Seminar Report

On

"GREEN COMPUTING" Submitted By Mr. Nikunj P. Agrawal Under The Guidance Of

Prof. Mr. V. S. Gulhane

Department of

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SIPNA SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL'S College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati YEAR- 2010-2011

Certificate
This is to certify that

Mr. Nikunj P. Agrawal

Of final year titled B.E.(Comp. Sci & engg) has Successfully completed his seminar u

GREEN

COMPUTING5

and submitted the seminar report in partial fulfillment of the Degree in Bachelor of Engineering(Comp. Science & engg) during academic year 2010-2011

Prof.V.S.Gulhane Prof.Dr.P.R.Deshm ukh

(H.O.D)

(Guide)

(Dept. Comp Sci & Engg) (Dept. Comp Sci & Engg)

Department of

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SIPNA SHIKSHAN PRASARAK MANDAL'S

College of Engineering & Technology, Amravati Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati

YEAR-2010-2011

JfcfyioivCedgemen t

The making of the seminar needed co-operation and guidance of a number of people. I therefore consider it my prime duty to thank all those who had helped me through his venture. It is my immense pleasure to express my gratitude to Prof. Mr. V. S. Gulhane as my guide who provided me constructive and positive feedback during the preparation of this seminar. I express my sincere thank to the head of department Prof. Dr. P. R. Deshmukh (Computer Science And Engg) and all other staff members of Computer department for their kind co- operation. Last but not least,I am thankful to my friends and library staff members whose encouragement and suggestion helped me to complete my seminar. I will be also thankful to my parent whose best wishes are always with me. Thanking you. Mr. Nikunj P. Agrawal Final Year- CMPS SIPNA'S College of Engg. & Tech. Amravati.

1 2 3 4

4.1 Virtualization 4.2 Power Management 4.3 Power supply

Abstract Introduction Why....Green Computing? Approaches to Green Computing

MDTJC

4.4 Storage 4.5 Video Card 4.6 Display 4.7 IT Equipment Recycling 4.8 Remote Conferencing & Telecommuting Strategies 4.9 Product longevity 4.10 Algorithmic efficiency 4.11 Resource allocation 4.12 Terminal servers 4.13 Operating system support

5 6 7 8

8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6

9 Conclusion 10 References

Blackle Fit-PC Zonbu computer Sunray thin client The Asus Eee PC Other implementations

How to Implement? Future of Green Computing GREEN IT For Business Industrial implementations of Green Computing

1.ABSTRACT:

Green computing or green IT, refers to environmentally sustainable computing or IT. In the article Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices, San Murugesan defines the field of green computing as "the study and practice of designing, manufacturing, using, and disposing of computers, servers, and associated subsystemssuch as monitors, printers, storage devices, and

networking and communications systemsefficiently and effectively with minimal or no impact on the environment." Research continues into key areas such as making the use of computers as energy-efficient as possible, and designing algorithms and systems for efficiency-related computer technologies.[1] Green computing is the environmentally responsible use of computers and related resources. Such practices include the implementation of energy-efficient central processing units, servers, peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and proper disposal of electronic waste.One of the earliest initiatives toward green computing in the United States was the voluntary labeling program known as Energy Star. It was conceived by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1992 to promote energy efficiency in hardware of all kinds. The Energy Star label became a common sight, especially in laptops and displays. Similar programs have been adopted in Europe and Asia.[6] Today's PCs are so powerful that the vast majority of applications only use a small fraction of the computer's capacity. it can be simultaneously shared by multiple users.Consumes 90% less energy per user PCs typically consume between 110 to 200 watts of electricity.A single PC generates more heat than a 100 watt light bulb. A classroom, computer lab, or office with PCs warms up very quickly. In fact, PC-filled work areas almost always have to be air conditioned. Air conditioners raise electricity costs and require large capital expenditures to buy, install, and maintain them. 98% less e-waste in landfills Electronic waste is a large and growing problem throughout the world. People rarely think of their PCs in the same way that they think of other toxic waste, but while electronic waste represents only 2% of trash in landfills, it represents 80% of the toxic waste.[6] On a broader scale, we have the Kyoto Protocol and the Climate Savers Computing Initiative (CSCI)global efforts to save the environment which require active participation of governments, organizations and manufacturers. You too can do your bit to save the environment. The next time you boot your PC or notebook, head straight to the Power Options (Control Panel)

and choose a scheme that's a good trade off between performance and power saving. Also, switch off the lights when you leave home, and do use public transport! [6]

How your devices harm the environment?

Your computer and peripherals draw significant amounts of energy in sleep and standby modes. They contribute to harmful CO2 emissions. These days everyone seems to be talking about global warming and ways to protect the environment. Unconsciously, all of us are contributing to unwanted CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions from home, through the careless use of our electrical devices. The sheer amount of energy wasted by devices like PCs, televisions, and most other electronic appliances, even when they are in standby mode, is enormous. According to reports from the German Federal Environment Office, devices consume around 17 billion kiloWatts hours (kWh) in a year when they are in the standby mode. This mode is also responsible for CO2 emissions; the CO2 dissipated from 'sleeping' devices amounts to about one-seventh the CO2 emitted by an automobile.Manufacturers do not provide a proper shut-off button in devices. DVD players, DVD recorders or even multifunctional printers continue to draw electricity because of the absence of an 'Off' button. If you press 'Power off' on the remote, these devices go into standby mode. The situation is even more serious in the case of PCs. Windows Vista never shuts down or powers off the PC completely. Rather, the default shut down mode is a deep sleep mode that requires power. It's only when you switch off the mains switch at the back of the computer that the power supply unit stops drawing power. [6]

2. INTRODUCTION

Green computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently. The goals are similar to green chemistry; that is reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energy efficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability or biodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before. It is worth emphasizing that this "green technology" should not be just about sound bytes to impress activists but concrete action and organizational policy. Opportunities lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are seeing it

as a way to create new profit centers while trying to help the environmental cause. The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and services with optimum efficiency and all possible options towards energy savings.The primary objective of such a program is to account for the triple bottom line, an expanded spectrum of values and criteria for measuring organizational (and societal) success. Modern IT systems rely upon a complicated mix of people, networks and hardware; as such, a green computing initiative must be systemic in nature, and address increasingly sophisticated problems. Elements of such as solution may comprise items such as end user satisfaction, management restructuring, regulatory compliance,disposal of electronic waste, telecommuting, virtualization of server resources, energy use, thin client solutions, and return on investment (ROI).[1] Today, data volumes are doubling every 18 months, and enterprises want to keep more data online and provide access to more users. The impact is huge increases in the amount of hardware infrastructure needed, resulting in corresponding increases in power, cooling and data center space needs.[6] The recycling of old computers raises an important privacy issue. The old storage devices still hold private information, such as emails, passwords and credit card numbers, which can be recovered simply by someone using software that is available freely on the Internet. Deletion of a file does not actually remove the file from the hard drive. Before recycling a computer, users should remove the hard drive, or hard drives if there is more than one, and physically destroy it or store it somewhere safe. There are some authorized hardware recycling companies to whom the computer may be given for recycling, and they typically sign a non-disclosure agreement.[6] Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills, and can also replace equipment that otherwise would need to be manufactured, saving further energy and emissions. Computer systems that have outlived their particular function can be re-purposed, or donated to various charities and non-profit organizations. However, many charities have recently imposed minimum system requirements for donated equipment. Additionally, parts from outdated systems may be salvaged and recycled

through certain retail outlets and municipal or private recycling centers. Computing supplies, such as printer cartridges, paper, and batteries may be recycled as well.[1] A drawback to many of these schemes is that computers gathered through recycling drives are often shipped to developing countries where environmental standards are less strict than in North America and Europe. The Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition estimates that 80% of the post-consumer e-waste collected for recycling is shipped abroad to countries such as China and Pakistan.[1]

3.WHY..GREEN COMPUTING?

In a world where business is transacted 24/7 across every possible channel available, companies need to collect, store, track and analyze enormous volumes of dataeverything from clickstream data and event logs to mobile call records and more. But this all comes with a cost to both businesses and the environment. Data warehouses and the sprawling data centers that house them use up a huge amount of power, both to run legions of servers and to cool them. Just how much? A whopping 61 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity, at an estimated cost of $4.5B annually.[6] The IT industry has begun to address energy consumption in the data center through a variety of approaches including the use of more efficient cooling systems, virtualization, blade servers and storage area networks (SANs). But a fundamental challenge remains. As data volumes explode, traditional, appliance-centric data warehousing approaches can only continue to throw more hardware at the problem. This can quickly negate any green gains seen through better cooling or more tightly packed servers.[6] To minimize their hardware footprint, organizations also need to shrink their "data footprint" by addressing how much server space and resources their information analysis requires in the first place. A combination of new database technologies expressly designed for analysis of massive quantities of data and affordable, resource-efficient, open-source software can help organizations save money and become greener.[6]

Organizations can do so in the following three key areas: reduced data footprint, reduced deployment resources, and reduced ongoing management and maintenance. [6]

4. APPROACHES TO GREEN COMPUTING:

Energy costs of IT and data center operations are significant, whether for internal corporate IT operations or as part of IT outsourcing, Power consumption, Cooling, "Inefficient" equipment operations, e.g., data servers "spinning" when no active operations are being performed. In "old days" energy costs were assumed to be free. In current environment (pun intended), equipment costs have been reduced, putting focus on energy costs.[1]

4.1 Virtualization:
Initiatives in this area include server virtualization and consolidation, storage consolidation and desktop virtualization. These projects typically improve cost and energy efficiency through optimized use of existing and new computing and storage capacity, electricity, cooling, ventilation and real estate.[6] Moving desktops to a virtual environment and employing thin-client machines reduces energy consumption and environmental impact of user infrastructure. As one senior partner at a 100-employee services firm reports, "[Thin clients have] no CPU, no RAM, no moving parts, and connect to the virtual desktop environment. Our typical computer used up to a 250-watt power supply; our thin client uses a 4.8-watt power supply, so the reduction in electricity usage is 97, 98 percent, with all the functionality. " Energy savings result, as does cost avoidance, thanks to extended refresh cycles provided by thin client equipment. Mid-size businesses face a preponderance of issues when it comes to the server room. In this study, businesses cite the following reasons for undertaking server room upgrades and the construction of new server rooms: Decrease cost and increase effectiveness of cooling and ventilation systems. Many existing HVAC systems cannot keep up with smaller, more powerful servers that throw off more heat than older, low-density equipment. Most server rooms were not designed to keep pace with the modern complement of fully virtualized servers and consolidated storage.

 Increase server and computing capacity. Server room spaces are simply maxed out; they are either too small to house needed servers, or inadequately equipped to deal with a high rate of virtualization on fewer devices that run hotter. Questionable reliability of aging server room infrastructure; the server room design of yesterday no longer supports business needs of today, in terms of uptime and availability. Mounting maintenance and management costs for older facilities, which may not affordably handle growth of computing and storage. The need to decrease real estate costs, through server room infrastructure that supports denser, smaller footprints of new servers and storage.[6] Computer virtualization is the process of running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware. The concept originated with the IBM mainframe operating systems of the 1960s, but was commercialized for x86- compatible computers only in the 1990s. With virtualization, a system administrator could combine several physical systems into virtual machines on one single, powerful system, thereby unplugging the original hardware and reducing power and cooling consumption. Several commercial companies and open-source projects now offer software packages to enable a transition to virtual computing. Intel Corporation and AMD have also built proprietary virtualization enhancements to the x86 instruction set into each of their CPU product lines, in order to facilitate virtualized computing. [1] Server Virtualisation increases network utilization and reduces network equipment needs by allowing multiple virtual servers to share one or more network adapters within the confines of a single physical server. On the switch side, features such as Cisco's Virtual Switching System allow one switch to function like many, which means more than one server can connect to the same port. This works because most organizations overprovision switching capacity based on peak loads. Reducing the total number of physical ports required lowers overall power consumption.

Similarly, 1HP's Virtual Connect technology abstracts HP server blades from Ethernet and Fibre Channel networks. It requires fewer network interface cards, reduces cabling requirements and increases network utilization.[1] One of the primary goals of almost all forms of virtualization is making the most efficient use of available system resources. With energy and power costs increasing as the size of IT infrastructures grow, holding expenses to a minimum is quickly becoming a top priority for many IT pros. Virtualization has helped in that respect by allowing organizations to consolidate their servers onto fewer pieces of hardware, which can result in sizable cost savings. The datacenter is where virtualization can have the greatest impact, and it's there where many of the largest companies in the virtualization space are investing their resources.[1] Virtualization also fits in very nicely with the idea of "Green Computing"; by consolidating servers and maximizing CPU processing power on other servers, you are cutting costs (saving money) and taking less of a toll on our environment Storage virtualization uses hardware and software to break the link between an application, application component, system service or whole stack of software and the storage subsystem. This allows the storage to be located just about anywhere, on just about any type of device, replicated for performance reasons, replicated for reliability reasons or for any combination of the above.[1]

4.2 PC POWER MANAGEMENT:

Many look to managing end-user device power consumption as an easy, effective way to reduce energy costs. These power management initiatives include the following: Using software that centrally manages energy settings of PCs and monitors. Enforcing standardized power settings on all PCs before distributing to end users. Procuring energy-efficient equipment, such as Energy Star certified devices.[6]

Every kilowatt counts

Older computers can use up to 300 watts during peak load, but less than eight watts during sleep modes. By maximizing the number of PCs and monitors controlled for hibernate, sleep or shut-down times, companies reduce the amount of energy consumed during lengthy idle times, particularly overnight. Procuring Energy Star- compliant devices or more energy-efficient

equipment can also reduce power consumption during equipment use. This includes replacing old desktops with laptops, or refreshing CRT monitors with LCD flat-screens. Altogether, these power management strategies result in significant energy and maintenance cost savings; such benefits are realized by 65% of companies that complete such initiatives.[6] Power management for computer systems are desired for many reasons, particularly: Prolong battery life for portable and embedded systems. Reduce cooling requirements. Reduce noise. Reduce operating costs for energy and cooling. Lower power consumption also means lower heat dissipation, which increases system stability, and less energy use, which saves money and reduces the impact on the environment. The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power saving aspects of its underlying hardware. This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity. In addition, a system may hibernate, where most components (including the CPU and the system RAM) are turned off. ACPI is a successor to an earlier Intel-Microsoft standard called Advanced Power Management, which allows a computer's BIOS to control power management functions. Some programs allow the user to manually adjust the voltages supplied to the CPU, which reduces both the amount of heat produced and electricity consumed. This process is called undervolting. Some CPUs can automatically undervolt the processor depending on the workload; this technology is called "SpeedStep" on Intel processors, "PowerNow!"/"Cool'n'Quiet" on AMD chips, LongHaul on VIA CPUs, and LongRun with Transmeta processors. The power management for microprocessors can be done over the whole processor, or in specific areas.With dynamic voltage scaling and dynamic frequency scaling, the CPU core voltage, clock rate, or both, can be altered to decrease power consumption at the price of slower performance. This is sometimes done in real time to optimize the power-performance tradeoff. Examples: Intel SpeedStep AMD Cool'n'Quiet AMD PowerNow! VIA LongHaul (PowerSaver)

 Transmeta LongRun and LongRun2 Newer Intel Core processors support ultra-fine power control over the function units within the processors.[1]

4.3 POWER SUPPLY:

Power supplies in most computers (PSUs for short) aren't designed for energy efficiency. In fact, most computers drain more power than they need during normal operation, leading to higher electrical bills and a more dire environmental impact. The 80 Plus program is a voluntary certification system for power-supply manufacturers. The term "80 Plus" is a little complicated, so bear with me for a moment. If a PSU meets the certification, it will use only the power it needs at a given load: In other words, it won't use more power than it needs. For example, if your PC requires only 20 percent of the total power of a 500-watt PSU, the system will consume no more than 100 watts. Only when the PC requires full power will the PSU run at the full wattage load. An 80 Plus power supply can save about 85 kilowatt hours per PC, per year. In many ways, it's the heart of a green PC, since it manages the power for all the other components. It also has the most dramatic effect on your energy bill. Of course, all 80 Plus power supplies are also lead-free and RoHS compliant.[1] Desktop computer power supplies (PSUs) are generally 70-75% efficient, dissipating the remaining energy as heat. An industry initiative called 80 PLUS certifies PSUs that are at least 80% efficient; typically these models are drop-in replacements for older, less efficient PSUs of the same form factor. As of July 20, 2007, all new Energy Star 4.0-certified desktop PSUs must be at least 80% efficient. Various initiatives are underway to improve the efficiency of computer power supplies. Climate savers computing initiative promotes energy saving and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by encouraging development and use of more efficient power supplies.[1]

4.4 STORAGE:
There are three routes available, all of which vary in cost, performance, and capacity. The most conventional route is the 3.5" desktop hard drive. Recently, major drive manufacturers have

begun to focus on reduced power consumption, resulting in such features as the reduced RPM low-power idle mode with fixed rotation speed for reduced power consumption. The advantages of this route are the highest possible capacity, the best performance (out of the highest-end solid-state drives). The second option, which also lends itself to affordability, is to use a 2.5" laptop hard drive. These consume less power than larger disks as a result of their smaller platters, smaller motors, and firmware that is already optimized for power consumption versus most 3.5" harddisks. With capacities up to 320GB, reasonable capacity is well within reach, although the price is substantially higher than an equivalent 3.5" disk.[1] With a green system aimed at light use, a 120GB or 160GB laptop drive is a very affordable, lower-power alternative to a 3.5" disk. The lowest-power option is to use a solid state hard drive (SSD), which typically draw less than one-third the power of a 2.5" disk. The latest, highest-performance SSDs are very fast but extremely expensive, and currently top out at only 64GB. That's adequate for light use, but wholly inadequate for gamer , video editing, and other heavy uses. More affordable SSDs are available in larger capacities, but are not cheap and typically have slow write performance, which limits their practical utility. Smaller form factor (e.g. 2.5 inch) hard disk drives often consume less power than physically larger drives. Unlike hard disk drives, solid-state drives store data in flash memory or DRAM. With no moving parts, power consumption may be reduced somewhat for low capacity flash based devices. Even at modest sizes, DRAM based SSDs may use more power than hard disks, (e.g., 4GB i-RAM uses more power and space than laptop drives). Flash based drives are generally slower for writing than hard disks.[1]

4.5 VIDEO CARD:

A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer. Energy efficient display options include: No video card - use a shared terminal, shared thin client, or desktop sharing software if display required.

Use motherboard video output - typically low 3D performance and low power. Reuse an older video card that uses little power; many do not require heatsinks or fans. Select a GPU based on average wattage or performance per watt. The easiest way to conserv e power is to go with integrated video. This is the lowestperformance option, but for office users, casual browsing, and pure 2D use, it's more than adequate and well worth saving the 10W, 20W, or even 35W from a discrete video card. Motherboards spitting out integrated video via DVI or HDMI aren't that hard to find, so power-users with their massive LCDs don't have to suffer.[1]

4.6 DISPLAYS:
LCD monitors typically use a cold-cathode fluorescent bulb to provide light for the display. Some newer displays use an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) in place of the fluorescent bulb, which reduces the amount of electricity used by the display. LCD monitors uses three times less when active, and ten times less energy when in sleep mode. LCDs are up to 66% more energy efficient than CRTs, LCDs are also upwards of 80% smaller in size and weight, leading to fuel savings in shipping. LCDs produce less heat, meaning you'll need less AC to keep cool.LCD screens are also easier on the eyes. Their lower intensity and steady light pattern result in less fatigue versus CRTs. A newer LCD draws 40-60W maximum in a modest 19", 20", or 22" size. That number grows close to 85W or 100W maximum for a 24" unit. Drop them down to standby or turn them off entirely when not using them to minimize power consumption. By comparison, a 21" CRT typically uses more than 120W, more than double the power of a typical 22" LCD.[1]

4.7 IT EQUIPMENT RECYCLING:

After you've finished with your IT products, what happens when they're no longer needed? In nature, organic materials rot down and feed future growth, so why not dismantle products at the end of their lives and use the elements as raw materials for future products? Several reputable computer manufacturers use metal and easily- separated plastics in order to maximise raw material reuse. It's important that the environmental costs of recovery don't exceed the benefits expected. And that, of course, loops back to design in the first place.[6]

The priorities for all material things are reduce, reuse and recycle - in that order of importance. If you can extend the working life of your IT products, you reduce the environmental consequences of mining, manufacture, packaging, shipping and disposal. Can you upgrade something rather than finish using it? If you have to replace it, can someone else inside your organisation use it? If not, charities and refurbishing organisations may be able to extend the product's life. And, waiting at the end of the line, many organisations, including some manufacturers themselves, are willing to take equipment back and recycle the components into new products.Out of all initiatives in this study, the success of IT equipment recycling relies not on a business case with cost savings, but on a combination of environmental responsibility and regulatory pressures. The single most important factor in adopting recycling initiatives is to decrease waste sent to landfills.[6] Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills.Obsolete computers are a valuable source for secondary raw materials, if treated properly, however if not treated properly they are a major source of toxins and carcinogens. Rapid technology change, low initial cost and even planned obsolescence have resulted in a fast growing problem around the globe. Technical solutions are available but in most cases a legal framework, a collection system, logistics and other services need to be implemented before a technical solution can be applied. Electronic devices, including

audio-visual components (televisions, VCRs, stereo equipment), mobile phones and other handheld devices, and computer components, contain valuable elements and substances suitable for reclamation, including lead, copper, and gold. They also contain a plethora of toxic substances, such as dioxins, PCBs, cadmium, chromium, radioactive isotopes, and mercury. [1] Additionally, the processing required to reclaim the precious substances (including incineration and acid treatments) release, generate and synthesize further toxic byproducts Most major computer manufacturers offer some form of recycling, often as a free replacement service when purchasing a new PC. At the user's request they may mail in their old computer, or arrange for pickup from the manufacturer. Individuals looking for environmentally-friendly ways in which to dispose of electronics can find corporate electronic take-back and recycling programs across the country. Open to the public (in most cases), corporations nationwide have begun to offer low-cost to nocost recycling, and have opened centers nationally and in some cases internationally.[4] Such programs frequently offer services to take-back and recycle electronics including mobile phones, laptop and desktop computers, digital cameras, and home and auto electronics. Companies offer what are called "take-back" programs that provide monetary incentives for recyclable and/or working technologies. While there are several health hazards when it comes to dealing with computer recycling some of the substances you should be aware of: Lead common in CRTs, older solder, some batteries and to some formulations of PVC. Can be harmful if not disposed of properly. Mercury in fluorescent tubes. With new technologies arising the elimination of mercury in many new model computers is taking place. Cadmium in some rechargeable batteries. It can be hazardous to your skin if exposed fo r too long. Although many people are exposed to it everyday it just depends on the amount of exposure. Liquid crystals are another health hazard that should be taken into consideration although they do not have the nearly the same effects as the other chemicals.[2]

4.8 REMOTE CONFERENCING & TELECOMMUTING STRATEGIES:

Given recent jumps in fuel costs and greater awareness of harm caused by greenhouse gas emissions, many companies wish to reduce travel to cut costs and decrease negative impact on the environment. The initiatives in this study consist of the following: Remote Conferencing & Collaboration Video-conferencing and teleconferencing implementations between facilities or between office and client sites. Online collaboration environments. Telecommuting Strategy & Capabilities Virtual Private Network (VPN), remote access, and unified or voice communications capabilities to enable access from home and other remote locations. Policies and strategies allowing or encouraging employees to work from home. Policies allowing or enforcing employees to work "Four-Tens" (4 days a week, 10 hours a day).[6]

Cutting travel costs where it counts

Not surprisingly, businesses adopting travel reduction initiatives seek to decrease the travel and fuel consumption costs associated with driving or flying between office locations and to client sites. These initiatives not only reduce costs of fuel, flights, hotels and related expenses, but also result in higher employee satisfaction. After implementation, more than three-quarters of organizations report their expectations regarding travel cost savings are either met or exceeded. Teleconferencing and telepresence technologies are often implemented in green computing initiatives. The advantages are many; increased worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, and increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting, etc. The savings are significant; the average annual energy consumption for U.S. office buildings is over 23 kilowatt hours per square foot, with heat, air conditioning and lighting accounting for 70% of all energy consumed. Other related initiatives, such as hotelling, reduce the square footage per employee as workers reserve space only when they need it. Many types of jobs -sales, consulting, and field service -- integrate

well with this technique. Rather than traveling great distances, in order to have a face-face meeting, it is now possible to teleconference instead, using a multiway video phone. Each member of the meeting, or each party, can see every other member on a screen or screens, and can talk to them as if they were in the same room. This brings enormous time and cost benefits, as well as a reduced impact on the environment by lessening the need for travel - a damaging source of carbon emissions.[1] Voice over IP (VoIP) reduces the telephony wiring infrastructure by sharing the existing Ethernet copper (a toxic metal). VoIP and phone extension mobility also made Hot desking and more practical.[1]

4.9 PRODUCT LONGEVITY:

Gartner maintains that the PC manufacturing process accounts for 70 % of the natural resources used in the life cycle of a PC. Therefore, the biggest contribution to green computing usually is to prolong the equipment's lifetime. Another report from Gartner recommends to "Look for product longevity, including upgradability and modularity." For instance, manufacturing a new PC makes a far bigger ecological footprint than manufacturing a new RAM module to upgrade an existing one, a common upgrade that saves the user having to purchase a new computer.[1]

4.10 ALGORITHMIC EFFICIENCY:

The efficiency of algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function and there are many efficiency trade-offs in writing programs. As computers have become more numerous and the cost of hardware has declined relative to the cost of energy, the energy efficiency and environmental impact of computing systems and programs has received increased attention. A study by Alex Wissner-Gross, a physicist at Harvard, estimated that the average Google search released 7 grams of carbon dioxide (CO2). However, Google disputes this figure, arguing instead that a typical search produces only 0.2 grams of CO2.[1]

4.11 RESOURCE ALLOCATION:

Algorithms can also be used to route data to data centers where electricity is less expensive. Researchers from MIT, Carnegie Mellon University, and Akamai have tested an energy allocation algorithm that successfully routes traffic to the location with the cheapest energy costs. The researchers project up to a 40 percent savings on energy costs if their proposed algorithm were to be deployed. Strictly speaking, this approach does not actually reduce the amount of energy being used; it only reduces the cost to the company using it. However, a similar strategy could be used to direct traffic to rely on energy that is produced in a more environmentally friendly or efficient way. A similar approach has also been used to cut energy usage by routing traffic away from data centers experiencing warm weather; this allows computers to be shut down to avoid using air conditioning.[1]

4.12 TERMINAL SERVERS:

Terminal servers have also been used in green computing. When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the actual computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the operating system on the terminal. These can be combined with thin clients, which use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption.[citation needed] There has been an increase in using terminal services with thin clients to create virtual labs. Examples of terminal server software include Terminal Services for Windows and the Linux Terminal Server Project (LTSP) for the Linux operating system.[1]

4.13 OPERATING SYSTEM SUPPORT:

The dominant desktop operating system, Microsoft Windows, has included limited PC power management features since Windows 95. These initially provided for stand-by (suspend-to-RAM) and a monitor low power state. Further iterations of Windows added hibernate (suspend-to-disk) and support for the ACPI standard. Windows 2000 was the first NT based operation system to include power management. This required major changes to the underlying operating system architecture and a new hardware driver model. Windows 2000 also introduced Group Policy, a technology which allowed administrators to centrally configure most Windows features. However, power management was not one of those features. This is probably because the power management settings design relied upon a connected set of per-user and

per-machine binary registry values, effectively leaving it up to each user to configure their own power management settings.[1] This approach, which is not compatible with Windows Group Policy, was repeated in Windows XP. The reasons for this design decision by Microsoft are not known, and it has resulted in heavy criticism Microsoft significantly improved this in Windows Vista by redesigning the power management system to allow basic configuration by Group Policy. The support offered is limited to a single per- computer policy. The most recent release, Windows 7 retains these limitations but does include refinements for more efficient user of operating system timers, processor power management, and display panel brightness.[1]

5. HOW TO IMPLEMENT?
Greening Your Organisation:

The whole idea of replacing physical movement with electronic communications like videoconferencing reduces environmental impacts, not to mention associated costs. This also applies to how you manage your business processes. Consider distributing information electronically rather than printing it first and then distributing it. This 'print on demand' approach saves transport and unnecessary copies, not to mention saving money! Companies with transport and logistics operations can reduce emissions by using software applications to optimise routes and eliminate wasted journeys. Solutions can range from simple sat-nav devices to more complex transportation management systems which coordinate multiple vehicles and routes, saving both time and fuel, and providing more predictable customer service too.[3] Power management softwares help the computers to sleep or hibernate when no in use. Reversible computing (which also includes quantum computing) promises to reduce power consumption by a factor of several thousand, but such systems are still very much in the laboratories. Reversible computing includes any computational process that is (at least to some close approximation) reversible, i.e., time-invertible, meaning that a time-reversed version of the process could exist within the same general dynamical framework as the original process.Reversible computing's efficient use of heat could make it possible to come up with 3-D

chip designs, Bennett said. This would push all of the circuitry closer together and ultimately increase performance.[2] Audit your data centre and remove unused equipment and software Virtualise applications, storage and servers in the data centre wherever appropriate Consider consolidating data centres Introduce videoconferencing or telepresence facilities. Power-sucking displays can be replaced with green light displays made of OLEDs, or organic light-emitting diodes. Use of toxic materials like lead can be replaced by silver and copper. Making recycling of computers (which is expensive and time consuming at present) more effective by recycling computer parts separately with an option of reuse or resale. Buy and use a low power desktop or a laptop computer (40-90 watts) rather a higher power desktop (e.g. 300 watts). Thin clients can use only 4 to 8 watts of power at the desktop as the processing is done by a server. For desktops, buy a low power central processing unit (CPU). This reduces both power consumption and cooling requirements. Buy hardware from manufacturers that have a hardware recycling scheme, and recycle your old computer equipment rather than sending it to landfill. Turn your computer and monitor off when you are not using it. Enable hibernation using the power management settings. Standby does not save as much power. Replace your CRT screen with an LCD screen. Keep your PC or laptop for at least 5 years. If you're leasing, shift to a 5 year period. This reduces energy consumption by 40%, compared to replacing PCs every 3 years which is current corporate practice. Avoid an unnecessary operating system version upgrade which requires a hardware upgrade.

Nearing green nirvana

 Use Linux (such as Ubuntu), which requires less resources than many other operating systems on an older computer as a spare or a file server. Use server virtualization to aggregate multiple under-utilized servers onto more energy efficient server infrastructure. [3]

6.FUTURE OF GREEN COMPUTING:

As 21st century belongs to computers, gizmos and electronic items, energy issues will get a serious ring in the coming days, as the public debate on carbon emissions, global warming and climate change gets hotter. If we think computers are nonpolluting and consume very little energy we need to think again. It is estimated that out of $250 billion per year spent on powering computers worldwide only about 15% of that power is spent computing- the rest is wasted idling. Thus, energy saved on computer hardware and computing will equate tonnes of carbon emissions saved per year. Taking into consideration the popular use of information technology industry, it has to lead a revolution of sorts by turning green in a manner no industry has ever done before. Opportunities lie in green technology like never before in history and organizations are seeing it as a way to create new profit centers while trying to help the environmental cause.[1] The plan towards green IT should include new electronic products and services with optimum efficiency and all possible options towards energy savings. Faster processors historically use more power. Inefficient CPU's are a double hit because they both use too much power themselves and their waste heat increases air conditioning needs, especially in server farms--between the computers and the HVAC. The waste heat also causes reliability problems, as CPU's crash much more often at highe temperatures. Many people have been working for years to lice this inefficiency out of computers. Similarly, power supplies are notoriously bad, generally as little as 7% efficient. And since everything in a computer runs off the power supply, nothing can be efficient without a good power supply. Recent inventions of power supply are helping fix this by running at 80% efficiency or better.[2]

7. GREEN IT FOR BUSINESS:

It is becoming widely understood that the way in which we are behaving as a society is environmentally unsustainable, causing irreparable damage to our planet. Rising energy prices, together with government-imposed levies on carbon production, are increasingly impacting on the cost of doing business, making many current business practices economically unsustainable. It is becoming progressively more important for all businesses to act (and to be seen to act) in an environmentally responsible manner, both to fulfill their legal and moral obligations, but also to enhance the brand and to improve corporate image.[3] Companies are competing in an increasingly 'green' market, and must avoid the real and growing financial penalties that are increasingly being levied against carbon production. IT has a large part to play in all this. With the increasing drive towards centralized mega data centers alongside the huge growth in power hungry blade technologies in some companies, and with a shift to an equally power-hungry distributed architecture in others, the IT function of business is driving an exponential increase in demand for energy, and, along with it, is having to bear the associated cost increases.[3] You may be wondering why we haven't mentioned carbon offsetting as an option to improve an organisation's environmental performance. Well, a lot of organisations are using carbon offsetting (where you buy an 'offset' for the carbon dioxide emissions you produce - usually a payment towards emissions- reducing projects) as a 'get out of jail free' card and claiming carbon neutrality because they're planting a forest or outsourcing their manufacturing. While this is all very well, the projects need to be genuine, authenticated and sustainable, rather than simply shifting the blame, or excusing a lack of action. We suggest that you keep offsetting as a backstop to compensate for those unavoidable emissions that remain after you've taken all possible measures to improve your performance in the first place. One of the biggest challenges in reducing electricity consumption is ensuring that electricity users can monitor their own consumption.[3]

Data Centers:

Data centres consume a lot of electricity and this demand, along with the size of the associated utility bill, attracts boardroom attention. Many server computers run at less than 30 per cent capacity and, although more effective than the average desktop machine, this isn't using them to their fullest potential. If you can double the amount of work each processor does, you can halve the number of devices in use and cut the overall environmental impact. A common way to achieve this is with virtualisation software which enables applications to run wherever there's room for them.[2]

The new systems are more compact and of higher density, and can call for more localized power and cooling than will typically be found in an existing data centre environment. A blade server system set up in a single rack, can easily weigh more than a tonne, and can in theory call for more than 30kW of power - more than 10 times what would have been required a few years ago.[2] At an alarming rate, virtualization has invaded the data center. The rapid rise and success of virtualization is mainly due to large physical servers that are underutilized. The costs to power these underutilized servers is staggering.[2]

Other IT users may need to investigate the use of DC power. Most energy suppliers provide AC power because it is easier to transport over long distances, although most PCs and servers run on DC, so that the AC current from the utility has to be converted to DC before it reaches the hardware, with inevitable losses of energy in conversion. Some companies may benefit from moving away from distributed computing based on individual desktop PCs to small, thin client server architecture. It has been suggested that a 10-user system could save about 3,200kWh per year in direct electricity costs (while further energy savings, equivalent to about 11 tonnes of CO2 per year, would be saved in manufacturing costs). The total production and operating cost savings over the three-year life span of a 10-user system would be more than 33 tonnes.[2]

Blackle is a search-engine site powered by Google Search. Blackle came into being based on the concept that when a computer screen is white, presenting an empty word page or the Google home page, your computer consumes 74W. When the screen is black it consumes only 59W. Based on this theory if everyone switched from Google to Blackle, mother earth would save 750MW each year. This was a really good implementation of Green Computing. The principle behind Blackle is based on the fact that the display of different colors consumes different amounts of energy on computer monitors.[5]

8. INDUSTRIAL IMPLEMENTATIONS OF GREEN COMPUTING: 8.1 Blackle:

8.2 Fit-PC: a tiny PC that draws only 5w:

Fit-PC is the size of a paperback and absolutely silent, yet fit enough to run Windows XP or Linux. fit-PC is designed to fit where a standard PC is too bulky, noisy and power hungry. If you ever wished for a PC to be compact, quiet and green - then fit- PC is the perfect fit for you. Fit-PC draws only 5 Watts, consuming in a day less power than a traditional PC consumes in 1 hour. You can leave fit-PC to work 24/7 without making a dent in your electric bill.[5]

8.3 Zonbu Computer:

The Zonbu is a new, very energy efficient PC. The Zonbu consumes just one third of the power of a typical light bulb. The device runs the Linux operating system using a 1.2 gigahertz processor and 512 meg of RAM. It also contains no moving parts, and does even contain a fan. You can get one for as little as US$99, but it does require you to sign up for a two-year subscription."[5]

8.4 Sunray thin client:

Sun Microsystems is reporting increased customer interest in its Sun Ray, a thin desktop client, as electricity prices climb, according to Subodh Bapat, vice president and chief engineer in the Eco Responsibility office at Sun. Thin clients like the Sun Ray consume far less electricity than conventional desktops, he said. A Sun Ray on a desktop consumes 4 to 8 watts of power, because most of the heavy computation is performed by a server. Sun says Sunrays are particularly well suited for cost-sensitive environments such as call centers, education, healthcare, service providers, and finance. PCs have more powerful processors as well as hard drives, something thin clients don't have. Thus, traditional PCs invariably consume a substantially larger amount of power. In the United States, desktops need to consume 50 watts or less in idle mode to qualify for new stringent Energy Star certification.[5]

8.5 The Asus Eee PC and other ultra portables:

The "ultra-portable" class of personal computers is characterized by a small size, fairly low power CPU, compact screen, low cost and innovations such as using flash memory for storage rat er than hard drives with spinning platters. These factors combine to enable them to run more efficiently and use less power than a standard form factor laptop. The Asus Eee PC is one example of an ultraportable. It is the size of a paperback, weighs less than a kilogram, has built-in Wi-Fi and uses flash memory instead of a hard drive. It runs Linux too.[5]

8.6 Other implementations:

Notebooks
Usually, notebooks are more modest than desktop PCs when it comes to the energy requirements. On average, notebook batteries last for less than two hours, so energy saving is an important issue for those who are away from a plug point for long durations. If you want to achieve maximum battery runtime then it's essential for a notebook to have energy-efficient components.The warmer the external power supply unit, the higher the electricity consumption. Apple's MacBooks or Acer-models have intelligent charging electronics that ensure the current-flow sinks below 0.1 Watts after the battery is charged. Values less than 3.0 Watts, in Samsung's Q10, for instance, are acceptable. This is known as 'conservation charging.'[8]

Printers and multifunctional devices

Usually, monochromatic laser printers require less electricity than color lasers. And this is true even in the standby mode. Color lasers use more energy when they go into the standby mode instead of the sleep mode. All color lasers require more than 10 Watts when they are in standby. To conserve energy, check the settings in the printer driver.[8]

Communications and network:

W-LAN routers, DSL modems and DECT telephones do not have a standby mode since they must always be ready for operation. But low power consumption is a must since these devices are on 24 hours a day, seven days a week.[8]

External hard disks

Users are increasingly buying 3.5 inch external hard disks as backup devices for desktop and notebook computers. These are also being used to extend the system storage. Once connected, it's easy to forget that its power supply continues to draw power, even when nothing is being read or written to the disk. Only a few models have sophisticated power-saving mechanisms; Seagate devices are quite commendable. Most devices do not have a 'Power' button. The 3.5-inch hard drives need 12 Volts and therefore they have an external power supply unit (power brick). But 2.5-inch drives require just 5 Volts and they can draw power from the PC via a USB cable. Since they draw power from the PC's power supply unit, the 2.5-inch drives will

switch off automatically when the PC shuts down. Drive manufacturers are now incorporating features such as the reduced RPM low-power idle mode.[8]

DVD and video

Older DVD players and recorders are power hogs. Some devices consume up to 25 Watts in the standby mode and a switch-off button is absent. You can save energy in most such devices with a simple trick: The HF amplifier in DVD recorders is responsible for consuming a good amount of electricity in the standby mode. The amplifier refreshes the incoming antenna signal for the television, which is perhaps connected with an antenna cable. If one places the recorder and the television next to each other and connects them to the antenna using a T-connector, this amplification is rendered useless. Many devices have the option of completely deactivating the HF output in the set-up. Older video recorders often have sliding switches for this.[8]

Cisco
Some of the activities Cisco follows include: review of energy efficiency concepts, enhance and standardize recycling programs and green cleaning, explore transportation services and landscaping/parking for sustainability opportunities, incorporate LEED certification and energy collection data requests in future site selection criteria and standard lease agreements.[8]

Aladdin

Aladdin has a global initiative to 'Go Green.' From the earliest stages of product design, through manufacturing, use, and recycling, it ensures that its activities and products are environment-friendly.So its factories and production comply with ISO environmental standards. Aladdin claims that it is fully RoHS compliant too. It has set up recycling bins in all its offices for bottles, plastics, and paper. It encourages its employees to save paper too.[8]

D-Link

D-Link claims its 'green' products have been compliant with RoHS since 2006 and with WEEE since 2005. D-Link's Green Ethernet technology save power when desktop-to-switches are idle and optimized power usage on detection of cable length. Most switches today still consume considerable power even when a cable link or desktops-to switch is turned off. D-Link's Green Ethernet technology will put the port in a sleep mode, thus reducing power used by that port. Usually, most switches send enough power to sustain data over a 100m cable regardless of

the actual cable length. In a typical users' environment, however, the cable is usually less than 20m. But Green Ethernet technology will automatically detect the cable length and optimally adjust power usage to save energy.[8]

Climate Savers Overview

It is started by Google and Intel to drive energy efficiency by increasing the energy efficiency of new PCs & servers and promoting the use of power management We can reduce global CO2 emissions from the operation of computers by 54 million tons a year by 2010. That's like taking 11 million cars off the road each year.[7]

9. CONCLUSION:

Businesses seeking a cost-effective way to responsibly recycle large amounts of computer equipment face a more complicated process. They also have the option of contacting the manufacturers and arranging recycling options. However, in cases where the computer equipment comes from a wide variety of manufacturers, it may be more efficient to hire a third-party contractor to handle the recycling arrangements. There exist companies that specialize in corporate computer disposal services both offer disposal and recycling services in compliance with local laws and regulations. Such companies frequently also offer secure data elimination services.[2] So far, consumers haven't cared about ecological impact when buying computers, they've cared only about speed and price. But as Moore's Law marches on and computers commoditize, consumers will become pickier about being green. Devices use less and less power while renewable energy gets more and more portable and effective. New green materials are developed every year, and many toxic ones are already being replaced by them. The greenest computer will not miraculously fall from the sky one day, it'll be the product of years of improvements. The features of a green computer of tomorrow would be like: efficiency, manufacturing & materials, recyclability, service model, self-powering, and other trends. Green computer will be one of the major contributions which will break down the 'digital divide', the electronic gulf that separates the information rich from the information poor.[3] 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_computing

10. REFERENCES:

2. Jones, Ernesta " New Computer Efficiency Requirements". U.S. EPA. 3. 'Green IT For Dummies'-Hewlett Packard Limited Edition 4. Report of the Green Computing Task Group Green Computing and the Environment 5. a b c San Murugesan, "Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices," IEEE IT Professional, January-February 2008, pp 24-33. 6. "Green IT: Why Mid-Size Companies Are Investing Now" 7. www.climatesaverscomputing.org 8.INTELLIGENT COMPUTING CHIP-GREEN COMPUTING