Chapter 4 Compilation PDF

CHAPTER 4
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Laplace
Transform.
1
EET 207
4.0 Laplace Transform.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 The Laplace Transform.
4.3 The Unilateral Transform and Properties.
4.4 Inversion of the Unilateral.
4.5 Solving Differential Equation with Initial
Conditions.
4.6 Properties of the Bilateral Laplace Transform
4.7 Properties of the Region of Convergence.
4.8 Inversion of the Bilateral Laplace Transform.
4.9 The Transfer Function
4.10 Causality and Stability
2
4.1 Introduction.
In Chapter 3 we developed representation of signal and LTI by
using superposition of complex sinusoids.
In this Chapter 4 we are considering the continuous-time signal and
system representation based on complex exponential signals.
The Laplace transform can be used to analyze a large class of
continuous-time problems involving signal that are not absolutely
integrable, such as impulse response of an unstable system.
Laplace transform come in two varieties;
(i) Unilateral (one sided); is a tool for solving differential equations
with initial condition.
(ii) Bilateral (two sided); offer insight into the nature of system
characteristic such as stability, causality, and frequency response.
3
4.2 Laplace Transform.
Let est be a complex exponential with complex frequency
s = s +jw. We may write,
e st est coswt jest sin wt .
The real part of est is an exponential damped cosine

And the imaginary part is an exponential damped sine as shown
in figure above.
The real part of s is the exponential damping factor s.
And the imaginary part of s is the frequency of the cosine and
sine factor, w.
4
Contd
Figure 4.1: Real and imaginary parts of the complex exponential est,
where s = s + jw.
5
4.2.1 Eigen Function Property of st
e .
Apply an input to the form x(t) =est to an LTI system with impulse
response h(t). The system output is given by,
Derivation: y t H xt
ht * xt

h xt d

We use x(t) =est to obtain

y t h e s t d

We define transfer function as e st h e s d

H s h e s
d
6
Contd
We can write

y t H e st H s e st

An eigen function is a signal that passes through the system

without being modified except by multiplication by scalar.
The equation below indicates that,

- est is the eigenfunction of the LTI system.
- H(s) is the eigen value.
H s H s e j s
7
Contd
Express complex-value transfer function in Rectangular Form
Where |H(s)| and (s) are the magnitude and phase of H(s)
y t H s e j s e st
substitute
s s jw
y t H s jw est e jwt (s jw )
H s jw est cos wt s jw j H s jw est sin wt s jw .
8
4.2.2 Laplace Transform
Representation.
H(s) is the Laplace Transform of h(t) and the h(t) is the inverse
Laplace transform of H(s).
The Laplace transform of x(t) is

X s

xt e st dt
The Inverse Laplace Transform of X(s) is

s j
xt

1
X ( s )e st ds
2j
s j
We can express the relationship with the notation
xt X s
L 9
4.2.3 Convergence.
The condition for convergence of the Laplace transform is the
absolute integrability of x(t)e-at ,

xt e
st
dt

The range of s for which the Laplace transform converges is
termed the region of convergence (ROC)
Figure 4.2: The Laplace transform applies to more general signals than the Fourier
transform does. (a) Signal for which the Fourier transform does not exist.
(b) Attenuating factor associated with Laplace transform.
(c) The modified signal x(t)e-st is absolutely integrable for s > 1. 10
4.2.4 The s-Plane.
It is convenience to represent the complex frequency s graphically
in termed the s-plane.
(i) the horizontal axis represents the real part of s
(exponential damping factor s).
(ii) The vertical axis represents the imaginary part of s

(sinusoidal frequency w)
X jw X s |s 0
In s-plane, s =0 correspond to imaginary axis.
Fourier transfrom is given by the Laplace transform evaluated along
the imaginary axis.
11
Contd
The jw-axis divides the s-plane in half.
(i) The region to the left of the jw-axis is termed the left half of
the s-plane.
(ii) The region to the right of the jw-axis is termed the right half
of the s-plane.
The real part of s is negative in the left half of the s-plane and
positive in the right half of the s -plane..
Figure 4.3: The s-plane. The horizontal axis is Re{s}and the vertical axis is Im{s}.
Zeros are depicted at s = 1 and s = 4 2j, and poles are depicted at
s = 3, s = 2 3j, and s = 4. 12
4.2.5 Poles and Zeros.
Zeros. The ck are the root of the numerator polynomial and are
termed the zeros of X(s). Location of zeros are denoted as o.

Poles. The dk are the root of the denominator polynomial and are
termed the poles of X(s). Location of poles are denoted as x.
The Laplace transform does not uniquely correspond to a signal
x(t) if the ROC is not specified.
Two different signal may have identical Laplace Transform, but
different ROC. Below is the example.
Figure 6.4a Figure 6.4b

Figure 4.4a. The ROC for x(t) = eatu(t) is depicted by the shaded region. A pole is
located at s = a.
Figure 4.4b. The ROC for y(t) = eatu(t) is depicted by the shaded region. A pole is
located at s = a.
13
Example 4.1: Laplace Transform of a Causal
Exponential Signal.
Determine the Laplace transform of x(t)=eatu(t).

Solution:
Step 1: Find the Laplace transform.

X s x t e st
dt

e ( s a ) t dt
0

1 ( s a )t
e
sa 0
To evaluate e-(s-a)t, Substitute s=s + jw

1
X s e (s jwa )t
s jw a 0 14
Contd
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1
X s (0 1), s a
s jw a
1
, Re( s ) a.
sa
*The Laplace transform does not exist for s=<a because the
integral does not converge.
*The ROC is at s>a, the shade region of the s-plane in Figure
below. The pole is at s=a.
Figure
. 4.5: The ROC for x(t) = eatu(t) is depicted by the shaded region. A pole
is located at s = a. 15
4.3 The Unilateral Laplace
Transform and Properties.
The Unilateral Laplace Transform of a signal x(t) is defined by

X s
x t e st dt
The lower limit of 0- implies that we do include discontinuities and

impulses that occur at t = 0 in the integral. H(s) depends on x(t)for
t >= 0.
The relationship between X(s) and x(t) as
xt
X s
Lu
The unilateral and bilateral Laplace transforms are equivalent for

signals that are zero for time t<0.
16
Contd
Properties of Unilateral Laplace Transform.
Scaling
s
xat
1 Lu
X

a a
Linearity,
axt byt
aX s bY s
Lu
For a>0
Time Shift
e s X s
xt
Lu
for all t such that x(t - )u(t) = x(t - )u(t - )

A shift in in time correspond to multiplication of the Laplace
transform by the complex exponential e-s.
17
Contd
s-Domain Shift
e xt
X s s o
s o t Lu
Multiplication by a complex exponential in time

introduces a shift in complex frequency s into the Laplace
transform.
Figure 4.6: Time shifts for which the unilateral Laplace transform time-shift
property does not apply. (a) A nonzero portion of x(t) that occurs at times t
0 is shifted to times t < 0. (b) A nonzero portion x(t) that occurs at times t
< 0 is shifted to times t 0. 18
Contd
Convolution.
xt * yt
X s Y s .
Lu
Convolution in time corresponds to multiplication of

Laplace transform. This property apply when x(t)=0 and
y(t) = 0 for t < 0.
Differentiation in the s-Domain.
txt X s .
d Lu

ds
Differentiation in the s-domain corresponds to

multiplication by -t in the time domain.
19
Contd
Differentiation in the Time Domain.
d
dt
xt sX s x 0
Lu

Initial and Final Value Theorem.

Lim sX s x 0 .
s
The initial value theorem allow us to determine the initial

value, x(0+), and the final value, x(infinity, of x(t) directly from
X(s).
The initial value theorem does not apply to rational functions
X(s) in which the order of the numerator polynomial is greater
than or equal to hat of the denominator polynomial. 20
Example 4.2: Applying Properties.
Find the unilateral Laplace Transform of x(t)=(-e3tu(t))*(tu(t)).
Solution:
Find the Unilateral Laplace Transform.
1
e u (t )
3t Lu
( s 3)
And 1
Apply s-domain differentiation property,
u (t ) Lu
s
1
Use the convolution property, tu (t ) 2
Lu
s
1
x(t ) (e u (t ) * (tu (t )) X ( s ) 2
3t Lu
1 s ( s 213)
.
4.4 Inversion of the Unilateral
Laplace Transform.
We can determine the inverse Laplace transforms using one-to-

one relationship between the signal and its unilateral Laplace
transform.
Appendix D1 consists of the table of Laplace Transform.
X(s) is the sum of simple terms,
~ Ak
X ( s) k 1
N
s dk
Using the residue method, solve for a system linear equation.
Ak e u t
Ak dkt Lu
s dk
Then sum the Inverse Laplace transform of each term.
At n1 d k t
e ut
Lu A
.
n 1! s d k n
22
Example 4.3: Inversion by Partial-Fraction Expansion.
Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of
3s 4
X s
( s 1)(s 2) 2
Solution:
Step 1: Use the partial fraction expansion of X(s) to write
X s
A B C

( s 1) ( s 2) ( s 2) 2
Solving the A, B and C by the method of residues
(3s 4) A( s 2) 2 B( s 1)(s 2) C ( s 1)

( s 1)(s 2) 2
( s 1)(s 2) 2
( s 2) ( s 1) ( s 2) 2 ( s 1)
2
23
Contd
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(3s 4) A( s 2) B ( s 2)( s 1) C ( s 1)
A( s 2 4 s 4) B ( s 2 3s 2) C ( s 1)
( A B ) s 2 ( 4 A 3B C ) s ( 4 A 2 B C )
so, compare coefficien t ,
A B 0 (1)
4 A 3B C 3 ( 2)
4 A 2 B C 4 (3)
(3) ( 2);
B 1
B 1.
From(1)
A B 0
A 1
Substitute B and A, int o( 2)
4(1) 3( 1) C 3
C 2. 24
Contd
X s
1
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A=1, B=-1 and C=2 ( s 1) ( s 2) ( s 2) 2
Step 2: Construct the Inverse Laplace transform from the above
partial-fraction term above.
- The pole of the 1st term is at s = -1, so
t 1
e u (t ) Lu
( s 1)
- The pole of the 2nd term is at s = -2, so
1 2t
e u (t ) Lu
( s 2)
-The double pole of the 3rd term is at s = -1, so
2
2te 2t u (t )
Lu
( s 2) 2
Step 3: Combining the terms.
t 2t 2t
x(t ) e u(t ) e u(t ) 2te u(t ). 25
.
Example 4.4: Inversion An Improper Rational Laplace
Transform.
2s 3 9s 2 4s 10
Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of X s
s 2 3s 4
Solution:
Step 1: Use the long division to espress X(s) as sum of rational
polynomial function.
2 s 3 __________
s 2 3s 4 2 s 3 9 s 2 4 s 10
2 s 3 6 s 2 8s
3s 2 12 s 10
3s 2 9 s 12
3s 2
We can write,
3s 2
X s 2s 3
s 2 3s 4 26
Contd
Use partial fraction to expand the rational function,
X s 2s 3
1 2

s 1 s 4

partial-fraction term above. Refer to the Laplace transform
Table.
x(t ) 2 (t ) 3 (t ) e u(t ) 2e u(t ).

(1) t 4t
27
.
4.5 Solving Differential Equation
with Initial Condition.

Primary application f unilateral Laplace transform in system
analysis, solving differential equations with nonzero initial
condition.
Refer to the example.
28
Example 4.5: RC Circuit Analysis (Initial condition)
Use the Laplace transform to find the voltage across the capacitor , y(t),
for the RC circuit shown in Figure 4.7 in response to the applied voltage
x(t)=(3/5)e-2tu(t) and the initial condition y(0-) = -2.
Solution: Figure 4.7: RC circuit for
Examples 6.4 and 6.10. Note
that RC = 1/5.
Step 1: Derive differential equation from the circuit.
KVL around the loop. d
xt R C y t y t 0
dt
d
R C y t y t xt divide by RC
dt
y t y t xt
d 1 1
(1)
dt RC RC
RC 1K * 200mF 0.2 s
From (1)
y t 5 y t 5 xt
d 29
dt
Contd
Step 2: Get the unilateral Laplace Transform.
Apply the differential property,

d
dt
xt
Lu

sX s x 0
sY ( s) y (0 ) 5Y ( s ) 5 X ( s)
solving for Y ( s ),
Y ( s)
1
s5

5 X ( s ) y (0 ) (2)
Step 3: Substitute Unilateral Laplace Transform of x(t) into Y(s).

Given initial condition y(0-)=-2.
3e 2t u (t )
x(t )
5
3/ 5
x(t )
Lu
X ( s) (3)
(2) Into (3), s2
3 2
Y ( s)
( s 2)(s 5) ( s 5) 30
Contd
Step 4: Expand Y(s) into partial fraction.
1 1 2
Y ( s)
s2 s5 s5
1 3
Y ( s)
s2 s5
Step 5: Take Inverse Unilateral Laplace Transform of Y(s).
2t 5t
y(t ) e u(t ) 3e u(t ).
31
.
4.6 Properties of Bilateral
Laplace Transform.
The Bilateral Lapalace Transform is suitable to the problems

involving no causal signals and system.
The properties of linearity, scaling, s-domain shift, convolution and
differentiation in the s-domain is identical fort the bilateral and
unilateral LT, the operations associated y these properties may
change the ROC.
Example; a linearity property.
xt X s .
L
with ROC Rx
y t Y s .
L
with ROC Ry
then
axt by t aX s bY s
L
with ROC R x Ry
ROC of the sum of the signals is an intersection of the individual

ROCs. 32
Contd
Time Shift
e s X s
L
xt
The bilateral Laplace Transform is evaluated over both

positive and negative values of time. ROC is unchanged by a
time shift.
Differentiation in the Time Domain.
L
xt
sX s
d
with ROC at least R x ,
dt
Differentiation in time corresponds to multiplication by s.
33
Contd
Integration with Respect to Time.
t
X s
x d R x Res 0.
L
, with ROC
s

Integration corresponds to division by s

Pole is at s=0, we ae integrating to the right the ROC must
lie to the right of s=0.
34
4.7 Properties of Region of
Converges.
The Bilateral Lapalace Transform is suitable to the problems

involving non causal signals and system.
The properties of linearity, scaling, s-domain shift, convolution and
differentiation in the s-domain is identical for the bilateral and
unilateral LT, the operations associated y these properties may
change the ROC.
Example; a linearity property.
ROC of the sum of the signals is an intersection of the individual
ROCs.
35
4.8 Inversion of Bilateral Laplace
Transform.
The inversion of Bilateral Laplace transforms are expressed as a

ratio of polynomial in s.
Compare to the unilateral, in the bilateral Laplace transform we
must use the ROC to determine the unique inverse transform in
bilateral case.
Ak
Ak e u (t )
dk t
L
, with ROC Re( s) d k
s dk
Ak
Ak e u (t )
dkt
L
, with ROC Re( s) d k
s dk
36
Example 4.7: Inverting a Proper Rational Laplace
Transform.
Find the Inverse bilateral Laplace Transform of
5s 7
X s
With ROC -1<Re(s)<1. ( s 1)( s 1)( s 2)
Solution:
Step 1: Use the partial fraction expansion of X(s) to write
X s
A B C

( s 1) ( s 1) ( s 2)
Solving the A, B and C by the method of residues
X s
1 2 1

( s 1) ( s 1) ( s 2)
37
Contd
partial-fraction term above.
- The pole of the 1st term is at s = -1, the ROC lies to the right of this
pole, choose the right-sided inverse Laplace Transform.
t 1
e u (t )
L
( s 1)
- The pole of the 2nd term is at s = 1, the ROC is to the left of the pole,
choose the right-sided inverse Laplace Transform.
2
2et u (t )
L

( s 1)
-The pole of the 3rd term is at s = -2, the ROC is to the right of the
pole, choose the left-sided inverse Laplace Transform.
2t 1
e u (t )
L
( s 2) 38
Contd
Step 3: Combining the terms.
Combining this three terms we obtain,
x(t ) et u(t ) 2et u(t ) e2t u(t ).
Figure 4.12 : Poles and ROC for Example 6.17.

39
4.9 Transfer Function.
The transfer function of an LTI system is defined as the Laplace

transform of the impulse response.
Take the bilateral Laplace transform of both sides of the equation
and use the convolution properties result in,
Y ( s) H ( s) X ( s)
Rearrange the above equation result in the ratio of Laplace
transform of the output signal to the Laplace transform of the
input signal. (X(s) is nonzero)
Y ( s)
H ( s)
X ( s)
40
4.9.1 Transfer Function and
Differential-Equation System
Description.
Given a differential equation.
N
dk M
dk

k 0
ak k y (t ) bk k x(t )
dt k 0 dt
Step 1: Substitute y(t) = estH(s) into the equation.

y(t) = estH(s), substitute to the above equation result in,
N d k st
d k st

M
ak k e H s bk k e
k 0 dt k 0 dt
Step 2: Solve for H(s). M
H(s) is a ratio of polynomial and k

b s k
s is termed a rational transfer function. H s k 0

N
k
a
k 0
s k
41
Example 4.8: Find the Transfer Function.
Find the transfer function of the LTI system described by the
differential equation below
d2
yt 3 yt 2 yt 2 xt 3x(t )
d d
2
Solution: dt dt dt
Step 1: Substitute y(t) = estH(s) into the equation.
d 2 st
dt 2
e
H ( s ) 3
d st
dt
e H ( s )
2 e st
H ( s )
2
d st
dt
e 3 e st

dt

d k st
k
e s k st
e
Step 2: Solve for H(s).
d 2 st

d
H ( s) 2 e 3 e st 2 e st 2
d st
e 3 e st
dt dt dt
42
Contd
2 e 3e st
d st
H (s) dt
d 2 st st
2 e 3 e 2e
d st
dt dt
d k st
dt k
e
s k st
e
The transfer function is,
2s 3
H ( s) 2
s 3s 2
. 43
4.10 Causality and Stability
4.10.1 Causality :
Impulse response of a causal system is zero for t < 0.
A system pole at s = dk in the left half plane [Re(dk) < 0]
contributes an exponentially decaying term to the impulse
response (See Figure 4.13 (a)).
A pole in the right half plane [Re(dk) > 0] contributes an
increasing exponential term to the impulse response (See
Figure 4.13(b)).
44
Figure 4.13: The relationship between the locations of poles and

the impulse response in a causal system. (a) A pole in the left half
of the s-plane corresponds to an exponentially decaying impulse
response. (b) A pole in the right half of the s-plane corresponds to
an exponentially increasing impulse response. The system is
45
unstable in this case.
4.10.2 Stability
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If the system is stable, the impulse response is absolutely integrable.

A pole of the system transfer function that locates in the right half
plane contributes a left sided decaying exponential term to the
impulse response (See Figure 4.14 (a)).
A pole in the left half plane contributes a right-sided decaying
exponential term to the impulse response (See Figure 4.14 (b)).
46
Figure 4.14: The relationship between the locations of poles and

the impulse response in a stable system. (a) A pole in the left half
of the s-plane corresponds to a right-sided impulse response. (b) A
pole in the right half of the s-plane corresponds to an left-sided
impulse response. In this case, the system is noncausal. 47
A system that is both stable and causal must have a transfer function
with all of its poles in the left half of the s-plane, as shown here.
48
Reference Table.
49
PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Linearity Time differentiation
Scaling Time integration
Time shift Frequency
Frequency shift differentiation
Initial and final values
EET 206 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

SCALING
If F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t), then:
L f (at ) F ( )
1 s
a a
where a is constant and a>0
Eg:

Lsin( 2t )u (t )
1
2 s 22 2
2
2
s 4 2

LINEARITY
If F1(s) and F2(s) are the Laplace transforms of the f1(t) and f2(t), then:
La1 f1 (t ) a2 f 2 (t ) a1F1 (s) a2 F2 (s)

where a1 and a2 are constants
Ex:
f (t ) 4 (t ) 2u (t ) 3e 2t u (t )
L[ f (t )] 4 L (t ) 2 Lu (t ) 3L[e 2t u (t )]
2 3
4
s s2

TIME SHIFT
L f (t a)u(t a) e as
F ( s)
If f(t) is delay in time by a, the result in s-domain is found by
multiplying F(s) with e-as.
Example:
f (t ) 5u (t 4) 5u(t 8)
F (s) 5 1 1
5 e 8 s
s s
5 4 s
(e e 8 s )
s

FREQUENCY SHIFT
Le at
f (t )u(t ) F (s a)
can obtained by replacing every s with s+a.
Example:

L e 3t cos(t )u (t ) s 3
( s 3 ) 2 2
Le 3t
sin(2t )u (t )
2

( s 3) 2 4 2

FREQUENCY DIFFERENTIATION
If F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t), then the Laplace transform of its
derivation is:
n
d F ( s)
L[t f (t )] (1)
n n
ds
Example;
L te at
u (t )
d

1

ds s a
1

s a 2

TIME DIFFERENTIATION
d n f
nth derivative: L n u (t ) s n F ( s ) s n 1 f (0 )
dt
s n 2 f ' (0 ) ...... s 0 f ( n 1)
(0 )
df
1st derivative:
L u (t ) L[ f ' (t )] sF ( s) f (0 )
dt
d 2 f 2 '
2nd derivative:
L 2 u (t ) L[ f " (t )] s F ( s) sf (0 ) f (0 )
dt

Appendix 1 : Laplace Transform & ZTransform
LAPLACE TRANSFORM Z-TRANSFORM

Signal Transform Signal Transform
1
u(t) [n] 1
s
1 1
tu(t) u[n]
s2 1 z 1
1
(t - ) e-s n u[n]
1 z 1
1 z 1
e-atu(t) n n u[n]
sa (1 z 1 ) 2
1 1 z 1 cos 1
te-atu(t) [cos(1n)]u[n]
( s a) 2 1 z 1 2 cos 1 z 2
s z 1 sin 1
[cos(1t )]u(t ) [sin(1n)]u[n]
s 12
2
1 z 1 2 cos 1 z 2
1 1 z 1 r cos 1
[sin(1t )]u(t ) [r n cos(1n)]u[n]
s 12
2
1 z 1 2r cos 1 r 2 z 2
sa z 1 r sin 1
[e at cos(1t )]u(t ) [r n sin(1n)]u[n]
( s a) 2 12 1 z 1 2r cos 1 r 2 z 2
1
[e at sin(1t )]u(t )
( s a) 2 12
Appendix 2 : Properties of Unilateral Laplace Transform
LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Properties Signal Unilateral Transform
1 s
Scaling x(at) X , a 0
a a
e-s X(s)
Time shift x(t - )
if x(t - )u(t) = x(t - )u(t - )
s-domain shift /
esotx(t) X(s-so)
Freq. shift
Linearity ax(t) + by(t) aX(s) + bX(s)
X(s)*Y(s)
Convolution x(t)* y(t)
if x(t) = y(t) = 0, for t< 0
Xs
Differentiation in s- d
-t x(t)
domain ds
x t
Differentiation in d
sX(s) - x(0 - )
time domain dx

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CHAPTER 4

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e st est coswt jest sin wt .

The real part of est is an exponential damped cosine

We use x(t) =est to obtain

An eigen function is a signal that passes through the system

The equation below indicates that,

The Inverse Laplace Transform of X(s) is

We can express the relationship with the notation

(ii) The vertical axis represents the imaginary part of s

termed the zeros of X(s). Location of zeros are denoted as o.

Figure 6.4a Figure 6.4b

Determine the Laplace transform of x(t)=eatu(t).

To evaluate e-(s-a)t, Substitute s=s + jw

The Unilateral Laplace Transform of a signal x(t) is defined by

The lower limit of 0- implies that we do include discontinuities and

The unilateral and bilateral Laplace transforms are equivalent for

for all t such that x(t - )u(t) = x(t - )u(t - )

Multiplication by a complex exponential in time

Convolution in time corresponds to multiplication of

Differentiation in the s-Domain.

Differentiation in the s-domain corresponds to

The initial value theorem allow us to determine the initial

We can determine the inverse Laplace transforms using one-to-

Step 2: Construct the Inverse Laplace transform from the above

x(t ) 2 (t ) 3 (t ) e u(t ) 2e u(t ).

with Initial Condition.

Apply the differential property,

Step 3: Substitute Unilateral Laplace Transform of x(t) into Y(s).

Step 5: Take Inverse Unilateral Laplace Transform of Y(s).

The Bilateral Lapalace Transform is suitable to the problems

ROC of the sum of the signals is an intersection of the individual

The bilateral Laplace Transform is evaluated over both

Differentiation in time corresponds to multiplication by s.

Integration with Respect to Time.

Integration corresponds to division by s

The Bilateral Lapalace Transform is suitable to the problems

The inversion of Bilateral Laplace transforms are expressed as a

Find the Inverse bilateral Laplace Transform of

Combining this three terms we obtain,

x(t ) et u(t ) 2et u(t ) e2t u(t ).

Figure 4.12 : Poles and ROC for Example 6.17.

The transfer function of an LTI system is defined as the Laplace

Step 1: Substitute y(t) = estH(s) into the equation.

Step 2: Solve for H(s). M

H(s) is a ratio of polynomial and k

s is termed a rational transfer function. H s k 0

The transfer function is,

Figure 4.13: The relationship between the locations of poles and

If the system is stable, the impulse response is absolutely integrable.

Figure 4.14: The relationship between the locations of poles and

PROPERTIES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Linearity Time differentiation

Scaling Time integration

Time shift Frequency

Frequency shift differentiation

Initial and final values

EET 206 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

If F(s) is the Laplace transform of f(t), then: