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    Natural Gas Pipelines: "Safety and Risk Management in Highly Populated Areas

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    Natural gas pipelines present safety risks that must be carefully managed. Pipeline operators analyze high consequence areas and credible leak scenarios to understand potential consequences like fires and explosions. This helps improve emergency response and mitigation measures. As urban areas develop, pipeline location classes may change, increasing risks. Operators then evaluate options like de-rating pressure, strengthening pipelines, or replacing sections to control risks. Regular monitoring and preventive maintenance are also important to enhance safety.

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    Natural Gas Pipelines: "Safety and Risk Management in Highly Populated Areas

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    dakidofdaboom
    76 views29 pages
    Natural gas pipelines present safety risks that must be carefully managed. Pipeline operators analyze high consequence areas and credible leak scenarios to understand potential consequences like fires and explosions. This helps improve emergency response and mitigation measures. As urban areas develop, pipeline location classes may change, increasing risks. Operators then evaluate options like de-rating pressure, strengthening pipelines, or replacing sections to control risks. Regular monitoring and preventive maintenance are also important to enhance safety.

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    Natural gas pipelines present safety risks that must be carefully managed. Pipeline operators analyze high consequence areas and credible leak scenarios to understand potential consequences like fires and explosions. This helps improve emergency response and mitigation measures. As urban areas develop, pipeline location classes may change, increasing risks. Operators then evaluate options like de-rating pressure, strengthening pipelines, or replacing sections to control risks. Regular monitoring and preventive maintenance are also important to enhance safety.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    76 views29 pages

    Natural Gas Pipelines: "Safety and Risk Management in Highly Populated Areas

    Uploaded by

    dakidofdaboom
    Natural gas pipelines present safety risks that must be carefully managed. Pipeline operators analyze high consequence areas and credible leak scenarios to understand potential consequences like fires and explosions. This helps improve emergency response and mitigation measures. As urban areas develop, pipeline location classes may change, increasing risks. Operators then evaluate options like de-rating pressure, strengthening pipelines, or replacing sections to control risks. Regular monitoring and preventive maintenance are also important to enhance safety.

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    of 29

    NATURAL GAS PIPELINES

    Safety and Risk Management in highly


    populated areas

    Presentation By
    Alok Gurtu- Head Pipeline Integrity
    Prashanthi Bhupathi- HSEF

    22nd Sep14
    troduction

    Natural Gas is environment friendly and safe to handle

    Produces up to 65 percent fewer emissions than coal &


    2 25 percent fewer emissions than oil.

    Natural Gas is highly inflammable & explosive in nature

    If not handled with care


    herw Has great potential to cause devastation
    ntents

    HOW SAFE IS SAFE

    PIPELINE THREATS

    HIGH CONSEQUENCE AREAS (HCA) & CLASS LOCATION

    CASE STUDY - CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF GAS RELEASES

    PREVENTIVE & REMEDIAL OPTIONS TO ENHANCE PIPELINE SAFETY


    ASSIVEEXPLOSIONATGAILPIPELINEINANDHRA
    RADESHKILLS21ANDSEVERALINJURED 2014
    WANGASBLASTSKILLS25 2014
    Can such incidents be
    prevented?

    What we learn from history is that we usually dont


    learn from history-Warren Buffet
    w safe is safe?

    Can we eliminate risk?

    Or is question: What is tolerable risk?

    Internal targets set?

    Government policy?

    Regulatory decision?

    Community concern?

    There may be no single answer to question of How Safe is Safe?

    But there are approaches to improve understanding and communicate


    risk
    w safe is safe?

    Risk and safety is all in the eye of beholder

    We all know there is no such thing as zero risk, but we want


    assurance that we are safe

    Risk communications with all stakeholders must be interactive

    Each party should commit to:

    Increasing knowledge and understanding

    Enhancing trust and credibility

    Resolving conflict related to ROU, land use , encroachments etc.


    k from community perspective

    Public definition of risk

    Risk = Hazard* x Concern**

    *Hazard may be actual or perceived

    ** Concern may be over safety, environment, fairness, property value,


    lack of information, lack of trust

    Risk is higher if the harm to people, asset, environment or reputation is


    high or there is a concern among the stakeholders over safety
    k technical answer

    As seen by operators & regulators:


    Risk = Probability x Consequence

    Risk may be decreased by reducing either likelihood OR the


    consequence of failure OR both.
    Consequence:
    Safety of public and workers

    Environmental impact

    Upsets and reliability in service

    Costs and liability


    pes of pipeline threats

    Resident Threats (threats


    that do not grow over time;
    e-Dependent Threats instead they tend to act
    when influenced by Time-Independent Threats
    eats tending to grow (not influenced by time)
    r time) another
    condition or failure
    mechanism)
    ernal Corrosion Manufacturing Human Error
    xternal Corrosion Fabrication/Construction Excavation Damage
    ress Corrosion Equipment Earth Movement,
    acking Outside Force or
    Weather
    pes of pipeline threats

    38%
    50% Moderate
    Low threats threats
    (No specific (Mechanical, internal/
    measures to be external corrosion,
    taken) weather, manfg
    defects)

    11%
    1%
    High threats Third party damage
    Others
    Third party activities
    Pipelines traverse mostly through public
    areas.
    Is it still possible to manage risks at
    vulnerable locations?
    h Consequence Areas (HCA) as defined by our
    anisation
    Critical areas/locations near to pipeline where an incident or an
    accident has the maximum potential to cause damage to life &
    property.

    All class 3 & 4 locations as per ASME B31.8

    All areas vulnerable to illegal & third party activities

    Facilities like hospitals, temples, schools near pipeline.

    Crossings location, construction of roads/bridges/dams near pipeline

    Any other location, which in the opinion of Area Manager, has a high
    risk of damage or failure to pipeline
    cation Class based on population

    PER SECTION 840.22 AND 840.3 OF ASME B 31.8,

    Class I location, one mile section, has less than 10 dwellings,

    Class-II has more than 10 and less than 46 no of dwelling/ buildings,

    Class III locations has more than 46 no of building

    Class IV location has multi-Storey building intended for human

    occupancy in the vicinity of 01 mile section.


    Big Problem ! Urbanization leading to change in
    class location

    Class 3
    location
    Class 2
    Class 1 location
    location
    iteriaforanalysis
    Terrain surrounding the pipeline segment
    Elevation profile
    Characteristics of the product transported
    Amount of product that could be released
    Possibility of a spillage into a farm field in case of oil transportation
    Physical support of the pipeline segment
    Exposure of the pipeline to operating pressure exceeding established maximum
    operating pressure
    nsequenceAnalysis acasestudy

    A s identified for this portion of a Natural Gas pipeline based on following criteria:

    Case-1 : Full bore rupture of 12inch tapping at supply side of 16inch pipeline Area
    perceived to be vulnerable

    Case-2 : Leak equivalent to 20% of flow area of 16inch line near an industrial area
    High number of dwellings in the vicinity

    Case-3 : Leak equivalent to 20% of flow area of 16inch line in area between industrial
    area and consumption point - Farmland available and prone to Third party activities

    Case-4 : Leak equivalent to 20% of flow area of 16inch line from insulated flange near
    skid within the premises of consumer High potential of domino effect within site in
    case of gas leak

    nsequence modelling software used for analysing the cases (DNV PHAST 6.7)
    nsequenceAnalysis acasestudy(contd.)

    sumptions:
    Long pipeline model used with leak rate considered representing rate between 0-20s of
    leak initiation to replicate initial rate of release
    Isolation of gas supply considered at source at 1800s from leak initiation based on
    available detection and isolation system
    Pressurised gas release of Methane modelled for release at given pressure and
    temperature conditions with leak sizes including credible and worst cases.
    Models run for 1.5F (night) and 5D (day) replicating worst weather conditions
    Vertical release considered for leak orientation in case of buried portions considering
    that there is accidental/ uncontrolled excavation leading to the release due to external
    impact for e.g., third party damage (case 2&3)
    Horizontal release for above ground portions to replicate more severe impact scenarios
    (case 1&4)
    nsequenceAnalysis acasestudy(contd.)

    sult summary:
    Results of all possible consequences, i.e. flash fire, jet fire and explosion have been
    analysed
    Most probable consequence for this release is flash fire if there is a delayed ignition
    and chances for a jet fire if an immediate ignition occurs.
    For cases 2&3 there are less chances of explosion for this material due to one of the
    reasons
    supplied flammable mass is low (<1 MT)
    release in open fields with less congestion
    the gas rises up immediately being a vertical release and methane being a light
    gas.
    For cases 1&4 there are possibilities of explosion if the LFL or 0.5 LFL flammable
    cloud encounters congested areas (such as industrial equipment & populated areas)
    and finds an ignition source as the supplied flammable mass is significant and the
    rising cloud travels close to ground for about 150-200m before rising upward
    ential Impacts

    sequences related to pipeline failures could be

    Leak/ /Fire / Explosion

    Loss of National & Private property

    Environmental damage: Atmosphere, water bodies (surface and sub-soil) and soil, Gas
    Clouds, etc.

    nterruption of feedstock supply to Refineries / manufacturing units, evacuation of


    nished products and supply to consumption centers
    nsequenceanalysisatHCAs

    Consequences analyzed
    for scenarios that could
    occur at vulnerable
    locations along the pipe
    route
    Emergency preparedness
    and remedial measures
    based on consequences
    Analysis not limited to
    credible leak scenarios
    medial Options

    se results are used for


    Annual risk assessment of all the threats by multi-disciplinary team
    Emergency response and control planning reviewed based on risk assessment
    Strengthening administrative controls for condition monitoring
    Focused efforts on surveillance across pipeline
    there any more remedial options to manage risk where location class has
    nged since commissioning?
    De-rate the pipe section to MAOP applicable to that class location
    Strengthen the pipe i.e. increase MAOP to original value
    Increase the existing pipe wall thickness
    Cut & replace with higher thickness/ higher SMYS pipe
    Re-test the pipe section to establish higher MAOP
    Based on risk assessment, take suitable measures to mitigate risks to acceptable
    limits. Use integrity assessment methods prescribed by codes , develop & follow
    performance plan for risk mitigation
    ety measures taken in areas earmarked for
    elopment
    PATROLLING- Increase patrolling, when construction is in progress and area included
    in vulnerable location.
    PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAMS- Arrange Necessary Awareness Program for land
    owners
    BARRICADING- Barricading of ROU when construction work in progress
    BOUNDARY WALL CROSSING THE PIPELINE - The design of boundary wall should
    be as per Standard RGTIL design to ensure the load will not come directly on the
    pipeline. Drawing is to be given to developer for construction of Boundary wall.
    CONCRETE SLAB- Concrete slab is suggested for location where there is change in the
    class due to increased population and for vehicular movement above the pipeline.
    INSTALL ADDITIONAL WARNING MARKERS for proposed/internal roads and at
    Boundary
    INSTALL ADDITIONAL BOUNDARY MARKERS at every 10 m of interval in the Block.
    nning a new pipeline

    Early planning and dialogue with community


    Panchayats
    Farm Owners/ Farmers
    Landowners, etc.
    Fact finding
    Route alternative considerations
    Review route with landowner, adjusting as possible
    Trustworthy dialogue
    Knowledgeable, trained company representatives
    Commitment by all to reach solutions
    Mitigate Risks
    Design and routing carefully planned
    Special construction practices
    Additional safeguards near some areas may require consideration of:
    Thicker wall pipe under rivers
    Supplemental patrols or inspections
    Warning tape to warn excavators
    Route deviations
    gulations

    PMP Act 1962 & PNGRB Act 2006 are stringent laws & lays down punishments for
    willful damage, theft , pilferages & sabotage to petroleum & natural gas pipelines
    Section 15 & 16 of the PMP Act 1962 recently amended provides for imprisonment & fine
    from 6 months & upto max of 10 years for wilfull obstruction of work , damage to pipeline,
    pilferage or disruption in supplies depending on severity of the offence.
    With intent to commit sabotage or with knowledge that such an act may cause death of
    any person, the punishment is rigorous imprisonment from 10 years to life & even death
    penalty
    PNGRB Act 2006 provides for punishment to every person/entity who willfully removes,
    destroys, or damages any pipeline with imprisonment which may extend to 3 years or
    with fine which may extend to Rs 25 crores or with both,
    "Oil Industry Safety Directorate", evaluates the Safety performance of oil & gas industry
    members every year and the best performers are awarded trophies by the Hon'ble
    Minister of Petroleum & Natural Gas.
    blic awareness & relations programs

    Public Awareness programs(PAP) conducted monthly to create an awareness among


    the people.
    During PAP, requests from local Sarpanch & authorities taken regarding the social
    needs of the villages
    Social Welfare scheme initiated through Reliance Foundation(RF).
    Survey being carried out
    pe protection at populated areas- Installation of
    ncrete slabs
    Shallow depth observed at certain locations
    As a protective measure against any third party damages and undue stresses
    transferred to the pipeline, 100 mm thick RCC slabs placed on top of the pipe over a
    200 mm thick sand bedding.
    These slabs could be hand carried by a set of 4 people.
    This enabled the protection work without causing much disturbance to the top soil.
    THE CHALLENGE IS NOT TO ELIMINATE RISKS
    BUT TO IDENTIFY & MANAGE THEM APPROPRIATELY
    FOR SAFE & RELIABLE OPERATION OF PIPELINES

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