STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS - I

UNIT-I DEFLECTION OF DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

1. Why is it necessary to compute deflections in structures?

Computation of deflection of structures is necessary for the following reasons:
a. If the deflection of a structure is more than the permissible, the structure will not look
aesthetic and will cause psychological upsetting of the occupants.
b. Exessive deflection may cause cracking in the materials attached to the structure. For
example, if the deflection of a floor beam is excessive, the floor finishes and partition
walls supported on the beam may get cracked and unserviceable.

2. What is meant by cambering technique in structures?

Cambering is a technique applied on site, in which a slight upward curve is made in the
structure/beam during construction, so that it will straighten out and attain the straight shape
during loading. This will considerably reduce the downward deflection that may occur at later
stages.

3. Name any four methods used for computation of deflections in structures.

1. Double integration method 2. Macaulays method
3. Conjugate beam method 4. Moment area method
5. Method of elastic weights 6. Virtual work method- Dummy unit load method
7. Strain energy method 8. Williot Mohr diagram method

4. State the difference between strain energy method and unit load method in the
determination of deflection of structures.
In strain energy method, an imaginary load P is applied at the point where the deflection is
desired to be determined. P is equated to zero in the final step and the deflection is obtained.
In unit load method, an unit load (instead of P) is applied at the point where the deflection is
desired.

5. What are the assumptions made in the unit load method?

` 1. The external & internal forces are in equilibrium.
2. Supports are rigid and no movement is possible.
3. The materials is strained well with in the elastic limit.

6. Give the equation that is used for the determination of deflection at a given point in beams
and frames.
Deflection at a point is given by,
I = l Mx mx dx
EI
0
Where Mx = moment at a section X due to the applied loads
mx = moment at a section X due to a unit load applied at that point I and in the direction
of the Desired displacement
EI = flexural rigidity
7. Write down the equations for moments due to the external load for beam shown in Fig.
X2 X3
X1 50KN

A B
x 5m
RA X1 RB
x X2
x X3
10m

Portion Mx Limits
AC RAx 0 to 4
CD RAx - 50(x-4) 4 to 5
DB RAx - 50(x-4) 5 to 10

8. Distinguish between pin jointed and rigidly jointed structure.

Sl.no Pin jointed structure Rigidly jointed structure

1. The joints permit change of angle The members connected at a rigid joint will
Between connected member. maintain the angle between them even
under deformation due to loads.
2. The joints are incapable of transferring Members can transmit both forces and
any moment to the connected members moments between themselves through the
and vice-versa. joint.

3. The pins transmit forces between Provision of rigid joints normally increases
Connected member by developing shear. the redundancy of the structures.

9. What is meant by thermal stresses?

Thermal stresses are stresses developed in a structure/member due to change in
temperature. Normally, determine structures do not develop thermal stresses. They can absorb
changes in lengths and consequent displacements without developing stresses.

10. What is meant by lack of fit in a truss?

One or more members in a pin jointed statically indeterminate frame may be a little
shorter or longer than what is required. Such members will have to be forced in place during the
assembling. These are called members having Lack of fit. Internal forces can develop in a
redundant frame (without external loads) due to lack of fit.

11. Write down the two methods of determining displacements in pin jointed plane frames
by the unit load concept.
The methods of using unit loads to compute displacements are,
i) dummy unit load method.
ii) Using the principle of virtual work.
12. What is the effect of temperature on the members of a statically determinate plane truss?
In determinate structures temperature changes do not create any internal stresses. The
changes in lengths of members may result in displacement of joints. But these would not result in
internal stresses or changes in external reactions.

13. Distinguish between deck type and through type trusses.

A deck type is truss is one in which the road is at the top chord level of the trusses. We
would not see the trusses when we ride on the road way.
A through type truss is one in which the road is at the bottom chord level of the trusses.
When we travel on the road way, we would see the web members of the trusses on our left and
right. That gives us the impression that we are going` through the bridge.

14. Define static indeterminacy of a structure.

If the conditions of statics i.e., H=0, V=0 and M=0 alone are not sufficient to find
either external reactions or internal forces in a structure, the structure is called a statically
indeterminate structure.

15. Briefly outline the steps for determining the rotation at the free end of the cantilever
loaded as shown in Fig. W

B
A l
X
Ans: W
B
A l x

A l B 1

a. Mx = -Wx X
b. mx = -1
l l
c.
d. B = Mx mx dx = (-Wx) (-1) dx
0 EI EI
0

16. The horizontal displacement of the end D of the portal frame is required. Determine
the relevant equations due to the unit load at appropriate point.

30 KN
B 3m 3m C
E

4m

A
D
 X
Ans: X
B C
E x
x
4m X X
X X X
A x x 1
D

Apply unit force in the horizontal direction at D. mx values are tabulated as below:

Portion mx Limits
DC 1x 0 to 4m
CE 14 0 to 3m
EB 14 3 to 6m
BA 1x 0 to 4m

17. Differentiate the statically determinate structures and statically indeterminate structures?

Sl.No statically determinate structures statically indeterminate structures

1. Conditions of equilibrium are sufficient Conditions of equilibrium are insufficient to
to analyze the structure analyze the structure
2. Bending moment and shear force is Bending moment and shear force is dependent
independent of material and cross of material and independent of cross sectional
sectional area. area.
3. No stresses are caused due to Stresses are caused due to temperature change
temperature change and lack of fit. and lack of fit.

18. Define : Trussed Beam.

A beam strengthened by providing ties and struts is known as Trussed Beams.

19. Define: Unit load method.

The external load is removed and the unit load is applied at the point, where the
deflection or rotation is to found.

20. Give the procedure for unit load method.

1. Find the forces P1, P2, . in all the members due to external loads.
2. Remove the external loads and apply the unit vertical point load at the joint if the
vertical deflection is required and find the stress.
3. Apply the equation for vertical and horizontal deflection.
 UNIT-II
INFLUENCE LINES

1. Where do you get rolling loads in practice?

Shifting of load positions is common enough in buildings. But they are more pronounced in
bridges and in gantry girders over which vehicles keep rolling.

2. Name the type of rolling loads for which the absolute maximum bending moment occurs at the
midspan of a beam.
(i) Single concentrated load (ii) udl longer than the span (iii) udl shorter than the span (iv)
Also when the resultant of several concentrated loads crossing a span, coincides with a concentrated
load then also the maximum bending moment occurs at the centre of the span.

3. What is meant by absolute maximum bending moment in a beam?

When a given load system moves from one end to the other end of a girder, depending upon the
position of the load, there will be a maximum bending moment for every section. The maximum of these
bending moments will usually occur near or at the midspan. The maximum of maximum bending
moments is called the absolute maximum bending moment.

4. Where do you have the absolute maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam when a
series of wheel loads cross it?
When a series of wheel loads crosses a simply supported beam, the absolute maximum bending
moment will occur near midspan under the load Wcr , nearest to midspan (or the heaviest load). If Wcr
is placed to one side of midspan C, the resultant of the load system R shall be on the other side of C; and
Wcr and R shall be equidistant from C. Now the absolute maximum bending moment will occur under
Wcr . If Wcr and R coincide, the absolute maximum bending moment will occur at midspan.

5. What is the absolute maximum bending moment due to a moving udl longer than the span of a
simply supported beam?
When a simply supported beam is subjected to a moving udl longer than the span, the absolute
maximum bending moment occurs when the whole span is loaded.
Mmax max = wl2
8
6. State the location of maximum shear force in a simple beam with any kind of loading.
In a simple beam with any kind of load, the maximum positive shear force occurs at the left hand
support and maximum negative shear force occurs at right hand support.
7. What is meant by maximum shear force diagram?
Due to a given system of rolling loads the maximum shear force for every section of the girder
can be worked out by placing the loads in appropriate positions. When these are plotted for all the
sections of the girder, the diagram that we obtain is the maximum shear force diagram. This diagram
yields the design shear for each cross section.
8. What is meant by influence lines?
An influence line is a graph showing, for any given frame or truss, the variation of any force or
displacement quantity (such as shear force, bending moment, tension, deflection) for all positions
of a moving unit load as it crosses the structure from one end to the other.
9. What are the uses of influence line diagrams?
(i) Influence lines are very useful in the quick determination of reactions, shear force, bending
moment or similar functions at a given section under any given system of moving loads and
(ii) Influence lines are useful in determining the load position to cause maximum value of a given
function in a structure on which load positions can vary.
10. Draw the influence line diagram for shear force at a point X in a simply supported beam AB of span
l m.
1
A X B
x (l-x)

(l-x)
l +
x/l

11. Draw the ILD for bending moment at any section X of a simply supported beam and mark the
ordinates.
1
A X B
x (l-x)

(l-x)
l

12. What do you understand by the term reversal of stresses?

In certain long trusses the web members can develop either tension or compression depending upon
the position of live loads. This tendancy to change the nature of stresses is called reversal of stresses.

13. State Muller-Breslau principle.

Muller-Breslau principle states that, if we want to sketch the influence line for any force quantity
(like thrust, shear, reaction, support moment or bending moment) in a structure,
(i) We remove from the structure the resistant to that force quantity and
(ii) We apply on the remaining structure a unit displacement corresponding to that force quantity.
The resulting displacements in the structure are the influence line ordinates sought.

14. State Maxwell-Bettis theorem.

In a linearly elastic structure in static equilibrium acted upon by either of two systems of external
forces, the virtual work done by the first system of forces in undergoing the displacements caused by the
second system of forces is equal to the virtual work done by the second system of forces in undergoing the
displacements caused by the first system of forces.

15. What is the necessity of model analysis?

(i) When the mathematical analysis of problem is virtually impossible.
(ii) Mathematical analysis though possible is so complicatedand time
consuming that the model analysis offers a short cut.
(iii) The importance of the problem is such that verification of mathematical analysis by an
actual test is essential.
16. Define similitude.
Similitude means similarity between two objects namely the model and the prototype with regard
to their physical characteristics:
Geometric similitude is similarity of form
Kinematic similitude is similarity of motion
Dynamic and/or mechanical similitude is similarity of masses and/or forces.
17. State the principle on which indirect model analysis is based.
The indirect model analysis is based on the Muller Breslau principle.
Muller Breslau principle has lead to a simple method of using models of structures to get the
influence lines for force quantities like bending moments, support moments, reactions, internal shears,
thrusts, etc.
To get the influence line for any force quantity, (i) remove the resistant due to the force, (ii) apply
a unit displacement in the direction of the (iii) plot the resulting displacement diagram. This diagram is the
influence line for the force.

18. What is the principle of dimensional similarity?

Dimensional similarity means geometric similarity of form. This means that all homologous
dimensions of prototype and model must be in some constant ratio.

19. What is Beggs deformeter?

Beggs deformeter is a device to carry out indirect model analysis on structures. It has the facility
to apply displacement corresponding to moment, shear or thrust at any desired point in the model. In
addition, it provides facility to measure accurately the consequent displacements all over the model.

20. Name any four model making materials.

Perspex, plexiglass, acrylic, plywood, sheet araldite and bakelite are some of the model making
materials. Micro-concrete, mortar and plaster of paris can also be used for models.

21. What is dummy length in models tested with Beggs deformeter.

Dummy length is the additional length (of about 10 to 12mm) left at the extremities of the model
to enable any desired connection to be made with the gauges.

22. What are the three types of connections possible with the model used with Beggs
deformeter. (i) Hinged connection (ii) Fixed connection (iii) Floating connection

23. What is the use of a micrometer microscope in model analysis with Beggs deformeter.
Micrometer microscope is an instrument used to measure the displacements of any point in the x
and y directions of a model during tests with Beggs deformeter.
 UNIT-III
ARCHES

1.What is an arch?
An arch is defined as a curved girder, having convexity upwards and supported at its ends. The
supports must effectively arrest displacements in the vertical and horizontal directions. Only then there will
be arch action.

2.What is a linear arch?

If an arch is to take loads, say W1, W2, and W3 (fig) and a Vector diagram and funicular polygon
are plotted as shown, the funicular polygon is known as the linear arch or theoretical arch.

p
W2
q Q R
W1 D W3
W1 W2 W3
P Q R S O t P C O E S

A T B
r
Space Diagram
s
H
Vector Diagram

The polar distance ot represents the horizontal thrust. The links AC, CD, DE, and EB will be under
compression and there will be no bending moment. If an arch of this shape ACDEB is provided, there will
be no bending moment.
For a given set of vertical loads W1, W2..etc., we can have any number of linear arches depending on
where we choose O or how much horizontal thrust (ot) we choose to introduce.

3.State Eddys theorem.

Eddys theorem states that The bending moment at any section of an arch is proportional to the
vertical intercept between the linear arch (or theoretical arch) and the centre line of the actual arch.

BMx = Ordinate O2O3 x scale factor

X W2
W1 W3
o2 Actual arch

o3 Theoretical arch

x o1

4.What is the degree of static indeterminacy of a three hinged parabolic arch?

For a three hinged parabolic arch, the degree of static indeterminacy is zero. It is statically
determinate.
5.Explain with the aid of a sketch, the normal thrust and radial shear in an arch rib.

H A B H

R
N

Let us take a section X of an arch. (fig (a) ). Let be the inclination of the tangent at X. If H is
the horizontal thrust and V the vertical shear at X, from the free body of the RHS of the arch, it is clear
that V and H will have normal and radial components given by,
N= H cos + V sin
R= V cos - H sin

6.Which of the two arches, viz. circular and parabolic is preferable to carry a uniformly distributed
load? Why?
Parabolic arches are preferably to carry distributed loads. Because, both, the shape of the arch and
the shape of the bending moment diagram are parabolic. Hence the intercept between the theoretical arch
and actual arch is zero everywhere. Hence, the bending moment at every section of the arch will be
zero. The arch will be under pure compression which will be economical.

7.What is the difference between the basic action of an arch and a suspension cable?
An arch is essentially a compression member which can also take bending moments and shears.
Bending moments and shears will be absent if the arch is parabolic and the loading uniformly distributed.
A cable can take only tension. A suspension bridge will therefore have a cable and a stiffening
girder. The girder will take the bending moment and shears in the bridge and the cable, only tension.
Because of the thrusts in the cables and arches, the bending moments are considerably reduced.
If the load on the girder is uniform, the bridge will have only cable tension and no bending moment
on the girder.

8.Under what conditions will the bending moment in an arch be zero throughout.
The bending moment in an arch throughout the span will be zero, if
(i) The arch is parabolic and (ii) The arch carries uniformly distributed load throughout the span.

9.Draw the ILD for bending moment at a section X at a distance x from the left end of a three hinged
parabolic arch of span l and rise h.
Mx = x Hy

x Hy
(+) (-)

x(l-x)/ l x(l-x)/ l
10. Indicate the positions of a moving point load for maximum negative and positive bending moments
in a three hinged arch.
 Considering a three hinged parabolic arch of span l and subjected to a moving point load W, the
position of the point load for
a. Maximum negative bending moment is 0.25l from end supports.
b. Maximum positive bending moment is 0.211l from end supports.

11. Draw the influence line for radial shear at a section of a three hinged arch.
Radial shear is given by Fx = H sin - V cos,
where is the inclination of tangent at X.

l sin
l x cos 4r
l

x cos
l

12. Sketch the ILD for the normal thrust at a section X of a symmetric three hinged parabolic arch.
Normal thrust at X is given by P = H cos + V sin,
where is the inclination of tangent at X.

l cos
4yc
x sin
l
(l-x)sin
l

13. Distinguish between two hinged and three hinged arches.

Sl.No. Two hinged arches Three hinged arches

1. Statically indeterminate to first degree Statically determinate
2. Might develop temperature stresses Increase in temperature causes increase in
central rise. No stresses.
3. Structurally more efficient Easy to analyse. But in costruction, the central
hinge may involve additional expenditure.
4. Will develop stresses due to sinking of Since this is determinate, no stresses due to
supports support sinking.

14. Explain rib-shortening in the case of arches.

In a two hinged arch, the normal thrust which is a compressive force along the axis of the arch
will shorten the rib of the arch. This in turn will release part of the horizontal thrust. Normally, this
effect is not considered in the analysis (in the case of two hinged arches).
Depending upon the importance of the work we can either take into account or omit the effect of
rib shortening. This will be done by considering (or omitting) strain energy due to axial compression
along with the strain energy due to bending in evaluating H.
15. Define the effect of yielding of support in the case of an arch.
Yielding of supports has no effect in the case of a 3 hinged arch which is determinate. These
displacements must be taken into account when we analyse 2 hinged or fixed arches under
U = H instead of zero
H
U = VA instead of zero
VA
Here U is the strain energy of the arch and H and VA are the displacements due to yielding of supports.

16. Write the formula to calculate the change in rise in three hinged arch.

Change in rise l2 + 4r2 T

4r

where l = span length of the arch

r = central rise of the arch
= coefficient of thermal expansion
T = change in temperature

17. In a parabolic arch with two hinges how will you calculate the slope of the arch at any point?
Slope of parabolic arch = = tan-1 4r (l 2x)
l2
where = Slope at any point x (or) inclination of tangent at x.
l = span length of the arch
r = central rise of the arch

18. How will you calculate the horizontal thrust in a two hinged parabolic arch if there is a rise in
temperature?
Horizontal thrust = l TEI
l 2
y dx
0
where l = span length of the arch
y = rise of the arch at any point x
= coefficient of thermal expansion
T = change in temperature
E = Youngs Modulus of the material of the arch
I = Moment of inertia

19. What are the types of arches according to the support conditions?
i. Three hinged arch ii. Two hinged arch iii. Single hinged arch
iv. Fixed arch (or) hingeless arch

20. What are the types of arches according to their shapes?

i. Curved arch ii. Parabolic arch iii. Elliptical arch iv. Polygonal arch
 UNIT-1V
SLOPE-DEFLECTION METHOD

1. What are the assumptions made in slope-deflection method?

(i) Between each pair of the supports the beam section is constant.
(ii) The joint in structure may rotate or deflect as a whole, but the angles between the
members meeting at that joint remain the same.

2. How many slope deflection equations are available for a two span continuous beam?
There will be 4 nos. of slope-deflection equations, two for each span.

3. What is the moment at a hinged end of a simple beam?

Moment at the hinged ends of a simple beam is zero.

4. What are the quantities in terms of which the unknown moments are expressed in slope-
deflection method?
In slope-deflection method, unknown moments are expressed in terms of
(i) slopes () and (ii) deflections ()

5. The beam shown in Fig. is to be analysed by slope-deflection method. What are the unknowns
and, to determine them, what are the conditions used?
A B C

Unknowns: A, B, C
Equilibrium equations used: (i) MAB = 0 (ii) MBA + MBC = 0 (iii) MCB = 0

6. How do you account for sway in slope deflection method for portal frames?
Because of sway, there will br rotations in the vertical members of a frame. This causes
moments in the vertical members. To account for this, besides the equilibrium, one more equation
namely shear equation connecting the joint-moments is used.

7. Write down the equation for sway correction for the portal frame shown in Fig.

The shear equation (sway correction) is

MAB + MBA + MCD + MDC = 0

D l l
A
8. Write down the slope deflection equation for a fixed end support.

B C D
A

The slope deflection equation for end A is MAB = MAB + 2EI 2A + B + 3

Here A= 0. Since there is no support settlement, = 0.
MAB = MAB + 2EI B + 3
9. Write down the equilibrium equations for the frame shown in Fig.

B C Unknowns : B , C
Equilibrium equations : At B, MBA + MBC = 0
h l At C, MCB + MCD = 0
P Shear equation : MAB + MBA Ph + MCD + MDC + P = 0
l l
A D

10. Who introduced slope-deflection method of analysis?

Slope-deflection method was introduced by Prof. George A.Maney in 1915.

11. Write down the general slope-deflection equations and state what each term represents?

A B

General slope-deflection equations:

MAB = MAB + 2EI 2A + B + 3
l l

MBA = MBA + 2EI 2B + A + 3

l l
where, MAB , MBA = Fixed end moment at A and B respectively due to the given loading.
A , B = Slopes at A and B respectively
= Sinking of support A with respect to B

12. Mention any three reasons due to which sway may occur in portal frames.
Sway in portal frames may occur due to (i) unsymmetry in geometry of the frame
(ii) unsymmetry in loading or (iii) Settlement of one end of a frame.

13. How many slope-deflection equations are available for each span?
Two numbers of slope-deflection equations are available for each span, describing the moment at
each end of the span.

14. Write the fixed end moments for a beam carrying a central clockwise moment.
M
A B
l/2 l/2
Fixed end moments : MAB = MBA = M
4

15. State the limitations of slope deflection method.

(i) It is not easy to account for varying member sections
(ii) It becomes very cumbersome when the unknown displacements are large in number.
16.Why is slope-deflection method called a displacement method?
In slope-deflection method, displacements (like slopes and displacements) are treated as unknowns
and hence the method is a displacement method.

17. Define degrees of freedom.

In a structure, the numbers of independent joint displacements that the structures can undrgo are
known as degrees of freedom.

18. In a continuous beam, one of the support sinks. What will happen to the span and support
moments associated with the sinking of support.
C D E

l1 l2

Let support D sinks by . This will not affect span moments. Fixed end moments (support moments) will
get developed as under MCD = MDC = -6EI
l 12
MDE = MED = -6EI
l 12

19. A rigid frame is having totally 10 joints including support joints. Out of slope-deflection and
moment distribution methods, which method would you prefer for analysis? Why?
Moment distribution method is preferable.
If we use slope-deflection method, there would be 10 (or more) unknown displacements and an
equal number of equilibrium equations. In addition, there would be 2 unknown support momentsper span
and the same number of slope-deflection equations. Solving them is difficult.

20. What is the basis on which the sway equation is formed for a structure?
Sway is dealt with in slope-deflection method by considering the horizontal equilibrium of the
whole frame taking into account the shears at the base level of columns and external horizontal forces.
The shear condition is MAB + MBA Ph + MCD + MDC + P = 0
l l
 UNIT-V
MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

1. What is the difference between absolute and relative stiffness?

Absolute stiffness is represented in terms of E, I and l, such as 4EI / l.
Relative stiffness is represented in terms of I and l, omitting the constant E. Relative
stiffness is the ratio of stiffness to two or more members at a joint.

2. Define: Continuous beam.

A Continuous beam is one, which is supported on more than two supports. For usual
loading on the beam hogging ( - ive ) moments causing convexity upwards at the supports and
sagging ( + ve ) moments causing concavity upwards occur at mid span.

3. What are the advantages of Continuous beam over simply supported beam?
1. The maximum bending moment in case of continuous beam is much less than in case
of simply supported beam of same span carrying same loads.
2. In case of continuous beam, the average bending moment is lesser and hence lighter
materials of construction can be used to resist the bending moment.

4. In a member AB, if a moment of 10 KNm is applied at A, what is the moment carried over to
B?
Carry over moment = Half of the applied moment
Carry over moment to B = -10/5 = -5 KNm

5. What are the moments induced in a beam member, when one end is given a unit rotation, the
other end being fixed. What is the moment at the near end called?
When = 1,
A l B MAB = 4EI MBA = 2EI
=1 l l
MAB is the stiffness of AB at B.

6.A beam is fixed at A and simply supported at B and C. AB = BC = l. Flexural rigidities of AB

and BC are 2EI and EI respectively. Find the distribution factors at joint B if no moment is to
be transferred to support C

A l B l C

Joint B: Relative stiffness: I1 = 2I for BA. KBA = 2

l l
3 x I1 = 3I for BC KBC = = 0.75
4 l 4l
Distribution factors:
DF for BA: KBA = 2 = 8/11 = 0.727
KBA + KBC 2 + 0.75

DF for BC: KBC = 0.75 = 3/11 = 0.273

KBC + KBA 2 + 0.75
7. Define: Moment distribution method.( Hardy Cross method).
It is widely used for the analysis of indeterminate structures. In this method, all the
members of the structure are first assumed to be fixed in position and fixed end moments due to
external loads are obtained.

8. Define: Stiffness factor.

It is the moment required to rotate the end while acting on it through a unit rotation, without
translation of the far end being
(i) Simply supported is given by k = 3 EI / L
(ii) Fixed is given by k = 4 EI / L
Where, E = Youngs modulus of the beam material.
I = Moment of inertia of the beam L = Beams span length.

9. Define: Distribution factor.

When several members meet at a joint and a moment is applied at the joint to produce
rotation without translation of the members, the moment is distributed among all the members
meeting at that joint proportionate to their stiffness.

Distribution factor = Relative stiffness / Sum of relative stiffness at the joint

If there is 3 members, Distribution factors = k1 , k2 , k3

k1 + k2 + k3 k1 + k2 + k3 k1 + k2 + k3

10. Define: Carry over moment and Carry over factor.

Carry over moment: It is defined as the moment induced at the fixed end of the beam by
the action of a moment applied at the other end, which is hinged. Carry over moment is the same
nature of the applied moment.
Carry over factor (C.O): A moment applied at the hinged end B carries over to the fixed
end A, a moment equal to half the amount of applied moment and of the same rotational
sense. C.O =0.5

11. Define Flexural Rigidity of Beams.

The product of youngs modulus (E) and moment of inertia (I) is called Flexural Rigidity
(EI) of Beams. The unit is N mm 2.

12. Define: Constant strength beam.

If the flexural Rigidity (EI) is constant over the uniform section, it is called Constant
strength beam.

13. What is the sum of distribution factors at a joint?

Sum of distribution factors at a joint = 1.

14. Define the term sway.

Sway is the lateral movement of joints in a portal frame due to the unsymmetry in
dimensions, loads, moments of inertia, end conditions, etc.
15. Find the distribution factor for the given beam.

A L B L C L D

Joint Member Relative stiffness Sum of Relative stiffness Distribution factor

A AB 4EI / L 4EI / L (4EI / L) / (4EI / L) = 1
B BA 3EI /L 3EI /L + 4EI / L = 7EI / L (3EI / L) / (7EI / L )= 3/7
BC 4EI / L (4EI / L) / (7EI / L) = 4/7
C CB 4EI / L 4EI / L + 4EI / L =8EI / L (4EI / L) / (8EI / L) =4/8
CD 4EI / L (4EI / L) / (8EI / L)= 4/8
D DC 4EI / L 4EI / L (4EI / L)/ (4EI / L) = 1

16. Find the distribution factor for the given beam.

A L ( 3I) B L (I) C

Join Member Relative stiffness Sum of Relative stiffness Distribution factor

A AB 4E (3I ) / L 12EI / L (12EI / L) / (12EI / L) = 1
B BA 4E( 3I) /L 12EI /L + 4EI / L = 16EI / L (12EI / L) / (16EI / L )= 3/4
BC 4EI / L (4EI / L) / (16EI / L) = 1/4
C CB 4EI / L 4EI / L (4EI / L) / (4EI / L) =1

17. Find the distribution factor for the given beam.

D
A B L C L

Join Member Relative stiffness Sum of Relative stiffness Distribution factor

B BA 0( no support) 3EI / L 0
BC 3EI / L (3EI / L ) / ( 3EI / L) =1
C CB 3EI / L 3EI /L + 4EI / L = 7EI / L (3EI / L) / (7EI / L )= 3 / 7
CD 4EI / L (4EI / L) / (7EI / L) = 4 / 7
D DC 4EI / L 4EI / L (4EI / L) / (4EI / L) =1
18. What are the situations where in sway will occur in portal frames?
a. Eccentric or unsymmetric loading b. Unsymmetrical geometry
c. Different end conditions of the columns d. Non-uniform section of the members
e. Unsymmetrical settlement of supports f. A combination of the above

19. What is the ratio of sway moments at column heads when one end is fixed and the other end
hinged? Assume that the length and M.I of both legs are equal.
Assuming the frame to sway to the right by

Ratio of sway moments =

B C - 6EI
MBA = l2 = 2
MCD - 3EI
l2

A D

20. A beam is fixed at its left end and simply supported at right. The right end sinks to a lower
level by a distance with respect to the left end. Find the magnitude and direction of the
reaction at the right end if l is the beam length and EI, the flexural rigidity.

MA (due to sinking of B) = 3EI

l2

21. What are symmetric and antisymmetric quantities in structural behaviour?

When a symmetrical structure is loaded with symmetrical loading, the bending moment and
deflected shape will be symmetrical about the same axis. Bending moment and deflection are
symmetrical quantities.
 Part B

1. A pin-jointed frame shown in Fig. is carrying a load of 6 tonnes at C. Find the vertical as well
as horizontal deflection at C. Take area of member AB as 10cm2 and those of members AC and BC
as 15cm2. E = 2 x 103 t/cm2.
A 4m 4m B

3m

6t
2. Using the method of virtual work, determine the horizontal displacement of a point C of the
frame shown in Fig. Take E = 2 x 105N/mm2, I = 4 x 106mm4.
10KN/m
B C
2.5m 4m

30KN
2.5m
A

3. Using Influence line diagram, find (i) maximum Bending moment (ii) maximum positive and
negative shears at 4m from left support A of a simply supported irder of span 10m, when a train of
4 wheel loads 10KN, 15KN, 30KN and 30KN spaced at 2m, 3m and 3m respectively cross the span
with the 10KN load leading.

4. Draw the Influence line diagram for shear force and bending moment for a section at 5m from
left support of a simply supported beam, 20m long. Hence calculate the maximum B.M and S,F at
the section. Due to uniformly distributed rolling load of length 8m and intensity 10KN/m run.

5. For the span shown in Fig., obtain the bending moment at a section P, 20m from A, due to given
loads in the position indicated. Also determine the position of the loads for maximum bending
moment of section P and the value of maximum bending moment.
8t 8t 16t 18t 17t

6m 5m 6m 7m

20m P 30m

6. A uniformly distributed load of 5t/m, longer than span, rolls over a beam of 25m span.
Using influence line, determine the maximum shear force and bending moment at a section 10m
from the left end support.
7. A system of concentrated loads shown in Fig. Rolls from left to right across a beam simply
supported over a span of 10m, the 10KN load leading. For a section 4m from the left support,
determine maximum shear force and bending moment.
8. A udl of 40t/m covers left hand half of the span of a two hinged parabolic arch, span 36m and
central rise 8m. Determine the position and magnitude of maximum bending moment. Also find
shear force and normal thrust at the section. Assume that the moment of inertia at a section varies
as secant of slope at the section.
9. A three hinged parabolic arch of span 40m and rise 8m carries a udl of 30KN/m over the
left half span. (i) Analyse the arch and draw the bending moment diagram. (ii) Also evaluate
the thrust and shear force at a section 10m from left hinge.

10. A three hinged circular arch of span 16m and rise 4m is subjected to two point loads of 100KN
and 80KN at left and right quarter span points respectively. Find the reaction at the supports. Find
also BM, radial shear and normal thrust at 6m from the left support.

11. A three hinged parabolic arch of span 30m has its supports at depths of 4m and 16m below
crown C. The arch carries a load of 80KN at a distance of 5m to the left of C and a second load of
100KN at 10m to the right of C. Determine te reactions at supports amd BM under the loads.

12. A three hinged parabolic arch has a horizontal span of 30m with a central rise of 5m. a point
load of 10KN moves across the span from left to right. Calculate the maximum positive and
negative moments at a section 8m from yhe left hinge. Also, calculate the position and magnitude
of the absolute maximum BM that may occur in the arch.

13. A three hinged parabolic arch has a horizontal span of 36m with a central rise of 6m. A point
load of 8KN moves across from left to right. Calculate the maximum sagging and hogging BM at
the section 9m from the left hinge. Calculate also the position and amount of absolute maximum
BM that may occur on the arch.

14. A two hinged parabolic arch of span 25m, rise 6m is subjected to a udl of 15KN/m over the left
half span and a point load of 25KN AT 9.5m from the right support. Find the support reactions,
BM, radial shear and normal thrust at 4m from the left support.

15. A three hinged parabolic arch is subjected to a udl of 10KN/m for the left half portion. Using
ILD, find the BM, radial shear and normal thrust at a section 4m from the left support.

16. A beam ABC supported on a column BD is loaded as shown in Fig. Analyse the frame by slope
deflection method and draw bending moment diagram.
3t/m 3t
A B C
4m 2m
3I I 4m
I
D
17. A continuous beam of constant moment of inertiais loaded as shown in Fig. Find the support
moments and draw bending moment diagram.
4000N
1m
A B C D
8m 3m 3m 3m

18. Analyse the continuous beam shown in Fig. by moment distribution method and draw the
bending moment diagram.
2KN/m 5KN 8KN
A B C D
6m 3m 2m 2.5m 2.5m
I 2I I