req R1 R2

Resistors in Series
The equivalent resistance Req of two resistors connected in series is given by
Req = R1 + R2

Electric Power
The electric power of a device of resistance R connected to a source of voltage V is given by
V2
P=  I2R  IV
R

Heating Effect
The heat generated in time t is given by
H = Pt  I2Rt