ASSI GN MENT 02

D Delinc Embe dded Systemt ov miCvopr

AAn Embe dde d System is a micvocontvollev
to
is designed pedorm
-o Cessor - ba se d which
system and
in Combination o botb hardwave
task
apecilic
ware

Dlerentiale be tween Embedde d e Geneval Computin9

Syctem.
A Ermbe d de d
Gener al Computing System
y stem
Itis designed using amicTo Tt is designe d using a
ProcessOT dS the main microcont ro ller as the
pro cessing unit.
mainprocessing unit
*A Computer Tee ds human An embedde d
sy stem
in teraction to pe-dom +ask does not require human interaction
* Analog *Small Scale fmbedded
IDigital Cormputer,
Hybri d, HarvaTd|Von neumam System, Sophictacated
ov
etc are Some ecamples Comple Embe dded System
* I many task
Can perdo7m 1 Can perdom Spec itie task

*JH Can be reprorame d * It Can be used oa

om a ne purpose Speciic
Set
o pupose
Con Sumpti on is
is
high
bigh Powe Consunption
less
Pouwer
No time Cvitical * Time Coriti cal
 based
on perjoTmance,
3)
Classily Gmbe dded Sy stem evol ved
evolved.
in which they
eTa
and the era
Comple aty
A1)Small Scale embedded System
& bit
or 16-bit
a
hey ave
The buit oith single

Micvocontrolle-v
Assemb
used are edtor,
*The main
Pro9raming tools
Os assemble gintegrated
developme nt enviTonmentuDE

* Hlavdware and Sotware Complexi

ties ase very
a
loOco

ITs
WJmay Or may not Con tain an operating sy stemor

) unction ing

Medium 6cale
They aTe
*Jhey
EAn
buiH oitb
Electvic

Erobedded
16 bit
toy

ysten
o 32-bit Mic o controlleT

A STC G DS P's dall under these Embe dded Sy stems

* They bave botb haydware and Sal tware omplexitien

Main programming tools used aret C) Ctt Ja va, Visual

Code
Ct RTO's De bugqer Source ete

ATM
fi)orge Scale Embedded Syskemsl
Jhese Systems bave highly Com plee havd wave G Sqtuwo

The
They aTe built around 32 bit or 64 bit MicvoControlles

RISC Soc,
proce sso-rs scalable Conltqurable proesors
* They aTe also Called Sothisticat
ed ermbedded Syctems

Tbey aTe used applications that need

(or Culing edge
hardwa7e Soltware Co- desiqn where the componcnt

have to be a ss emble d hto the inal sys"

eal time operating
also
Theyy contain high
pesdormance
task zation managet
4stem to sche duling , prioriti
Smavtphone ,MicYOwave Oven

|A)Explain the
the Domains and Aveas Ql Applications
o Embedaed

System
A )+HomeAtpliances
,
Dishwasher,
Disbwasher, Washiog Machine, Micvowave Set-topb
machine
Secuity eustem, HVAc System, D VD, Answerin9 et
)
OLiceAutomationt
Fax, Copy machine, Srnavtphone Syskem, Modern Scarres Pte-
3)Secuity
Face secoqni tion, Fin ge*, Eye recogri tion ,buildinq
Systerm, Airport
Securit syste Secuvity syuskem, Alaram System
A) Acodemiol
Smart board Smart room , Calculator, Smavt Card

5)Tele Comm unicationt

Caller phone , 1P phone hWeb Cameva
 6 Autom
6)
obile:
Bvo
Contvoller ,
Anti- Locking oke
Fuel inection

,GPS
) Sustem Air bag

Entetain ment t-
Cruise Control

stovm, Video Came, MPs.

mavt toy, Mind
8) Aevo space
lan din9 System
Systern, heig
Navigation system, Automotic robotics
rObotics.
altitude space
Conroller, Shace explorer,

Medical
e monit
itor
CScannev, eCG), eeG, eMG,MRI, Glucos
BP Monitor
Medical device
diagonis+iC
10
Banking and iance 1
Shaxe mo
machine,Cash segister
nATM,Smayt Vendor
1) Miscellan ousl
Elevator ,
Treadmill, Security doo ec.

5) With: Deat dlagwam explain €lememt s o Embedded eyteo

A Memo
Communication
intedace

THP Ports Cove

Seosorc) loSystem P Pats
CA ctuatorc)

Suppor ing
C's
Subsustem
 IE
Syetem CoYe ic he heav! o an Embed ded 6yshem

that takes input ond troduce olp

1s the basic unit

the data FoY Embedded Sy stern

ate processing
have thec knowle dqe
tis necesso7y to
desiqneY
Mic~o Controller
both Microproceesor

Types oProcessoTS
ene al Pu7pose Proces sor
Mico procecsS oY
MicoContvoller
oE mbedded
procecsor
o
Diqital Sigoal Processor
O Me dia Processor
*Mem0
1 is a
tis stovage device which can be divided into 2
Categoies namely PrimaTH G Secondard'

Sensor3S
with Eovinma-
Sensors aTe used to interac4
divelly

to Sense the 1lp enevqy ith the help od Sensinq Element

o
Ihe
The Sensed enerqy is Converted to mose Suitable orm
bytranduction €lement
o There are vaious types oSeosors base d on postion-

temper ature jpress ue epeed etc

Fun d a entall y-1here are two types they aw Analog Digital
 Actuator
hich AHers physical quantity
J is a device
when if
it
Co to move
J+ uses
uses mechanic al mponent
Decieves SensorS
inputo
dt Tecie ves Control input and 9enerat es a chanqe

system through the pro ducing

in the (orce
phy sical
and at motion
he

Eqt Robo tic Arm

Fim ware
J+ e a loyer o Sq| tuoae on top o
which ofPerating

Systems and other applicati ons run

E Mother board
leren tiate betwee n Micvopro cessor and Mic o Cotrollev

A Microproce Ssor MicYoCont rolle

Microprocesso«S aTe maintly -Micvo Controllexs are used

used in in automatically Controlled

99eneval-
desigoing
urpog e Sygtem drom lage to devices
Comple e Cy stem like
Supercorpuk

MiCro pro ceesOwS aYe basic Micro 0 Controllexs are

Com ponents o per Sooal 9enerally used r'n
embedded
Computews Systems
Computational Capacity a -LessComputofiora
the mi Croprocessor is Copacity
veyhigh
Used to
perdorm nume used to pevdovm teiie
tasks tocks
Cosd is because
vewy bigh because Cos+ isless
Oecternal Compon ent s all Com^onents
ar eadily
- Powe Consumption is
high
available.
Is
becae oesttenal devices Poe~ Con Su mption

ess
Clockvequency 1s ve Cb is lecs
i O7
o hig dreuency
de Giga tle»tz n Ovder al Meqa tlevt z
8) Compare RISC and CIsC
A RISC CisC

Re duce d in dructioo Se *Comslex

Se4 Computer
in struction

Computev

*Soltware Cent7ic design

* tlavd waTe Centrie design

Low power Consumption *+ligh powe Consuption

Simple de co ding ol instwuctio Comtlex decoding oitur

*Processox are hig bly ie lincd Procetsovs are notpipehned|

cee cution time vevyless fsceci on time very high

Reqes more RAM Requires less RAM

Small Co de Si ze Co de Size.
Lavge
 C16 o
to G4
dormats 6Hbit
Fixed Corsluclion Jovmat *Vavying
C3-bit)
Jt does not
requine Ttre quires
extevnal

extewnal

Calculatlon
MemOvy o Mem Oy dor (altulafiong

ooanm
6800.
A RM, Pic, Pooev Avih:
4ecture, Alpha, A VR ete
q- / VAx, Motovoba
60, AmD the Tnte
Syrtem
86 CPOC

i) Von-
Wite a note on )la~ d architecdure
Neuman avthitecture
A )Ha vavd Axchitecturet.
ecture chavtevized
The 4lav
tlarvad
vard avchit
S
by
by
the tHavad Ma-kT use d physiCally eperate

m and data paths

emovy
dov proq ram and memo

CPO Data mem ovy

Program memo
o-otis
i9 modern
mar k f vea d
Co
mputev achitecture
base d medel
based on thrvad

Sepevate physical emoTy address is

usedor
instrucdi ons oand data
Seperate data
buss es dre Used dor tan
io etructioos
-11 is
costly than Von Neum an aTchite cture.
 CP Can Ace
ss an d Te ad |io7ite at
he Instuction9

1s Game
use
ime
d in mic
mic To
7o
Contollev and
contolle Sig
nal ro cersing

9Von-Neumoano
Architecture
Architecture
The
devol
o neuman (a:kabrince ton) avc hitee
oped dov the
and da+a
eNIACc usecbe same mem

Storage
poth o(or both
both roqram
p*oq
and data

CPo
Memo
Jtis ancient Computer architecture based on stored

Proro9ram Computer Concept

IheTe ic COmmon bus dor datat & instruction trae
-The Cost is
vey ess.
Itis used in personal Comput es
and Small Compukers

Data and in stTuchions Cannot be accesed at the

Same time
 vad and
to)
Ha
be4weenHa
betwcen
vard
Mention he
iCn tion the dievenc
Von-Neum ann architecturc
A Von neumann Architectuve
Hayvavd
ar chit ceure
mod evD
is ancient Computev

cHecfure
achi
based On stored
*1 is

architechure
Computed

based

model
Pro9am Computey Concept
to
CPo is Connected data CPO is connected

memo CRAm) and da ta E program memoy

program
memoxy by
a Single memo Sepevatel

CPU Cannot access insdruction Can access data

and data at Sam etime instruct ion at the same

ime
* Common bus is used dor buses aTe
Sepe vate
insHruction data transler uced dor datan G instructhon

trars c
*14 is cheape in Cost 14 is coctly

*Requires less handwave Requres more hadware

ow In prog Tamm but high dormance
Used in per Gonal Comput ers Used io Micro Contolle
and Cmall Computers Digital Sign al
wo Clock Cycles axe Used Ginqle Clock
proceasing

Cyele
ith a Oeat block
dio
diagram explain an insrumendatio
and Cont rol
Sctem
A: ostrume ntation
an instrurnm
is a device meas
Techoology measusement,
thal me c
aSures O7 manipu lotes prOce cs
hy sical Vaables
SSucb as dloo, tempe-ratur e, level
Op essure.

Displad
1
Phy sical
uontity
Qenso S9na Signal proceuing- Data
Out put
Conditioning

Recording
Adove bloek diagram
ghoos the a7Tangement an
instrumentation
System
The physical
Lodity to be measuved acts upon
Sensor that
p-roduces ao electrical output signa
The 6ignal is an electvical
Analogue the
othe
hysical input but there ae may not be a linear
e lation ship be4ween the phyei cal ts electvical
9y
eauval
Out put produce by the Senso also may be Small or

May ue7 rom

.
the eence Doise. lunwanted
Signals)
 signal Con ditining
will
will be ir
be eqied

Theve{ore urther le vele

will be at an accep ta ble
be the sig nal

an
n an acce ptab le doTm OSignal pro
ceccing diotlonjin

re Cording
The signal proCessin9 may uSe digital Tather than
be
Analog Signals thic purpose ADC may cared.
Cont vol System !-
Conmpavator ne9y
Source
Input Sigal evwry

Cdemand)
Power amplijier Controller
device
>Outpe
Cto load

As in
Fe ed back

Signab Conditioning
loop

- Sensov<

Shoon the above Us es

diagToam ,
block it negoti ve

deedback In Owder to equla!e an d stabilize the

Output
In thus becomes Set the input or demand
possible to

and stabiliz2e the output by Compaving it uo ith

A a sgnal de-ive

nthes e two
Compaator
d

is
rom

signals
used

&
output
as
w here
to Sense the

any Changes detecle,

diddevence

then input to the powe Consumption Amplidiev is

adjusted a ccor dingly
a
TO Signal
This siqnal is
ellered
 The input Is
oten dei ved(rom a simple potentiomele
Conne cted acoss a Stable
stable Supply
while

o
De VolT
DC voltage
the Controlle d device

12 What is

ans duce
can take
Can

tran sduce
Tbesc
, 2 Exlain
aTe
ma oTmt

with an ecampie

device s hat Con v erty

ener
Sigoal, Or
in the
om into an equivalent electiral
vjce
ve-rsa

Input Jran sduces'

Dyanamie mi coshonev

Piaphragm atached to a coil is Suspended

in a
mognetic ield. Movement o the diaphraqm Cause
Curent to be induced in
the coil
9)Dut put Jran sdu Ce
Oud speakert

Diapha9m atached to a coil is

Suspended
in the m aq netic die ld Cauues Current in Coil to

move the did phra9m hich alternately Comprises

and Tariiethe ain maS$ in Tont o o the air
 in put and
13)
List and mention dierenl tytes
types
o
a hote.
note
Outpul tvansdu cex with briel
brie
Input Jrand ucer

Theymo Couple theunction

junction
Small at the
cm9enevated
betoeen two dissimi la me tal Ceq Copper G Constanta,)

Cabies to
Keq es eeence un ction and connbensated

accurate mea surement

Rotatovy Potentiometel wound
is
fine oire esistive element

around a CiCula ¢ormev Slider atache d to the

Contact with the recistance
Control Shat makes
SourCe is Conn ected
elemcntA stable D.C voltage
potentiomefer Yoltage operat
aCroSSthe ends o the
to angulav
at the slider oill then be proportional

position Sensor Optical Shatt encoderi-

Resis +ive gotary
oith linea
Rotary track potentio meter
to angu
produces analog voltage ropo rtion al
-lar ositi on. Encoded disk inter posed be tween

Opticaltrans miHer and reciever

 Rotatinq Vane
low Sensov1
Sensov
Tubine Jurbine
by luid.
Todo diven
uts
int n cd r
beam. D.lse epitition
output is
proportional to louo sote
* Load Cell

opisec our st vain goq es at ached

o
to a meal
ame."This ossembly then loaded and
aSsembly is
is then loade
the analogue
Output voltage voduce d is troportional
o the weiqht o the
lood
Some othe
Input Tan
sduCers

)
i)Tachoqene rator Toothed
roto tachometev
9) Float Switch

electro
magnetic Vibration
SensorS
Dutput Transduce»s
lou dsteakev
Diapbraqm atached to a Coil is Suspended

In m agnetic dield. Current in t he Coil cousec

ove ment o the diaphr agm ohich atenat ely Comtra

on d ra eie the air mass in7ontoit

 2Heating Clement (Resi'sio is CoOund
toound onto
onto a
aCe
Cerarm

MelallicConduclov in
Conductor
the Conducto
O ca domer Curyent dlowing

3
roducer heat
Potatory Potentiometer
Muti-phase
! motor pro vides
precise
pe
0taion in desCrete sHeps a 1s (2H cheps vevolutis)

s H&Steps per re volution)ond I8 C200 steps per vevoluhia

?
4)What is Sensor ?Hoo Cencors are Categorised
a Siqnal o
A Sensov-Ttis a device that recieves
in the
to the stimulue
stimulus and Desponds

om o electical signal
into didderent types
Ihe Sensors aTe classiied
and Conver
on the applications , input sig nal,
based
Sensor
Sion m echan i'sm , material used in Charate-isti

Such as Cost accur acy or ange

or passive.
The
They Can be Categorised either active
AD Octive

Ouput oitho ut any

Senso q excternal
0v vo Hage
qenesate a Current OT VOHage
Sousce Ot enegy
A passive Sensor Te es a external SouTCe Od enerqy

Ov Current & this Sensov doec not produce result on ouup

 or Analoque
Sensovs Carn also be as digital
val ue
iet-
Clasiied
Output Sencore exist Only in 2discrede
logie 'o
(loo) Dr
logic'' Chigh) edc
and their
s) Analy sis the sole
OSensoTS , Actuators
embedded
intedacinq ith the Tlo syctems O an

System
a Con version
A Sensor is device use do the

phy
phy si Cal
si cal uah tiby ido e lectical Signals
This is a ha dware device that tbke the inputom
envirO0 men+ and qives to he syrtem by Converting it
For e
A +he rmometer
takes temp a physical quantiy

Chaact ewistic e Con vet it into elech~ ical sig nal°T 9

Environment Input Conditioning

Senso
Unit a System
Ackuato is a de vice that converts the electrical sig nal

into the physical events o Characteric+icc.

and to the
T+ takes input lr0m the System gives output
enverOnment
Motos 6 heatercoeSome ACt uators etc
tovCg

EnviY On ment Output Condilioning

Actuato
Unit o Syelem
 elecdi
Convevts elechic
CornvevtS ch-ical

IAlhat is Actuato»?
hich
ohich
lo) Ac
is a transducer acHion. Actua
action
A- Actuafov
Physical
to Cocsponding
Signal
acts as an Output device
is oss ent ial.
cation intedace ial proc
why Communi
Ecplain an essential
is ess
CommComm unication
interd
ace
Subsystemg
Subsycteme
o
with vaiow
dor Communicating ec+ernal wod
ecternal wod
the
4he
and with
the embedded
the Sy stem
eperspectiveg
be vieo ed in too didevent
Can
inte-oce
D De vice/boavd le vel Communi ca tion

intex{ace CExernal C
2)Pro duct level Com muntation

indemal Comnmunitatol
|18) Men+ion and exp lain dkerent

intedace
Communoica ion intendace
A De vice On boawd level
it

hlithin
an embedded ehame oduct
the waious Component s rdered

Sui
inter Connects

Os Comm bni Cation On board

al
.inte qace

intemace like Tac, SPI, OART, 1-hlie and

Panrallel bus in terqace

 Mention and
9)Mention
a)
explain
iot eoce
"ereot
di{er
dite Exdeyoal Communication
Es:1e
Cxtenal Com
municati
This level on
Iotevace
Ommuhication is ehoncible 4o data
lanse
drane between the and other
embedded cyeem
embedded cyctem
device Or mo dule. Tt Con be either wired media
ooireless me dia
itCan 4
e can be
be a sev
serial ov paralle
inteace
o ITeless Commu pication
inteace1-
nared, Bluetooth CBT) , Wizeless LAN (lii)
Radio eqency toaves CRF), GPRS etc

RR) For oed Communcation interace l

'RS-23clRs-422 Rs H85, osB, EtheTnet
CTCP- P), Tee e1394otParallel povt ete.

Ca 20) Eplain keb the

doll owing"

i LeD that
diode is semicon ducto light sounce
A ligk emiting
electrons
oben Curent d loos through it
emits
emits light
holes,
Con ductov Tecom bine oith elec4ron
in the Semi
Telea Sing ener9y in the oTm o hotong
 * Construction and hlovking a Lep becoue
iH is

mati
The
The Constvuctioo LEDs ion
vevy simple
thee
Sern
tor
iconductor
Senmiconduc
mo
depoit a/
designed thvoughb

layes ovev
Su bstrate.
one
wh ere e
Ye arrange d one by
These 3 lyers is active
9the
reaion
n is P-type ,#nidd le
tO Teqio
is
boHom eqion N-type
can be observed
3 Tegions o Semiconductor matevial
des
hole, NtYPE
Ip Con Structlon b P4ybe inclu der
electrons ler bya
ntro by a med
me
to por in al Mic ron
LED Can be
inteaced
to por+pio Catho
Meth od 1t Anode
LED is cOnnected

IS Connected to qround (ov) througb

esitor

PoRT
MicRo-Conl R
TROLLER

Met ho d2 Cathode o leDis con nected to port Pin: Arde

1S Conn ected to esct enal supply through O

PoRT
CurTent
Sinking
R
Microcotvole
 Relay
Relay is an
elect
Relay woks ro-mechanical device.
On ohen a
voltage s applied electro
O magnetlc p
prén citle,

4hough the
4o the e lay cojl, Current loos

qield
coil, o bich in turn
urn genc
generatee
a magnetic

The
The magnetic dield
a+acts the avmature core and
attracts movg
the Contact ormatu
point The move
Sgnal qloo bath.
move ment
Co
Ql Contoct point
c

io
hange

ent|
Theae are availa ble d'js
Conigurations
A Singe pole
Sinqle throo har only 1path (o7 inloTmation
low ohich is eithe oben Ow closed in noma
Fow dormally open Sinqle pole single throuo circuit
is normally

close a nd becomes On when vely is ene9fsed

Fox n ormally closed Snge bble Single through, Tel oy is
ctosed & becomes on ohen 7elay is enr9sed
FoFor Single pole double tho Telay, there ore 2 paths

o inno to louo they are Selected by ene1qising o

de enerqisi n9 ela Codrey elechronic
Coil
-NO
Coil Tevmin
als -C
-NC
Pole
 Piezo Buzzert
audio indi
iCzo buzz ev is a piezoelectric devlce 9enevati ng

Cqtions In embedded atpication .

A7his a which
Contans tpez oelectric dioathvogm produc,

to it
audible Sound in response to voltage applied
-o
he se buzzerS
The se are available in two ty pe they aa
Sel d-iving t-
Thès Cireuit contains all the necessa"y COmpon

to qenevate sound at
apred iedin ed tone
Esetevnal drivinq t These buzzers Suppots the generation

dideent tope. he tone can be vavied by applying

a vai lable puls e train to the pieroelectric buzzer

Jhe fiezo buzzer can be intedaced fo port pin

al
Miero

-controller througha drlver rantitor ohich inturn ons

the buzzer when loqic 1. By thés Soundwill be

is heavd.

The tone can be vamied by applyin q a vaiable puls e

train +oiezo electric bu 27er by 30qY awning the mic vocontole

Piezobu2zer
9tsv ER2

Micro
Controller

Po pin MRL
Transistor
KCOW
ch bu on
Push Switcht-
in 2 Corliqu
isaninput de vice. Puch
bulon switcr
Cone
a
na mely Push to
make and Push tobreak
fo the Pusth to is noxmally
makeCon the switch
oben Stae andit
sf '9ue, when pushed
open make a circuit Contact
is normaly
fn the Push to Bseak the switch
cond 9ure
contact
n 4he
pthe closed state and it
breaks the ciacuit
1oben puche d.
is

he push buHon stay Stote as

Stay in the close d o open
long as it is
kept inpuched stale 6 bveaks| make ohen
circt is
eleaged
Push button is used o a momenta ry
genevatin9
is
pulse
In embedde d application push buttoo
asveet and swltch pulse
9eneval y used start Ej
genevall
genera for
Puth buton normally Connected 4o po»t pin q hot
Push is

procesO contolle
on the which pub buHon i'ntetoced
Dep endi ng way in

to Co
Controller,
ntroller ItCan9enerate
can eitheHigh pulse o Low
ulse NLL Ncc

Port

Portpin
pin

Low pulse Pulse

High
 5 Ke boavdi
an input device or uses inttdacing
Reyboa d is 4

the no b keys e quir ed isvery Iimlted, push

butOp

Switches Can be used and they Can be dineetly

Inteaced to the povt pins dor eading

In Case obandlinq laqe no 0 key requinemet

matioc keyboard is ottimum solutioo. Matrix keyboad

deducucestbe no Mati
interdace Connection
-

keyboavd Connects the keys in a row Columo dat hi On

The key pres in matia keyboad is identiied with

OLo Columo ca nning techniqe

egor intevdacing 16 key s in direct techniqu Teaui ae

6 ort plns matric keyboavd reapure Colums

pins 6 H rows pin dointeracing 6ey

0) Explan the oosking Principle and App lication o

Stepper Moto
A
-e nlorkinq
The rotor oa Steppe moto r tuns bya smal,

dis Crete amouns bec Quy e the Stato applie moqpete

im bulset tha pull and bush it ar oun d

The rotor it
sel is
made drom
shichchso tuoo d isce,like gears
maqnetic
outh pole tblue).
noth polepole Cred) other is a
e put
When we discs back
put di
lo back, toege
othSath pole teeth
he Statov ,
around the
oltevoa ting around
altevna ting a the edge

Stator edqe a the rotov, ohe have

Generally, the work
ipaiTS,Loith om agnek in
electromaqne stepper motor
a steppe
Soitcking
on
Pposin g pair oJ magn eh
Agethev to make a noth sarnetime,
ahoth pole at
atSa
ollow ed by als o uoork
maqneh at igbt anqle ohich
toqetheT:

Tker
The gedm etry and all ign ment a stepper motor har
to

be jut madeigh4 to make roto« turn

Principlet
be +epper motov w OTking princisle is Electro
is made with
Magn etis m. 1t include rotor which
Pesmanent mag net+ ohere Oa stator iselectOmag
Once the Supply is pro vide d to the oinding othe Stator
then the magnetic ield toill be develoted oithin the

otor in the motor will stat to move

Stato Now
toththe rotating m aqneHe {ield o sta tor. So, this ir

the undam e ntal nlorking principle o Moto

 Applicalions o SletherMotov
Texdile machine

3Dpiting eqipmeny

Pinting preue
Small obotics
CNC millng & Welding machi ne

RR) WTite

A ) a
Based
note On
Classification

On Gene rationt
of Embedded System.

First Generationt
The ealier e simple embedded system built

aTound 8-bit micoprocessor H-bi+ micTocotroller

Loere
this 9eneration.
Digital telepkone keytads, steppex motor
ee
*Second Generationt

Em bedded System, the 8-bit protessor H- bit

Controlle rs Loereep laced by 16 bit microproceuor e

8-bit Controllers They were m Ore powoealá complesc
Data acqjisition SyrLerm, SCADA Syeleme

Third Gene ration t

Gembedded Cyst emy burlt arounq
higheomme Ce
3-bit poceu or g L6- bit Contoller tlener it
 eration bou
nd
2nd become
to more
e corplex Compaved
geneation Pooeul Teal
e AsCis,
AsCiS,De , On,
opeating s
DsPs
Ps,piha
Pspi^ anqinmtvucti
ystem evol ve
P
d duving qenevation
Robotics, duinq 4his
indutrial neduookirg
th Gener
Fouth procen£ont
eMContvol, embedded
Fou ation-
Cmbedded suste m bui lt syeken
On chips

COCsPe-Conquvable rOu nd
around
multi -Cor e
an
Process os ana
brocess o% d
ocesor
CO-P~ocewors also in this 9enerahon
qhese Syetem toere emêrqed
ar Sma14 9hpeomance Tealtime Sysbens
devica, digital
Camea etc
t) Based On
COplexity an d Peorm Peoiem en
a) Small Scale

o
Embedded Systen
Sma
Small Scale embe dded cysheme aTe buit
oith single
6 bi+
micTopro cewor or
PTOCesor orControlle
Contro
.Eae lectronic loy

he hardware So tuoove complexihe are ouw

b) Me dium Gcale embedded syrte
16-bit
TbeseSystem are ith medium pert onmance

32-bi+ miCro AScls, DSPs dall

procey & Controller,

unde medium Scale

havd wove Softoare Conmplext ie

The se ha ve
aATM
) Based On deder minis+ic be baviouv

Hard Real time System

adheve to
system should strictly
Areal-time operatng
a task A havd eal-time
im inq
the tim ing constrainh dor

9stem mut meet timi ng dead linas to thout any delay

Miseing the deadline Cous e seviou dailuwe g syrtem

Control System, An+ilock braking &ystem eHc

Airbaq
bo eal time System
not
-In hese types o embe dded system deadlinu
is

Stictly dollowed
Mis ioq deadline are acceptable but the
(ortark
limif
micging deadline should be within Compliance

qPersonal ComputerS, Audio. and video sy stem et

|
fv) Based on Jziggeving
ghe embe dded sqstem are clautiedinto tuoo ypes
base d 0n the triggering osystembtime tiggered

event triggered.
activate d boe d on pve deqine d task
System is

then it is me-triggeed System

Dn Dn the othe side, i 6yrtem îr triggeed bared o
S0m e actvity like ch ang e in de mp eyure
 uch
Such ertem ave
sa Wahing colled
called C
vent4vi9ge
ventA
Sykem
Machine elc

Eplaih about
)DART(Gnivavsal d USB
UART Ond
:-

e
Asun chronow Recievev JvansmiHer)
Onow
 TT) SB (Univers al Serial Bus)
data
OSB s a wiaed higb speed serial bus do

Co mmuni cati on Universal Commuicaion

that enabley

device and a hort Controll

bl the proerpa periphtral
DSBDSB Topology
USB Co mmu nication cystem (ollows a Star topolog
The UsB host Contro ller hau an embedded hub
Calle d root hub.
A USB os+Can Support Conn echon up to 127, includin

Slave pevipheral de vice and other U sB hosts

Each de vice a
secieve unique addrenro m the host

CPc). usB tran smitls data in packet tormat

TheOsB bost Controller is
respongi ble or Controll ing

the data Commu nication 9 includinq e stabl ishinq

Connectivity
ty oth
oith usB sla ve dev ice , packei zin9
and gormati ng the data pa cket
 La ba ble
Suppovs Co mmupi Cation distance upto
Smees
USBpos Can be Cateqovised On Vesi or CosBI0,
OSB D , OsB 3
b)
E Dektop, Laptob , media ployere 6 Gam ing
Consoles

94) explain the -Seqment ED

dileent Conliquvation o
Display
A Seqment LED Display

4Segm ent LeD display is an output device dor dicplajir

altha Dumevic Co-9 A-F) chavacters

o 1t Con tains eiqbt LeD in a speci
Seq ment arranged
dom Out o&
LeD seqment, 4 are useddow displayine
Alpha numeic Characte
0ge Le D seq
qmenh ase named Ato G e decimals oint
iS named DP. a
The 4
Seqment LeD displayae available into two
t) Common Anode )Common Cotbode
ooll LEDs
oIn Comm on a node, all anodes ase Con ected to qethe-
to+Vcc do 7oa d bioging.

O Com m on Catho de ,
Com m all Catho de al all LeDs ae connect
to qether to round a o o ward biasinq.
 +NcC

A B C D F G DP

Based on the Coniquve o the Seqment L€D unib,

to
the LeD Seqment anode o Cathode is Conoected

the port o miCrocontroller in the order a Sagment

to the leat pot pin DP Seqm ent

Signilicant
to the vice vevia
mostSiqnidi cant port pin
oThe CuYent thro gh each seqment can be limitd by

Con nectln
et LED Displayt
P2-1 ww A
gnto P. 2c wMww. -A
Micvo
Controlle
P2:3

P2
P2
P2o
w.
ww
- D
F
G
DP
D /p
D-C

25 Describe the matrie kay boavd Cwoking

A Keypad dorking
controllex
*To de tect a presse d key, the micro

9rOunds allrow S by proving 0 to the ouput

int ond then Columo valua are ead.
 Ncc

Beore pvessing
ey

RiRaR,Pu =0000 C
C2 C34 =
Tthe dala ead dOm s= 111 then no key
~orm C olumn is
Column
IS
esSed omd
is
hepro cess continue +i key presed
detecded.

Ate
Precsingthe a
ey
R RrR3 Ry = Oo00 C,C (3Cy =O1
One the column bit has zevo, this means th

key r ess has o ccured

the G Coluon
CCy =
been
1O11, this mea ns a key in

hac esed
Mico cont roller
Ater detect ing a
uoill
key pressed^

g0 through the proceas o identgying

thekey