Engineering Physics - G. Aruldhas

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Engineering Physics
by G. Aruldhas1
Created by
Pankaj Biswas
Modern Physics
Physics
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University
College Teacher
Dr. Vinay Kumar
Cross-Checked by
May 23, 2016
1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Engineering Physics
Author: G. Aruldhas
Publisher: Phi Learning Pvt. Ltd.
Edition: 1
Year: 2010
ISBN: 9788120339163
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
List of Scilab Codes 4
1 OSCILLATION AND WAVES 5
2 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY 12
3 INTERFERENCE 15
4 DIFFRACTION 21
5 POLARIZATION 28
6 CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 33
7 SUPERCONDUCTIVITY 44
8 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 48
9 QUANTUM MECHANICS 58
10 STATISTICAL MECHANICS 62
11 LASERS 65
12 HOLOGRAPHY AND FIBRE OPTICS 70
13 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 74
14 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 80
3
15 THERMAL PROPERTIES 86
17 ULTRASONICS 90
18 ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS 91
4
List of Scilab Codes
Exa 1.1 Time period of SHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Exa 1.2 Accelertion and maximum velocity in SHM . . . . . . 5
Exa 1.3 Damped Vibrating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 1.4 Amplitude and Time Period in SHM . . . . . . . . . . 7
Exa 1.5 Oscillation of a spring mass system . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.6 Frequency of visible region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 1.7 Characteristics of sound wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 1.8 Equation of a wave moving along X axis . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 1.9 Wave in the wire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Exa 2.1 Peak value of displacement current . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.2 Displacement current density in a good conductor . . 12
Exa 2.4 Poynting vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.5 Plane electromagnetic wave in a medium . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 3.1 Wavelength of Light using Young Double Slit experiment 15
Exa 3.2 Fringe shift due to change in wavelength . . . . . . . . 15
Exa 3.3 Refractive index from double slit experiment . . . . . 16
Exa 3.4 Interference by thin soap film . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.5 Interference due to thin air wedge . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.6 Separation between consecutive bright fringes formed by
an air wedge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.7 Newton Rings by reflected light . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.8 Refractive index from Newton Rings arrangement . . . 19
Exa 3.9 Wavelength of light using Michelson Interferometer . . 19
Exa 3.10 Shift in movable mirror of Michelson Interferometer . . 20
Exa 4.1 Diffraction at a single slit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exa 4.2 Diffraction at a circular aperture . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Exa 4.3 Second order maximum for diffraction grating . . . . . 23
Exa 4.4 The highest spectral order with diffraction grating . . 23
5
Exa 4.5 Overlapping spectra with diffraction grating . . . . . . 24
Exa 4.6 Width of first order spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 4.7 Resolution of wavelengths for grating . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 4.8 Angular separation to satisfy Rayleigh criterion . . . . 26
Exa 4.9 Linear separation between two points . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 5.1 Polarization by reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Exa 5.2 Percentage transmission of polarized light . . . . . . . 29
Exa 5.3 Thickness of Quarter Wave Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 5.4 Behaviour of half wave plate for increased wavelength 30
Exa 5.5 Phase retardation for quartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 5.6 Brewster angle at the boundary between two materials 31
Exa 6.1 Lattice parameter of NaCl crystal . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 7.1 Variation of critical magnetic field with temperature . 34
Exa 6.2 Miller indices of the crystal plane . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Exa 6.3 Indices of lattice plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 6.5 Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 6.6 Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 6.7 ngle of reflection by using wavelength of X ray . . . . 37
Exa 6.8 Actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc structure 38
Exa 6.9 X ray Diffraction by crystal planes . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 6.10 X ray Diffraction by crystal planes . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 6.11 Maximum order of diffraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Exa 6.12 Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffraction . 41
Exa 6.13 Distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl . . . . . 42
Exa 6.14 Effect of structural change on volume . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 7.2 Frequency of Josephson current . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 7.3 Superconducting energy gap at 0K . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Exa 7.4 Wavelength of photon to break up a Cooper pair . . . 45
Exa 7.5 Variation of London penetration depth with temperature 45
Exa 7.6 Isotope Effect in mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 8.1 Relativistic length contraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exa 8.2 Time Dilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 8.4 Relativistic velocity addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 8.5 Relativistic effects as observed for spaceship . . . . . . 50
Exa 8.6 Time difference and distance between the events . . . 51
Exa 8.7 Speed of unstable particle in the Laboratory frame . . 52
Exa 8.8 Relativistic effects applied to mu meson . . . . . . . . 52
Exa 8.9 Speed of moving mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
6
Exa 8.10 Rate of decreasing mass of sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 8.11 Relativistic mass energy relation . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Exa 8.13 Mass from relativistic energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 8.14 Relativistic momentum of high speed probe . . . . . . 56
Exa 8.15 Moving electron subjected to the electric field . . . . . 56
Exa 9.1 De broglie wavelength of an electron from accelerating
potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 9.2 De broglie wavelength of an electron from kinetic energy 58
Exa 9.4 Uncertainty principle for position and momentum . . . 59
Exa 9.5 Uncertainty principle for energy and time . . . . . . . 60
Exa 9.6 Width of spectral line from Uncertainty principle . . . 60
Exa 9.14 Probability of electron moving in 1D box . . . . . . . 61
Exa 10.1 Ratio of occupancy of two states . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 10.4 Number density and fermi energy of silver . . . . . . . 62
Exa 10.5 Electronic contribution to the molar heat capacity of
silver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 10.6 Fermi energy and mean energy of aluminium . . . . . 64
Exa 11.1 Ratio of spontaneous and stimulated emission . . . . . 65
Exa 11.2 Energy of excited state of laser system . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 11.3 Condition of equivalence of stimulated and spontaneous
emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 11.4 Area and intensity of image formed by laser . . . . . 67
Exa 11.5 Rate of energy released in a pulsed laser . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 11.6 Angular and linear spread of laser beam . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 12.1 Parameters of step index fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 12.2 Parameters of optical fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 12.3 Numerical aperture and acceptance angle of step index
fibre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exa 12.5 Output power in fibre optic communication . . . . . . 72
Exa 13.1 Electronic Polarizability of atom . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Exa 13.2 Parallel plate capacitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 13.3 Dielectric displacement of medium . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 13.4 Relative dielectric constant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 13.5 Atomic polarizability of sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Exa 13.6 Electronic polarizability from refractive index . . . . . 77
Exa 13.7 Ratio of electronic polarizability to ionic polarizability 78
Exa 14.1 Spontaneous magnetisation of the substance . . . . . . 80
Exa 14.2 Relative permeability of ferromagnetic material . . . . 81
7
Exa 14.3 Relative permeability from magnetisation . . . . . . . 81
Exa 14.4 Magnetic flux density and magnetisation of diamagnetic
material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Exa 14.5 Magnetisation Magnetic flux density relative permeabil-
ity of diamagnetic material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Exa 14.6 Mean radius of body centered cubic structure . . . . . 84
Exa 14.7 Susceptibility and magnetisation of paramagnetic salt 84
Exa 15.1 Debye temperature of aluminium . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 15.2 Lattice specific heat of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 15.3 Einstein frequency for Cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Exa 15.4 Electronic and lattice heat capacities for Cu . . . . . . 87
Exa 15.5 Einstein lattice specific heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Exa 15.6 Molar electronic heat capacity of zinc . . . . . . . . . 89
Exa 17.1 Thickness of vibrating quartz at resonance . . . . . . . 90
Exa 18.1 Output power of the sound source . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 18.2 Change in sound level for doubling intensity . . . . . . 92
Exa 18.3 Total absorption of sound in the hall . . . . . . . . . . 92
Exa 18.4 Average absorption coefficient of the surfaces of the hall 92
Exa 18.5 Reverbration time for the hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Exa 18.6 Gain of resultant sound intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
8
Chapter 1
OSCILLATION AND WAVES
Scilab code Exa 1.1 Time period of SHM
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 : Page 23 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 A = 4/2; // A m p l i t u d e o f SHM, cm
3 x = 0; // Mean p o s i t i o n o f o s c i l l a t i n g particle ,
cm
4 v = 12; // V e l o c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c l e a t t h e mean
p o s i t i o n , cm/ s
5 // As v = omega s q r t (A2 x 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r omega
6 omega = v / sqrt ( A ^2 - x ^2) ;
7 printf ( \ nThe t i m e p e r i o d o f SHM = %5 . 2 f s , (2* %pi )
/ omega ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The t i m e p e r i o d o f SHM = 1.05 s
Scilab code Exa 1.2 Accelertion and maximum velocity in SHM

2 T = 0.1; // Time p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n i n SHM, s
9
3 x = 0.2; // P o s i t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e from i t s
mean p o s i t i o n , cm
4 A = 4; // A m p l i t u d e o f t h e p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM
, cm
5 // As T = 2 %pi / omega , s o l v i n g f o r omega
6 omega = 2* %pi / T ; // A n g u l a r s p e e d o f p a r t i c l e
e x e c u t i n g SHM, p e r s e c
7 a = omega ^2* x ; // A c c e l e r t i o n o f p a r t i c l e
e x e c u t i n g SHM, cm p e r s e c s q u a r e
8 v_max = omega * A ; // Maximum v e l o c i t y o f t h e
p a r t i c l e i n SHM, cm p e r s e c
9 printf ( \ nThe a c c e l e r t i o n o f p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM
= %5 . 1 f cm p e r s e c s q u a r e , a ) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe maximum v e l o c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c l e i n
SHM = %5 . 1 f cm p e r s e c , v_max ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The a c c e l e r t i o n o f p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM = 7 8 9 . 6
cm p e r s e c s q u a r e
14 // The maximum v e l o c i t y o f t h e p a r t i c l e i n SHM =
2 5 1 . 3 cm p e r s e c
Scilab code Exa 1.3 Damped Vibrating System

2 A1 = 40; // F i r s t a m p l i t u d e o f o s c i l l a t i o n , cm
3 An_plus_1 = 4; // A m p l i t u d e a f t e r 100
o s c i l l a t i o n s , cm
4 n = 100; // Number o f o s c i l l a t i o n s
5 T = 2.5; // Time p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n s , s
6 t = T /4; // Time t a k e n t o r e a c h t h e f i r s t
a m p l i t u d e from t h e mean p o s i t i o n , s
7 // Now A1 = x0 exp (lambda t ) and A n p l u s 1 = x0 exp
(lambda ( t+nT ) )
8 // A1/ A n p l u s 1 = exp ( n lambda T) , s o l v i n g f o r
10
lambda
9 lambda = log ( A1 / An_plus_1 ) /( n * T ) ; // Damping
constant . per sec
10 printf ( \ nDamping c o n s t a n t = %3 . 2 e p e r s e c , lambda )
;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // Damping c o n s t a n t = 9 . 2 1 e 003 p e r s e c
Scilab code Exa 1.4 Amplitude and Time Period in SHM

2 v1 = 16; // V e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM a t
p o s i t i o n 3 cm
3 v2 = 12; // V e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e e x e c u t i n g SHM a t
p o s i t i o n 4 cm
4 x1 = 3; // F i r s t p o s i t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e , cm
5 x2 = 4; // S e c o n d p o s i t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e , cm
6 // As v = omega s q r t (A2 x 2 ) s o
7 // ( v1 / v2 ) 2 = (A2 x1 2 ) / (A2 x2 2 ) , s o l v i n g
for A
8 A = poly (0 , A ) ; // D e c l a r e v a r i a b l e A
9 A = roots (( A ^2 - x1 ^2) * v2 ^2 -( A ^2 - x2 ^2) * v1 ^2) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe a m p l i t u d e o f SHM = %1d cm , A (1) ) ;
11 // v = omega s q r t (A2 x 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r omega
12 omega = v1 / sqrt ( A (1) ^2 - x1 ^2) ; // A n g u l a r s p e e d
o f the p a r t i c l e , rad per s e c
13 T = 2* %pi / omega ; // Time p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n ,
sec
14 printf ( \ nThe t i m e p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n = %5 . 3 f s e c
, T);
15
16 // R e s u l t
17 // The a m p l i t u d e o f SHM = 5 cm
18 // The t i m e p e r i o d o f o s c i l l a t i o n = 1 . 5 7 1 s e c
11
Scilab code Exa 1.5 Oscillation of a spring mass system

2 m = 0.3; // Mass a t t a c h e d t o t h e s t r i n g , kg
3 g = 9.8; // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y , m e t r e
per sec square
4 x = 0.15; // S t r e t c h n e s s p r o d u c e d i n t h e s p r i n g ,
m
5 F = m*g; // R e s t o r i n g f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e mass , N
6 k = F/x; // S p r i n g c o n s t a n t , newton p e r m e t r e
7 A = 0.1; // A m p l i t u d e o f t h e s t r i n g , m
8 omega = sqrt ( k / m ) ; // A n g u l a r f r e q u e n c y o f
o s c i l l a t i o n , rad per s e c
9 v0 = omega * A ; // Maximum v e l o c i t y d u r i n g t h e
o s c i l l a t i o n s , m/ s
10 printf ( \ nThe s p r i n g c o n s t a n t = %4 . 1 f newton p e r
metre , k);
11 printf ( \ nThe a m p l i t u d e o f o s c i l l a t i o n = %2 . 1 f m , A
);
12 printf ( \ nThe maximum v e l o c i t y d u r i n g o s c i l l a t i o n s =
%3 . 2 f m/ s , v0 ) ;
13
14 // Result
15 // The s p r i n g c o n s t a n t = 1 9 . 6 newton p e r m e t r e
16 // The a m p l i t u d e o f o s c i l l a t i o n = 0 . 1 m
17 // The maximum v e l o c i t y d u r i n g o s c i l l a t i o n s = 0 . 8 1 m
/s
Scilab code Exa 1.6 Frequency of visible region
12
2 lambda1 = 400 e -09; // Lower l i m i t o f w a v e l e n g t h
of v i s i b l e region , m
3 lambda2 = 700 e -09; // Upper l i m i t o f w a v e l e n g t h
of v i s i b l e region , m
4 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f l i g h t i n vacuum , m/ s
5 f1 = c / lambda1 ; // Upper l i m i t o f f r e q u e n c y o f
v i s i b l e region , m
6 f2 = c / lambda2 ; // Lower l i m i t o f f r e q u e n c y o f
v i s i b l e region , m
7 printf ( \ nThe f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t o f %3g nm t o %3g
nm i s %3 . 1 e Hz t o %3 . 1 e Hz , lambda1 /1 e -09 ,
lambda2 /1 e -09 , f1 , f2 ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The f r e q u e n c y e q u i v a l e n t o f 400 nm t o 700 nm i s
7 . 5 e +014 Hz t o 4 . 3 e +014 Hz
Scilab code Exa 1.7 Characteristics of sound wave

2 // Comparing t h e s t a n d a r d e q u a t i o n
3 // u ( x , t ) = A s i n ( 2 %pi ( x / lambdat /T) )
4 // w i t h t h e g i v e n e q u a t i o n , we g e t
5 A = 1.5 e -03; // A m p l i t u d e o f t h e sound wave , m
6 lambda = 8; // Wavelength o f t h e sound wave , m
7 T = 1/40; // Time p e r i o d o f t h e sound wave , s
8 nu = 1/ T ; // F r e q u e n c y o f t h e sound wave , Hz
9 v = nu * lambda ; // V e l o c i t y o f t h e sound wave , m/ s
10 printf ( \ nThe a m p l i t u d e o f t h e sound wave = %3 . 1 e m
, A);
11 printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e sound wave = %1d m ,
lambda ) ;
12 printf ( \ nThe t i m e p e r i o d o f t h e sound wave = %3 . 2 f
s , T);
13 printf ( \ nThe f r e q u e n c y o f t h e sound wave = %2d Hz ,
13
nu ) ;
14 printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f t h e sound wave = %3d m/ s ,
v);
15
16
17 // Result
18 // The a m p l i t u d e o f t h e sound wave = 1 . 5 e 003 m
19 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f t h e sound wave = 8 m
20 // The t i m e p e r i o d o f t h e sound wave = 0 . 0 3 s
21 // The f r e q u e n c y o f t h e sound wave = 40 Hz
22 // The v e l o c i t y o f t h e sound wave = 320 m/ s
Scilab code Exa 1.8 Equation of a wave moving along X axis

2 A = 2; // A m p l i t u d e o f t h e wave , cm
3 T = 0.5; // Time p e r i o d o f t h e wave , s e c
4 v = 200; // Wave v e l o c i t y , cm/ s
5 f = 1/0.5; // F r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave , Hz
6 lambda = v / f ; // Wavelength o f t h e wave , cm
7 printf ( \ nThe E q u a t i o n o f t h e wave moving a l o n g X
a x i s : );
8 printf ( u = %1d s i n 2 p i ( x /%3dt /%2 . 1 f ) , A , lambda
, T);
9
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The E q u a t i o n o f t h e wave moving a l o n g Xa x i s : u =
2 s i n 2 p i ( x /100 t / 0 . 5 )
Scilab code Exa 1.9 Wave in the wire
14
2 T = 1000; // T e n s i o n i n t h e w i r e , N
3 m = 15/300; // Mass p e r u n i t l e n g t h o f t h e w i r e ,
kg p e r m e t r e
4 lambda = 0.30; // Wavelength o f wave a l o n g w i r e ,
m
5 v = sqrt ( T / m ) ; // V e l o c i t y o f wave t h r o u g h w i r e ,
m/ s
6 nu = v / lambda ; // F r e q u e n c y o f wave t h r o u g h
s t r i n g , Hz
7 printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y and f r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave
t h r o u g h w i r e a r e %5 . 1 f m/ s and %5 . 1 f Hz
r e s p e c t i v e l y , v , nu ) ;
8
9
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The v e l o c i t y and f r e q u e n c y o f t h e wave t h r o u g h
w i r e a r e 1 4 1 . 4 m/ s and 4 7 1 . 4 Hz r e s p e c t i v e l y
15
Chapter 2
ELECTROMAGNETIC
THEORY
Scilab code Exa 2.1 Peak value of displacement current

2 function V = f ( t )
3 V = 0.2* sin (120* %pi * t ) ;
4 endfunction
5 t = 0; // Time when peak v a l u e o f c u r r e n t o c c u r s
6 C = 10 e -012; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f t h e c a p a c i t o r ,
farad
7 I = C * derivative (f , t ) ;
8 printf ( \ nThe peak v a l u e o f d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r r e n t =
%6 . 4 e A , I ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The peak v a l u e o f d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r r e n t = 7 . 5 3 9 8 e
010 A
Scilab code Exa 2.2 Displacement current density in a good conductor
16
2 function E = fn ( t )
3 E = sin (120* %pi * t ) ;
4 endfunction
5 epsilon_r = 1; // R e l a t i v e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y of f r e e space
6 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e e l e c t r i c a l
p e r m i t t i v i t y o f f r e e space , f a r a d per metre
7 t = 0; // Time when peak v a l u e o f c u r r e n t o c c u r s
8 J2 = epsilon_0 * epsilon_r * derivative ( fn , t ) ;
9 printf ( \ nThe peak v a l u e o f d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r r e n t =
%4 . 2 e ampere p e r m e t r e s q u a r e , J2 ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The peak v a l u e o f d i s p l a c e m e n t c u r r e n t = 3 . 3 4 e
009 ampere p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
Scilab code Exa 2.4 Poynting vector

2 p = 60; // Power r a t i n g o f bulb , w a t t
3 d = 0.5; // D i s t a n c e from t h e blb , m
4 P = p /(4* %pi * d ^2) ; // V a l u e o f P o y n t i n g v e c t o r ,
watt per metre s q u a r e
5 printf ( \ nThe v a l u e o f P o y n t i n g v e c t o r = %4 . 1 f w a t t
per metre s q u a r e , P);
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The v a l u e o f P o y n t i n g v e c t o r = 1 9 . 1 w a t t p e r
metre square
Scilab code Exa 2.5 Plane electromagnetic wave in a medium
17
2 E_peak = 6; // Peak v a l u e o f e l e c t r i c f i e l d
i n t e n s i t y , V/m
3 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c wave i n
f r e e s p a c e , m/ s
4 mu_0 = 4* %pi *1 e -07; // A b s o l u t e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
f r e e s p a c e , t e s l a m e t r e p e r ampere
5 epsilon_0 = 8.854 e -012; // A b s o l u t e p e r m i t t i v i t y
o f f r e e s p a c e , f a r a d /m
6 mu_r = 1; // R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f medium
7 epsilon_r = 3; // R e l a t i v e p e r m i t t i v i t y o f t h e
medium
8 v = c / sqrt ( mu_r * epsilon_r ) ; // Wave v e l o c i t y , m/ s
9 eta = sqrt (( mu_0 / epsilon_0 ) *( mu_r / epsilon_r ) ) ; //
I n t r i n s i c i m p e d a n c e o f t h e medium , ohm
10 H_P = E_peak * sqrt (( epsilon_0 * epsilon_r ) /( mu_0 * mu_r ) )
; // Peak v a l u e o f t h e m a g n e t i c i n t e n s i t y ,
ampere p e r m e t r e
11 printf ( \ nThe wave v e l o c i t y = %5 . 3 e m/ s , v ) ;
12 printf ( \ nThe i n t r i n s i c i m p e d a n c e o f t h e medium = %6
. 2 f ohm , eta ) ;
13 printf ( \ nThe peak v a l u e o f t h e m a g n e t i c i n t e n s i t y =
%4 . 2 e A/m , H_P ) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The wave v e l o c i t y = 1 . 7 3 2 e +008 m/ s
17 // The i n t r i n s i c i m p e d a n c e o f t h e medium = 2 1 7 . 5 1
ohm
18 // The peak v a l u e o f t h e m a g n e t i c i n t e n s i t y = 2 . 7 6 e
002 A/m
18
Chapter 3
INTERFERENCE
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Wavelength of Light using Young Double Slit exper-
iment

2 beta = 0.51 e -02; // F r i n g e width , cm
3 d = 2.2 e -02; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s l i t s , cm
4 D = 2 e +02; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s l i t s and t h e
s c r e e n , cm
5 // As b e t a = D lambda /d , s o l v i n g f o r lambda
6 lambda = beta * d / D ; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , m
7 printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %4d a n g s t r o m ,
lambda /1 e -010) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = 5 6 1 0 a n g s t r o m
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Fringe shift due to change in wavelength

2 lambda1 = 4250 e -010; // F i r s t w a v e l e n g t h e m i t t e d
by s o u r c e o f l i g h t , m
19
3 lambda2 = 5050 e -010; // S e c o n d w a v e l e n g t h e m i t t e d
by s o u r c e o f l i g h t , m
4 D = 1.5; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s o u r c e and t h e
screen , m
5 d = 0.025 e -03; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e s l i t s ,
m
6 n = 3; // Number o f f r i n g e from t h e c e n t r e
7 x3 = n * lambda1 * D / d ; // P o s i t i o n o f t h i r d b r i g h t
f r i n g e due t o lambda1 , m
8 x3_prime = n * lambda2 * D / d ; // P o s i t i o n o f t h i r d
b r i g h t f r i n g e due t o lambda2 , m
9 printf ( \ nThe s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t h i r d b r i g h t
f r i n g e due t o t h e two w a v e l e n g t h s = %4 . 2 f cm , (
x3_prime - x3 ) /1 e -02) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t h i r d b r i g h t f r i n g e
due t o t h e two w a v e l e n g t h s = 1 . 4 4 cm
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Refractive index from double slit experiment

2 lambda = 5.5 e -05; // Wavelength e m i t t e d by s o u r c e
o f l i g h t , cm
3 n = 4; // Number o f f r i n g e s s h i f t e d
4 t = 3.9 e -04; // T h i c k n e s s o f t h e t h i n g l a s s s h e e t
, cm
5 mu = n * lambda / t +1; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e
sheet of glass
6 printf ( \ nThe r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e s h e e t o f g l a s s
= %6 . 4 f , mu ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e s h e e t o f g l a s s =
1.5641
20
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Interference by thin soap film

2 lambda = 5893 e -010; // Wavelength o f
m o n o c h r o m a t i c l i h g t used , m
3 n = 1; // Number o f f r i n g e f o r t h e l e a s t
t h i c k n e s s of the f i l m
4 r = 0; // V a l u e o f r e f r a c t i o n a n g l e f o r n o r m a l
incidence , degrees
5 mu = 1.42; // r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e s o a p f i l m
6 // As f o r c o n s t r u c t i v e i n t e r f e r e n c e ,
7 // 2mu t c o s ( r ) = ( 2 n 1) lambda / 2 , s o l v i n g f o r t
8 t = (2* n -1) * lambda /(4* mu * cos ( r ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f
the f i l m that appears bright , m
9 printf ( \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m t h a t a p p e a r s
b r i g h t = %6 . 1 f a n g s t r o m , t /1 e -010) ;
10 // As f o r d e s t r u c t i v e i n t e r f e r e n c e ,
11 // 2mu t c o s ( r ) = n lambda , s o l v i n g f o r t
12 t = n * lambda /(2* mu * cos ( r ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f t h e
film that appears bright , m
13 printf ( \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m t h a t a p p e a r s
d a r k = %4d a n g s t r o m , t /1 e -010) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The t h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m t h a t a p p e a r s b r i g h t =
1 0 3 7 . 5 angstrom
17 // The t h i c k n e s s o f t h e f i l m t h a t a p p e a r s d a r k =
2075 angstrom
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Interference due to thin air wedge
21
3 n = 10; // Number o f f r i n g e t h a t a r e f o u n d i n t h e
d i s t n a c e o f 1 cm
4 d = 1; // D i s t a n c e o f 10 f r i n g e s , cm
5 beta = d / n ; // F r i n g e width , cm
6 theta = lambda /(2* beta ) ; // A n g l e o f t h e wedge ,
rad
7 printf ( \ nThe a n g l e o f t h e wedge = %5 . 3 e r a d , theta
);
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The a n g l e o f t h e wedge = 2 . 9 4 6 e 004 r a d
Scilab code Exa 3.6 Separation between consecutive bright fringes formed
by an air wedge

3 t = 0.010 e -01; // S p a c e r t h i c k n e s s , cm
4 l = 10; // Wedge l e n g t h , cm
5 theta = t / l ; // A n g l e o f t h e wedge , r a d
6 beta = lambda /(2* theta ) ; // F r i n g e width , cm
7 printf ( \ nThe s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e b r i g h t
f r i n g e s = %5 . 3 e cm , beta ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e b r i g h t f r i n g e s
= 2 . 9 5 0 e 001 cm
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Newton Rings by reflected light
22
2 D4 = 0.4; // D i a m e t e r o f 4 t h d a r k r i n g , cm
3 D12 = 0.7; // D i a m e t e r o f 12 t h d a r k r i n g , cm
4 // We have d n p u l s k 2Dn2 = 4 k R lambda , s o
5 // D122D42 = 32R lambda and D202D12 2 = 32R
lambda f o r k = 8 , s o l v i n g f o r D20
6 D20 = sqrt (2* D12 ^2 - D4 ^2) ; // D i a m e t e r o f 20 t h
d a r k r i n g , cm
7 printf ( \ nThe d i a m e t e r o f 20 t h d a r k r i n g = %6 . 4 f cm
, D20 ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The d i a m e t e r o f 20 t h d a r k r i n g = 0 . 9 0 5 5 cm
Scilab code Exa 3.8 Refractive index from Newton Rings arrangement

2 Dn = 0.30; // D i a m e t e r o f nth d a r k r i n g w i t h a i r
f i l m , cm
3 dn = 0.25; // D i a m e t e r o f nth d a r k r i n g w i t h
l i q u i d f i l m , cm
4 mu = ( Dn / dn ) ^2; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e l i q u i d
5 printf ( \ nThe r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e l i q u i d = %4 . 2 f
, mu ) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f t h e l i q u i d = 1 . 4 4
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Wavelength of light using Michelson Interferometer

2 x = 0.002945; // D i s t a n c e t h r o u g h which movable
m i r r o r i s s h i f t e d , cm
23
3 N = 100; // Number o f f r i n g e s s h i f t e d
4 lambda = 2* x / N ; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , m
5 printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = %4d a n g s t r o m ,
lambda /1 e -008) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f l i g h t = 5 8 9 0 a n g s t r o m
Scilab code Exa 3.10 Shift in movable mirror of Michelson Interferometer
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 1 0 : Page 73 ( 2 0 1 0 )

2 lambda1 = 5896 e -008; // Wavelength o f D1 l i n e o f
sodium , m
3 lambda2 = 5890 e -008; // Wavelength o f D2 l i n e o f
sodium , m
4 lambda = ( lambda1 + lambda2 ) /2;
5 // As lambda1 lambda2 = lambda 2 / ( 2 x ) , s o l v i n g
for x
6 x = lambda ^2/(2*( lambda1 - lambda2 ) ) ; // S h i f t i n
movable m i r r o r o f M i c h e l s o n I n t e r f e r o m e t e r , cm
7 printf ( \ nThe s h i f t i n movable m i r r o r = %5 . 3 f mm , x
/1 e -001) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The s h i f t i n movable m i r r o r = 0 . 2 8 9 mm
24
Chapter 4
DIFFRACTION
Scilab code Exa 4.1 Diffraction at a single slit

2 D = 50; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n s o u r c e and t h e s c r e e n
, cm
3 lambda = 6563 e -008; // Wavelength o f l i g h t o f
p a r a l l e l rays , m
4 d = 0.385 e -01; // Width o f t h e s l i t , cm
5 n = 1; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n f o r f i r s t minimum
6 // As s i n ( t h e t a 1 ) = n lambda / d = x1 /D, s o l v i n g f o r
x1
7 x1 = n * lambda * D / d ; // D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l maximum t o t h e f i r s t minimum , cm
8 printf ( \ nThe D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l maximum t o t h e f i r s t minimum = %4 . 2 f mm
, x1 /1 e -001) ;
9 n = 5; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n f o r f i f t h minimum
10 x2 = n * lambda * D / d ; // D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e o f
t h e p r i n c i p a l maximum t o t h e f i f t h minimum , cm
11 printf ( \ nThe D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e o f t h e
p r i n c i p a l maximum t o t h e f i f t h minimum = %4 . 2 f mm
, x2 /1 e -001) ;
12
25
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e of the principal
maximum t o t h e f i r s t minimum = 0.85 mm
15 // The D i s t a n c e from t h e c e n t r e of the principal
maximum t o t h e f i f t h minimum = 4.26 mm
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Diffraction at a circular aperture

2 D = 0.04; // D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r a p e r t u r e , cm
3 f = 20; // F o c a l l e n g t h o f c o n v e x l e n s , cm
4 lambda = 6000 e -008; // Wavelength o f l i g h t used ,
m
5 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = 1 . 2 2 lambda /D = t h e t a , f o r
small theta , such that
6 // For f i r s t d a r k r i n g
7 theta = 1.22* lambda / D ; // The h a l f a n g u l a r w i d t h
a t c e n t r a l maximum , r a d
8 r1 = theta * f ; // The h a l f w i d t h o f c e n t r a l
maximum f o r f i r s t d a r k r i n g , cm
9 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = 5 . 1 3 6 lambda / ( %pi D) = t h e t a
, f o r small theta , such that
10 // For s e c o n d d a r k r i n g
11 theta = 5.136* lambda /( %pi * D ) ; // The h a l f a n g u l a r
w i d t h a t c e n t r a l maximum , r a d
12 r2 = theta * f ; // The h a l f w i d t h o f c e n t r a l
maximum f o r s e c o n d d a r k r i n g , cm
13 printf ( \ nThe r a d i u s o f f i r s t d a r k r i n g = %4 . 2 e cm ,
r1 ) ;
14 printf ( \ nThe r a d i u s o f s e c o n d d a r k r i n g = %4 . 1 e cm
, r2 ) ;
15
16 // R e s u l t
17 // The r a d i u s o f f i r s t d a r k r i n g = 3 . 6 6 e 002 cm
18 // The r a d i u s o f s e c o n d d a r k r i n g = 4 . 9 0 e 002 cm
26
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Second order maximum for diffraction grating

2 n = 2; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
3 lambda = 650 e -009; // Wavelength o f l i g h t used , m
4 d = 1.2 e -05; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n two c o n s e c u t i v e
s l i t s of grating , m
5 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = nN lambda = n lambda /d ,
solving for theta
6 theta = asind ( n * lambda / d ) ; // A n g l e a t which t h e
650 nm l i g h t p r o d u c e s a s e c o n d o r d e r maximum ,
degrees
7 printf ( \ nThe a n g l e a t which t h e 650 nm l i g h t
p r o d u c e s a s e c o n d o r d e r maximum = %4 . 2 f d e g r e e s ,
theta ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The a n g l e a t which t h e 650 nm l i g h t p r o d u c e s a
s e c o n d o r d e r maximum = 6 . 2 2 d e g r e e s
Scilab code Exa 4.4 The highest spectral order with diffraction grating

2 lambda = 650 e -009; // Wavelength o f l i g h t used , m
3 N = 6000 e +02; // Number o f l i n e s p e r m on g r a t i n g
, per m
4 theta = 90; // A n g l e a t which t h e h i g h e s t
s p e c t r a l order i s obtained , degrees
5 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = nN lambda , s o l v i n g f o r n
6 n = sind ( theta ) /( N * lambda ) ; // The h i g h e s t o r d e r
o f s p e c t r a with d i f f r a c t i o n g r a t i n g
27
7 printf ( \ nThe h i g h e s t o r d e r o f s p e c t r a o b t a i n e d w i t h
d i f f r a c t i o n g r a t i n g = %1d , n ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The h i g h e s t o r d e r o f s p e c t r a o b t a i n e d w i t h
diffraction grating = 2
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Overlapping spectra with diffraction grating

2 N = 4000 e +02; // Number o f l i n e s p e r m on g r a t i n g
, per m
3 // For B l u e L i n e
4 lambda = 450 e -009; // Wavelength o f b l u e l i g h t , m
5 n = 3; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n s p e c t r u m
6 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = nN lambda , s o l v i n g f o r s i n (
theta )
7 sin_theta_3 = n * N * lambda ; // S i n e o f a n g l e a t
third order d i f f r a c t i o n
8 // For Red L i n e
9 lambda = 700 e -009; // Wavelength o f b l u e l i g h t , m
11 // We have s i n ( t h e t a ) = nN lambda , s o l v i n g f o r s i n (
theta )
12 sin_theta_2 = n * N * lambda ; // S i n e o f a n g l e a t
second order d i f f r a c t i o n
13 // Check f o r o v e r l a p p i n g
14 if abs ( sin_theta_3 - sin_theta_2 ) < 0.05 then
15 printf ( \ nThe two o r d e r s o v e r l a p . ) ;
16 else
17 printf ( \ nThe two o r d e r s do n o t o v e r l a p . ) ;
18 end
19
20 // R e s u l t
21 // The two o r d e r s o v e r l a p .
28
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Width of first order spectrum

3 N = 6000 e +02; // Number o f l i n e s p e r m on
d i f f r a c t i o n grating , per m
4 D = 2; // D i s t a n c e o f s c r e e n from t h e s o u r c e , m
5 lambda1 = 400 e -009; // Wavelength o f b l u e l i g h t ,
m
6 // We have s i n ( t h e t a 1 ) = nN lambda , s o l v i n g f o r
theta1
7 theta1 = asind ( n * N * lambda1 ) ; // A n g l e a t f i r s t
o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n f o r Blue l i g h t , d e g r e e s
8 lambda2 = 750 e -009; // Wavelength o f b l u e l i g h t ,
m
9 // We have s i n ( t h e t a 2 ) = nN lambda , s o l v i n g f o r
theta2
10 theta2 = asind ( n * N * lambda2 ) ; // A n g l e a t f i r s t
o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n f o r Red l i g h t , d e g r e e s
11 x1 = D * tand ( theta1 ) ; // H a l f w i d t h p o s i t i o n a t
c e n t r a l maximum f o r b l u e c o l o r , m
12 x2 = D * tand ( theta2 ) ; // H a l f w i d t h p o s i t i o n a t
c e n t r a l maximum f o r r e d c o l o r , m
13
14 printf ( \ nThe w i d t h o f f i r s t o r d e r s p e c t r u m on t h e
s c r e e n = %4 . 1 f cm , ( x2 - x1 ) /1 e -02) ;
15
16 // R e s u l t
17 // The w i d t h o f f i r s t o r d e r s p e c t r u m on t h e s c r e e n =
5 1 . 3 cm
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Resolution of wavelengths for grating
29
2 w = 5; // Width o f t h e g r a t i n g , cm
3 N = 320; // Number o f l i n e s p e r cm on g r a t i n g ,
p e r cm
4 N0 = w * N ; // T o t a l number o f l i n e s on t h e g r a t i n g
5 lambda = 640; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , nm
6 n = 2; // Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
7 d_lambda = lambda /( n * N0 ) ; // S e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n
w a v e l e n g t h s which t h e g r a t i g n can j u s t r e s o l v e ,
nm
8 printf ( \ nThe s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n w a v e l e n g t h s which
t h e g r a t i n g can j u s t r e s o l v e = %3 . 1 f nm ,
d_lambda ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n w a v e l e n g t h s which t h e
g r a t i n g can j u s t r e s o l v e = 0 . 2 nm
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Angular separation to satisfy Rayleigh criterion

2 lambda = 550 e -09; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , m
3 D = 3.2 e -02; // D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r l e n s , m
4 f = 24 e -02; // F o c a l l e n g t h o f t h e l e n s , m
5 theta_min = 1.22* lambda / D ; // Minimum a n g l e o f
r e s o l u t i o n p r o v i d e d by t h e l e n s , r a d
6 // As d e l t a x / f = t h e t a m i n , s o l v i n g f o r d e l t a x
7 delta_x = theta_min * f ; // S e p a r a t i o n o f t h e
c e n t r e s of the images in the f o c a l plane of lens ,
m
8 printf ( \ nThe s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e c e n t r e s o f t h e
i m a g e s i n t h e f o c a l p l a n e o f l e n s = %1d micro
m e t r e , delta_x /1 e -06) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
30
11 // The s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e c e n t r e s o f t h e i m a g e s i n
t h e f o c a l p l a n e o f l e n s = 5 micro m e t r e
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Linear separation between two points

2 lambda = 550 e -09; // Wavelength o f l i g h t , m
3 D = 20 e -02; // D i a m e t e r o f o b j e c t i v e o f t e l e s c o p e
, m
4 d = 6 e +003; // D i s t a n c e o f two p o i n t s from t h e
objective of telescope , m
5 theta = 1.22* lambda / D ; // A n g u l a r s e p a r a t i o n
b e t w e e n two p o i n t s , r a d
6 x = theta * d ; // L i n e a r s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n two
points , m
7 printf ( \ nThe l i n e a r s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n two p o i n t s =
%5 . 2 f mm , x /1 e -03) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The l i n e a r s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n two p o i n t s = 2 0 . 1 3
mm
31
Chapter 5
POLARIZATION
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Polarization by reflection
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 1 : P o l a r i z a t i o n by r e f l e c t i o n :
Page 113 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 mu_g = 1.72; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f g l a s s
3 mu_w = 4/3; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f w a t e r
4 // For p o l a r i z a t i o n t o o c c u r on f l i n t g l a s s , t a n ( i )
= mu g /mu w
5 // S o l v i n g f o r i
6 i = atand ( mu_g / mu_w ) ;
7 printf ( \ nThe a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e f o r c o m p l e t e
p o l a r i z a t i o n t o o c c u r on f l i n t g l a s s = %4 . 1 f
d e g r e e s , i);
8 // For p o l a r i z a t i o n t o o c c u r on water , t a n ( i ) = mu w
/ mu g
9 // S o l v i n g f o r i
10 i = atand ( mu_w / mu_g ) ;
11 printf ( \ nThe a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e f o r c o m p l e t e
p o l a r i z a t i o n t o o c c u r on w a t e r = %5 . 2 f d e g r e e s ,
i);
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e f o r c o m p l e t e p o l a r i z a t i o n
32
t o o c c u r on f l i n t g l a s s = 5 2 . 2 d e g r e e s
15 // The a n g l e o f i n c i d e n c e f o r c o m p l e t e p o l a r i z a t i o n
t o o c c u r on w a t e r = 3 7 . 7 8 d e g r e e s
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Percentage transmission of polarized light
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 2 : P e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f
p o l a r i z e d l i g h t : Page 113 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 I0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y , we assume t h e
i n t e n s i t y o f l i g h t f a l l i n g on t h e s e c o n d N i c o l
p r i s m t o be u n i t y , w a t t p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
3 theta = 30; // A n g l e t h r o u g h which t h e c r o s s e d
Nicol i s rotated , degrees
4 I = I0 * cosd (90 - theta ) ^2; // I n t e n s i t y o f t h e
e m e r g i n g l i g h t from s e c o n d N i c o l , w a t t p e r m e t r e
square
5 T = I /(2* I0 ) *100; // P e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f
incident light
6 printf ( \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f i n c i d e n t
l i g h t a f t e r e m e r g i n g t h r o u g h t h e N i c o l p r i s m = %4
. 1 f p e r c e n t , T);
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The p e r c e n t a g e t r a n s m i s s i o n o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t
a f t e r emerging through the Nicol prism = 12.5
percent
Scilab code Exa 5.3 Thickness of Quarter Wave Plate
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 3 : T h i c k n e s s o f Q u a r t e r Wave

P l a t e : Page 113 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 6000 e -008; // Wavelength o f i n c i d e n t
l i g h t , cm
33
3 mu_e = 1.55; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f e x t r a o r d i n a r y
ray
4 mu_o = 1.54; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o r d i n a r y r a y
5 t = lambda /(4*( mu_e - mu_o ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f
Q u a r t e r Wave p l a t e o f p o s i t i v e c r y s t a l , cm
6 printf ( \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f Q u a r t e r Wave p l a t e = %6 . 4
f cm , t ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The t h i c k n e s s o f Q u a r t e r Wave p l a t e = 0 . 0 0 1 5 cm
Scilab code Exa 5.4 Behaviour of half wave plate for increased wavelength
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 4 : B e h a v i o u r o f h a l f wave p l a t e

f o r i n c r e a s e d w a v e l e n g t h : Page 114 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y , w a v e l e n g t h o f
i n c i d e n t l i g h t i s assumed t o be , cm
3 mu_e = 1.55; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f e x t r a o r d i n a r y
ray
4 mu_o = 1.54; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o r d i n a r y r a y
5 t = lambda /(2*( mu_e - mu_o ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f
H a l f Wave p l a t e f o r g i v e n lambda , cm
6 t_prime = 2* lambda /(2*( mu_e - mu_o ) ) ; // T h i c k n e s s
o f H a l f Wave p l a t e f o r t w i c e lambda , cm
7 printf ( \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f h a l f wave p l a t e i s %2 . 1 f
t i m e s t h a t o f t h e q u a r t e r wave p l a t e . , t / t_prime
);
8 printf ( \ nThe h a l f wave p l a t e b e h a v e s a s a q u a r t e r
wave p l a t e f o r t w i c e t h e w a v e l e n g t h o f i n c i d e n t
l i g h t . );
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The t h i c k n e s s o f h a l f wave p l a t e i s 0 . 5 t i m e s
t h a t o f t h e q u a r t e r wave p l a t e .
12 // The h a l f wave p l a t e b e h a v e s a s a q u a r t e r wave
34
p l a t e f o r twice the wavelength of i n c i d e n t l i g h t .
Scilab code Exa 5.5 Phase retardation for quartz
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 5 : Phase r e t a r d a t i o n f o r q u a r t z

: Page 114 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 500 e -09; // Wavelength o f i n c i d e n t l i g h t
, m
3 mu_e = 1.5508; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f
e x t r a o r d i n a r y ray
4 mu_o = 1.5418; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f o r d i n a r y
ray
5 t = 0.032 e -03; // T h i c k n e s s o f q u a r t z p l a t e , m
6 dx = ( mu_e - mu_o ) * t ; // Path d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
Er a y and Oray , m
7 dphi = (2* %pi ) / lambda * dx ; // Phase r e t a r d a t i o n
f o r quartz f o r given wavelength , rad
8 printf ( \ nThe p h a s e r e t a r d a t i o n f o r q u a r t z f o r g i v e n
w a v e l e n g t h = %5 . 3 f p i r a d , dphi / %pi ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The p h a s e r e t a r d a t i o n f o r q u a r t z f o r g i v e n
wavelength = 1 .1 52 pi rad
Scilab code Exa 5.6 Brewster angle at the boundary between two mate-
rials
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex5 . 6 : B r e w s t e r a n g l e a t t h e
boundary b e t w e e n two m a t e r i a l s : Page 114 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 C = 52; // C r i t i c a l a n g l e f o r t o t a l i n t e r n a l
r e f l e c t i o n a t a boundary b e t w e e n two m a t e r i a l s ,
degrees
3 // From B r e w s t e r s law , t a n d ( i B ) = 1 mu 2
35
4 // A l s o s i n d (C) = 1 mu 2 , s o t h a t
5 // t a n d ( i B ) = s i n d (C) , s o l v i n g f o r i B
6 i_B = atand ( sind ( C ) ) ; // B r e w s t e r a n g l e a t t h e
boundary , d e g r e e s
7 printf ( \ nThe B r e w s t e r a n g l e a t t h e boundary b e t w e e n
two m a t e r i a l s = %2d d e g r e e s , i_B ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The B r e w s t e r a n g l e a t t h e boundary b e t w e e n two
m a t e r i a l s = 38 d e g r e e s
36
Chapter 6
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
Scilab code Exa 6.1 Lattice parameter of NaCl crystal
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 : L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f NaCl

c r y s t a l : Page 134 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 M = 23+35.5; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f NaCl , kg
p e r kmole
3 d = 2.18 e +03; // D e n s i t y o f r o c k s a l t , kg p e r
metre cube
4 n = 4; // No . o f atoms p e r u n i t c e l l f o r an f c c
l a t t i c e o f NaCl c r y s t a l
5 N = 6.023 D +26; // Avogadro s No . , atoms /kmol
6 // Volume o f t h e u n i t c e l l i s g i v e n by
7 // a 3 = Mn / (Nd )
8 // S o l v i n g f o r a
9 a = ( n * M /( d * N ) ) ^(1/3) ; // L a t t i c e c o n s t a n t o f
u n i t c e l l o f NaCl
10 printf ( \ n L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r t h e NaCl c r y s t a l =
%4 . 2 f a n g s t r o m , a /1 e -010) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r t h e NaCl c r y s t a l = 5 . 6 3
angstrom
37
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Variation of critical magnetic field with temperature
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 1 : V a r i a t i o n o f c r i t i c a l
m a g n e t i c f i e l d w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e : Page 152 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 T_c = 3.722; // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f
superconducting transition , kelvin
3 B_c0 = 0.0306; // C r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d t o
destroy superconductivity , tesla
4 T = 2; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t which c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c
f i e l d i s t o be f o u n d out , k e l v i n
5 B_cT = B_c0 *(1 -( T / T_c ) ^2) ;
6 printf ( \ nThe c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d a t %d K = %6 . 4
f T , T , B_cT ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The c r i t i c a l m a g n e t i c f i e l d a t 2 K = 0 . 0 2 1 8 T s
Scilab code Exa 6.2 Miller indices of the crystal plane
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 2 : M i l l e r i n d i c e s o f t h e c r y s t a l
p l a n e : Page 134 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 m = 3; n = 2; p = 1; // C o e f f i c i e n t s o f i n t e r c e p t s
along three axes
3 m_inv = 1/ m ; // R e c i p r o c a t e t h e f i r s t
coefficient
4 n_inv = 1/ n ; // R e c i p r o c a t e t h e s e c o n d
coefficient
5 p_inv = 1/ p ; // R e c i p r o c a t e t h e t h i r d
coefficient
6 mul_fact = double ( lcm ( int32 ([ m ,n , p ]) ) ) ; // Find l . c .
m. o f m, n and p
7 m1 = m_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e f i r s t f r a c t i o n
38
8 m2 = n_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e s e c o n d f r a c t i o n
9 m3 = p_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e t h i r d f r a c t i o n
10 printf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e d m i l l e r i n d i c e s a r e : (%d %d
%d) , m1 , m2 , m3 ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The r e q u i r e d m i l l e r i n d i c e s a r e : ( 2 3 6 )
Scilab code Exa 6.3 Indices of lattice plane
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 3 : I n d i c e s o f l a t t i c e p l a n e :
Page 135 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 m = 2; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f i n t e r c e p t a l o n g xa x i s
3 n = %inf ; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f i n t e r c e p t a l o n g y
axis
4 p = 3/2; // C o e f f i c i e n t o f i n t e r c e p t a l o n g za x i s
5 m_inv = 1/ m ; // R e c i p r o c a t e m
6 n_inv = 1/ n ; // R e c i p r o c a t e n
7 p_inv = 1/ p ; // R e c i p r o c a t e p
8 mul_fact = 6; // m u l t i p l i c a t i v e f a c t o r , L . C .M. o f
2 and 3 i . e . 6
9 m1 = m_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e f i r s t f r a c t i o n
10 m2 = n_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e s e c o n d f r a c t i o n
11 m3 = p_inv * mul_fact ; // C l e a r t h e t h i r d f r a c t i o n
12 printf ( \ nThe r e q u i r e d m i l l e r i n d i c e s a r e : %d , %d ,
%d , m1 , m2 , m3 ) ;
13
14 // R e s u l t
15 // The r e q u i r e d m i l l e r i n d i c e s a r e : 3 , 0 , 4
Scilab code Exa 6.5 Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal
39
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 5 : I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g i n c u b i c
c r y s t a l : Page 136 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2
3 // For ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s
4 h = 1; k = 1; l = 0; // M i l l e r Indices for planes in
a cubic crystal
5 a = 0.43 e -009; // I n t e r a t o m i c s p a c i n g , m
6 d = a /( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // The i n t e r p l a n a r
spacing for cubic crystals , m
7 printf ( \ nThe i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n
c o n s e c u t i v e ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s = %4 . 2 f a n g s t r o m , d /1 e
-010) ;
8
9 // For ( 2 1 2 ) p l a n e s
10 h = 2; k = 1; l = 2; // M i l l e r Indices for planes in
a cubic crystal
11 a = 4.21 D -10; // I n t e r a t o m i c s p a c i n g , m
c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 1 2 ) p l a n e s = %4 . 3 f a n g s t r o m , d /1 e
-010) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The i n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g b e t w e e n c o n s e c u t i v e ( 1 1 0 )
p l a n e s = 3 . 0 4 angstrom
p l a n e s = 1 . 4 0 3 angstrom
Scilab code Exa 6.6 Interplanar spacing in cubic crystal
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 6 : I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g i n c u b i c
c r y s t a l : Page 136 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 h = 2; k = 3; l = 1; // M i l l e r I n d i c e s f o r p l a n e s i n
a cubic crystal
40
3 r = 0.175 e -009; // Atomic r a d i u s o f f c c l a t t i c e ,
m
4 a = 2* sqrt (2) * r ; // I n t e r a t o m i c s p a c i n g o f f c c
lattice , m
c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 3 1 ) p l a n e s = %4 . 2 f a n s g t r o m , d /1 e
-010) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
p l a n e s = 1 . 3 2 ansgtrom
Scilab code Exa 6.7 ngle of reflection by using wavelength of X ray
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 7 : A n g l e o f r e f l e c t i o n by u s i n g
w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y : Page 136 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 lambda = 1.440 e -010; // Wavelength o f Xr a y s , m
3 d = 2.8 e -010; // I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g o f r o c k s a l t
crystal , m
4 // 2 d s i n ( t h e t a ) = n lambda Bragg s law , n i s
the order of d i f f r a c t i o n
5 // S o l v i n g f o r t h e t a , we have
6
7 // For I s t Order d i f f r a c t i o n
8 n = 1;
9 theta = asind ( n * lambda /(2* d ) ) ; // A n g l e o f
diffraction , degrees
10 printf ( \ nThe a n g l e o f r e f l e c t i o n f o r f i r s t o r d e r
d i f f r a c t i o n = %4 . 1 f d e g r e e s , theta ) ;
11
12 // For I I n d Order d i f f r a c t i o n
13 n = 2;
14 theta = asind ( n * lambda /(2* d ) ) ; // A n g l e o f
41
diffraction , degrees
15 printf ( \ nThe a n g l e o f r e f l e c t i o n f o r f i r s t o r d e r
d i f f r a c t i o n = %4 . 1 f d e g r e e s , theta ) ;
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The a n g l e o f reflection for f i r s t order
diffraction = 14.9 degrees
19 // The a n g l e o f reflection for f i r s t order
diffraction = 30.9 degrees
Scilab code Exa 6.8 Actual volume occupied by the spheres in fcc struc-
ture
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 8 : A c t u a l volume o c c u p i e d by t h e

s p h e r e s i n f c c s t r u c t u r e Page 136 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 N = 8*1/8 + 6*1/2; // t o t a l number o f s p h e r e s i n
a unit c e l l
3 a = 1; // For c o n v e n i e n c e , assume i n t e r a t o m i c
s p a c i n g t o be u n i t y , m
4 r = a /(2* sqrt (2) ) ; // The a t o m i c r a d i u s , m
5 V_atom = N *4/3* %pi * r ^3; // Volume o f atoms , m e t r e
cube
6 V_uc = a ^3; // Volume o f u n i t c e l l , m e t r e c u b e
7 printf ( \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e o f a c t u a l volume o c c u p i e d
by t h e s p h e r e s i n f c c s t r u c t u r e = %4 . 2 f p e r c e n t ,
V_atom / V_uc *100) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The p e r c e n t a g e o f a c t u a l volume o c c u p i e d by t h e
spheres in fcc structure = 74.05 percent
Scilab code Exa 6.9 X ray Diffraction by crystal planes
42
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 9 : Xr a y D i f f r a c t i o n by c r y s t a l
p l a n e s : Page 137 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 // For ( 2 2 1 ) p l a n e s
a cubic crystal
4 a = 2.68 e -010; // I n t e r a t o m i c s p a c i n g , m
5 n = 1; // F i r s t Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
6 theta = 8.5; // G l a n c i n g a n g l e a t which Bragg s
r e f l e c t i o n occurs , degrees
spacing for cubic crystal , m
8 lambda = 2* d * sind ( theta ) ; // Bragg s Law f o r
w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y s , m
9 n = 2; // S e c o n d o r d e r o f d i f f r a c t i o n
10 theta = asind ( n * lambda /(2* d ) ) ; // A n g l e a t which
s e c o n d o r d e r Bragg r e f l e c t i o n o c c u r s , d e g r e e s
c o n s e c u t i v e ( 2 2 1 ) p l a n e s = %5 . 3 e , d ) ;
12 printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y s = %5 . 3 f a n g s t r o m
, lambda /1 e -010) ;
13 printf ( \ nThe a n g l e a t which s e c o n d o r d e r Bragg
r e f l e c t i o n o c c u r s = %4 . 1 f d e g r e e s , theta ) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
p l a n e s = 8 . 9 3 3 e 011
17 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f Xr a y s = 0 . 2 6 4 a n g s t r o m
18 // The a n g l e a t which s e c o n d o r d e r Bragg r e f l e c t i o n
occurs = 17.2 degrees
Scilab code Exa 6.10 X ray Diffraction by crystal planes
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 0 : L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r ( 1 1 0 )
p l a n e s o f c u b i c c r y s t a l : Page 137 ( 2 0 1 0 )
43
a cubic crystal
4 theta = 25; // G l a n c i n g a n g l e a t which Bragg s
6 // From Bragg s Law , n lambda = 2 d s i n d ( t h e t a ) ,
solving for d
7 d = n * lambda /(2* sind ( theta ) ) ; // I n t e r p l a n a r
spacing of cubic crystal , m
8 a = d *( h ^2+ k ^2+ l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // The l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r
for cubic crystal , m
9 printf ( \ nThe l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r c u b i c c r y s t a l =
%4 . 2 f a n g s t r o m , a /1 e -010) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The l a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r f o r c u b i c c r y s t a l = 1 . 1 7
angstrom
Scilab code Exa 6.11 Maximum order of diffraction
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 1 : Maximum o r d e r o f d i f f r a c t i o n

: Page 138 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 d = 0.31 e -009; // I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g , m
4 theta = 9.25; // G l a n c i n g a n g l e a t which Bragg s
5 // From Bragg s Law , n lambda = 2 d s i n d ( t h e t a ) ,
s o l v i n g f o r lambda
6 lambda = 2* d * sind ( theta ) / n ; // Wavelength o f X
r a y s , m ( Bragg s Law )
7 theta_max = 90; // Maximum p o s s i b l e a n g l e a t
which r e f l e c t i o n can o c c u r , d e g r e e s
8 n = 2* d * sind ( theta_max ) / lambda ; // Maximum
possible order of d i f f r a c t i o n
9 printf ( \ nThe Maximum p o s s i b l e o r d e r o f d i f f r a c t i o n
44
= %1d ,n ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The Maximum p o s s i b l e o r d e r o f d i f f r a c t i o n = 6
Scilab code Exa 6.12 Bragg reflection angle for the second order diffrac-
tion
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 2 : Bragg r e f l e c t i o n a n g l e f o r

t h e s e c o n d o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n : Page 138 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 // For ( 1 1 0 ) p l a n e s
3 h = 1 , k = 1 , l = 0; // M i l l e r i n d i c e s f o r ( 1 1 0 )
planes
4 d_110 = 0.195 e -009; // I n t e r p l a n a r s p a c i n g
between ( 1 1 0 ) planes , m
5 // As d 1 1 0 = a / ( h 2 + k 2 + l 2 ) ( 1 / 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r
a
6 a = d_110 *( h ^2 + k ^2 + l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // L a t t i c e
parameter f o r bcc c r y s t a l , m
7 // For ( 2 1 0 ) p l a n e s
8 h = 2 , k = 1 , l = 0; // M i l l e r i n d i c e s f o r ( 1 1 0 )
planes
9 d_210 = a /( h ^2 + k ^2 + l ^2) ^(1/2) ; // I n t e r p l a n a r
s p a c i n g between ( 2 1 0 ) planes , m
10 n = 2; // S e c o n d s Order o f d i f f r a c t i o n
12 // From Bragg s Law , n lambda = 2 d 2 1 0 s i n d ( t h e t a ) ,
solving for theta
13 theta = asind ( n * lambda /(2* d_210 ) ) ; // Bragg
r e f l e c t i o n angle f o r the second order d i f f r a c t i o n
, degrees
14 printf ( \ nBragg r e f l e c t i o n a n g l e f o r t h e s e c o n d
o r d e r d i f f r a c t i o n = %5 . 2 f d e g r e e s , theta ) ;
15
16 // R e s u l t
45
17 // Bragg r e f l e c t i o n a n g l e f o r t h e s e c o n d o r d e r
d i f f r a c t i o n = 35.72 degrees
Scilab code Exa 6.13 Distance between nearest neighbours of NaCl
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 3 : D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n n e a r e s t
n e i g h b o u r s o f NaCl : Page 138 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 M = 23+35.5; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f NaCl , kg
p e r kmole
3 d = 2.18 e +03; // D e n s i t y o f r o c k s a l t , kg p e r
metre cube
4 n = 4; // No . o f atoms p e r u n i t c e l l f o r an f c c
l a t t i c e o f NaCl c r y s t a l
5 N = 6.023 D +26; // Avogadro s No . , atoms /kmol
6 // Volume o f t h e u n i t c e l l i s g i v e n by
7 // a 3 = Mn / (Nd )
8 // S o l v i n g f o r a
9 a = ( n * M /( d * N ) ) ^(1/3) ; // L a t t i c e c o n s t a n t o f
u n i t c e l l o f NaCl
10 printf ( \ nThe d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s o f
NaCl s t r u c t u r e = %5 . 3 e , a /2) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n n e a r e s t n e i g h b o u r s o f NaCl
s t r u c t u r e = 2 . 8 1 4 e 010
Scilab code Exa 6.14 Effect of structural change on volume
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex6 . 1 4 : E f f e c t o f s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e
on volume : Page 139 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 // For b c c s t r u c t u r e
3 r = 1.258 e -010; // Atomic r a d i u s o f b c c s t r u c t u r e
of iron , m
46
4 a = 4* r / sqrt (3) ; // L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f b c c
structure of iron , m
5 V = a ^3; // Volume o f b c c u n i t c e l l , m e t r e c u b e
6 N = 2; // Number o f atoms p e r u n i t c e l l i n b c c
structure
7 V_atom_bcc = V / N ; // Volume o c c u p i e d by one atom ,
metre cube
8 // For f c c s t r u c t u r e
9 r = 1.292 e -010; // Atomic r a d i u s o f f c c s t r u c t u r e
of iron , m
10 a = 2* sqrt (2) * r ; // L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f f c c
structure of iron , m
11 V = a ^3; // Volume o f f c c u n i t c e l l , m e t r e c u b e
12 N = 4; // Number o f atoms p e r u n i t c e l l i n f c c
structure
13 V_atom_fcc = V / N ; // Volume o c c u p i e d by one atom ,
metre cube
14 delta_V = ( V_atom_bcc - V_atom_fcc ) / V_atom_bcc *100;
// P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n volume due t o
s t r u c t u r a l change o f i r o n
15 printf ( \ nThe p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n volume o f i r o n =
%4 . 2 f p e r c e n t , delta_V ) ;
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n volume o f i r o n = 0 . 4 9
percent
47
Chapter 7
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Frequency of Josephson current
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 2 : F r e q u e n c y o f J o s e p h s o n
c u r r e n t : Page 152 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 V = 1e -06; // DC v o l t a g e a p p l i e d a c r o s s t h e
Josephson junction , v o l t
3 e = 1.6 e -019; // Charge on an e l e c t r o n , C
4 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck s c o n s t a n t , J s
5 f = 2* e * V / h ; // F r e q u e n c y o f J o s e p h s o n c u r r e n t ,
Hz
6 printf ( \ nThe f r e q u e n c y o f J o s e p h s o n c u r r e n t = %5 . 1 f
MHz , f /1 e +06) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The f r e q u e n c y o f J o s e p h s o n c u r r e n t = 4 8 2 . 9 MHz
Scilab code Exa 7.3 Superconducting energy gap at 0K
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 3 : S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap a t

0K : Page 152 ( 2 0 1 0 )
48
2 T_c = 0.517; // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r cadmium ,
K
3 k = 1.38 e -023; // Boltzmann c o n s t a n t , J /K
4 e = 1.6 e -019; // Energy e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
5 E_g = 3.5* k * T_c / e ; // S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap
a t a b s o l u t e z e r o , eV
6 printf ( \ nThe s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap f o r Cd a t
a b s o l u t e z e r o = %4 . 2 e eV , E_g ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The s u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap f o r Cd a t a b s o l u t e
z e r o = 1 . 5 6 e 004 eV
Scilab code Exa 7.4 Wavelength of photon to break up a Cooper pair
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 4 : Wavelength o f p h o t o n t o b r e a k

up a Cooperp a i r : Page 152 ( 2 0 1 0 )
3 c = 3 e +08; // Speed o f l i g h t i n f r e e s p a c e , m/ s
5 E_g = 1.5 e -004; // S u p e r c o n d u c t i n g e n e r g y gap f o r
a m a t e r i a l , eV
6 // As E g = h f = h c / lambda , s o l v i n g f o r lambda
7 lambda = h * c /( E_g * e ) ; // Wavelength o f p h o t o n t o
b r e a k up a Cooperp a i r , m
8 printf ( \ nThe w a v e l e n g t h o f p h o t o n t o b r e a k up a
Cooperp a i r = %4 . 2 e m , lambda ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The w a v e l e n g t h o f p h o t o n t o b r e a k up a Cooper
p a i r = 8 . 2 8 e 003 m
49
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Variation of London penetration depth with temper-
ature
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 5 : V a r i a t i o n o f London

p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h w i t h t e m p e r a t u r e : Page 153
(2010)
2 lambda_0 = 37 e -009; // P e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h o f l e a d
at 0 kelvin , m
3 T_c = 7.193; // C r i t i c a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f
superconducting t r a n s i t i o n f o r lead , k e l v i n
4 T = 5.2; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t which p e n e t r a t i o n
d e p t h f o r l e a d becomes lambda T , k e l v i n
5 lambda_T = lambda_0 *(1 -( T / T_c ) ^4) ^( -1/2) ; //
P e n e t r a t i o n depth o f l e a d at 5 . 2 k e l v i n , m
6 printf ( \ nThe p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h o f l e a d a t %3 . 1 f K =
%4 . 1 f nm ,T , lambda_T /1 e -009) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The p e n e t r a t i o n d e p t h o f l e a d a t 5 . 2 K = 4 3 . 4 nm
Scilab code Exa 7.6 Isotope Effect in mercury
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex7 . 6 : I s o t o p e E f f e c t i n m e r c u r y :
Page 153 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 M1 = 199; // Mass o f an i s o t o p e o f mercury , amu
3 T_C1 = 4.185; // T r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
i s o p t o p e o f Hg , K
4 T_C2 = 4.153; // T r a n s i t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f
a n o t h e r i s o p t o p e o f Hg , K
5 alpha = 0.5; // I s o t o p e c o e f f i c i e n t
6 M2 = M1 *( T_C1 / T_C2 ) ^(1/ alpha ) ; // Mass o f a n o t h e r
i s o t o p e o f mercury , amu
7 printf ( \ nThe mass o f a n o t h e r i s o t o p e o f m e r c u r y a t
%5 . 3 f K = %6 . 2 f amu , T_C2 , M2 ) ;
8
50
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The mass o f a n o t h e r i s o t o p e o f m e r c u r y a t 4 . 1 5 3 K
= 2 0 2 . 0 8 amu
51
Chapter 8
SPECIAL THEORY OF
RELATIVITY
Scilab code Exa 8.1 Relativistic length contraction

2 L_0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y , we assume classical
l e n g t h t o be u n i t y , m
3 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t t o
be u n i t y , m/ s
4 L = (1 -1/100) * L_0 ; // R e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h , m
5 // R e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h c o n t r a c t i o n g i v e s
6 // L = L 0 s q r t (1v 2/ c 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r v
7 v = sqrt (1 -( L / L_0 ) ^2) * c ; // Speed a t which
r e l a t i v i s t i c length i s 1 percent of the c l a s s i c a l
l e n g t h , m/ s
8 printf ( \ nThe s p e e d a t which r e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h i s
1 p e r c e n t o f t h e c l a s s i c a l l e n g t h = %5 . 3 f c , v ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The s p e e d a t which r e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h i s 1
percent of the c l a s s i c a l length = 0.141 c
52
Scilab code Exa 8.2 Time Dilation

2 c = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume s p e e d o f l i g h t to
be u n i t y , m/ s
3 v = 0.9* c ; // Speed a t which beam o f p a r t i c l e s
t r a v e l , m/ s
4 delta_t = 5e -006; // Mean l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e s
a s o b s e r v e d i n t h e Lab . frame , s
5 delta_tau = delta_t * sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // P r o p e r
l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e a s p e r Time D i l a t i o n r u l e , s
6 printf ( \ nThe p r o p e r l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e = %4 . 2 e s
, delta_tau ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The p r o p e r l i f e t i m e o f p a r t i c l e = 2 . 1 8 e 006 s
Scilab code Exa 8.4 Relativistic velocity addition

be u n i t y , m/ s
3 v = 0.6* c ; // Speed w i t h which t h e r o c k e t l e a v e s
t h e e a r t h , m/ s
4 u_prime = 0.9* c ; // R e l a t i v e s p e e d o f s e c o n d
r o c k e t w . r . t . t h e f i r s t r o c k e t , m/ s
5 u = ( u_prime + v ) /(1+( u_prime * v ) / c ^2) ; // Speed o f
s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r same d i r e c t i o n o f f i r i n g a s p e r
V e l o c i t y A d d i t i o n Rule , m/ s
6 printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r same
d i r e c t i o n o f f i r i n g = %5 . 3 f c , u ) ;
53
7 u = ( - u_prime + v ) /(1 -( u_prime * v ) / c ^2) ; // Speed o f
second rocket f o r opposite d i r e c t i o n of f i r i n g
a s p e r V e l o c i t y A d d i t i o n Rule , m/ s
8 printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r o p p o s i t e
d i r e c t i o n o f f i r i n g = %5 . 3 f c , u ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The s p e e d o f s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r same d i r e c t i o n o f
f i r i n g = 0.974 c
12 // The s p e e d o f s e c o n d r o c k e t f o r o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n
o f f i r i n g = 0.652 c
Scilab code Exa 8.5 Relativistic effects as observed for spaceship

be u n i t y , m/ s
3 L0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume l e n g t h i n
s p a c e s h i p s f r a m e t o be u n i t y , m
4 L = 1/2* L0 ; // Length a s o b s e r v e d on e a r t h , m
5 // R e l a t i v i s t i c l e n g t h c o n t r a c t i o n g i v e s
6 // L = L 0 s q r t (1v 2/ c 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r v
7 v = sqrt (1 -( L / L0 ) ^2) * c ; // Speed a t which l e n g t h
o f s p a c e s h i p i s o b s e r v e d a s h a l f from t h e e a r t h
frame , m/ s
8 tau = 1; // U n i t t i m e i n t h e s p a c e s h i p s frame , s
9 t = tau / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // Time d i l a t i o n o f t h e
s p a c e s h i p s u n i t time , s
10 printf ( \ nThe s p e e d a t which l e n g t h o f s p a c e s h i p i s
o b s e r v e d a s h a l f from t h e e a r t h f r a m e = %5 . 3 f c ,
v);
11 printf ( \ nThe t i m e d i l a t i o n o f t h e s p a c e s h i p u n i t
t i m e = %1g t a u , t ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t
54
14 // The s p e e d a t which l e n g t h o f s p a c e s h i p i s
o b s e r v e d a s h a l f from t h e e a r t h f r a m e = 0 . 8 6 6 c
15 // The t i m e d i l a t i o n o f t h e s p a c e s h i p u n i t t i m e = 2
tau
Scilab code Exa 8.6 Time difference and distance between the events

3 v = 0.6* c ; // V e l o c i t y w i t h which S2 f r a m e moves
r e l a t i v e t o S1 frame , m/ s
4 L_factor = 1/ sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // L o r e n t z f a c t o r
5 t1 = 2e -007; // Time f o r which f i r s t e v e n t o c c u r s
, s
6 t2 = 3e -007; // Time f o r which s e c o n d e v e n t
occurs , s
7 x1 = 10; // P o s i t i o n a t which f i r s t e v e n t o c c u r s ,
m
8 x2 = 40; // P o s i t i o n a t which s e c o n d e v e n t o c c u r s
, m
9 delta_t = L_factor *( t2 - t1 ) + L_factor * v / c ^2*( x1 - x2
); // Time d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s , s
10 delta_x = L_factor *( x2 - x1 ) - L_factor * v *( t2 - t1 ) ;
// D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s , m
11 printf ( \ nThe t i m e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s =
%3 . 1 e s , delta_t ) ;
12 printf ( \ nThe d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s = %2d m ,
delta_x ) ;
13
14 // R e s u l t
15 // The t i m e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s = 5 . 0 e 008
s
16 // The d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e e v e n t s = 15 m
55
Scilab code Exa 8.7 Speed of unstable particle in the Laboratory frame

3 tau = 2.6 e -008; // Mean l i f e t i m e t h e p a r t i c l e in
i t s own frame , s
4 d = 20; // D i s t a n c e which t h e u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e
t r a v e l s b e f o r e decaying , m
5 // As t = d/ v and a l s o t = t a u / s q r t (1 ( v / c ) 2 ) , s o
that
6 // d/ v = t a u / s q r t (1 ( v / c ) 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r v
7 v = sqrt ( d ^2/( tau ^2+( d / c ) ^2) ) ; // Speed o f t h e
u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e i n Lab . frame , m/ s
8 printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f t h e u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e i n Lab .
f r a m e = %3 . 1 e m/ s , v )
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The s p e e d o f t h e u n s t a b l e p a r t i c l e i n Lab . f r a m e
= 2 . 8 e +008 m/ s
Scilab code Exa 8.8 Relativistic effects applied to mu meson

be u n i t y , m/ s
3 me = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume mass o f e l e c t r o n
t o be u n i t y , kg
4 tau = 2.3 e -006; // A v e r a g e l i f e t i m e o f mumeson
i n r e s t frame , s
5 t = 6.9 e -006; // A v e r a g e l i f e t i m e o f mumeson i n
l a b o r a t o r y frame , s
56
6 // Fromm Time D i l a t i o n Rule , t a u = t s q r t (1 ( v / c ) 2 )
, solving for v
7 v = sqrt (1 -( tau / t ) ^2) * c ; // Speed o f mumeson i n
t h e l a b o r a t o r y frame , m/ s
8 c
9 m0 = 207* me ; // R e s t mass o f mumeson , kg
10 m = m0 / sqrt (1 -( v / c ) ^2) ; // R e l a t i v i s t i c v a r i a t i o n
o f mass w i t h v e l o c i t y , kg
11 me = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
14 T = ( m * me * c ^2 - m0 * me * c ^2) / e ; // K i n e t i c e n e r g y
o f mumeson , J
15 printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f mumeson i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y
f r a m e = %6 . 4 f c , v ) ;
16 printf ( \ nThe e f f e c t i v e mass o f mumeson = %3d me ,
m);
17 printf ( \ nThe k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f mumeson = %5 . 1 f MeV
, T /1 e +006) ;
18
19 // R e s u l t
20 // The s p e e d o f mumeson i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y f r a m e =
0.9428 c
21 // The e f f e c t i v e mass o f mumeson = 620 me
22 // The k i n e t i c e n e r g y o f mumeson = 2 1 1 . 9 MeV
Scilab code Exa 8.9 Speed of moving mass

be u n i t y , m/ s
3 m0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume r e s t mass t o be
u n i t y , kg
4 m = (20/100+1) * m0 ; // Mass i n motion , kg
5 // As m = m0/ s q r t (1 ( u / c ) 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r u
57
6 u = sqrt (1 -( m0 / m ) ^2) * c ; // Speed o f moving mass ,
m/ s
7 printf ( \ nThe s p e e d o f moving body , u = %5 . 3 f c , u ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The s p e e d o f moving body , u = 0 . 5 5 3 c
Scilab code Exa 8.10 Rate of decreasing mass of sun

3 dE = 4 e +026; // Energy r a d i a t e d p e r s e c o n d my t h e
sun , J / s
4 dm = dE / c ^2; // Rate o f d e c r e a s e o f mass o f sun ,
kg / s
5 printf ( \ nThe r a t e o f d e c r e a s e o f mass o f sun = %4 . 2
e kg / s , dm ) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The r a t e o f d e c r e a s e o f mass o f sun = 4 . 4 4 e +009
kg / s
Scilab code Exa 8.11 Relativistic mass energy relation

be u n i t y , m/ s
3 m0 = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
4 E0 = 0.512; // R e s t e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , MeV
5 T = 10; // K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , MeV
6 E = T + E0 ; // T o t a l e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , MeV
7 // From R e l a t i v i s t i c masse n e r g y r e l a t i o n
8 // E2 = c 2 p 2 + m02 c 4 , s o l v i n g f o r p
58
9 p = sqrt ( E ^2 - m0 ^2* c ^4) / c ; // Momentum o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , MeV
10 // As E = E0/ s q r t (1 ( u / c ) 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r u
11 u = sqrt (1 -( E0 / E ) ^2) * c ; // V e l o c i t y o f t h e
e l e c t r o n , m/ s
12 printf ( \ nThe momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n = %4 . 1 f / c MeV
, p);
13 printf ( \ nThe v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = %6 . 4 f c , u )
;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n = 1 0 . 5 / c MeV
17 // The v e l o c i t y o f t h e e l e c t r o n = 0 . 9 9 8 8 c
Scilab code Exa 8.13 Mass from relativistic energy

3 E = 4.5 e +017; // T o t a l e n e r g y o f o b j e c t , J
4 px = 3.8 e +008; // Xcomponent o f momentum , kgm/ s
5 py = 3 e +008; // Ycomponent o f momentum , kgm/ s
6 pz = 3 e +008; // Zcomponent o f momentum , kgm/ s
7 p = sqrt ( px ^2+ py ^2+ px ^2) ; // T o t a l momentum o f
t h e o b j e c t , kgm/ s
8 // From R e l a t i v i s t i c masse n e r g y r e l a t i o n
9 // E2 = c 2 p 2 + m02 c 4 , s o l v i n g f o r m0
10 m0 = sqrt ( E ^2/ c ^4 - p ^2/ c ^2) ; // R e s t mass o f t h e
body , kg
11 printf ( \ nThe r e s t mass o f t h e body = %4 . 2 f kg , m0 )
;
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The r e s t mass o f t h e body = 4 . 5 6 kg
59
Scilab code Exa 8.14 Relativistic momentum of high speed probe

3 m = 50000; // Mass o f h i g h s p e e d probe , kg
4 u = 0.8* c ; // Speed o f t h e probe , m/ s
5 p = m * u / sqrt (1 -( u / c ) ^2) ; // Momentum o f t h e probe
, kgm/ s
6 printf ( \ nThe momentum o f t h e h i g h s p e e d p r o b e = %1g
kgm/ s , p ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The momentum o f t h e h i g h s p e e d p r o b e = 2 e +013 kg
m/ s
Scilab code Exa 8.15 Moving electron subjected to the electric field

2 e = 1.6 e -019; // E l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e , C = Energy
e q u i v a l e n t o f 1 eV , J /eV
3 m0 = 9.11 e -031; // R e s t mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
5 u1 = 0.98* c ; // I n i t a l s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n , m/ s
6 u2 = 0.99* c ; // F i n a l s p e e d o f e l e c t r o n , m/ s
7 m1 = m0 / sqrt (1 -( u1 / c ) ^2) ; // I n i t i a l r e l a t i v i s t i c
mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
8 m2 = m0 / sqrt (1 -( u2 / c ) ^2) ; // F i n a l r e l a t i v i s t i c
mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
9 dm = m2 - m1 ; // Change i n r e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f
t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
10 W = dm * c ^2; // Work done on t h e e l e c t r o n t o
change i t s v e l o c i t y , J
60
11 // As W = eV , V = a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l , s o l v i n g
for V
12 V = W/e; // A c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l , v o l t
13 printf ( \ nThe c h a n g e i n r e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f t h e
e l e c t r o n = %4 . 1 e kg , dm ) ;
14 printf ( \ nThe work done on t h e e l e c t r o n t o c h a n g e
i t s v e l o c i t y = %4 . 2 f MeV , W /( e *1 e +006) ) ;
15 printf ( \ nThe a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l = %4 . 2 e v o l t ,
V);
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The c h a n g e i n r e l a t i v i s t i c mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n =
1 . 9 e 030 kg
19 // The work done on t h e e l e c t r o n t o c h a n g e i t s
v e l o c i t y = 1 . 0 6 MeV
20 // The a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l = 1 . 0 6 e +006 v o l t
61
Chapter 9
QUANTUM MECHANICS
Scilab code Exa 9.1 De broglie wavelength of an electron from accelerat-

ing potential
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 1 : Deb r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f an

e l e c t r o n from a c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l : Page 202
(2010)
2 V = 100; // A c c e l e r a t i n g p o t e n t i a l f o r e l e c t r o n ,
volt
3 lambda = sqrt (150/ V ) *1 e -010; // deB r o g l i e
wavelength of electron , m
4 printf ( \ nThe DeB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n = %4
. 2 e m , lambda ) ;
5
6 // R e s u l t
7 // The DeB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n = 1 . 2 2 e 010
m
Scilab code Exa 9.2 De broglie wavelength of an electron from kinetic en-
ergy
62
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 2 : Deb r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f an
e l e c t r o n from k i n e t i c e n e r g y : Page 203 ( 2 0 1 0 )
4 m = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kg
5 Ek = 10; // K i n e t i c e n e r g y o f e l e c t r o n , eV
6 // Ek = p 2 / ( 2 m) , s o l v i n g f o r p
7 p = sqrt (2* m * Ek * e ) ; // Momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n ,
kgm/ s
8 lambda = h / p ; // deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f
e l e c t r o n from DeB r o g l i e r e l a t i o n , m
9 printf ( \ nThe deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n = %4
. 2 e nm , lambda /1 e -009) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The deB r o g l i e w a v e l e n g t h o f e l e c t r o n = 3 . 8 8 e 001
nm
Scilab code Exa 9.4 Uncertainty principle for position and momentum
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 4 : U n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e f o r
p o s i t i o n and momentum : Page 203 ( 2 0 1 0 )
4 v = 1.1 e +006; // Speed o f t h e e l e c t r o n , m/ s
5 p = m*v; // Momentum o f t h e e l e c t r o n , kgm/ s
6 dp = 0.1/100* p ; // U n c e r t a i n t y i n momentum , kgm/
s
7 h_bar = h /(2* %pi ) ; // Reduced Planck s c o n s t a n t ,
Js
8 // From H e i s e n b e r g u n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e ,
9 // dx dp = h b a r / 2 , s o l v i n g f o r dx
10 dx = h_bar /(2* dp ) ; // U n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n , m
11 printf ( \ nThe u n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n o f e l e c t r o n =
%4 . 2 e m , dx ) ;
63
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The u n c e r t a i n t y i n p o s i t i o n o f e l e c t r o n = 5 . 2 7 e
008 m
Scilab code Exa 9.5 Uncertainty principle for energy and time
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 5 : U n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e f o r
e n e r g y and t i m e : Page 203 ( 2 0 1 0 )
4 dt = 1e -008; // U n c e r t a i n t y i n time , s
5 h_bar = h /(2* %pi ) ; // Reduced Planck s c o n s t a n t ,
Js
7 // dE d t = h b a r / 2 , s o l v i n g f o r dE
8 dE = h_bar /(2* dt * e ) ; // U n c e r t a i n t y i n e n e r g y o f
the e x c i t e d state , m
9 printf ( \ nThe u n c e r t a i n t y i n e n e r g y o f t h e e x c i t e d
s t a t e = %4 . 2 e eV , dE ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The u n c e r t a i n t y i n e n e r g y o f t h e e x c i t e d s t a t e =
3 . 3 0 e 008 eV
Scilab code Exa 9.6 Width of spectral line from Uncertainty principle
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 6 : Width o f s p e c t r a l l i n e from

U n c e r t a i n t y p r i n c i p l e : Page 204 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 c = 3 e +008; // Speed o f l i g h t , m/ s
3 dt = 1e -008; // A v e r a g e l i f e t i m e , s
4 lambda = 400 e -009; // Wavelength o f s p e c t r a l l i n e
, m
64
6 // dE = h b a r / ( 2 d t ) and a l s o dE = h c / lambda 2
d lambda , which g i v e
7 // h b a r / ( 2 d t ) = h c / lambda 2 d lambda , s o l v i n g f o r
d lambda
8 d_lambda = lambda ^2/(4* %pi * c * dt ) ; // Width o f
spectral line , m
9 printf ( \ nThe w i d t h o f s p e c t r a l l i n e = %4 . 2 e m ,
d_lambda ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The w i d t h o f s p e c t r a l l i n e = 4 . 2 4 e 015 m
Scilab code Exa 9.14 Probability of electron moving in 1D box
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex9 . 1 4 : P r o b a b i l i t y o f e l e c t r o n
moving i n 1D box : Page 207 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 a = 2e -010; // Width o f 1D box , m
3 x1 = 0; // P o s i t i o n o f f i r s t e x t r e m e o f t h e box ,
m
4 x2 = 1e -010; // P o s i t i o n o f s e c o n d e x t r e m e o f t h e
box , m
5 P = integrate ( 2/ a ( s i n ( 2 %pi x / a ) ) 2 , x , x1 , x2 )
; // The p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e e l e c t r o n
b e t w e e n x = 0 and x = 1 e 010
6 printf ( \ nThe p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e e l e c t r o n
b e t w e e n x = 0 and x = 1 e 010 = %3 . 1 f , P ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The p r o b a b i l i t y o f f i n d i n g t h e e l e c t r o n b e t w e e n x
= 0 and x = 1 e 010 = 0 . 5
65
Chapter 10
STATISTICAL MECHANICS
Scilab code Exa 10.1 Ratio of occupancy of two states

4 g1 = 2; // The d e g e n e r a c y o f g r o u n d s t a t e
5 g2 = 8; // The d e g e n e r a c y o f e x c i t e d s t a t e
6 delta_E = 10.2; // Energy o f e x c i t e d s t a t e a b o v e
t h e g r o u n d s t a t e , eV
7 T = 6000; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s t a t e , K
8 D_ratio = g2 / g1 ; // R a t i o o f d e g e n e r a c y o f s t a t e s
9 N_ratio = D_ratio * exp ( - delta_E /( k * T / e ) ) ; // R a t i o
o f occupancy o f the e x c i t e d to the ground s t a t e
10 printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f o c c u p a n c y o f t h e e x c i t e d t o
t h e g r o u n d s t a t e a t %d K = %4 . 2 e , T , N_ratio ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The r a t i o o f o c c u p a n c y o f t h e e x c i t e d t o t h e
g r o u n d s t a t e a t 6 0 0 0 K = 1 . 1 0 e 008
Scilab code Exa 10.4 Number density and fermi energy of silver
66
3 N_A = 6.023 e +023; // Avogadro s number
5 me = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f e l e c t r o n , kg
6 rho = 10.5; // D e n s i t y o f s i l v e r , g p e r cm
7 m = 108; // M o l e c u l a r mass o f s i l v e r , g / mol
8 N_D = rho * N_A /( m *1 e -006) ; // Number d e n s i t y o f
c o n d u c t i o n e l e c t r o n s , per metre cube
9 E_F = h ^2/(8* me ) *(3/ %pi * N_D ) ^(2/3) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe number d e n s i t y o f c o n d u c t i o n e l e c t r o n s
= %4 . 2 e p e r m e t r e c u b e , N_D ) ;
11 printf ( \ nThe Fermi e n e r g y o f s i l v e r = %4 . 2 f eV ,
E_F / e ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The number d e n s i t y o f c o n d u c t i o n e l e c t r o n s = 5 . 8 6
e +028 p e r m e t r e c u b e
15 // The Fermi e n e r g y o f s i l v e r = 5 . 5 1 eV
Scilab code Exa 10.5 Electronic contribution to the molar heat capacity
of silver

2 N_A = 6.023 e +023; // Avogadro s number
4 T = 293; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f sodium , K
5 E_F = 3.24; // Fermi e n e r g y o f sodium , eV
7 C_v = %pi ^2* N_A * k ^2* T /(2* E_F * e ) ; // Molar
s p e c i f i c h e a t o f sodium , J / mole /K
8 printf ( \ nThe m o l a r s p e c i f i c h e a t o f sodium = %4 . 2 f
J / mole /K , C_v ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
67
11 // The m o l a r s p e c i f i c h e a t o f sodium = 0 . 3 2 J / mole /K
Scilab code Exa 10.6 Fermi energy and mean energy of aluminium

5 N_D = 18.1 e +028; // Number d e n s i t y o f c o n d u c t i o n
e l e c t r o n s i n Al , p e r m e t r e c u b e
6 E_F = h ^2/(8* m ) *(3/ %pi * N_D ) ^(2/3) ; // Fermi
e n e r g y o f aluminium , J
7 Em_0 = 3/5* E_F ; // Mean e n e r g y o f the e l e c t r o n
a t 0K, J
8 printf ( \ nThe Fermi e n e r g y o f aluminium = %5 . 2 f eV ,
E_F / e ) ;
9 printf ( \ nThe mean e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n a t 0K =
%4 . 2 f eV , Em_0 / e ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The Fermi e n e r g y o f aluminium = 1 1 . 7 0 eV
13 // The mean e n e r g y o f t h e e l e c t r o n a t 0K = 7 . 0 2 eV
68
Chapter 11
LASERS
Scilab code Exa 11.1 Ratio of spontaneous and stimulated emission

5 T = 300; // T e m p e r a t u r e a t a b s o l u t e s c a l e , K
6 lambda = 5500 e -010; // Wavelength o f v i s i b l e
light , m
7 rate_ratio = exp ( h * c /( lambda * k * T ) ) -1; // R a t i o o f
spontaneous emission to stimulated emission
8 printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s i o n t o
s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n f o r v i s i b l e r e g i o n = %1 . 0 e ,
rate_ratio ) ;
9 lambda = 1e -02; // Wavelength o f microwave , m
10 rate_ratio = exp ( h * c /( lambda * k * T ) ) -1; // R a t i o o f
spontaneous emission to stimulated emission
11 printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s i o n t o
s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n f o r m i c r o w a v e r e g i o n = %6 . 4 f
, rate_ratio ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The r a t i o o f s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s i o n t o s t i m u l a t e d
69
e m i s s i o n f o r v i s i b l e r e g i o n = 8 e +037
15 // The r a t i o o f s p o n t a n e o u s e m i s s i o n t o s t i m u l a t e d
e m i s s i o n f o r microwave r e g i o n = 0 . 0 0 4 8
Scilab code Exa 11.2 Energy of excited state of laser system

3 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck s c o n s t a n t , Js
5 lambda = 690 e -009; // Wavelength o f laser light ,
m
6 E_lower = 30.5; // Energy o f l o w e r s t a t e , eV
7 E = h * c /( lambda * e ) ; // Energy o f t h e l a s e r l i g h t ,
eV
8 E_ex = E_lower + E ; // Energy o f e x c i t e d s t a t e o f
l a s e r system , eV
9 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y o f e x c i t e d s t a t e o f l a s e r
s y s t e m = %4 . 1 f eV , E_ex ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The e n e r g y o f e x c i t e d s t a t e o f l a s e r s y s t e m =
3 2 . 3 eV
Scilab code Exa 11.3 Condition of equivalence of stimulated and sponta-

neous emission

4 // S t i m u l a t e d E m i s s i o n = S p o n t a n e o u s E m i s s i o n <=>
exp ( h f / ( k T) ) 1 = 1 i . e .
5 // f /T = l o g ( 2 ) k / h = A
70
6 A = log (2) * k / h ; // F r e q u e n c y p e r u n i t
t e m p e r a t u r e , Hz/K
7 printf ( \ nThe s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n e q u a l s s p o n t a n e o u s
e m i s s i o n i f f f /T = %4 . 2 e Hz/K , A ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The s t i m u l a t e d e m i s s i o n e q u a l s s p o n t a n e o u s
e m i s s i o n i f f f /T = 1 . 4 4 e +010 Hz/K
Scilab code Exa 11.4 Area and intensity of image formed by laser

2 lambda = 500 e -009; // Wavelength o f l a s e r l i g h t ,
m
3 f = 15 e -02; // F o c a l l e n g t h o f t h e l e n s , m
4 d = 2e -02; // D i a m e t e r o f t h e a p e r t u r e o f s o u r c e ,
m
5 a = d /2; // R a d i u s o f t h e a p e r t u r e o f s o u r c e , m
6 P = 5e -003; // Power o f t h e l a s e r , W
7 A = %pi * lambda ^2* f ^2/ a ^2; // Area o f t h e s p o t a t
the f o c a l plane , metre square
8 I = P/A; // I n t e n s i t y a t t h e f o c u s , W p e r m e t r e
square
9 printf ( \ nThe a r e a o f t h e s p o t a t t h e f o c a l p l a n e =
%4 . 2 e m e t r e s q u a r e , A ) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe i n t e n s i t y a t t h e f o c u s = %4 . 2 e w a t t
per metre s q u a r e , I);
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The a r e a o f t h e s p o t a t t h e f o c a l p l a n e = 1 . 7 7 e
010 m e t r e s q u a r e
14 // The i n t e n s i t y a t t h e f o c u s = 2 . 8 3 e +007 w a t t p e r
metre square
71
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Rate of energy released in a pulsed laser

4 lambda = 1064 e -009; // Wavelength o f l a s e r l i g h t ,
m
5 P = 0.8; // A v e r a g e power o u t p u t p e r l a s e r p u l s e ,
W
6 dt = 25 e -003; // P u l s e w i d t h o f l a s e r , s
7 E = P * dt ; // Energy r e l e a s e d p e r p u l s e , J
8 N = E /( h * c / lambda ) ; // Number o f p h o t o n s i n a
pulse
9 printf ( \ nThe e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r p u l s e = %2 . 0 e J ,
E);
10 printf ( \ nThe number o f p h o t o n s i n a p u l s e = %4 . 2 e ,
N);
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The e n e r g y r e l e a s e d p e r p u l s e = 2 e 002 J
14 // The number o f p h o t o n s i n a p u l s e = 1 . 0 7 e +017
Scilab code Exa 11.6 Angular and linear spread of laser beam

2 lambda = 693 e -009; // Wavelength o f l a s e r beam , m
3 D = 3e -003; // D i a m e t e r o f l a s e r beam , m
4 d_theta = 1.22* lambda / D ; // A n g u l a r s p r e a d o f
l a s e r beam , r a d
5 d = 300 e +003; // H e i g h t o f a s a t e l l i t e a b o v e t h e
s u r f a c e of earth , m
72
6 a = d_theta * d ; // D i a m e t e r o f t h e beam on t h e
satellite , m
7 printf ( \ nThe h e i g h t o f a s a t e l l i t e a b o v e t h e
s u r f a c e o f e a r t h = %4 . 2 e r a d , d_theta ) ;
8 printf ( \ nThe d i a m e t e r o f t h e beam on t h e s a t e l l i t e
= %4 . 1 f m , a ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The h e i g h t o f a s a t e l l i t e a b o v e t h e s u r f a c e o f
e a r t h = 2 . 8 2 e 004 r a d
12 // The d i a m e t e r o f t h e beam on t h e s a t e l l i t e = 8 4 . 5
m
73
Chapter 12
HOLOGRAPHY AND FIBRE

OPTICS
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Parameters of step index fibre
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 1 : P a r a m e t e r s o f s t e p i n d e x
f i b r e : Page 271 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 n1 = 1.43; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i b r e c o r e
3 n2 = 1.4; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f f i b r e c l a d d i n g
4 // As s i n ( a l p h a c ) = n2 / n1 , s o l v i n g f o r a l p h a c
5 alpha_c = asind ( n2 / n1 ) ; // C r i t i c a l a n g l e f o r
optical fibre , degrees
6 // AS c o s ( t h e t a c ) = n2 / n1 , s o l v i n g f o r t h e t a c
7 theta_c = acosd ( n2 / n1 ) ; // C r i t i c a l p r o p a g a t i o n
angle for optical fibre , degrees
8 NA = sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) ; // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r
optical fibre
9 printf ( \ nThe c r i t i c a l a n g l e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = %5
. 2 f d e g r e e s , alpha_c ) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe c r i t i c a l p r o p a g a t i o n a n g l e f o r o p t i c a l
f i b r e = %5 . 2 f d e g r e e s , theta_c ) ;
11 printf ( \ n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = %4
. 2 f , NA ) ;
12
74
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The c r i t i c a l a n g l e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = 7 8 . 2 4
degrees
15 // The c r i t i c a l p r o p a g a t i o n a n g l e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e
= 11.76 degrees
16 // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = 0 . 2 9
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Parameters of optical fibre
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 2 : P a r a m e t e r s o f o p t i c a l f i b r e :
Page 271 ( 2 0 1 0 )
optical fibre
5 // As s i n ( t h e t a a ) = s q r t ( n1 2 n2 2 ) , s o l v i n g f o r
theta a
6 theta_a = asind ( sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) ) ; // H a l f o f
acceptance angle of optical fibre , degrees
7 theta_accp = 2* theta_a ; // A c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f
optical fibre
8 Delta = ( n1 - n2 ) / n1 ; // R e l a t i v e r e f r a c t i v e
index d i f f e r e n c e
9 printf ( \ n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = %5
. 3 f , NA ) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f o p t i c a l f i b r e = %4
. 1 f d e g r e e s , theta_accp ) ;
11 printf ( \ n R e l a t i v e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x d i f f e r e n c e = %5
. 3 f , Delta ) ;
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r o p t i c a l f i b r e = 0 . 3 7 7
15 // The a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f o p t i c a l f i b r e = 4 4 . 4
degrees
16 // R e l a t i v e r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x d i f f e r e n c e = 0 . 0 3 4
75
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Numerical aperture and acceptance angle of step
index fibre
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 3 : N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e and

a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f s t e p i n d e x f i b r e : Page 271
(2010)
4 n0 = 1.3; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f medium
optical fibre
6 // n0 s i n ( t h e t a a ) = s q r t ( n1 2 n2 2 ) = NA, s o l v i n g
for theta a
7 theta_a = asind ( sqrt ( n1 ^2 - n2 ^2) / n0 ) ; // H a l f o f
acceptance angle of optical fibre , degrees
8 theta_accp = 2* theta_a ; // A c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f
optical fibre
9 printf ( \ n N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r s t e p i n d e x f i b r e =
%5 . 3 f , NA ) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f s t e p i n d e x f i b r e =
%2d d e g r e e s , theta_accp ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // N u m e r i c a l a p e r t u r e f o r s t e p i n d e x f i b r e = 0 . 2 4 8
14 // The a c c e p t a n c e a n g l e o f s t e p i n d e x f i b r e = 22
degrees
Scilab code Exa 12.5 Output power in fibre optic communication
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex12 . 5 : Output power i n f i b r e o p t i c

c o m m u n i c a t i o n : Page 272 ( 2 0 1 0 )
76
2 alpha = 2; // Power l o s s t h r o u g h o p t i c a l f i b r e ,
dB/km
3 P_in = 500; // Poer i n p u t o f o p t i c a l f i b r e , micro
w a t t
4 z = 10; // Length o f t h e o p t i c a l f i b r e , km
5 // As a l p h a = 10/ z l o g 1 0 ( P i n / P o u t ) , s o l v i n g f o r
P out
6 P_out = P_in /10^( alpha * z /10) ; // Output power i n
f i b r e o p t i c communication , W
7 printf ( \ nThe o u t p u t power i n f i b r e o p t i c
c o m m u n i c a t i o n = %1d micro w a t t , P_out ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The o u t p u t power i n f i b r e o p t i c c o m m u n i c a t i o n = 5
micro w a t t
77
Chapter 13
DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
Scilab code Exa 13.1 Electronic Polarizability of atom
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 1 : E l e c t r o n i c P o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f
atom : Page 287 ( 2 0 1 0 )
3 R = 0.52 e -010; // R a d i u s o f h y d r o g e n atom ,
angstrom
4 n = 9.7 e +026; // Number d e n s i t y o f hydrogen , p e r
metre cube
5 alpha_e = 4* %pi * epsilon_0 * R ^3; // E l e c t r o n i c
p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f h y d r o g e n atom , f a r a d m e t r e
square
6 printf ( \ nThe e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f h y d r o g e n
atom = %4 . 2 e f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e , alpha_e ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f h y d r o g e n atom =
1 . 5 6 e 041 f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e
78
Scilab code Exa 13.2 Parallel plate capacitor
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 2 : P a r a l l e l p l a t e c a p a c i t o r :
Page 287 ( 2 0 1 0 )
3 A = 100 e -004; // Area o f a p l a t e o f p a r a l l e l
p l a t e c a p a c i t o r , metre square
4 d = 1e -002; // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s o f t h e
capacitor , m
5 V = 100; // P o t e n t i a l a p p l i e d t o t h e p l a t e s o f
the capacitor , v o l t
6 C = epsilon_0 * A / d ; // C a p a c i t a n c e o f p a r a l l e l
plate capacitor , farad
7 Q = C/V; // Charge on t h e p l a t e s o f t h e c a p a c i t o r
, coulomb
8 printf ( \ nThe c a p a c i t a n c e o f p a r a l l e l p l a t e
c a p a c i t o r = %5 . 3 e F , C ) ;
9 printf ( \ nThe c h a r g e on t h e p l a t e s o f t h e c a p a c i t o r
= %5 . 3 e C , Q ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The c a p a c i t a n c e o f p a r a l l e l p l a t e c a p a c i t o r =
8 . 8 5 4 e 012 F
13 // The c h a r g e on t h e p l a t e s o f t h e c a p a c i t o r = 8 . 8 5 4
e 014 C
Scilab code Exa 13.3 Dielectric displacement of medium
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 3 : D i e l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t o f
medium : Page 288 ( 2 0 1 0 )
79
3 epsilon_r = 5.0; // D i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f t h e
m a t e r i a l between the p l a t e s o f c a p a c i t o r
4 V = 15; // P o t e n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e a p p l i e d b e t w e e n
the p l a t e s of the capacitor , v o l t
5 d = 1.5 e -003; // S e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e p l a t e s o f
the capacitor , m
6 // E l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t , D = e p s i l o n 0 e p s i l o n r E ,
a s E = V/d , s o
7 D = epsilon_0 * epsilon_r * V / d ; // D i e l e c t r i c
d i s p l a c e m e n t , coulomb p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
8 printf ( \ nThe d i e l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t = %5 . 3 e
coulomb p e r m e t r e s q u a r e , D ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The d i e l e c t r i c d i s p l a c e m e n t = 4 . 4 2 7 e 007 coulomb
per metre square
Scilab code Exa 13.4 Relative dielectric constant
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 4 : R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
: Page 288 ( 2 0 1 0 )
3 N = 3.0 e +028; // Number d e n s i t y o f s o l i d
e l e m e n t a l d i e l e c t r i c , atoms p e r m e t r e c u b e
4 alpha_e = 1e -040; // E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y ,
f a r a d metre square
5 epsilon_r = 1 + N * alpha_e / epsilon_0 ; // R e l a t i v e
d i e l e c t r i c constant of the material
6 printf ( \ nThe R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f t h e
m a t e r i a l = %5 . 3 f , epsilon_r ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
80
9 // The R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t o f t h e m a t e r i a l
= 1.339
Scilab code Exa 13.5 Atomic polarizability of sulphur
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 5 : Atomic p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f

s u l p h u r : Page 288 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 N_A = 6.023 e +023; // Avogadro s number , p e r mole
4 epsilon_r = 3.75; // R e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c c o n s t a n t
5 d = 2050; // D e n s i t y o f s u l p h u r , kg p e r m e t r e
cube
6 y = 1/3; // I n t e r n a l f i e l d c o n s t a n t
7 M = 32; // Atomic w e i g h t o f s u l p h u r , g / mol
8 N = N_A *1 e +03* d / M ; // Number d e n s i t y o f atoms o f
sulphur , per metre cube
9 // L o r e n t z r e l a t i o n f o r l o c a l f i e l d s g i v e
10 // E l o c a l = E + P/ ( 3 e p s i l o n 0 ) which g i v e s
11 // ( e p s i l o n r 1 ) / ( e p s i l o n r + 2 ) = N a l p h a e / ( 3
epsilon 0 ) , solving for alpha e
12 alpha_e = ( epsilon_r - 1) /( epsilon_r + 2) *3*
epsilon_0 / N ; // E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f
sulphur , f a r a d metre square
13 printf ( \ nThe e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f s u l p h u r =
%5 . 3 e f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e , alpha_e ) ;
14
15 // R e s u l t
16 // The e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f s u l p h u r = 3 . 2 9 2 e
040 f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e
Scilab code Exa 13.6 Electronic polarizability from refractive index
81
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 6 : E l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y
from r e f r a c t i v e i n d e x : Page 289 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 N = 3 e +028; // Number d e n s i t y o f atoms o f
d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l , per metre cube
4 n = 1.6; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f d i e l e c t r i c
material
5 // As ( n 2 1 ) / ( n 2 + 2 ) = N a l p h a e / ( 3 e p s i l o n 0 ) ,
solving for alpha e
6 alpha_e = ( n ^2 - 1) /( n ^2 + 2) *3* epsilon_0 / N ; //
Electronic p o l a r i z a b i l i t y of d i e l e c t r i c material ,
f a r a d metre square
7 printf ( \ nThe e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f
d i e l e c t r i c m a t e r i a l = %4 . 2 e f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e ,
alpha_e ) ;
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y o f d i e l e c t r i c
m a t e r i a l = 3 . 0 3 e 040 f a r a d m e t r e s q u a r e
Scilab code Exa 13.7 Ratio of electronic polarizability to ionic polariz-

ability
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex13 . 7 : R a t i o o f e l e c t r o n i c
p o l a r i z a b i l i t y t o i o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y : Page 289
(2010)
2 epsilon_r = 4.9; // A b s o l u t e r e l a t i v e d i e l e c t r i c
c o n s t a n t o f m a t e r i a l , f a r a d per metre
3 n = 1.6; // R e f r a c t i v e i n d e x o f d i e l e c t r i c
material
4 // As ( n 2 1 ) / ( n 2 + 2 ) ( a l p h a e + a l p h a i ) /
a l p h a e = N ( a l p h a e + a l p h a i ) / ( 3 e p s i l o n 0 ) = (
e p s i l o n r 1) /( e p s i l o n r + 2) , s o l v i n g f o r
alpha i / alpha e
82
5 alpha_ratio = (( epsilon_r - 1) /( epsilon_r + 2) *( n ^2
+ 2) /( n ^2 - 1) - 1) ^( -1) ; // R a t i o o f
e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y to i o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y
6 printf ( \ nThe r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y t o
i o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y = %4 . 2 f , alpha_ratio ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The r a t i o o f e l e c t r o n i c p o l a r i z a b i l i t y to i o n i c
p o l a r i z a b i l i t y = 1.53
83
Chapter 14
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
Scilab code Exa 14.1 Spontaneous magnetisation of the substance
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 1 : S p o n t a n e o u s m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f
t h e s u b s t a n c e : Page 306 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 N = 6.023 e +023; // Avogadro s number . p e r mole
3 A = 56; // Atomic w e i g h t o f t h e s u b s t a n c e , g / mole
4 d = 7.9; // D e n s i t y o f t h e s u b s t a n c e , gram p e r cm
cube
5 m_B = 9.27 e -024; // Bohr s Magneton , j o u l e p e r
tesla
6 m = 2.2* m_B ; // M a g n e t i c moment o f s u b s t a n c e ,
j o u l e per t e s l a
7 n = d * N / A *1 e +006; // Number o f atoms p e r u n i t
volume o f t h e s u b s t a n c e , p e r m e t r e c u b e
8 M = n*m; // S p o n t a n e o u s m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e
s u b s t a n c e , ampere p e r m e t r e
9 printf ( \ nThe s p o n t a n e o u s m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e
s u b s t a n c e = %4 . 2 e ampere p e r m e t r e , M ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The s p o n t a n e o u s m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e s u b s t a n c e =
84
1 . 7 3 e +006 ampere p e r m e t r e
Scilab code Exa 14.2 Relative permeability of ferromagnetic material
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 2 : R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
f e r r o m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l : Page 307 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 H = 200; // F i e l d s t r e n g t h t o which t h e
f e r r o m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r
metre
3 M = 3100; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e f e r r o m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l , ampere p e r m e t r e
4 chi = M / H ; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
5 mu_r = 1 + chi ; // R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
ferromagnetic material
6 printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f e r r o m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %4 . 1 f , mu_r ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f e r r o m a g n e t i c
material = 16.5
Scilab code Exa 14.3 Relative permeability from magnetisation
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 3 : R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y from

m a g n e t i s a t i o n : Page 307 ( 2 0 1 0 )
f e r r o m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r
metre
3 M = 4400; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e f e r r o m a g n e t i c
4 chi = M / H ; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
5 mu_r = 1 + chi ; // R e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
ferromagnetic material
85
6 printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f e r r o m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %5 . 2 f , mu_r ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f f e r r o m a g n e t i c
material = 15.67
Scilab code Exa 14.4 Magnetic flux density and magnetisation of diamag-
netic material
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 4 : M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y and

m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l : Page 307
(2010)
2 mu_0 = 4* %pi *1 e -07; // M a g n e t i c p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r
metre
4 chi = -0.4 e -005; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
5 M = chi * H ; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e d i a m a g n e t i c
6 B = mu_0 *( H + M ) ; // M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f
diamagnetic material , T
7 printf ( \ nThe m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= %4 . 2 f ampere p e r m e t r e , M ) ;
8 printf ( \ nThe m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %6 . 4 f T , B ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l = 0.04
12 // The M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= 0.0126 T
86
Scilab code Exa 14.5 Magnetisation Magnetic flux density relative per-
meability of diamagnetic material
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 5 : M a g n e t i s a t i o n M a g n e t i c f l u x
density r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y of diamagnetic
m a t e r i a l : Page 307 ( 2 0 1 0 )
3 H = 1.2 e +005; // F i e l d s t r e n g t h t o which t h e
d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r
metre
4 chi = -4.2 e -006; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y
5 M = chi * H ; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f t h e d i a m a g n e t i c
6 B = mu_0 *( H + M ) ; // M a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f
diamagnetic material , T
7 mu_r = M / H + 1; // The r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f
diamagnetic material
8 printf ( \ nThe m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= %5 . 3 f ampere p e r m e t r e , M ) ;
9 printf ( \ nThe m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %5 . 3 f T , B ) ;
10 printf ( \ nThe r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c
m a t e r i a l = %f T , mu_r ) ;
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l =
0.504 ampere p e r m e t r e
13 // The m a g n e t i c f l u x d e n s i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= 0.151 T
14 // The r e l a t i v e p e r m e a b i l i t y o f d i a m a g n e t i c m a t e r i a l
= 0.999996 T
87
Scilab code Exa 14.6 Mean radius of body centered cubic structure
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 6 : Mean r a d i u s o f body c e n t e r e d

c u b i c s t r u c t u r e : Page 308 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 chi = 5.6 e -006; // M a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f
diamagnetic material
3 m = 9.1 e -031; // Mass o f an e l e c t r o n , kg
5 Z = 1; // / Atomic number
6 e = 1.6 e -019; // E l e c t r o n i c c h a r g e , C
7 a = 2.53 e -010; // L a t t i c e p a r a m e t e r o f b c c
structure , m
8 N = 2/ a ^3; // The number o f e l e c t r o n s p e r u n i t
volume , p e r m e t r e c u b e
9 r = sqrt ( chi *6* m /( mu_0 * Z * e ^2* N ) ) ; // Mean r a d i u s
o f body c e n t e r e d c u b i c s t r u c t u r e a s p e r L a n g e v i n
r e l a t i o n f o r Diamagnetic s u s c e p t i b i l i t y , m
10 printf ( \ nThe mean r a d i u s o f body c e n t e r e d c u b i c
s t r u c t u r e = %5 . 3 e a n g s t r o m , r /1 e -010) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The mean r a d i u s o f body c e n t e r e d c u b i c s t r u c t u r e
= 8 . 7 7 3 e 001 a n g s t r o m
Scilab code Exa 14.7 Susceptibility and magnetisation of paramagnetic

salt
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex14 . 7 : S u s c e p t i b i l i t y and

m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t : Page 308
(2010)
3 N_A = 6.02 e +026; // Avogadro s number , p e r kmol
4 rho = 4370; // D e n s i t y o f p a r a m e g n e t i c s a l t , kg
88
per metre cube
5 M = 168.5; // M o l e c u l a r w e i g h t o f p a r a m a g n e t i c
s a l t , g / mol
6 T = 27+273; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t ,
K
7 H = 2 e +005; // F i e l d s t r e n g t h t o which t h e
p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t i s s u b j e c t e d , ampere p e r m e t r e
8 mu_B = 9.27 e -024; // Bohr s magneton , ampere
metre square
9 p = 2; // Number o f Bohr magnetons p e r m o l e c u l e
11 N = rho * N_A / M ; // T o t a l d e n s i t y o f atoms i n t h e
p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t , p e r metr c u b e
12 chi = mu_0 * N * p ^2* mu_B ^2/(3* k * T ) ; // M a g n e t i c
s u s c e p t i b i l i t y of paramagnetic s a l t
13 M = chi * H ; // M a g n e t i s a t i o n o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t ,
14 printf ( \ nThe m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f
p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t = %4 . 2 e p e r m e t r e , chi ) ;
15 printf ( \ nThe m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t =
%4 . 2 e ampere p e r m e t r e , M ) ;
16
17 // R e s u l t
18 // The m a g n e t i c s u s c e p t i b i l i t y o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t
= 5 . 4 3 e 004 p e r m e t r e
19 // The m a g n e t i s a t i o n o f p a r a m a g n e t i c s a l t = 1 . 0 9 e
+002 ampere p e r m e t r e
89
Chapter 15
THERMAL PROPERTIES
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Debye temperature of aluminium

4 f_D = 64 e +011; // Debye f r e q u e n c y f o r Al , Hz
5 theta_D = h * f_D / k ; // Debye t e m p e r a t u r e , K
6 printf ( \ nThe Debye t e m p e r a t u r e o f aluminium = %5 . 1 f
K , theta_D ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The Debye t e m p e r a t u r e o f aluminium = 3 0 7 . 3 K
Scilab code Exa 15.2 Lattice specific heat of carbon

2 N = 6.02 e +026; // Avogadro s number , p e r kmol
4 h = 6.626 e -034; // Planck s c o n s t a n t , Js
5 f_D = 40.5 e +012; // Debye f r e q u e n c y f o r Al , Hz
90
6 T = 30; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f c a r b o n , Ks
7 theta_D = h * f_D / k ; // Debye t e m p e r a t u r e , K
8 C_l = 12/5* %pi ^4* N * k *( T / theta_D ) ^3; // L a t t i c e
s p e c i f i c h e a t o f c a r b o n , J /kmol /K
9 printf ( \ nThe l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c h e a t o f c a r b o n = %4 . 2
f J /kmol /K , C_l ) ;
10
11 // R e s u l t
12 // The l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c h e a t o f c a r b o n = 7 . 1 3 J /k
mol /K
Scilab code Exa 15.3 Einstein frequency for Cu

4 theta_E = 1990; // E i n s t e i n t e m p e r a t u r e o f Cu , K
5 f_E = k * theta_E / h ; // E i n s t e i n f r e q u e n c y f o r Cu ,
K
6 printf ( \ nThe E i n s t e i n f r e q u e n c y f o r Cu = %4 . 2 e Hz ,
f_E ) ;
7 printf ( \ nThe f r e q u e n c y f a l l s i n t h e n e a r i n f r a r e d
r e g i o n );
8
9 // R e s u l t
10 // The E i n s t e i n f r e q u e n c y f o r Cu = 4 . 1 4 e +013 Hz
11 // The f r e q u e n c y f a l l s i n t h e n e a r i n f r a r e d r e g i o n
Scilab code Exa 15.4 Electronic and lattice heat capacities for Cu

3 N = 6.02 e +023; // Avogadro s number , p e r mol
91
4 T = 0.05; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f Cu , K
5 E_F = 7; // Fermi e n e r g y o f Cu , eV
8 theta_D = 348; // Debye t e m p e r a t u r e o f Cu , K
9 C_e = %pi ^2* N * k ^2* T /(2* E_F * e ) ; // E l e c t r o n i c h e a t
c a p a c i t y o f Cu , J / mol /K
10 C_V = 12/5* %pi ^4* N * k *( T / theta_D ) ^3; // L a t t i c e h e a t
c a p a c i t y o f Cu , J / mol /K
11 printf ( \ nThe e l e c t r o n i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f Cu = %4 . 2 e
J / mol /K , C_e ) ;
12 printf ( \ nThe l a t t i c e h e a t c a p a c i t y o f Cu = %4 . 2 e J /
mol /K , C_V ) ;
13
14 // R e s u l t
15 // The e l e c t r o n i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f Cu = 2 . 5 3 e 005 J /
mol /K
16 // The l a t t i c e h e a t c a p a c i t y o f Cu = 5 . 7 6 e 009 J / mol
/K
Scilab code Exa 15.5 Einstein lattice specific heat

2 T = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume t e m p e r a t u r e t o be
unity , K
3 R = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume m o l a r g a s
c o n s t a n t t o be u n i t y , J / mol /K
4 theta_E = T ; // E i n s t e i n t e m p e r a t u r e , K
5 C_V = 3* R *( theta_E / T ) ^2* exp ( theta_E / T ) /( exp ( theta_E /
T ) -1) ^2; // E i n s t e i n l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c h e a t , J /
mol /K
6 printf ( \ nThe E i n s t e i n l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c h e a t , C v =
%4 . 2 f X 3R , C_V /3) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
92
9 // The E i n s t e i n l a t t i c e s p e c i f i c heat , C v = 0 . 9 2 X
3R
Scilab code Exa 15.6 Molar electronic heat capacity of zinc

3 v = 2; // V a l e n c y o f Zn atom
4 N = v *6.02 e +023; // Avogadro s number , p e r mol
5 T = 300; // T e m p e r a t u r e o f Zn , K
6 E_F = 9.38; // Fermi e n e r g y o f Zn , eV
9 C_e = %pi ^2* N * k ^2* T /(2* E_F * e ) ; // E l e c t r o n i c h e a t
c a p a c i t y o f Zn , J / mol /K
10 printf ( \ nThe m o l a r e l e c t r o n i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f z i n c
= %5 . 3 f J / mol /K , C_e ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The m o l a r e l e c t r o n i c h e a t c a p a c i t y o f z i n c =
0 . 2 2 6 J / mol /K
93
Chapter 17
ULTRASONICS
Scilab code Exa 17.1 Thickness of vibrating quartz at resonance
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex17 . 1 : T h i c k n e s s o f v i b r a t i n g q u a r t z
a t r e s o n a n c e : Page 352 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 f = 3 e +006; // Fundamental v i b r a t i o n a l f r e q u e n c y
o f q u a r t z c r y s t a l , MHz
3 Y = 7.9 e +010; // Young s modulus o f q u a r t z ,
newton p e r m e t r e
4 rho = 2650; // D e n s i t y o f q u a r t z , kg p e r m e t r e
cube
5 // We have f o r r e s o n a n t f r e q u e n c y
6 // f = 1 / ( 2 l ) s q r t (Y/ r h o ) , s o l v i n g f o r l
7 l = 1/(2* f ) * sqrt ( Y / rho ) ; // T h i c k n e s s o f
v i b r a t i n g quartz at resonance , m
8 printf ( \ nThe t h i c k n e s s o f v i b r a t i n g q u a r t z a t
r e s o n a n c e = %3 . 1 f mm , l /1 e -003) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The t h i c k n e s s o f v i b r a t i n g q u a r t z a t r e s o n a n c e =
0 . 9 mm
94
Chapter 18
ACOUSTICS OF BUILDINGS
Scilab code Exa 18.1 Output power of the sound source
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 1 : Output power o f t h e sound

s o u r c e : Page 361 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 r = 200; // D i s t a n c e o f t h e p o i n t o f r e d u c t i o n
from t h e s o u r c e , m
3 I_0 = 1e -012; // F i n a l i n t e n s i t y o f sound , w a t t
per metre square
4 I_f = 60; // I n t e n s i t y g a i n o f sound a t t h e
p o i n t o f r e d u c t i o n , dB
5 // As A I = 10 l o g 1 0 ( I / I 0 ) , s o l v i n g f o r I
6 I = I_0 *10^( I_f /10) ; // I n i t i a l I n t e n s i t y o f
sound , w a t t p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
7 P = 4* %pi * r ^2* I ; // Output power o f t h e sound
source , watt
8 printf ( \ nThe o u t p u t power o f t h e sound s o u r c e = %3
. 1 f W , P ) ;
9
10 // R e s u l t
11 // The o u t p u t power o f t h e sound s o u r c e = 0 . 5 W
95
Scilab code Exa 18.2 Change in sound level for doubling intensity
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 2 : Change i n sound l e v e l f o r

d o u b l i n g i n t e n s i t y : Page 361 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 I1 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume f i r s t i n t e n s i t y
l e v e l t o be u n i t y , W p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
3 I2 = 2* I1 ; // I n t e n s i t y l e v e l a f t e r d o u b l i n g ,
watt per metre s q u a r e
4 dA_I = 10* log10 ( I2 / I1 ) ; // D i f f e r e n c e i n g a i n
l e v e l , dB
5 printf ( \ nThe sound i n t e n s i t y l e v e l i s i n c r e a s e d by
= %1d dB , dA_I ) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The sound i n t e n s i t y l e v e l i s i n c r e a s e d by = 3 dB
Scilab code Exa 18.3 Total absorption of sound in the hall
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 3 : T o t a l a b s o r p t i o n o f sound i n

t h e h a l l : Page 361 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 V = 8000; // Volume o f t h e h a l l , m e t r e c u b e
3 T = 1.5; // R e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e o f t h e h a l l , s
4 alpha_s = 0.167* V / T ; // S a b i n e Formula g i v i n g
t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n o f sound i n t h e h a l l , OWU
5 printf ( \ nThe t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n o f sound i n t h e h a l l
= %5 . 1 f OWU , alpha_s ) ;
6
7 // R e s u l t
8 // The t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e h a l l = 8 9 0 . 7 OWU
Scilab code Exa 18.4 Average absorption coefficient of the surfaces of the
hall
96
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 4 : A v e r a g e a b s o r p t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e s u r f a c e s o f t h e h a l l : Page 362
(2010)
2 V = 25*20*8; // Volume o f t h e h a l l , m e t r e c u b e
3 S = 2*(25*20+25*8+20*8) ; // T o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a o f
the h a l l , metre square
4 T = 4; // R e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e o f t h e h a l l , s
5 alpha = 0.167* V /( T * S ) ; // S a b i n e Formule g i v i n g
t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e h a l l , OWU
6 printf ( \ nThe t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e h a l l = %5 . 3 f
OWU p e r m e t r e s q u a r e , alpha ) ;
7
8 // R e s u l t
9 // The t o t a l a b s o r p t i o n i n t h e h a l l = 0 . 0 9 7 OWU p e r
metre square
Scilab code Exa 18.5 Reverbration time for the hall
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 5 : R e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e f o r t h e
h a l l : Page 362 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 V = 475; // Volume o f t h e h a l l , m e t r e c u b e
3 s = [200 , 100 , 100]; // Area o f w a l l , f l o o r and
c e i l i n g o f the h a l l r e s p . , metre square
4 T = 4; // R e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e o f t h e h a l l , s
5 alpha = [0.025 , 0.02 , 0.55]; // A b s o r p t i o n
c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h e w a l l , c e i l i n g and f l o o r r e s p
. , OWU p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
6 alpha_s = 0;
7 for i =1:1:3
8 alpha_s = alpha_s + alpha ( i ) * s ( i ) ;
9 end
10 T = 0.167* V / alpha_s ; // S a b i n e Formula f o r
r e v e r b r a t i o n time , s
11 printf ( \ nThe r e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e f o r t h e h a l l = %4 . 2 f
s , T);
97
12
13 // R e s u l t
14 // The r e v e r b r a t i o n t i m e f o r t h e h a l l = 1 . 2 8 s
Scilab code Exa 18.6 Gain of resultant sound intensity
1 // S c i l a b Code Ex18 . 6 : Gain o f r e s u l t a n t sound

i n t e n s i t y : Page 362 ( 2 0 1 0 )
2 I0 = 1; // For s i m p l i c i t y assume i n i t i a l sound
i n t e n s i t y t o be u n i t y , w a t t p e r m e t r e s q u a r e
3 A_I1 = 80; // F i r s t i n t e n s i t y g a i n o f sound , dB
4 A_I2 = 70; // S e c o n d i n t e n s i t y g a i n o f sound , dB
5 // As A I = 10 l o g 1 0 ( I / I 0 ) , s o l v i n g f o r I 1 and I 2
6 I1 = 10^( A_I1 /10) * I0 ; // F i r s t i n t e n s i t y o f sound
, watt per metre s q u a r e
7 I2 = 10^( A_I2 /10) * I0 ; // S e c o n d i n t e n s i t y o f
8 I = I1 + I2 ; // R e s u l t a n t i n t e n s i t y l e v e l o f
9 A_I = 10* log10 ( I / I0 ) ; // I n t e n s i t y g a i n o f
r e s u l t a n t sound , dB
10 printf ( \ nThe i n t e n s i t y g a i n o f r e s u l t a n t sound = %6
. 3 f dB , A_I ) ;
11
12 // R e s u l t
13 // The i n t e n s i t y g a i n o f r e s u l t a n t sound = 8 0 . 4 1 4 dB
98

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

May 23, 2016

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

Title: Engineering Physics

Publisher: Phi Learning Pvt. Ltd.

Exa Example (Solved example)

Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)

AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular

List of Scilab Codes 4

1 OSCILLATION AND WAVES 5

8 SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY 48

12 HOLOGRAPHY AND FIBRE OPTICS 70

13 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 74

14 MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 80

Exa 1.1 Time period of SHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

OSCILLATION AND WAVES

Scilab code Exa 1.1 Time period of SHM

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 1 : Page 23 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 1.2 Accelertion and maximum velocity in SHM

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 2 : Page 23 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 1.3 Damped Vibrating System

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 3 : Page 24 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 1.4 Amplitude and Time Period in SHM

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 4 : Page 24 ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 5 : Page 25 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 1.6 Frequency of visible region

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 6 : Page 25 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 1.7 Characteristics of sound wave

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 7 : Page 26 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 1.8 Equation of a wave moving along X axis

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 8 : Page 26 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 1.9 Wave in the wire

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex1 . 9 : Page 27 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 2.1 Peak value of displacement current

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 1 : Page 46 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 2.2 Displacement current density in a good conductor

Scilab code Exa 2.4 Poynting vector

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex2 . 4 : Page 47 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 2.5 Plane electromagnetic wave in a medium

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 1 : Page 71 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Fringe shift due to change in wavelength

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 2 : Page 71 ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 3 : Page 71 ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 4 : Page 72 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Interference due to thin air wedge

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 6 : Page 72 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Newton Rings by reflected light

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 8 : Page 73 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 3.9 Wavelength of light using Michelson Interferometer

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 9 : Page 73 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 3.10 Shift in movable mirror of Michelson Interferometer

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex3 . 1 0 : Page 73 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 4.1 Diffraction at a single slit

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 1 : Page 91 ( 2 0 1 0 )

Scilab code Exa 4.2 Diffraction at a circular aperture

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 2 : Page 91 ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 3 : Page 91 ( 2 0 1 0 )

1 // S c i l a b Code Ex4 . 4 : Page 92 ( 2 0 1 0 )