Semestral Exam / EG2008, EG2681, EG2961, EGB207, EGC207, EGD207,

EGF207, EGH207, EGJ207, EGM207 / Page 9

Formula Tables

Rules on Differentiation/Integration Standard Integrals

Product Rule: (The constant of integration is omitted)

d
uv v du u dv , x n 1
dx dx dx
u, v are functions of x
x n dx
n 1
( n 1 )
Quotient Rule:
ax b n 1

ax b dx an 1
n
du dv ( n 1 )
v u
d u
dx 2 dx 1
dx v v
x dx ln x
Chain Rule:
d
f u d f u du
f x
dx du dx
f x dx ln f x
Integration by Parts:
udv uv vdu sin x dx cos x
fg gf 1
Special Case: fgdx
m n
, m n sinax b dx a cosax b
where f nf , g mg
cos x dx sin x
1
Standard Derivatives
d n

x nx n 1
cosax b dx a sin ax b
sec x dx tan x
dx 2
d
cf x c d f x c = constant 1
sec ax b dx a tanax b
dx dx 2
d
sin x cos x
dx
sec x tan x dx sec x
d
cos x sin x
csc x dx cot x
dx 2

d
tan x sec 2 x
dx
sec x dx ln sec x tan x
d
cot x csc 2 x
dx csc x cot x dx csc x
d
csc x csc x cot x 1
dx sec ax b dx a ln sec ax b tan ax b
d
sec x sec x tan x
dx csc x dx ln csc x cot x = ln csc x cot x
d x
dx

e ex 1
csc(ax b) dx a ln csc(ax b) cot(ax b)
d
ln x 1 or =
1
ln csc(ax b) cot( ax b)
dx x a
d

cos 1 x
1
e dx e
x x
dx 1 x2
d
dx

tan 1 x 1
1 x
d
2 dx

sin 1 x
1
ax b 1
e dx a e
ax b

1 x2
1
1 x 2
dx sin 1 x

1 x
a x 2 2
dx sin 1
a
1
1 x 2 dx tan x
1

1 1 1 x
a 2 x 2 dx a tan a
1 1 ax
a 2 x 2 dx 2 a ln a x
 Semestral Exam / EG2008, EG2681, EG2961, EGB207, EGC207, EGD207,
EGF207, EGH207, EGJ207, EGM207 / Page 10

Mean and Variance of a Random Variable

Arithmetic Sequence
The Mean of a discrete random variable X is
The nth term, u n a n 1 d
k P X k
n
Sum of first n terms, S n 2a n 1 d
2
The Variance of a discrete random variable X is
n
= first term last term k P X k k 2 P( X k ) 2
2
or
2

Geometric Sequence
Measures of Central Tendency
n 1 x
The nth term, un ar Sample mean: x
a 1 r n n
Sum of first n terms, S n ,1 r 0
x n x
2
2
1 r xx
2
2
a Sample variance: s or
Sum to infinity n 1 n 1
1 r
Useful Trigonometric Facts Linear Regression Line

sin n sin n 0
y mx C , m is the slope/gradient and C is the y-
intercept
cos n cos n 1
n

Some Useful Trigonometric Identities

Counting
sin cos 1
2 2
cos 2 cos sin
2 2
n n!
Permutation: Pr
1 tan sec
2 2
1 2sin 2
n r!
1 cot csc
2 2
2cos 1 2
n!
k1 ! k 2 !...k m !
Summation Properties
n n n n n!
C nC Cx C x Combination: Cr
i 1 i 1 i i 1 i
r! n r !
n n n
xi yi xi yi
i 1 i 1 i 1 Probability

BinomialDistribution , E is an event & S a sample space

n E
P E
n S
X ~ B n, p
n x
P E P E 1 , E is a complement event of E
P X x nC x p x 1 p , x 0, 1, 2, ... , n
P A B P A P B P A B
E X np
Var X npq where q 1 p
Conditional Probability

PoissonDistribution

P A B

P A B or P A B P A B P B
X ~ Po P B

P X x
e x
, x 0, 1, 2, 3, ...

P A B 0 P A B 0

P A B P A P A B P A P B
x!
EX
Var X
 Semestral Exam / EG2008, EG2681, EG2961, EGB207, EGC207, EGD207,
EGF207, EGH207, EGJ207, EGM207 / Page 11

Fourier Series
The Fourier series for a periodic function f t with period 2L is:

nt nt
f t a0 an cos bn sin
n 1 L n 1 L
where the Fourier coefficients are given by:
L
1
f t dt
2 L L
a0

n t
L
1
an f (t ) cos dt (n 1, 2, 3,...)
L L L
n t
L
1
bn
L L
f (t ) sin
L
dt (n 1, 2, 3,...)

Confidence Interval for Population Mean,

Population Variance, 2 Sample size, n Confidence Interval, c

zc z
Known Any n x , x c
n n

zc s z s
Unknown n 30 x , x c
n n

tc s ts
Unknown n 30 x , x c
n n
 Semestral Exam / EG2008, EG2681, EG2961, EGB207, EGC207, EGD207,
EGF207, EGH207, EGJ207, EGM207 / Page 12

Table 1: Standard Normal Distribution

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
 Semestral Exam / EG2008, EG2681, EG2961, EGB207, EGC207, EGD207,
EGF207, EGH207, EGJ207, EGM207 / Page 13

z
z 0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03
00.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
z
-3.4 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0002
-3.3 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0003
-3.2 0.0007 0.0007 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
-3.1 0.0010 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0007 0.0007
-3.0 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 0.0012 0.0012 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010
-2.9 0.0019 0.0018 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0016 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 0.0014
-2.8 0.0026 0.0025 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 0.0022 0.0021 0.0021 0.0020 0.0019
-2.7 0.0035 0.0034 0.0033 0.0032 0.0031 0.0030 0.0029 0.0028 0.0027 0.0026
-2.6 0.0047 0.0045 0.0044 0.0043 0.0041 0.0040 0.0039 0.0038 0.0037 0.0036
-2.5 0.0062 0.0060 0.0059 0.0057 0.0055 0.0054 0.0052 0.0051 0.0049 0.0048
-2.4 0.0082 0.0080 0.0078 0.0075 0.0073 0.0071 0.0069 0.0068 0.0066 0.0064
-2.3 0.0107 0.0104 0.0102 0.0099 0.0096 0.0094 0.0091 0.0089 0.0087 0.0084
-2.2 0.0139 0.0136 0.0132 0.0129 0.0125 0.0122 0.0119 0.0116 0.0113 0.0110
-2.1 0.0179 0.0174 0.0170 0.0166 0.0162 0.0158 0.0154 0.0150 0.0146 0.0143
-2.0 0.0228 0.0222 0.0217 0.0212 0.0207 0.0202 0.0197 0.0192 0.0188 0.0183
-1.9 0.0287 0.0281 0.0274 0.0268 0.0262 0.0256 0.0250 0.0244 0.0239 0.0233
-1.8 0.0359 0.0351 0.0344 0.0336 0.0329 0.0322 0.0314 0.0307 0.0301 0.0294
-1.7 0.0446 0.0436 0.0427 0.0418 0.0409 0.0401 0.0392 0.0384 0.0375 0.0367
-1.6 0.0548 0.0537 0.0526 0.0516 0.0505 0.0495 0.0485 0.0475 0.0465 0.0455
-1.5 0.0668 0.0655 0.0643 0.0630 0.0618 0.0606 0.0594 0.0582 0.0571 0.0559
-1.4 0.0808 0.0793 0.0778 0.0764 0.0749 0.0735 0.0721 0.0708 0.0694 0.0681
-1.3 0.0968 0.0951 0.0934 0.0918 0.0901 0.0885 0.0869 0.0853 0.0838 0.0823
-1.2 0.1151 0.1131 0.1112 0.1093 0.1075 0.1056 0.1038 0.1020 0.1003 0.0985
-1.1 0.1357 0.1335 0.1314 0.1292 0.1271 0.1251 0.1230 0.1210 0.1190 0.1170
-1.0 0.1587 0.1562 0.1539 0.1515 0.1492 0.1469 0.1446 0.1423 0.1401 0.1379
-0.9 0.1841 0.1814 0.1788 0.1762 0.1736 0.1711 0.1685 0.1660 0.1635 0.1611
-0.8 0.2119 0.2090 0.2061 0.2033 0.2005 0.1977 0.1949 0.1922 0.1894 0.1867
-0.7 0.2420 0.2389 0.2358 0.2327 0.2296 0.2266 0.2236 0.2206 0.2177 0.2148
-0.6 0.2743 0.2709 0.2676 0.2643 0.2611 0.2578 0.2546 0.2514 0.2483 0.2451
-0.5 0.3085 0.3050 0.3015 0.2981 0.2946 0.2912 0.2877 0.2843 0.2810 0.2776
-0.4 0.3446 0.3409 0.3372 0.3336 0.3300 0.3264 0.3228 0.3192 0.3156 0.3121
-0.3 0.3821 0.3783 0.3745 0.3707 0.3669 0.3632 0.3594 0.3557 0.3520 0.3483
-0.2 0.4207 0.4168 0.4129 0.4090 0.4052 0.4013 0.3974 0.3936 0.3897 0.3859
-0.1 0.4602 0.4562 0.4522 0.4483 0.4443 0.4404 0.4364 0.4325 0.4286 0.4247
0.0 0.5000 0.4960 0.4920 0.4880 0.4840 0.4801 0.4761 0.4721 0.4681 0.4641
 Semestral Exam / EG2008, EG2681, EG2961, EGB207, EGC207, EGD207,
EGF207, EGH207, EGJ207, EGM207 / Page 14

Table 2: t Distribution

t t t t
t t t t t t

Level of
0.50 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.98 0.99
confidence, c
One tail, 0.25 0.10 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
d.f. Two tails, 0.50 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.01
1 1.000 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.1821 64.657
2 0.816 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.695 9.925
3 0.765 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841
4 0.741 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604
5 0.727 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032
6 0.718 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707
7 0.711 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.98 3.499
8 0.706 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355
9 0.703 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250
10 0.700 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169
11 0.697 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106
12 0.695 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055
13 0.694 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012
14 0.692 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977
15 0.691 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947
16 0.690 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921
17 0.689 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898
18 0.688 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878
19 0.688 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861
20 0.687 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845
21 0.686 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831
22 0.686 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819
23 0.685 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807
24 0.685 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797
25 0.684 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787
26 0.684 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779
27 0.684 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771
28 0.683 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763
29 0.683 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756
0.674 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576

END OF PAPER