Power System Planning Lab A Batch

POWER SYSTEM
ARCHANA MAURYA
[This lab is a guide for Planning process and its
PLANNING LAB
associated benefits. Going through this lab manual
Planner would be in a state to decide the best solution
for designing the power system network and plan well
in advance to save money and time without
compromising on the reliability]
SUBMITTED BY Ajay kumar Gupta
7 th sem B batch
13EMCEE300
POWER SYSTEM PLANNING LAB
LAB MANUAL
OF
B Tech 7th Sem (EE-7EE7A)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Modern Institute of Technology & Research Centre,
Tijara Road, Alwar, Rajasthan
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO PAGE NO.
EXPERIMENT NAME
.
To study the status of national and
1. 5
regional planning
To study the components of structure of
2. 9
power system.
18
3. To study various planning tools.
Formulate the short note on electricity
4. 21
regulation.
To study the modeling of electrical
5. 25
forecasting techniques.
To study transmission and distribution
6. 32
planning in brief.
To study the concept of rational tariffs
7. 40
with its underlying principles.
To study the process of rural
8. electrification with its associated 46
technologies.

7EE7A: POWER SYSTEM PLANNNG LAB
1. Status of National and Regional Planning, for power system.

2. Write components of Structure of power system.
3. Explain in detail various planning tools.
4. Write short note on Electricity Regulation.
5. Modeling of Electrical Forecasting techniques.
6. Transmission and distribution planning.
7. Concept of Rational tariffs.
8. Rural Electrification.

Lab Instruction for Students
LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS
1 Keep Silence in the lab.
2 Sit on your own seat which is assigned by faculty or lab staff.
3 Always follow the instruction given by lab staff for to perform the assigned
experiment.
4 Do not switch ON the supply of the panel until the circuit is not been
checked by lab staff.
5 Every student is responsible for any damage to the panel or any component
which is assigned for lab work.
6 Do not go to any table to assist any student without permission of lab staff, if
so, may be punished for that.
7 Always come to lab with your file and file work should be completed.
8 Please keep your bag at right place inside the lab.
9 Always get checked and signed your file work in time (experiment which
was performed in previous lab positively to be checked) after that faculty
may not check your work.
10 After performing the experiments the connection should be disconnected

from panel and power supply should be OFF.
11 Before leaving the lab, keep your stool under the table.

EXPERIMENT NO.-1
Aim: To study the Status of National and Regional Planning.
Power System Operation Corporation Limited
(POSOCO) is a wholly owned subsidiary of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL).
It was formed inMarch 2010 to handle the power management functionsof PGCIL. It is
responsible to ensure the integratedoperation of the Grid in a reliable, efficient and
securemanner. It consists of 5 Regional Load Despatch Centersand a National Load Despatch
Centre (NLDC). Thesubsidiary may eventually be made a separate company,leaving the parent
firm with only the task of setting uptransmission links. The load Despatch functions,
earlierhandled by PGCIL, will now come up to POSOCO.
History:
Central Government through Ministry of Power in exercise of the power conferred by sub-
section (3) of Sect 26 and sub-section (2) of Section 27 of the Electricity Act, 2003, by
notification dt. September 27, 2010 in the Gazette of India notified that the Power System
OperationCorporation Ltd (POSOCO), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Power Grid
Corporation of India Limited (a Government Company) shall operate National Load Despatch
Centre and the five Regional Load Despatch Centers, with effect from October 1, 2010.
The subsidiary was set up on the recommendations of a government committee headed by G.B.
Pradhan, additional secretary in the Union ministry of power. To make load dispatch centers
financially self-reliant and autonomous, the committee recommended independent and
sustainable revenue streams. The move to separate the two functions is in keeping with the
provisions of theElectricity Act, 2003, which seeks to separate commercial interests from load
management functions. The Pradhan committee had recommended setting up a separate
representative board structure overseeing the functions of the five regional load dispatch centers
(RLDCs) run by PGCILthe northern, eastern, north-eastern, western and southern regions at
that time.
The Present Board of directors is as following:

Mr. RabindraNathNayak, Chairman
Mr. I.S.Jha, Director
Mr. R.T.Agarwal, Director
Mrs. Jyoti Arora, Director (Government nominee)
Mr. P.K.Pahwa, Director (Government Nominee)
Mr. Santosh Saraf, Director (Independent)

Mr. Sushil Kumar Sooneeis the Chief Executive Officer of POSOCO and a special invitee in
the Boardmeetings.
The Corporate Centre of POSOCO is at B-9, Qutab Institutional Area, Katwaria Sarai, New
Delhi-110016, and INDIA
POSOCO mainly comprises

1. National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC)
2. Five Regional Load Despatch Centres
Northern Regional Load Despatch Centre(NRLDC)

Western Regional Load Despatch Centre (WRLDC)
Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre (ERLDC)
Southern Regional Load Despatch Centre (SRLDC)
North-Eastern Regional Load Despatch Centre(NERLDC)

National Load Despatch Centre:
On 25 February 2009 the National Load Despatch Centre (NLDC) was inaugurated by
Sh.SushilkumarShinde(Union Minister of Power) and Smt.ShielaDixit(Chief Minister, Delhi).
National Load DespatchCentre (NLDC) has been constituted as per Ministry ofPower (MOP)
notification, New Delhi dated 2 March 2005 and is the apex body to ensure integrated
operationof the national power system.
The main functions assigned to NLDC are:
Supervision over the Regional Load Despatch Centres.

Scheduling and dispatch of electricity over the interregional links in accordance with grid
standards specified by the authority and grid code specified by Central Commission in
coordination with Regional Load Despatch Centre.
Coordination with Regional Load Despatch Centres for achieving maximum economy
and efficiency in the operation of National Grid.
Monitoring of operations and grid security of the National Grid.
Supervision and control over the inter-regional links as may be required for ensuring
stability of the power system under its control.
Coordination with Regional Power Committees for regional outage schedule in the
national perspective to ensure optimal utilization of power resources.
Coordination with Regional Load Despatch Centres for the energy accounting of inter-
regional exchange of power.
Coordination for restoration of synchronous operation of national grid with Regional
Load Despatch Centres.
Coordination for trans-national exchange of power.
Providing Operational feedback for national grid planning to the Authority and Central
Transmission Utility.
Levy and collection of such fee and charges from the generating companies or licensees
involved in the power system, as may be specified by the Central Commission.
Dissemination Of information relating to operations of transmission system in accordance
with directions or regulations issued by Central Government from time to time.
Regional Load Despatch Centres:

The main responsibilities of RLDCs are:
System parameters and security.
To ensure the integrated operation of the power system grid in the respective region.
System studies,planning and contingency analysis.
Daily scheduling and operational planning.
Facilitating bilateral and inter-regional exchanges.
Computation of energy Despatch and drawls values using SEMs.
Augmentation of telemetry, computing and communication facilities.
By going through this experiment one should be in a state to answer the following questions:
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
Q1. When was NLDC formed with the aim associated in its formation?
Q2. With what purpose the work has been divided to RLDC and what are those works.
Q3. Draw the hierarchy table of working of various LDCs?
Q4. Define POSOCO in brief?
References
[1] Powerless again: Northern, eastern grids fail. 31 July 2012.
[2] "Independent audit of grids in 3 months". 7 August 2012.

EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Aim: To study the Components and Structure of Power System.
An interconnected power system is a complex enterprise that may be subdivided into the
following major subsystems:
Generation Subsystem
Transmission and Sub transmission Subsystem
Distribution Subsystem
Utilization Subsystem

Generation Subsystem
Generation subsystem includes generators and transformers.
Fig: Thermal Power Plant
Electric power is produced by generating units, housed in power plants, which convert primary
energy into electric energy. Primary energy comes from a number of sources, such as fossil fuel
and nuclear, hydro, wind, and solar power.
The process used to convert this energy into electric energy depends on the design of the
generating unit, which is partly dictated by the source of primary energy.The term thermal
generation commonly refers to generating units that burn fuel to convert chemical energy into
thermal energy, which is then used to produce high-pressure steam. This steam then flows and
drives the mechanical shaft of an ac electric generator that produces alternating voltage and
current or electric power, at its terminals.
An essential component of power systems is the three-phase ac generator known as synchronous

generator or alternator. Synchronous generators have two synchronouslyrotating fields: One field
is produced by the rotor driven at synchronous speed and excited by dc current. The other field is
produced in the stator windings by the three-phase armature currents.
The dc current for the rotor windings is provided by excitation systems. In the older units, the
exciters are dc generators mounted on the same shaft, providing excitation through slip rings.
Current systems use ac generators with rotating rectifiers, known as brushless excitation systems.
The excitation system maintains generator voltage and controls the reactive power flow.

Because they lack the commutator, ac generators can generate high power at high voltage,
typically 30 kV.
Fig: Turbo Generator
The source of the mechanical power, commonly known as the prime mover, may be hydraulic
turbines, steam turbines whose energy comes from the burning of coal, gas and nuclear fuel, gas
turbines, or occasionally internal combustion engines burning oil.
Steam turbines operate at relatively high speeds of 3600 or 1800 rpm. The generators to which
they are coupled are cylindrical rotor, two-pole for 3600 rpm, or four-pole for 1800 rpm
operation. Hydraulic turbines, particularly those operating with a low pressure, operate at low
speed. Their generators are usually a salient type rotor with many poles. In a power station,
several generators are operated in parallel in the power grid to provide the total power needed.
They are connected at a common point called a bus.
With concerns for the environment and conservation of fossil fuels, many alternate sources are
considered for employing the untapped energy sources of the sun and the earth for generation of
power. Some alternate sources used are solar power, geothermal power, wind power, tidal power,
and biomass.
Transformers
The transformer transfers power with very high efficiency from one level of voltage to another
level. The power transferred to the secondary is almost the same as the primary, except for losses
in the transformer.

Fig: Step Up Power Transformer
Insulation requirements and other practical design problems limit the generated voltage to low
values, usually 30 kV. Thus, step-up transformers are used for transmission of power. At the
receiving end of the transmission lines step-down transformers are used to reduce the voltage to
suitable values for distribution or utilization.
The electricity in an electric power system may undergo four or five transformations between
generator and consumers.
Transmission and Sub transmission Subsystem
An overhead transmission network transfers electric power from generating units to the
distribution system which ultimately supplies the load. Transmission lines also interconnect
neighboring utilities which allow the economic dispatch of power within regions during normal
conditions, and the transfer of power between regions during emergencies.
High voltage transmission lines are terminated in substations, which are called high voltage
substations, receiving substations, or primary substations.
The function of some substations is switching circuits in and out of service; they are referred to
as switching stations. At the primary substations, the voltage is stepped down to a value more
suitable for the next part of the trip toward the load. Verylarge industrial customers may be
served from the transmission system.

Fig: Transmission Network
The portion of the transmission system that connects the high-voltage substations through step-
down transformers to the distribution substations is called the subtransmission network. There is
no clear distinction between transmission and subtransmission voltage levels.
Typically, the subtransmission voltage level ranges from 69 to 138 kV. Some large industrial
customers may be served from the sub transmission system. Capacitor banks and reactor banks
are usually installed in the substations for maintaining the transmission line voltage.
Distribution Subsystem
The distribution system connects the distribution substations to the consumers service-entrance
equipment. The primary distribution lines from 4 to 34.5 kV and supply the load in a well-
defined geographical area.Some small industrial customers are served directly by the primary
feeders.
The secondary distribution network reduces the voltage for utilization by commercial and
residential consumers. Lines and cables not exceeding a few hundred feet in length then deliver
power to the individual consumers.
Distribution systems are both overhead and underground. The growth of underground
distribution has been extremely rapid and as much as 70 percent of new residential construction
is via underground systems.

Fig: Distribution Network
Utilization Subsystem
Power systems loads are divided into industrial, commercial, and residential.
Industrial loads are composite loads, and induction motors form a high proportion of these loads.
These composite loads are functions of voltage and frequency and form a major part of the
system load.
Fig: Heavy Duty Single Phase Capacitor Start and Run Induction Motor
Commercial and residential loads consist largely of lighting, heating, and cooking. These loads
are independent of frequency and consume negligibly small reactive power. The load varies
throughout the day, and power must be available to consumers on demand.

Fig: Toaster Single phase residential used load
Along with these certain other components are added to assist them in their working which are as
such:
Power electronics
Power electronics are semi-conductor based devices that are able to switch quantities of power
ranging from a few hundred watts to several hundred megawatts. The classic function of power
electronics is rectification, or the conversion of AC-to-DC power, power electronics are therefore
found in almost every digital device that is supplied from an AC source either as an adapter that
plugs into the wall or as component internal to the device. High-powered power electronics can
also be used to convert AC power to DC power for long distance transmission in a system known
as HVDC. HVDC is used because it proves to be more economical than similar high voltage AC
systems for very long distances.
Fig: HVDC Link
HVDC is also desirable for interconnects because it allows frequency independence thus
improving system stability. Power electronics are also essential for any power source that is
required to produce an AC output but that by its nature produces a DC output. They are therefore
used by many photovoltaic installations both industrial and residential. The use of power

electronics to assist with motor control and with starter circuits cannot be underestimated and, in
addition to rectification, is responsible for power electronics appearing in a wide range of
industrial machinery.
Power electronics are also at the heart of the variable speed wind turbine. Conventional wind
turbines requiresignificant engineering to ensure they operate at someratio of the system
frequency, however by using power electronics this requirement can be eliminated leading to
quieter, more flexible and (at the moment) more costly wind turbines. A final example of one of
the more exotic uses of power electronics comes from the previous section where the fast-
switching times of power electronics were used to provide more refined reactive compensation to
the power system.
Protective devices
Power systems contain protective devices to prevent injury or damage during failures. The
quintessential protective device is the fuse. When the current through a fuse exceeds a certain
threshold, the fuse element melts, producing an arc across the resulting gap that is then
extinguished, interrupting the circuit. Given that fuses can be built as the weak point of a system,
fuses are ideal for protecting circuitry from damage. Fuses however have two problems: First,
after they have functioned, fuses must be replaced as they cannot be reset. This can prove
inconvenient if the fuse is at a remote site or a spare fuse is not on hand. And second, fuses are
typically inadequate as the sole safety device in most power systems as they allow current flows
well in excess of that that would prove lethal to a human or animal. The first problem is resolved
by the use of circuit breakersdevices that can be reset after they have broken current flow.
These devices combine the mechanism that initiates the trip (by sensing excess current) as well
as the mechanism that breaks the current flow in a single unit. Some miniature circuit breakers
operate solely on the basis of electromagnetism.
In higher powered applications, the protective relays that detect a fault and initiate a trip are
separate from the circuit breaker. Different relays will initiate trips depending upon different
protection schemes.

Fig: Differential Relay
The second problem, the inadequacy of fuses to act as the sole safety device in most power
systems, is probably best resolved by the use of residual current devices (RCDs).
After going through this experiment the following questions can be answered:
REVIEW QUESTION:
Q1. Briefly explain the layout of generation system?
Q2. Briefly explain the working of Transmission network with divisions?
Q3. Explain the distribution Network in brief?
Q4. Explain the power electronics devices used in power system?
Q5. Explain the protective circuitry involved in power system?
References
[1] Godalming Power Station. Engineering Timelines.Retrieved 2009-05-03.
[2] Williams, Jasmin (2007-11-30). Edison Lights The City. New York Post. Retrieved
2008,03-31.
[3] Grant, Casey. The Birth of NFPA.National Fire Protection Association.Retrieved 2008-03-
31.
[4] Bulk Electricity Grid Beginnings (PDF) (Press release). New York Independent System
Operator.Retrieved 2008-05-25.
[5] Katz, Evgeny (2007-04-08). Lucien Gaulard. Archived from the original on 2008-04-
22.Retrieved 2008-05-25.
[6] John W. Klooster, Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to
Gates, page 305
[7] Blalock, Thomas (2004-10-02). Alternating Current Electrification, 1886.IEEE.Retrieved
2008-05-25.

EXPERIMENT NO.-3
Aim: To study various Planning Tools in Power System Planning.
INTRODUCTION: Planning engineers primary requirement is to give power supply to

consumers in a reliable manner at a minimum cost with due flexibility for future expansion. The
criteria and constraints in planning an energy system are reliability, environment, economics,
electricity pricing, financial constraints, society impacts and value of electricity.Reliability,
economic, financial and environmental factors can be quantified. However, societal effects are
evaluated qualitatively. The system must be optimal over a time period from first day of
operation through the planned lifetime. Various computer programs are available and are used for
fast screening of alternate plans with respect to technical, economic and environmental
performance of power system.
TOOLS AVAILABLE: The available tools for power system planning can be split into three
basic techniques:
Simulation tools
Optimization tools
The scenario techniques

SIMULATION TOOLS:
Power system simulation models are a class of computer simulation programs that focus on the
operation of electrical power systems. These computer programs are used in a wide range of
planning and operational situations including:
Long-term generation and transmission expansion planning

Short-term operational simulations
Market analysis (e.g. price forecasting)
These programs typically make use of mathematical optimization techniques such linear
programming, quadratic programming, and mixed integer programming. Key elements of power
systems that are modeled include:
Load flow (power flow study)

Short circuit
Transient stability
Optimal dispatch of generating units (unit commitment)
Transmission (optimal power flow)
Optimization tools:
This tool minimizes or maximizes an objective function by choosing adequate values for
decision variables. These include:
Optimum power flow

Least cost expansion planning
Generation expansion planning
The scenario techniques:
This is a method for viewing the future in quantitative fashion. All possible outcomes are
investigated. The sort of decision r assumption which might be made by utility section depends
on the existing trend and conditions. The process of planning consists of generation set of
planning scenario.The various types of scenarios for electrical planning is drawn by:
PLANNING COMMISSION
CEA
STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD
NGOS

VIVA VOICE:
Q1. Explain Planning Tools in brief.

Q2. Explain various planning tools with application areas.
REFERENCES
(1) CEC. 2007 Integrated energy policy report: Final Commission report; CEC-100-2007-008-
CMF; California Energy Commission: Sacramento, CA, December, 2007.
(2) Jaske, M. R. Scenario analysis of California's electricity system: Preliminary results for the
2007 IEPR, draft staff report; CEC-200-2007-010-SD; California Energy Commission:
Sacramento, CA, June 8, 2007.
EXPERIMENT NO.-4
AIM: To make short note on electricity regulation and study its underline principles in brief.
Theory:In 1991 Indian government launched systematic economic reforms programme. The
infrastructure industries such as telecommunications and electricity have subsequently been
restructured and opened to private sector participation. Accompanied with the restructuring and
privatization has been setting up of independent regulatory agencies for telecommunications and
electricity. While there is a single Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) for whole
country the electricity regulatory system in India is central and provincial. In addition to Central
Electricity Regulatory Commission there are 18 other provincial (state level) State Electricity
Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) that have been set up by the local (state) governments to
regulate electricity markets, encourage competition and private investment. This is due to the
federal nature of government in India and also because Indian constitution lists electricity in
Concurrent List, meaning both the federal and state level governments are authorized to frame
policies regarding electricity supply industry except for nuclear power which is in domain of
only federal government. Although most of the government owned state electricity boards are
now unbundled and corporatized there is little or no privatization and the private sector
investment in generation and distribution has been very little. A major cause for this could be
lack of effective regulatory arrangements.
Introduction
Regulatory reforms in developed and developing countries accompanied with privatization and
deregulation of public utilities have generated substantial research interest in academic circles.
The focus of much of the work on economic regulation has been on the instruments of regulation
such as incentive regulation based on rate of return or price cap. Only recently the issues of the
regulatory process and institutional arrangements have started attracting attention of the scholars.
Institutional arrangements for practice of regulatory policy play a key role in providing stable
and effective regulatory environment. The privatization and regulation experiment in the UK and
many other countries is much studied phenomenon2. In most of the studies on economic
regulation, the focus has been on instruments of regulatory policies such as price controls or rate
of return.
Earlier literature on regulation of US electricity, telecommunications and other regulated

industries also showsimilar trends.

Three of the six aspects relate to institutional design (the formal accountability) and other three
relate to regulatory process and practices (informal accountability). The formal accountability
aspects include:
Clarity of Roles and Objectives
Autonomy
Accountability
The informal accountability aspects studied are:
Participation
Transparency; and
Predictability.
1. Clarity of Roles and Objectives: The regulatory function is well articulated, well enshrined
in primary legislation, and clearly separated in practice from policy and commercial functions.
2. Autonomy: There is a separate regulator with arrangements for appointment and financing
which appear to guarantee autonomy of action.
3. Participation: A comprehensive process of formal consultation (including public hearings and
publication of and comment on consultation responses) is followed before decisions are made.
4. Accountability: There is full accountability in terms of appeals, including a specific legal
right of redress. The accountability of the regulator to Courts or parliament for fulfilling general
legal duties is appropriate without being excessive.
5. Transparency: All regulatory documents are available to the public, except where specifically
classified as confidential and the regulator publishes major decisions as well as the reasoning
behind major decisions.
6. Predictability: Regulatory powers and duties cannot be changed without changes in primary
law; key regulatory instruments or documents cannot be changed without undergoing appropriate
processes; and there is a clear policy and coherent approach behind all decisions.
Some relevant features of the Electricity Act 2003 that have implications for scope and practice
of regulators are worth listing below:
Delicensed generation.
Non-discriminatory open access in transmission mandated.
Single buyer model dispensed with for the distribution utilities.
Provision for open access in distribution is to be implemented in phases.
Provision for multiple distribution licensees in the same area of supply has been
incorporated.
Electricity trading is recognized as a distinct licensed activity.
Development of market (including trading) in electricity made the responsibility of the
Regulatory Commission.

Sustainability: guarantee of recovery of all regulated costs so that the electrical power sector
is economically viable
Equity or Non Discrimination in the allocation of costs to consumers: Same charge should
apply to the same provision of a service, regardless the end use of the electricity.
This would be in line with a cost allocation procedure based on cost causality.
Economic efficiency: Two types are considered:
Productive: produce the good or service at minimum cost &meeting prescribed quality
standards
Allocative efficiency: promote efficiency in consumption of the good in the short & long term
Tariffs must sent economic signals that promote efficient operation &investment. This requires
that costs should be assigned to those who are responsible for them (criterion of cost causality)
then, use marginal costs / prices whenever possible
if there are still costs to be assigned
apply cost causality as far as it is possible
&, finally, try to minimize any inevitable distortion in the economic decisions of the consumers
Transparency:in the methodology, so that all employed criteria & procedures are made
public

Stability: in the adopted methodology, so that the concerned agents have the least possible
regulatory uncertainty. Stability is compatible with a gradual process of adaptation of the present
tariffs to the new system
Simplicity: in the methodology & its implementation, as far as possible
Additivity: derived from the principles of efficiency & sustainability. End user tariffs must be
the outcome of adding all applicable cost concepts
Consistency: with the specific regulatory process of each country
Other principles:
Universal service: everybody must have access to electricity
Protection of low income consumers
Protection of the environment
VIVA VOICE:
Q1. Explain the concept of regulatory policy.
Q2. Explain the underlying principles of regulatory commission.
Q3. Explain the various accountability aspects of the electricity regulation.
REFERENCES:
[1] Dubash, N.K., and Singh, D (2005) Of Rocks and Hard Places, A Critical Review of Recent
Global Experience with Electricity Restructuring, Economic and Political Weekly, December, 10,
pp.5249-5259.
[2] Levy, B and P.T. Spiller (1994) The Institutional Foundations of Regulatory Commitment: A
Comparative Analysis of Telecommunication Regulation, Journal of Law Economics and
Organisation, V 10, No. 2, 201-246.
[3] Parker, D, Kirkpatrick, C. (2005) Privatisation in developing countries: a review of the

evidence and the policy lessons, Journal of Development Studies, 41(4), 513-41

EXPERIMENT NO.-5
AIM: To study Load forecasting along with its techniques.
Theory:Using the Past to Predict the Future
What is the next number in the following sequences?
0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49....
0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28....
0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13....
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13....
These types of problems are at the heart of what forecasters do


The numbers on the previous slide were the summer peak demands for Indiana
from 2000 to 2005.
They are affected by a number of factors

Weather
Economic activity
Price
Interruptible customers called upon
Price of competing fuels
How do we find a pattern in these peak demand numbers to predict the future?

Methods of Forecasting
Time Series trend analysis
Econometric structural analysis
End Use engineering analysis
Time Series Forecasting:
Linear Trend
fit the best straight line to the historical data and assume that the future will follow that line
Many methods exist for finding the best fitting line, the most common is the least squares
method.
Polynomial Trend
Fit the polynomial curve to the historical data and assume that the future will follow that line
Can be done to any order of polynomial (square, cube, etc) but higher orders are usually
needlessly complex

Logarithmic Trend
Fit an exponential curve to the historical data and assume that the future will follow that line.
Good News and Bad News:
The statistical functions in most commercial spreadsheet software packages will calculate many
of these for you
These may not work well when there is a lot of variability in the historical data
If the time series curve does not perfectly fit the historical data, there is model error.
There is normally model error when trying to forecast a complex system.
Methods Used to Account for Variability:
Modeling seasonality/cyclicality
Smoothing techniques
Moving averages
Weighted moving averages
Exponentially weighted moving averages
Filtering techniques
Box-Jenkins
Econometric Forecasting:
Econometric models attempt to quantify the relationship between the parameter of interest
(output variable) and a number of factors that affect the output variable.
Example
Output variable
Explanatory variable
Economic activity
Weather (HDD/CDD)
Electricity price
Natural gas price
Fuel oil price

Estimating Relationships
Each explanatory variable affects the output variable in different ways. The relationships can be
calculated via any of the methods used in time series forecasting.
Can be linear, polynomial, logarithmic
Relationships are determined simultaneously to find overall best fit.

Relationships are commonly known as sensitivities.
End Use Forecasting
End use forecasting looks at individual devices, aka end uses (e.g., refrigerators)
How many refrigerators are out there?

How much electricity does a refrigerator use?
How will the number of refrigerators change in the future?
How will the amount of use per refrigerator change in the future?
Repeat for other end uses
The Good News
Account for changes in efficiency levels (new refrigerators tend to be more efficient than older
ones) both for new uses and for replacement of old equipment
Allow for impact of competing fuels (natural gas vs. electricity for heating) or for competing
technologies (electric resistance heating vs. heat pump)
Incorporate and evaluate the impact of demand-side management/conservation programs
The Bad News
Tremendously data intensive
Primarily limited to forecasting energy usage, unlike other forecasting methods

Most long-term planning electricity forecasting models forecast energy and then derive peak
demand from the energy forecast.

Both reserve margin (RM) and capacity margin (CM) are the same when expressed in
megawatts
Difference between available capacity and demand
Normally expressed as percentages
VIVA VOICE:
Q1. What do you mean by load forecasting?

Q2. Explain the various methods of forecasting available.
Q3. Define reserve margin and capacity margin.
REFERENCES:
[1] State Utility Forecasting Group http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/SUFG/
[2] Energy Information Administration http://www.eia.doe.gov/index.html

EXPERIMENT NO.-6
AIM: To study Transmission and Distribution Planning in brief.
Transmission system planning involves determining and scheduling the additions and changes
that will need to be made to a high-voltage power transmission grid as future conditions,
including demand for power, change.
Reasons For and Goals of Transmission Planning:

The majority of transmission system planning required is due to a continuing growth of electric
demand. Even allowing for significantimprovements in the efficiency of electric appliances and
usage,a growing population and economy leads to increased demand for electric power.
Typically electric demand grows by one half to one percent a year in most areas of the developed
world, and at faster rates in developing nations. Increasing demand requires more transmission
system capability, even if more transmission lines and substations are not built. A large part of
transmission planning in many cases involves determining how to increase the capacity of
existing systems without adding new lines and rights of way. This is accomplished by upgrading
transmission lines and transmission systems throughout a utilities area. Other reasons that
transmission planning is required include replacement of aging electric power infrastructures,
planning for relocation of transmission lines that must be moved due to societal demands or
changes inthe makeup of metropolitan areas, or to lower the cost of power by reducing what is
called power transmission congestion in a regional grid.
The goals of transmission system planning include those common to all utility system planners:
assuring reasonable reliability and quality of service to energy consumers, minimizing costs,
assuring the system is safe and built and operable within all laws, codes, and regulations. In
addition, transmission system planning for regional and wholesale grids normally has to take into
account system interconnected security, transmission congestion constraints, transmission market
costs including in some cases locational marginal based pricing, the availability and esthetic
impacts of required rights-of-way and transmission switching substation sites that will be
required, and community and social acceptance in determining what plans best meet current and
future needs.
Transmission Planning Methods and Processes

Transmission system planning involves a host of complicated technical considerations related to
power flow through an electric network and the dynamic behavior of demand, equipment,
systems, and control equipment.
As to the planning method used in a particular study,Planners follows the instructions of its
clients, but generally recommends that all planning studies adhere to best-practice guidelines.
This means that there is zero-base planning in all cases, that each study begins with an explicit

examination and analysis of consequences and costs of the do nothing option, leading to a
quantitative enumeration of the system needs and deficiencies that need to be corrected. This is
followed by evaluation of a series of options to address the systems needs and correct
deficiencies. They use an exhaustive list of potential planning alternatives covering all possible
categories. Many times one or more categories are not feasible, but in such cases, that is
documented early in the study and a traceable trail showing such options were not viable is
established for later defense of the recommended plan.
Feasible alternatives are each tailored to the situation and developed to further detail, and then all
are evaluated on a balanced basis for feasibility, fit-to-system needs, flexibility, capital cost,
O&M cost, lifetime or other time-value-of-money economics, and other factors as appropriate
for the particular study. Reliability, system security, congestion and LMP pricing considerations,
as well as aesthetic transmission line impacts and community preferences may also be
considerations. Either traditional (least overall cost) or multi-attribute Pareto-type prioritization
can be used to rank and determine the best alternatives for recommendations. Our staff has
access to and is skilled in the application of a wide variety of analytical tools to assess power
system performance.
Analytical Tools:
Transmission system analysis involves complicated computations of power flow, fault currents,
transient phenomena and a host of other engineering factors related to system performance and
equipment suitability. Quanta Technology has in-house capabilities and skilled personnel who
can operate the analytical software listed in the table below. A set of proprietary methods has also
been developed to aid in the analysis of features or phenomena not covered by standard
commercial tools.
Analytical Tools Used In Planning Studies

PSS/E
PSS/O
PowerFactory
Power World
EMTP
EDSA
INSITE
Matlab
Mathematical
Strategic Transmission Planning involves the determination of the best long-term approach to
handling the wholesale power transmission needs in a region. These usually lead to a long range
(20-year) overview plan that identifies the preferred voltage ranges (e.g., 765 and 500 kV) and
general characteristics of the future grid.

Regional Grid Planning involves most of the factors of strategic transmission planning in
addition to the factors considered in most transmission planning studies, such as policy issues
involving complicated regional issues and equity of distribution costs and capability which may
have to be accommodated.
Sub-Transmission Planning involves planning of the transmission-voltage portions of local

power delivery systems, lines most often of delta configuration and operating at nominal
voltages of anywhere from 34.5kV to 345kV. While of high-voltage, the predominate reason
these lines are needed and operated is to route power to local distribution substations. As such,
they are legally and practically part of the local delivery system rather than the regional
wholesale power grid, and are best planned as part of that local delivery system.
Substation-Planning involves the determination of the sites, sizes and configurations, and
timing of future additions of distribution and transmission switching stations, as well as additions
and upgrades to existing substations. The planning of transmission switching stations (e.g., 500
kV to 230 kV stations) is a key element of good transmission planning and accomplished as part
of that function.
Planning of distribution substations is more complicated, and because these distribution
substations are both tied to the transmission system and the anchor points of the local distribution
system, Planning for the location, size, and design of power distribution substations is done as
part of the sub-transmission planning process at about 60% of utilities worldwide, and as a part
of distribution planning, or as a planning function separated from both, in the others.
Regardless, the impact of substation location and capacity and design decisions on feeder system
cost and reliability can often exceed the cost of the substation itself, so distribution
considerations need to be carefully weighed regardless of where and how this step is done.
However, transmission considerations cannot be ignored as they often impose severe locational
and capacity constraints on the possible alternatives. Quanta Technology has developed
innovative comprehensive methods of substation planning that consider all aspects completely in
a balanced, bottom line manner.
Distribution Planning:
SCADA:A collection of Equipment that will provide an operator at a remote station with
sufficient information to determine the status of a process and facilitate to take place regarding
present

Function:
Data Aquisition
Data Processing
Real-Time Calculations
Sequence Of Event Recording
Information Storage & Retrieval
Supervisory Contol
Time Synchronisation
Network Status Processor
Network Management System
Data Exchange With Other Control Centres
User Interface Situational Awareness
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Todays definition of SCADA: From sensor to
operator interface
Sensors / Elements
Wiring
RTU Remote Terminal Unit
Telemetry / Communications
Master STATION
Server/ PC / OIT (Operator Interface Terminal)
Reports & beyond (Intra / Internet applications)
SCADA (also called tele-control) consist of one or more computers with appropriate applications
software (Master Stations) connected by a communications system (wire, radio, power line
carrier or fiber optics) to a number of remote terminal units (RTUs) placed at various locations to
collect data and for remote control and to perform intelligent autonomous (local) control of
electrical systems and report results back to the remote master(s).
A SCADA system performs four functions:

1. Data acquisition
2. Networked data communication
3. Data presentation
4. Control
These functions are performed by four kinds of SCADA components:

Sensors (either digital or analogue) and control relays that directly interface with the managed
system.
Remote telemetry units (RTUs). These are small computerized units deployed in the field at
specific sites and locations. RTUs serve as local collection points for gathering reports from
sensors and delivering commands to control relays.
SCADA master units. These are larger computer consoles that serve as the central processor for
the SCADA system. Master units provide a human interface to the system and automatically
regulate the managed system in response to sensor inputs.
The communications network that connects the SCADA master unit to the RTUs in the field.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PLANNING
-The objective of distribution system planning is to ensure that the growing demand for
electricity, in terms of increasing growth rates and high load densities, can be satisfied in an
optimum way by additional distribution systems, from the secondary conductors through the
bulk power substations, which are both technically adequate and reasonably economical.
-Distribution system planners must determine the load magnitude and its geographic location.

Then the distribution substations must be placed and sized in such a way as to serve the load at
maximum cost effectiveness by minimizing feeder loses and construction cost, while considering
the constraints of service reliability.
The distribution system is particularly important to an electrical utility for two reasons:
(1) Its close proximity to the ultimate customer
(2) Its high investment cost.
-since the distribution system of power supply system is the closest one to the customer, its
failures effect customer service more directly.
-distribution planning starts at customer level. The demand, type, load factor, and other customer
load characteristics dictate the type of distribution system required.
- Once the customer loads are determined, they are grouped for service from secondary lines
connected to distribution transformers that step down from primary voltage.
-the distribution transformer loads are then combined to determine the demands on the primary
distribution system.
-the primary distribution system loads are then assigned to substations that step down from
transmission voltage.
-the distribution system loads, in turn, determine the size and location, or siting, of the
substations as well as the routing and capacity of the associated transmission lines.
In other words, each step in the process provides input for the step that follows.
A block diagram of a typical distribution system planning process

VIVA VOICE:
Q1. Explain transmission planning in brief.

Q2. Explain distribution planning in brief.
Q3. What do you mean by SCADA System and explain its function?
References:
[1]. The Dawn of Grid Synchronization and What It Means to Planners and Operators
http://www.quanta-technology.com/sites/default/files/doc-files/Grid-Synchronization.pdf
[2]. The Challenge of Effective Transmission& distribution Planning http://www.quanta-

technology.com/sites/default/files/doc-files/Effective-Transmission-Planning.pdf
EXPERIMENT NO.-7
AIM: To study the concept of rational tariffs.

Theory:
Tariff refers to the amount of money the consumer has to pay for making the power available to
them at their homes. Tariff system takes into account various factors to calculate the total cost of
the electricity.
Before understanding tariff of electricity system in detail a slight overview of the entire power
system structure and hierarchy in India would be very fruitful. The electrical power system
mainly consists of generation, transmission and distribution. For generation of electrical power
we have many PSUs and private owned generating stations (GS). The electrical transmission
system is mainly carried out by central government body PGCIL(Power Grid Corporation of
India limited). To facilitate this process, India is divided into 5 regions: Northern, Southern,
Eastern, Western and North eastern region. Further within every state we have a SLDC (state
load dispatch center).The distribution system is carried out by many distribution companies
(DISCOMS) and SEBs (State electricity board.).
Types:There are two tariff systems, one for the consumer which they pay to the DISCOMS and
the other one is for the DISCOMS which they pay to the generating stations.
Let us first discuss about the tariff of electricity for the consumer i.e. the cost consumer pay to
the DISCOMS. The total cost levied on the consumer is divided into 3 parts usually referred as 3
part tariff system.
Total cost of electrical energy = fixed cost +semi fixed cost + variable cost = (a + b*KW
+c*KW-h )Rs.
Here a = fixed cost independent of the maximum demand and actually energy consumed. This
cost takes into account the cost of land, labor, and interest on capital cost, depreciation etc.
b = constant which when multiplied by maximum KW demand gives the semi fixed cost. This
takes into account the size of power plant as maximum demand determines the size of power
plant.
c = a constant which when multiplied by by actual energy consumed KW-h gives the running
cost. This takes into account the cost of fuel consumed in producing power.
Thus the total amount paid by the consumer depends on its maximum demand, actual energy
consumed plus some constant sum of money.
Now electrical energy is generally expressed in terms of unit, and 1 unit = 1 KW-hr (1 kw of
power consumed for 1 hr.).
IMPORTANT: All these costs are calculated on active power consumed. It is mandatory for the
consumer to maintain a power factor of 0.8 or above otherwise penalty is levied on them
depending on the deviation.

Let us now discuss about the tariff system existent in India for the DISCOMS. It is regulated by
CERC (central electricity regulatory commission). This tariff system is called availability based
tariff (ABT).
As its name suggest it is a tariff system which depends on the availability of power. It is a
frequency based tariff mechanism which tends to make the power system more stable and
reliable.
This tariff mechanism also has of 3 parts: Fixed charge + capacity charge + UI (Unscheduled
interchange).
The fixed charge is same as that discussed above. The capacity charge is for making the power
available to them and depends on the capacity of plant and the third one is UI. To understand the
UI charges let us see the mechanism.
Mechanism of ABT
The generating stations commit a day ahead about the schedule power which they can
provide to the regional load dispatch center (RLDC).
The RLDC conveys this information to various SLDC which in turn collects the
information from various state DISCOMS about the load demand from various types of
consumers.
The SLDC sends load demand to RLDC. And now RLDC allocates the power
accordingly to the various states.
If everything goes well, power demand is equal to power supplied and the system is stable and
frequency is 50 Hz. But practically this rarely happens. One or more state overdraws or one or
more GS under supplies. This led to deviation in frequency and system stability. If demand is
more than supply frequency dips from normal and vice versa.
UI charges are incentive provided or penalties imposed on the generating stations. If the
frequency is less than 50 Hz, implies demand is more than supply, and then the GS which
supplies more power to the system than committed is given incentives. On the other hand, if
frequency is above 50 Hz, implying supply is more than demand, incentives are provided to GS
for backing up the generating power. Hence it tries to maintain the system stable.
Time of day: Usually during day period the demand for power is very high and the supply
remains the same. Consumers are discouraged to use excess power by making the cost high.
Contrary to that during night time, demand is less compared to supply and hence consumers are
encouraged to use power by providing it at cheaper rate. All these are done to make/keep the
power system stable.
Tariffs must comply with the accepted regulatory principles. At least they should:
Guarantee recovery of the total regulated cost for each activity
Be additive

Be reasonably efficient
Send adequate economic signals both in the short & the long term
Be simple & transparent
Adopt tariffs with different components, so that it is possible to send several simultaneous
signals:
Time differentiation (since the cost of the system depends on the considered time): time-
dependent tariffs
Short-term energy signals (as close as possible to real-time meant to promote efficient
system operation): the marginal cost of energy (/kWh)
Long-term signals (meant to promote efficient investments & to recover total costs of the
activity): by means of a fixed term () &/or a capacity component (/ kW)
Locational signals (in the network): geographically differentiated tariffs
The structure of the tariff must be consistent with the cost function associated to each cost
component (e.g.: the procedure for network planning) & with the known characteristics of
consumption (via metering &/or estimation)
There are two basic types of tariffs

Network access tariffs: for qualified consumers

Integral tariffs: for captive (non-qualified) consumers or those who (may) prefer to stay with a
regulated tariff
The network access tariff must be a component of the integral tariff. Here it will be assumed that
the network access tariff includes
Network charges
Other regulatory charges that apply to all consumers
Typical components of integral &access tariffs
Energy
Capacity charge (long term guarantee of supply)
Ancillary services costs
Extra costs due to technical constraints
Network losses
Transmission and Distribution network charges
Regulatory charges (some examples):
Institutions (Market Operator, System Operator and Regulatory Commission)
Incentives to promote cogeneration and renewables
Domestic coal support, nuclear moratorium & other nuclear costs
Compensations to non-peninsular territories
Stranded costs: competition transition charges
Commercialization (retailing) charges (belong to both types of tariffs)
Electricity Tariffs
A conceptual model-The basic procedure
Step1. Characterize the consumer types & specify the tariff structure
Step2. Assign each one of the considered costs to each time zone that has been adopted in the
tariffs structure (ideally each hour of the year) or per consumer annual charge
(commercialization) or just once (network connection charge) or as percentages of the final tariff
(a variety of regulatory charges)
Step3. Compute each one of the tariffs by aggregation.

Per unit charges for each consumer type are determined by adding the fixed, energy & capacity
components separately for each component of the total cost & each time zone
Network costs Energy Capacity
Generation costs Energy Capacity
Commercialization costs
Other costs
VIVA VOICE:
Q1. Explain the types of tariffs being charged by consumer.

Q2. Explain the concept of tariffs in brief.
Q3.Explain the concept of integral and access tariffs in brief.

References:
[1] F. C. Schweppe, M. C. Caramanis, R. D. Tabors, and R. E. Bohn, Spot Pricing of Electricity.
Boston, MA: Kluwer, 1988.
[2] W. W. Hogan, Contract networks for electric power transmission, J. Regulatory Econ., vol.
4, pp. 211242, 1992.
[3] R. J. Kaye, F. F. Wu, and P. Varaiya, Pricing for system security, in Proc. IEEE Winter
Power Meeting, 1992, Paper 92-WM-100-8.

EXPERIMENT NO.-8
AIM: To study Rural Electrification and its application in India.
Rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and remote areas.
Electricity is used not only for lighting and household purposes, but it also allows for
mechanization of many farming operations, such as threshing, milking, and hoisting grain for
storage. In areas facing labor shortages, this allows for greater productivity at reduced cost. One
famous program was the New Deal's Rural Electrification Administration in the United States,
which pioneered many of the schemes still practiced in other countries. According to IEA (2009)
worldwide 1.456 billion people (18% of the worlds population) do not have access to electricity,
of which 83% live in rural areas. In 1990 around 40 percent (2.2 billion) of the worlds people
still lacked power. Much of this increase over the past quarter century has been in India,
facilitated by mass migration to slums in powered metropolitan areas. India was only 43%
electrified in 1990as opposed to about 75% in 2012. In 1979 37% of Chinas rural population
lacked access to electricity entirely. Some 23% of people in East Java, Indonesia, a core region,
also lack electricity, as surveyed in 2013. In Sub-Saharan Africa less than 10% of the rural
population has access to electricity. Worldwide rural electrification progresses only slowly. The
IEA estimates that, if current trends do not change, the number of people without electricity will
rise to 1.2 billion by the year 2030. Due to high population growth, the number of people without
electricity is expected to rise in Sub-Saharan Africa.
1. Benefits
In impoverished and undeveloped areas, small amounts of electricity can free large amounts of
human time and labor. In the poorest areas, people carry water and fuel by hand, their food
storage may be limited, and their activity is limited to daylight hours. Adding electric-powered
wells for clean water can prevent many water-borne diseases, e.g. dysentery, by reducing or
eliminating direct contact between people (hands) and the water supply. Refrigerators increase
the length of time that food can be stored, potentially reducing hunger, while evening lighting
can lengthen a communitys daylight hours allowing more time for productivity.
2. Drawbacks
Depending on the source, rural electrification (and electricity in general) can bring problems as
well as solutions. New power plants may be built, or existing plants generation capacity
increased to meet the demands of the new rural electrical users. Among the main issues that have
to be considered in rural electrification are the potential conflicts with land use and the impact on
the rural environments. With regard to land use, administrators will need to ensure that adequate
planning in regards to infrastructure development and land use allocation is put in place. The
economic cost attached to providing electricity in rural areas is also of major concern.
Environmental impact concerns on the effects of generatingand distributing electricity in rural

areas is also of significance. The environment in rural areas will be affected by the location of
power plants. The energy source used in this power generation is the area that may have the most
impact. The use of coal-based power is dangerous to the environment as it releases pollutants
such as oxides of sulfur, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide among others.
The use of hydro power is much cleaner with fewer pollutants released into the atmosphere.
However this method is more land intensive and would thus a larger financial commitment to
acquire property and to relocate locals who reside in identified zones. A developer may be
inclined to use the cheapest generation source, which may be highly polluting, and locate the
power plant next to vulnerable minorities or rural areas.
3. Technology
One of the least expensive, most reliable, and best proven electricity distribution systems for
rural electrification is single wire earth return. This system is widely used in countries such as
Australia with very low population densities. There are some geographical requirements
necessary for its use. Since modern power distribution networks can cheaply include optic fibers
in the center of electricity transfer wires, telephone and internet service may become available
with rural electrification. Locally generated renewable energy is an alternative technology,
particularly compared to electrification with diesel generators. The extension of wires is
expensive and usually do not last long in these environments, such as in the middle of the jungle,
therefore mini grids are a good alternative. Mini-grids (central generation and village wide
distribution network) can be a more potent alternative to energy home systems since they can
provide capacity for the productive use of electricity (small businesses). Hybrid mini-grids
(renewables combined with diesel generators) are a widely acknowledged technology for rural
electrification in developing countries. Insome countries (particularly Bangladesh and India)
hundreds of thousands of Solar Home Systems have been installed in recent years. The
deployment of these systems is coupled with microfinance schemes, such as Garmin Shakti.
Most of these systems provide electricity for lighting and some small appliances (radio, TV).
4. Rural electrification in India:
Rural areas in India are electrified non-uniformly, with richer states being able to provide a
majority of the villages with power while poorer states still struggling to do so. The Rural
Electrification Corporation Limited was formed to specifically address the issue of providing
electricity in all the villages across the country. Poverty, lack of resources, lack of political will,
poor planning and electricity theft are some of the major causes which has left many villages in
India without electricity, while urban areas have enjoyed growth in electricity consumption and
capacity. The central government is increasingly trying to improve the dire conditions by
investing heavily in biogas, solar as well as wind energy.Programs such as TheJNN solar

mission, Pradhan Mantri Gram Vidyutyojnato fasten the pace of electrification and diversify the
procedure.
The work is also on-going for reducing wastage, providing better equipments and improving the
overall infrastructure for electrical transmissions in villages. Currently, more than 90% of
villages in India have been electrified with a further goal of providing complete electrification by
2020. Northern and North-Eastern states in India are lagging behind the national average
bringing the numbers down, primarily due to inefficient state governments and lack of economic
resources; these states are currently the focus of many NGOs as well as state programs.
It is estimated that 1-2 GW of solar power will be required for the 1 lakh un-electrified villages
in the country, not to mention the solar power requirements of unelectrifiedhouseholds of
electrified villages. A breakdown is provided below on the number of states and UTs (Union
Territories) that have been electrified.
VIVA Voice:
Q1. Explain the concept of rural electrification in brief.
Q2. Mention the Drawbacks and benefits of Rural Electrification.
Q3. Explain the Technologies involved in the process.
References:
[1] http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/news/presentations/ bazilian.pdf
[2]http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/01/world/asia/power-outages-hit-600-million-in-india.html?
pagewanted=all&_r=0
[3] http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/22224/Rural_ Electrification_China_Peng.pdf
[4] http://www.tempo.co/read/ news/2013/12/31/058541136/ 23-Persen-Penduduk-di-Jatim-

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Power System Planning Lab A Batch

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POWER SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY Ajay kumar Gupta

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 1

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 2

7EE7A: POWER SYSTEM PLANNNG LAB

1. Status of National and Regional Planning, for power system.

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 3

Lab Instruction for Students

LAB INSTRUCTIONS FOR STUDENTS

1 Keep Silence in the lab.

2 Sit on your own seat which is assigned by faculty or lab staff.

8 Please keep your bag at right place inside the lab.

10 After performing the experiments the connection should be disconnected

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 4

The Present Board of directors is as following:

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 5

POSOCO mainly comprises

Northern Regional Load Despatch Centre(NRLDC)

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 6

National Load Despatch Centre:

The main functions assigned to NLDC are:

Supervision over the Regional Load Despatch Centres.

Regional Load Despatch Centres:

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 7

The main responsibilities of RLDCs are:

System parameters and security.

System studies,planning and contingency analysis.

Daily scheduling and operational planning.

Facilitating bilateral and inter-regional exchanges.

Computation of energy Despatch and drawls values using SEMs.

Augmentation of telemetry, computing and communication facilities.

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 8

Aim: To study the Components and Structure of Power System.

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 9

Fig: Thermal Power Plant

An essential component of power systems is the three-phase ac generator known as synchronous

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 10

Fig: Turbo Generator

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 11

Fig: Step Up Power Transformer

Transmission and Sub transmission Subsystem

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 12

Fig: Transmission Network

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 13

Fig: Distribution Network

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 14

Fig: Toaster Single phase residential used load

Fig: HVDC Link

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 15

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 16

Fig: Differential Relay

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 17

Aim: To study various Planning Tools in Power System Planning.

INTRODUCTION: Planning engineers primary requirement is to give power supply to

[Deptt. Of Electrical Engineering MITRC, Alwar] Page 18

Long-term generation and transmission expansion planning

Load flow (power flow study)