SEMINAR REPORT 2016-2017 GREEN COMPUTING

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This seminar work in the outcome of the guidance provided by experienced and dedicated
personals of Sree Rama Govt.polytechnic College, Triprayar. I would like to extend my deep
sense of gratitude to all those who assisted in the successful completion of this seminar.

With profound sense of indebtedness, I use this opportunity to express my sincere thanks to
our beloved principal Mr. ABDHUL NASAR A.A for all sorts of support and necessary
facilities throughout the course and for the inspiration to complete the seminar. I express my
sincere thanks to our head of department Mrs. NJANAMBIKA .V.A. For the inspiration and
permission to carry out my seminar.

I would like to thank acknowledge the valuable guidance provided by the internal guide
Mrs. NJANAMBIKA .V.A. Seminar coordinator whose suggestion, advice and guidance led to
the successful completion of the seminar.

ANANDHUKUMAR K C

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1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Why....Green Computing?
4. Approaches to Green Computing
4.1 Virtualization
4.2 Power Management
4.3 Power supply
4.4 Storage
4.5 Video Card
4.6 Display
4.7 IT Equipment Recycling
4.8 Remote Conferencing & Telecommuting Strategies
4.9 Product longevity
4.10 Algorithmic efficiency
4.11 Resource allocation
4.12 Terminal servers
4.13 Operating system support
5. How to Implement?
6. Future of Green Computing
7. GREEN IT For Business
8. Industrial implementations of Green Computing
8.1 Blackle
8.2 Fit-PC
8.3 Zonbu computer
8.4Sunray thin client
8.5The Asus Eee PC
8.6Other implementations
9. Conclusion
10. References

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ABSTRACT

Green computing or green IT, refers to environmentally sustainable computing orIT. In the
article Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, San Murugesandefines the field of green
computing as "the study and practice of designing,manufacturing using,anddisposing of computers,
servers, and associatedsubsystemssuch as monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking
andcommunications systemsefficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the
environment." Research continues into key areas such as making the use ofcomputers as energy-
efficient as possible, and designing algorithms and systems forefficiency-related computer
technologies.[1] Green computing is the environmentally responsible use of computers and
relatedresources. Such practices include the implementation of energy-efficient central processing
units, servers, peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption andproper disposal of electronic
waste.One of the earliest initiatives toward green Computing in the United States was the voluntary
labeling program known as EnergyStar. It was conceived by the Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) in 1992 topromote energy efficiency in hardware of all kinds. The Energy Star label became
acommon sight, especially in laptops and displays. Similar programs have beenadopted in Europe
and Asia.Todays PCs are so powerful that the vast majority of applications only use a small
Fraction of the computers capacity. it can be simultaneously shared by multipleusers.Consumes
90% less energy per user PCs typically consume between 110 to 200watts of electricity.A single PC
generates more heat than a 100 watt light bulb. Aclassroom, computer lab, or office with PCs
warms up very quickly. In fact, PC-filled Work areas almost always have to be air conditioned. Air
conditioners raise electricity costs and require large capital expenditures to buy, install, and
maintain them. 98%less e-waste in landfills Electronic waste is a large and growing problem
throughouh the world. People rarely think of their PCs in the same way that they think of othe

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INTRODUCTION

Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently.Thegoals are
similar to green chemistry; that is reduce the use of hazardous materials,maximize energy
efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promoterecyclability or biodegradability of defunct
products and factory waste.Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology
industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever
done before. It is worth emphasizing that this green technology should not be just about sound
bytes to impress activists but concrete action and organizational policy.Opportunities lie in green
technology like never before in history and organizationsare seeing it as a way to create new
profit centers while trying to help theenvironmental cause. The plan towards green IT should
include new electronicproducts and services with optimum efficiency and all possible options
towardsenergy savings.The primary objective of such a program is to account for the
triplebottom line, an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuringorganizational (and
societal) success. Modern IT systems rely upon a complicatedmix of people, networks and
hardware; as such, a green computing initiative must besystemic in nature, and address
increasingly sophisticated problems. Elements ofsuch as solution may comprise items such as
end user satisfaction, managementrestructuring, regulatory compliance,disposal of electronic
waste, telecommuting,virtualization of server resources, energy use, thin client solutions, and
return oninvestment (ROI).[1] Today, data volumes are doubling every 18 months, and
enterprises want to keep more data online and provide access to more users. The impact is huge
increases in the amount of hardware infrastructure needed, resulting in corresponding increases
in power, cooling and data center space needs.[6] The recycling of old computers raises an
important privacy issue. The old storagedevices still hold privateinformation, such as emails,
passwords and credit card numbers, which can be recovered simply by someone using software
that is available freely on the Internet. Deletion of a file does not actually remove the file from
thehard drive. Before recycling a computer, users should remove the hard drive, or harddrives if
there is more than one, and physically destroy it or store it somewhere safe.There are some
authorized hardware recycling companies to whom the computer maybe given for recycling, and
they typically sign a non-disclosure agreement Recycling computing equipment can keep
harmful materials such as lead,mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills, and can also
replace equipmentthat otherwise would need to be manufactured, saving further energy and

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emissions.Computer systems that have outlived their particular function can be re-purposed,
ordonated to various charities and non-profit organizations. However, many charitieshave
recently imposed minimum system requirements for donated equipment.Additionally, parts from
outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled throughcertain retail outlets and municipal or
private recycling centers. Computing supplies,such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may
be recycled as well.[1] A drawback to many of these schemes is that computers gathered
throughrecycling drives are often shipped to developing countries where environmentalstandards
are less strict than in North America and Europe. The Silicon Valley ToxicsCoalition estimates
that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling isshipped abroad to countries such
as China and Pakistan.[1]

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WHY..GREEN COMPUTING?

In a world where business is transacted 24/7 across every possible channelavailable,

companies need to collect, store, track and analyze enormous volumes ofdata everything from
clickstream data and event logs to mobile call records andmore. But this all comes with a cost to
both businesses and the environment. Datawarehouses and the sprawling data centers that house
them use up a huge amount ofpower, both to run legions of servers and to cool them.Just
howmuch?61billion kilowatt hoursof electricity, atanestimatedcostof$4.5annuall.has begun to
address energy consumption in the data Centera variety Of approache including the use of more
efficient cooling systems,virtualization,blade servers and storage area networks (SANs). But a
fundamental challenge remains. As data volumes explode, traditional, appliance-centric data
warehousing approaches can only continue to throw more hardware at the problem.
This can quickly negate any green gains seen through better cooling or more tightly
packed servers.To minimize their hardware footprint, organizations also need to shrink their "data
footprint" by addressing how much server space and resources their information analysis requires
in the first place. A combination of new database technologies expressly designed for analysis of
massive quantities of data and affordable,resource-efficient, open-source software can help
organizations save money and become greener.Organizations can do so in the following three key
areas: reduced data footprint reduced deployment resources, and reduced ongoing management
and maintenance.

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APPROACHES TO GREEN COMPUTING:

Energy costs of IT and data center operations are significant,whether for internal corporate IT
operations or as part of IT outsourcing, Power consumption,Cooling, Inefficient equipment
operations, e.g., data servers spinning when not active operations are being performed. In old
days energy costs were assumed to befree. In current environment (pun intended), equipment
costs have been reduced,putting focus on energy costs.

Virtualisation

Initiatives in this area include server virtualization and consolidation, storage consolidation and
desktop virtualization. These projects typically improve cost and energy efficiency through
optimized use of existing and new computing and storage capacity, electricity, cooling, ventilation
and real estate.[6] Moving desktops to a virtual environment and employing thin-client machines
reduces energy consumption and environmental impact of user infrastructure. As one senior partner
at a 100-employee services firm reports, [Thin clients have] no CPU, no RAM, no moving parts,
and connect to the virtual desktop environment. Our typical computer used up to a 250-watt power
supply; our thin client uses a 4.8-watt power supply, so the reduction in electricity usage is 97, 98
percent, with all the functionality. Energy savings result, as does cost avoidance, thanks to
extended refresh cycles provided by thin client equipment. Mid-size businesses face a
preponderance of issues when it comes to the server room. In this study, businesses cite the
following reasons for undertaking server room upgrades and the construction of new server rooms:

Decrease cost and increase effectiveness of cooling and ventilation systems. Many existing HVAC
systems cannot keep up with smaller, more powerful servers that throw off more heat than older,

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low-density equipment. Most server rooms were not designed to keep pace with the modern
complement of fully virtualized servers and consolidated storage.
Increase server and computing capacity. Server room spaces are simply maxed out;they are either
too small to house needed servers, or inadequately equipped to deal with a high rate of
virtualization on fewer devices that run hotter.
Questionable reliability of aging server room infrastructure; the server roomdesign of yesterday no
longer supports business needs of today, in terms of uptime and availability.
Mounting maintenance and management costs for older facilities, which may not affordably handle
growth of computing and storage.
The need to decrease real estate costs, through server room infrastructure that supports denser,
smaller footprints of new servers and storage.[6]Computer virtualization is the process of running
two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. The concept originated
with the IBM mainframe operating systems of the 1960s, but was commercialized for
x86compatible computers only in the 1990s. With virtualization, a system administrator could
combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby
unplugging the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption. Several
commercial companies and open-source projects now offer software packages to enable a transition
to virtual computing. Intel Corporation and AMD have also built proprietary virtualization
enhancements to the x86 instruction set into each of their CPU product lines, in order to facilitate
virtualized computing. [1] Server Virtualisation increases network utilization and reduces network
equipment needs by allowing multiple virtual servers to share one or more network adapters within
the confines of a single physical server. On the switch side, features such as Cisco's Virtual
Switching System allow one switch to function like many, which means more than one server can
connect to the same port. This works because most organizations overprovision switching capacity
based on peak loads. Reducing the total number of physical ports required lowers overall power
consumption. Similarly, 1HP's Virtual Connect technology abstracts HP server blades from
Ethernet and Fibre Channel networks. It requires fewer network interface cards, reduces cabling
requirements and increases network utilization.[1]One of the primary goals of almost all forms of
virtualization is making the most efficient use of available system resources. With energy and
power costs increasing as the size of IT infrastructures grow, holding expenses to a minimum is
quickly becoming a top priority for many IT pros. Virtualization has helped in that respect by
allowing organizations to consolidate their servers onto fewer pieces of hardware, which can result

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in sizable cost savings. The datacenter is where virtualization can have the greatest impact, and its
there where many of the largest companies in the virtualization space are investing their resources.
[1 Virtualization also fits in very nicely with the idea of Green Computing; by consolidating
servers and maximizing CPU processing power on other servers, you are cutting costs (saving
money) and taking less of a toll on our environment Storage virtualization uses hardware and
software to break the link between an application, application component, system service or whole
stack of software and the storage subsystem. This allows the storage to be located just about
anywhere, on just about any type of device, replicated for performance reasons, replicated for
reliability reasons or for any combination of the above.[1]

PC POWER MANAGEMENT
Many look to managing end-user device power consumption as an easy, effective way to reduce
energy costs. These power management initiatives include the following:

Using software that centrally manages energy settings of PCs and monitors.
Enforcing standardized power settings on all PCs before distributing to end users.
Procuring energy-efficient equipment, such as Energy Star certified devices.[6]

Every kilowatt counts

Older computers can use up to 300 watts during peak load, but less than eight watts during sleep
modes. By maximizing the number of PCs and monitors controlled for hibernate, sleep or shut-
down times, companies reduce the amount of energy consumed during lengthy idle times,
particularly overnight. Procuring Energy Starcompliant devices or more energy-efficient equipment
can also reduce power consumption during equipment use. This includes replacing old desktops
with laptops, or refreshing CRT monitors with LCD flat-screens. Altogether, these power
management strategies result in significant energy and maintenance cost savings; such benefits are
realized by 65% of companies that complete such initiatives.[6] Power management for computer
systems are desired for many reasons, particularly:

Prolong battery life for portable and embedded systems.

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Reduce cooling requirements.

Reduce noise.
Reduce operating costs for energy and cooling.
Lower power consumption also means lower heat dissipation, which increases system stability, and
less energy use, which saves money and reduces the impact on the environment.The Advanced
Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system
to directly control the power saving aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to
automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity.
In addition, a system may hibernate, where most components (including the CPU and the system
RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft standard called Advanced
Power Management, which allows a computer's BIOS to control power management
functions.Some programs allow the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU,
which reduces both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed. This process is called
undervolting. Some CPUs can automatically undervolt the processor depending on the workload;
this technology is called "SpeedStep" on Intel processors, "PowerNow!"/"Cool'n'Quiet" on AMD
chips, LongHaul on VIA CPUs, and LongRun with Transmeta processors. The power management
for microprocessors can be done over the whole processor, or in specific areas.With dynamic
voltage scaling and dynamic frequency scaling, the CPU core voltage, clock rate, or both, can be
altered to decrease power consumption at the price of slower performance. This is sometimes done
in real time to optimize the power-performance tradeoff.

Examples:
Intel SpeedStep
AMD Cool'n'Quiet
AMD PowerNow!
VIA LongHaul (PowerSaver)
Transmeta LongRun and LongRun2
Newer Intel Core processors support ultra-fine power control over the function units within the
processors.[1]

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POWER SUPPLY:
Power supplies in most computers (PSUs for short) aren't designed for energy efficiency. In
fact, most computers drain more power than they need during normal operation, leading to higher
electrical bills and a more dire environmental impact. The 80 Plus program is a voluntary
certification system for power-supply manufacturers. The term "80 Plus" is a little complicated, so
bear with me for a moment. If a PSU meets the certification, it will use only the power it needs at a
given load: In other words, it won't use more power than it needs. For example, if your PC requires
only 20 percent of the total power of a 500-watt PSU, the system will consume no more than 100
watts. Only when the PC requires full power will the PSU run at the full wattage load. An 80 Plus
power supply can save about 85 kilowatt hours per PC, per year. In many ways, it's the heart of a
green PC, since it manages the power for all the other components. It also has the most dramatic
effect on your energy bill. Of course, all 80 Plus power supplies are also lead-free and RoHS
compliant.[1] Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) are generally 7075% efficient, dissipating
the remaining energy as heat. An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least
80% efficient; typically these models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the
same form factor. As of July 20, 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at
least 80% efficient. Various initiatives are underway to improve the efficiency of computer power
supplies. Climate savers computing initiative promotes energy saving and reduction of greenhouse
gas emissions by encouraging development and use of more efficient power supplies.[1]

STORAGE
There are three routes available, all of which vary in cost, performance, and capacity. The most
conventional route is the 3.5" desktop hard drive. Recently, major drive manufacturers have begun
to focus on reduced power consumption, resulting in such features as the reduced RPM low-power
idle mode with fixed rotation speed for reduced power consumption. The advantages of this route
are the highest possible capacity, the best performance (out of the highest-end solid-state drives).
The second option, which also lends itself to affordability, is to use a 2.5" laptop hard drive. These
consume less power than larger disks as a result of their smaller platters, smaller motors, and
firmware that is already optimized for power consumption versus most 3.5" harddisks. With

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capacities up to 320GB, reasonable capacity is well within reach, although the price is substantially
higher than an equivalent 3.5" disk.[1] With a green system aimed at light use, a 120GB or 160GB
laptop drive is a very affordable, lower-power alternative to a 3.5" disk. The lowest-power option is
to use a solid state hard drive (SSD), which typically draw less than one-third the power of a 2.5"
disk. The latest, highest-performance SSDs are very fast but extremely expensive, and currently top
out at only 64GB. That's adequate for light use, but wholly inadequate for gamer , video editing,
and other heavy uses. More affordable SSDs are available in larger capacities, but are not cheap
and typically have slow write performance, which limits their practical utility. Smaller form factor
(e.g. 2.5 inch) hard disk drives often consume less power than physically larger drives. Unlike hard
disk drives, solid-state drives store data in flash memory or DRAM. With no moving parts, power
consumption may be reduced somewhat for low capacity flash based devices. Even at modest sizes
DRAM based SSDs may use more power than hard disks, (e.g., 4GB i-RAM uses more power and
space than laptop drives). Flash based drives are generally slower for writing than hard disks.[1]

VIDEO CARD:
A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer. Energy efficient display
options include:

No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software if display
required.

Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and low power. Reuse an older
video card that uses little power; many do not require heatsinks or fans.

Select a GPU based on average wattage or performance per watt. The easiest way to conserve
power is to go with integrated video. This is the lowestperformance option, but for office users,
casual browsing, and pure 2D use, it's more than adequate and well worth saving the 10W, 20W, or
even 35W from a discrete video card. Motherboards spitting out integrated video via DVI or HDMI
aren't that hard to find, so power-users with their massive LCDs don't have to suffer.[1]

DISPLAYS:

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LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display.
Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb,
which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display. LCD monitors uses three times less
when active, and ten times less energy when in sleep mode. LCDs are up to 66% more energy
efficient than CRTs, LCDs are also upwards of 80% smaller in size and weight, leading to fuel
savings in shipping. LCDs produce less heat, meaning you'll need less AC to keep cool.LCD
screens are also easier on the eyes. Their lower intensity and steady light pattern result in less
fatigue versus CRTs. A newer LCD draws 40-60W maximum in a modest 19", 20", or 22" size.
That number grows close to 85W or 100W maximum for a 24" unit. Drop them down to standby or
turn them off entirely when not using them to minimize power consumption. By comparison, a 21"
CRT typically uses more than 120W, more than double the power of a typical 22" LCD.[1]

IT EQUIPMENT RECYCLING

After youve finished with your IT products, what happens when theyre no longer needed? In
nature, organic materials rot down and feed future growth, so why not dismantle products at the end
of their lives and use the elements as raw materials for future products? Several reputable computer
manufacturers use metal and easilyseparated plastics in order to maximise raw material reuse. Its
important that the environmental costs of recovery dont exceed the benefits expected. And that, of
course, loops back to design in the first place.[6] The priorities for all material things are reduce,
reuse and recycle - in that order of importance. If you can extend the working life of your IT
products, you reduce the environmental consequences of mining, manufacture, packaging, shipping
and disposal. Can you upgrade something rather than finish using it? If you have to replace it, can
someone else inside your organisation use it? If not, charities and refurbishing organisations may be
able to extend the products life. And, waiting at the end of the line, many organisations, including
some manufacturers themselves, are willing to take equipment back and recycle the components
into new products.Out of all initiatives in this study, the success of IT equipment recycling relies
not on a business case with cost savings, but on a combination of environmental responsibility and

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regulatory pressures. The single most important factor in adopting recycling initiatives is to
decrease waste sent to landfills.Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as
lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills.Obsolete computers are a valuable source
for secondary raw materials, if treated properly, however if not treated properly they are a major
source of toxins and carcinogens. Rapid technology change, low initial cost and even planned
obsolescence have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe. Technical solutions are
available but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics and other services need
to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied. Electronic devices, including audio-
visual components (televisions, VCRs, stereo equipment), mobile phones and other handheld
devices, and computer components, contain valuable elements and substances suitable for
reclamation, including lead, copper, and gold. They also contain a plethora of toxic substances,
such as dioxins, PCBs, cadmium, chromium, radioactive isotopes, and mercury.Additionally, the
processing required to reclaim the precious substances (including incineration and acid treatments)
release, generate and synthesize further toxic byproducts Most major computer manufacturers offer
some form of recycling, often as a free replacement service when purchasing a new PC. At the
user's request they may mail in their old computer, or arrange for pickup from the manufacturer.
Individuals looking for environmentally-friendly ways in which to dispose of electronics can find
corporate electronic take-back and recycling programs across the country. Open to the public (in
most cases), corporations nationwide have begun to offer low-cost to nocost recycling, and have
opened centers nationally and in some cases internationally.[4]Such programs frequently offer
services to take-back and recycle electronics including mobile phones, laptop and desktop
computers, digital cameras, and home and auto electronics. Companies offer what are called take-
back programs that provide monetary incentives for recyclable and/or working technologies.
While there are several health hazards when it comes to dealing with computer recycling some of
the substances you should be aware of:Lead common in CRTs, older solder, some batteries and to
some formulations of PVC. Can be harmful if not disposed of properly.Mercury in fluorescent
tubes. With new technologies arising the elimination of mercury in many new model computers is
taking place.Cadmium in some rechargeable batteries. It can be hazardous to your skin if exposed

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for too long. Although many people are exposed to it everyday it just depends on the amount of
exposure.Liquid crystals are another health hazard that should be taken into consideration although
they do not have the nearly the same effects as the other chemicals.[2]

REMOTE CONFERENCING & TELECOMMUTING

STRATEGIES

Given recent jumps in fuel costs and greater awareness of harm caused by greenhouse gas
emissions, many companies wish to reduce travel to cut costs and decrease negative impact on the
environment. The initiatives in this study consist of the following: Remote Conferencing &
Collaboration

Video-conferencing and teleconferencing implementations between facilities or between office and

client sites. Online collaboration environments.
Telecommuting Strategy & Capabilities
Virtual Private Network (VPN), remote access, and unified or voice communications capabilities to
enable access from home and other remote locations.
Policies and strategies allowing or encouraging employees to work from home.
Policies allowing or enforcing employees to work Four-Tens (4 days a week, 10 hours a day).[6]
Cutting travel costs where it counts
Not surprisingly, businesses adopting travel reduction initiatives seek to decrease the travel and
fuel consumption costs associated with driving or flying between office locations and to client sites.
These initiatives not only reduce costs of fuel, flights, hotels and related expenses, but also result in
higher employee satisfaction. After implementation, more than three-quarters of organizations
report their expectations regarding travel cost savings are either met or exceeded. Teleconferencing

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and telepresence technologies are often implemented in green computing initiatives. The
advantages are many; increased worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related
to travel, and increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat,
lighting, etc. The savings are significant; the average annual energy consumption for U.S. office
buildings is over 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and lighting
accounting for 70% of all energy consumed. Other related initiatives, such as hotelling, reduce the
square footage per employee as workers reserve space only when they need it. Many types of jobs
-- sales, consulting, and field service -- integrate well with this technique. Rather than traveling
great distances, in order to have a face-face meeting, it is now possible to teleconference instead,
using a multiway video phone. Each member of the meeting, or each party, can see every other
member on a screen or screens, and can talk to them as if they were in the same room. This brings
enormous time and cost benefits, as well as a reduced impact on the environment by lessening the
need for travel - a damaging source of carbon emissions.[1]

Voice over IP (VoIP) reduces the telephony wiring infrastructure by sharing the existing
Ethernet copper (a toxic metal). VoIP and phone extension mobility also made Hot desking and
more practical.[1]

PRODUCT LONGEVITY

Gartner maintains that the PC manufacturing process accounts for 70 % of the natural resources
used in the life cycle of a PC. Therefore, the biggest contribution to green computing usually is to
prolong the equipment's lifetime. Another report from Gartner recommends to "Look for product
longevity, including upgradability and modularity." For instance, manufacturing a new PC makes a
far bigger ecological footprint than manufacturing a new RAM module to upgrade an existing one,
a common upgrade that saves the user having to purchase a new computer.[1]

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ALGORITHMIC EFFICIENCY

The efficiency of algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required for
any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. As
computers have become more numerous and the cost of hardware has declined relative to the cost
of energy, the energy efficiency and environmental impact of computing systems and programs has
received increased attention. A study by Alex Wissner-Gross, a physicist at Harvard, estimated that
the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, Google disputes
this figure, arguing instead that a typical search produces only 0.2 grams of CO2.[1]

RESOURCE ALLOCATION

Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers where electricity is less expensive.
Researchers from MIT, Carnegie Mellon University, and Akamai have tested an energy allocation
algorithm that successfully routes traffic to the location with the cheapest energy costs. The
researchers project up to a 40 percent savings on energy costs if their proposed algorithm were to
be deployed. Strictly speaking, this approach does not actually reduce the amount of energy being
used; it only reduces the cost to the company using it. However, a similar strategy could be used to
direct traffic to rely on energy that is produced in a more environmentally friendly or efficient way.
A similar approach has also been used to cut energy usage by routing traffic away from data centers
experiencing warm weather; this allows computers to be shut down to avoid using air conditioning.
[1

TERMINAL SERVERS

Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a
terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end
user experiences the operating system on the terminal. These can be combined with thin clients,

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which use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy
costs and consumption.[citation needed] There has been an increase in using terminal services with
thin clients to create virtual labs. Examples of terminal server software include Terminal Services
for Windows and the Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) for the Linux operating system.[1]

OPERATING SYSTEM SUPPORT

The dominant desktop operating system, Microsoft Windows, has included limited PC power
management features since Windows 95. These initially provided for stand-by (suspend-to-RAM)
and a monitor low power state. Further iterations of Windows added hibernate (suspend-to-disk)
and support for the ACPI standard. Windows 2000 was the first NT based operation system to
include power management. This required major changes to the underlying operating system
architecture and a new hardware driver model. Windows 2000 also introduced Group Policy, a
technology which allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features. However,
power management was not one of those features. This is probably because the power management
settings design relied upon a connected set of per-user and per-machine binary registry values,
effectively leaving it up to each user to configure their own power management settings.[1]

This approach, which is not compatible with Windows Group Policy, was repeated in Windows
XP. The reasons for this design decision by Microsoft are not known, and it has resulted in heavy
criticism Microsoft significantly improved this in Windows Vista by redesigning the power
management system to allow basic configuration by Group Policy. The support offered is limited to
a single percomputer policy. The most recent release, Windows 7 retains these limitations but does
include refinements for more efficient user of operating system timers, processor power
management, and display panel brightness.[1]

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HOW TO IMPLEMENT?

Greening Your Organisation:

The whole idea of replacing physical movement with electronic communications like
videoconferencing reduces environmental impacts, not to mention associated costs. This also
applies to how you manage your business processes. Consider distributing information
electronically rather than printing it first and then distributing it. This print on demand approach
saves transport and unnecessary copies, not to mention saving money! Companies with transport
and logistics operations can reduce emissions by using software applications to optimise routes and
eliminate wasted journeys. Solutions can range from simple sat-nav devices to more complex
transportation management systems which coordinate multiple vehicles and routes, saving both
time and fuel, and providing more predictable customer service too.[3]

Power management softwares help the computers to sleep or hibernate when no in use.
Reversible computing (which also includes quantum computing) promises to reduce power
consumption by a factor of several thousand, but such systems are still very much in the
laboratories. Reversible computing includes any computational process that is (at least to some
close approximation) reversible, i.e., time-invertible, meaning that a time-reversed version of the
process could exist within the same general dynamical framework as the original
process.Reversible computing's efficient use of heat could make it possible to come up with 3-D

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chip designs, Bennett said. This would push all of the circuitry closer together and ultimately
increase performance.[2]

Nearing green nirvana

Audit your data centre and remove unused equipment and software
Virtualise applications, storage and servers in the data centre wherever appropriate
Consider consolidating data centres
Introduce videoconferencing or telepresence facilities.

Power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of OLEDs, or
organic light-emitting diodes.
Use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper.
Making recycling of computers (which is expensive and time consuming at present) more
effective by recycling computer parts separately with an option of reuse or resale.
Buy and use a low power desktop or a laptop computer (40-90 watts) rather a higher power
desktop (e.g. 300 watts).
Thin clients can use only 4 to 8 watts of power at the desktop as the processing is done by a
server.
For desktops, buy a low power central processing unit (CPU). This reduces both power
consumption and cooling requirements.
Buy hardware from manufacturers that have a hardware recycling scheme, and recycle your
old computer equipment rather than sending it to landfill.
Turn your computer and monitor off when you are not using it.

Enable hibernation using the power management settings. Standby does not save as much
power.
Replace your CRT screen with an LCD screen.

Keep your PC or laptop for at least 5 years. If you're leasing, shift to a 5 year period. This
reduces energy consumption by 40%, compared to replacing PCs every 3 years which is
current corporate practice.

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Avoid an unnecessary operating system version upgrade which requires a hardware

upgrade.
Use Linux (such as Ubuntu), which requires less resources than many other operating
systems on an older computer as a spare or a file server.
Use server virtualization to aggregate multiple under-utilized servers onto more energy
efficient server infrastructure.[3]

FUTURE OF GREEN COMPUTING

As 21st century belongs to computers, gizmos and electronic items, energy issues will get a
serious ring in the coming days, as the public debate on carbon emissions, global warming and
climate change gets hotter. If we think computers are nonpolluting and consume very little energy
we need to think again. It is estimated that out of $250 billion per year spent on powering
computers worldwide only about 15% of that power is spent computing- the rest is wasted idling.
Thus, energy saved on computer hardware and computing will equate tonnes of carbon emissions
saved per year. Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology industry, it has
to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before.
Opportunities lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are seeing it as
a way to create new profit centers while trying to help the environmental cause.[1]

The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and services with optimum
efficiency and all possible options towards energy savings. Faster processors historically use more
power. Inefficient CPU's are a double hit because they both use too much power themselves and
their waste heat increases air conditioning needs, especially in server farms--between the computers
and the HVAC. The waste heat also causes reliability problems, as CPU's crash much more often at
highe temperatures. Many people have been working for years to lice this inefficiency out of
computers. Similarly, power supplies are notoriously bad, generally as little as 7% efficient. And
since everything in a computer runs off the power supply, nothing can be efficient without a good

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power supply. Recent inventions of power supply are helping fix this by running at 80% efficiency
or better.[2]

GREEN IT FOR BUSINESS

It is becoming widely understood that the way in which we are behaving as a society is
environmentally unsustainable, causing irreparable damage to our planet. Rising energy prices,
together with government-imposed levies on carbon production, are increasingly impacting on the
cost of doing business, making many current business practices economically unsustainable. It is
becoming progressively more important for all businesses to act (and to be seen to act) in an
environmentally responsible manner, both to fulfill their legal and moral obligations, but also to
enhance the brand and to improve corporate image.[3]Companies are competing in an increasingly
green market, and must avoid the real and growing financial penalties that are increasingly being
levied against carbon production. IT has a large part to play in all this. With the increasing drive
towards centralized mega data centers alongside the huge growth in power hungry blade
technologies in some companies, and with a shift to an equally power-hungry distributed
architecture in others, the IT function of business is driving an exponential increase in demand for
energy, and, along with it, is having to bear the associated cost increases.[3] You may be wondering
why we havent mentioned carbon offsetting as an option to improve an organisations
environmental performance. Well, a lot of organisations are using carbon offsetting (where you buy
an offset for the carbon dioxide emissions you produce usually a payment towards emissions-
reducing projects) as a get out of jail free card and claiming carbon neutrality because theyre
planting a forest or outsourcing their manufacturing. While this is all very well, the projects need to

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be genuine, authenticated and sustainable, rather than simply shifting the blame, or excusing a lack
of action. We suggest that you keep offsetting as a backstop to compensate for those unavoidable
emissions that remain after youve taken all possible measures to improve your performance in the
first place. One of the biggest challenges in reducing electricity consumption is ensuring that
electricity users can monitor their own consumption.[3]

Data Centers

Data centres consume a lot of electricity and this demand, along with the size of the associated
utility bill, attracts boardroom attention. Many server computers run at less than 30 per cent
capacity and, although more effective than the average desktop machine, this isnt using them to
their fullest potential. If you can double the amount of work each processor does, you can halve the
number of devices in use and cut the overall environmental impact. A common way to achieve this
is with virtualisation software which enables applications to run wherever theres room for
them.The new systems are more compact and of higher density, and can call for more localized
power and cooling than will typically be found in an existing data centre environment. A blade
server system set up in a single rack, can easily weigh more than a tonne, and can in theory call for
more than 30kW of power more than 10 times what would have been required a few years ago.[2]
At an alarming rate, virtualization has invaded the data center. The rapid rise and success of
virtualization is mainly due to large physical servers that are underutilized.The costs to power these
underutilized servers is staggering.[2] Other IT users may need to investigate the use of DC power.
Most energy suppliers provide AC power because it is easier to transport over long distances,
although most PCs and servers run on DC, so that the AC current from the utility has to be
converted to DC before it reaches the hardware, with inevitable losses of energy in conversion.
Some companies may benefit from moving away from distributed computing based on individual
desktop PCs to small, thin client server architecture. It has been suggested that a 10-user system

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could save about 3,200kWh per year in direct electricity costs (while further energy savings,
equivalent to about 11 tonnes of CO2 per year, would be saved in manufacturing costs). The total
production and operating cost savings over the three-year life span of a 10-user system would be
more than 33 tonnes.

INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTATIONS OF GREEN COMPUTING

Blackle

Blackle is a search-engine site powered by Google Search. Blackle came into being based on
the concept that when a computer screen is white, presenting an empty word page or the Google
home page, your computer consumes 74W. When the screen is black it consumes only 59W. Based
on this theory if everyone switched from Google to Blackle, mother earth would save 750MW each
year. This was a really good implementation of Green Computing. The principle behind Blackle is
based on the fact that the display of different colors consumes different amounts of energy on
computer monitors.[5]

Fit-PC: a tiny PC that draws only 5w

Fit-PC is the size of a paperback and absolutely silent, yet fit enough to run Windows XP or
Linux. fit-PC is designed to fit where a standard PC is too bulky, noisy and power hungry. If you
ever wished for a PC to be compact, quiet and green then fit- PC is the perfect fit for you. Fit-PC
draws only 5 Watts, consuming in a day less power than a traditional PC consumes in 1 hour. You
can leave fit-PC to work 24/7 without making a dent in your electric bill.[5]

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Zonbu Computer:
The Zonbu is a new, very energy efficient PC. The Zonbu consumes just one third of the power
of a typical light bulb. The device runs the Linux operating system using a 1.2 gigahertz processor
and 512 meg of RAM. It also contains no moving parts, and does even contain a fan. You can get
one for as little as US$99, but it does require you to sign up for a two-year subscription."[5]

Sunray thin client:

Sun Microsystems is reporting increased customer interest in its Sun Ray, a thin desktop client,
as electricity prices climb, according to Subodh Bapat, vice president and chief engineer in the Eco
Responsibility office at Sun. Thin clients like the Sun Ray consume far less electricity than
conventional desktops, he said. A Sun Ray on a desktop consumes 4 to 8 watts of power, because
most of the heavy computation is performed by a server. Sun says Sunrays are particularly well
suited for cost-sensitive environments such as call centers, education, healthcare, service providers,
and finance. PCs have more powerful processors as well as hard drives, something thin clients don't
have. Thus, traditional PCs invariably consume a substantially larger amount of power. In the
United States, desktops need to consume 50 watts or less in idle mode to qualify for new stringent
Energy Star certification.[5]

The Asus Eee PC and other ultra portables

The "ultra-portable" class of personal computers is characterized by a small size, fairly low power
CPU, compact screen, low cost and innovations such as using flash memory for storage rat er than
hard drives with spinning platters. These factors combine to enable them to run more efficiently
and use less power than a standard form factor laptop. The Asus Eee PC is one example of an
ultraportable. It is the size of a paperback, weighs less than a kilogram, has built-in Wi-Fi and uses
flash memory instead of a hard drive. It runs Linux too.[5]

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Other implementations: Notebooks

Usually, notebooks are more modest than desktop PCs when it comes to the energy
requirements. On average, notebook batteries last for less than two hours, so energy saving is an
important issue for those who are away from a plug point for long durations. If you want to achieve
maximum battery runtime then its essential for a notebook to have energy-efficient
components.The warmer the external power supply unit, the higher the electricity consumption.
Apples MacBooks or Acer-models have intelligent charging electronics that ensure the current-
flow sinks below 0.1 Watts after the battery is charged. Values less than 3.0 Watts, in Samsungs
Q10, for instance, are acceptable. This is known as conservation charging.[8]

Printers and multifunctional devices

Usually, monochromatic laser printers require less electricity than color lasers. And this is true
even in the standby mode. Color lasers use more energy when they go into the standby mode
instead of the sleep mode. All color lasers require more than 10 Watts when they are in standby. To
conserve energy, check the settings in the printer driver.[8]

Communications and network

W-LAN routers, DSL modems and DECT telephones do not have a standby mode since they must
always be ready for operation. But low power consumption is a must since these devices are on 24
hours a day, seven days a week.[8]

External hard disks

Users are increasingly buying 3.5 inch external hard disks as backup devices for desktop and
notebook computers. These are also being used to extend the system storage. Once connected, its
easy to forget that its power supply continues to draw power, even when nothing is being read or
written to the disk. Only a few models have sophisticated power-saving mechanisms; Seagate
devices are quite commendable. Most devices do not have a Power button. The 3.5-inch hard

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drives need 12 Volts and therefore they have an external power supply unit (power brick). But 2.5-
inch drives require just 5 Volts and they can draw power from the PC via a USB cable. Since they
draw power from the PCs power supply unit, the 2.5-inch drives will switch off automatically
when the PC shuts down. Drive manufacturers are now incorporating features such as the reduced
RPM low-power idle mode.[8]

DVD and video

Older DVD players and recorders are power hogs. Some devices consume up to 25 Watts in the
standby mode and a switch-off button is absent. You can save energy in most such devices with a
simple trick: The HF amplifier in DVD recorders is responsible for consuming a good amount of
electricity in the standby mode. The amplifier refreshes the incoming antenna signal for the
television, which is perhaps connected with an antenna cable. If one places the recorder and the
television next to each other and connects them to the antenna using a T-connector, this
amplification is rendered useless. Many devices have the option of completely deactivating the HF
output in the set-up. Older video recorders often have sliding switches for this.[8]

Cisco

Some of the activities Cisco follows include: review of energy efficiency concepts, enhance and
standardize recycling programs and green cleaning, explore transportation services and
landscaping/parking for sustainability opportunities, incorporate LEED certification and energy
collection data requests in future site selection criteria and standard lease agreements.[8]

Aladdin

Aladdin has a global initiative to Go Green. From the earliest stages of product design,
through manufacturing, use, and recycling, it ensures that its activities and products are
environment-friendly.So its factories and production comply with ISO environmental standards.
Aladdin claims that it is fully RoHS compliant too. It has set up recycling bins in all its offices for
bottles, plastics, and paper. It encourages its employees to save paper too.[8]

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D-Link

D-Link claims its green products have been compliant with RoHS since 2006 and with WEEE
since 2005. D-Links Green Ethernet technology save power when desktop-to-switches are idle and
optimized power usage on detection of cable length. Most switches today still consume
considerable power even when a cable link or desktops-to switch is turned off. D-Links Green
Ethernet technology will put the port in a sleep mode, thus reducing power used by that port.
Usually, most switches send enough power to sustain data over a 100m cable regardless of the
actual cable length. In a typical users environment, however, the cable is usually less than 20m.
But Green Ethernet technology will automatically detect the cable length and optimally adjust
power usage to save energy.[8]

Climate Savers Overview

It is started by Google and Intel to drive energy efficiency by increasing the energy efficiency of
new PCs & servers and promoting the use of power management We can reduce global CO2
emissions from the operation of computers by 54 million tons a year by 2010. Thats like taking 11
million cars off the road each year.[7]

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CONCLUSION

Businesses seeking a cost-effective way to responsibly recycle large amounts of computer

equipment face a more complicated process. They also have the option of contacting the
manufacturers and arranging recycling options. However, in cases where the computer equipment
comes from a wide variety of manufacturers, it may be more efficient to hire a third-party
contractor to handle the recycling arrangements. There exist companies that specialize in corporate
computer disposal services both offer disposal and recycling services in compliance with local laws
and regulations. Such companies frequently also offer secure data elimination services.[2] So far,
consumers haven't cared about ecological impact when buying computers, they've cared only about
speed and price. But as Moore's Law marches on and computers commoditize, consumers will
become pickier about being green. Devices use less and less power while renewable energy gets
more and more portable and effective. New green materials are developed every year, and many
toxic ones are already being replaced by them. The greenest computer will not miraculously fall
from the sky one day, itll be the product of years of improvements. The features of a green
computer of tomorrow would be like: efficiency, manufacturing & materials, recyclability, service
model, self-powering, and other trends. Green computer will be one of the major contributions
which will break down the 'digital divide', the electronic gulf that separates the information rich
from the information poor.[3]

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REFERENCES

1.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing
2.Jones, Ernesta " New Computer Efficiency Requirements". U.S. EPA.
3.Green IT For Dummies-Hewlett Packard Limited Edition
4.Report of the Green Computing Task Group Green Computing and the
Environment
5.a b c San Murugesan, Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, IEEE IT Professional,
January-February 2008, pp 24-33.

6.Green IT: Why Mid-Size Companies Are Investing Now

7.www.climatesaverscomputing.org
8.INTELLIGENT COMPUTING CHIP-GREEN COMPUTING

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