Economic Patterns in Andhra Village
Economic Patterns in Andhra Village
Economic Patterns in Andhra Village
Victor S. Doherty
Economics Program
International Crops Research Institute
For the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)
Patancheru
Andhra Pradesh 502 324, INDIA
November 1992
A GUIDE TO THE STUDY OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC GROUPS"
AND . STRATIFICATION IN ICRISAT'S INDIAN VILLAGE LEVEL:STUDIES
ABSTRACT
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page,
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
cont d.
Table of Contents (cont'd.)
Page
REFERENCES 25
APPENDIX 32
. .
1. Destription of Data, with Location . on VLS-C '33
Demographic and Household infdrmation Tape
2..VLS Villages : Location, VILCODE, and Census 34
Dates
3. Caste Descriptions 35
4. CASCODE 67
5. ADJRANK 77
6. SAMRANK 87
7. VILRANK 97
Victor S. Doherty*
INTRODUCTION
Most of the coding systems discussed in the following pages involve the
ranking of caste groups against each other. Yet the discussion beloWempha-
sizes the fact that many educated, urbanized Indians do not recognize present
or. continuing validity for caste separation and inequality. Most inhabi-
.tants of farming, villages, also, whether they are educated or uneducated,
'recognize clearly that change has already occurred and that there is
potential for further, even more wide-ranging change.
shape the present, before one can understand what is new in the present or
what the future is likely to be.
human societies, seemingly at least from the time of the post-neolithic on.
This paper deals with the study of that system kpown as caste, which up to
In South Asia the system is most closely associated with Hinduism and India,
aspects in India but deliberately phrased broadly enough to allow for cross-
two major facets. These are the endogamous group into which one is born,
,actual political and economic power. They are also ranked according to
the standing of the occupation which the majority of their members follow
or followed until recent times. TratRtionaily, the four main varna cate
the varna scale. This seems to havd been importantly a political fact,
due as much or more to their lack of power and subsequent relegation to
these jobs.
refers today. in India and elsewhere to both jati and varna, as they are
mous units within such .a group: the Tirale and Ghatod, in this example.
I.
A fuller discussion of the development of the ideas , of jati and varna is
. ,
'in Basham (1959: - Chapter V). Useful discussions on other aspects of case '
is
and of Indian history and culture are found in the same volume.
particular analytic context one must always be specific about what one is
referring to when using the term. Caste is a multifaceted topic and has
attracted study by analysts from many countries, who have provided expla-
the same time, there is much regulari t y, throughout India, in the religious
and cultural justifications offered to support it. There are also strong
similarities, from a comparative sociological point of view, between the
caste system in India and systems of'socially inherited and culturally
The second caveat'is that all this is changing, to such a. degree that
one who does not take change into analytic account will be very likely, to
much as a member of the urban elite or of the urban middle class, has very
different expectations, views of society, and strategies than were common
even a generation ago. Such an individual sees the possibility and even
Dumont (1970), Leach (1971), and Das (1977). Studies of the system as a
case or cases illustrating crosseulturally incident systems of stratifica-
tion include especially those by Berreman (1960, 1972). The authors Bose,.
(1975) and Karve (1968) take positions which are compatible with a cross-
the role of the lowest castes as agricultural laborers. J.M. Mfahar (1972)
mainstream political, economic, and religious groups on the one hand; and,
logical and historical work now being done by some scholars to elucidate the
range of contexts. Many of these authors share ideals for publiC change,
clashes among caste and regional groups as the new order replaces the old.
The Village Level Studies (VLS) carried out by ICRISAT inIndia focus on agri-
and agroclimatic regions of the Indian dry semi-arid tropics: the area in
which most farming is rainfed, and where rainfall is not only low and un-
Appendix.) Data are collected monthly from forty sample households per vil-
, lage, representing those household which reported agriculture as their
Jodhall et al. (1977) and Binswanger and Ryan (1980) contain descrip-
has also been published (Binswanger and Jodha 1978). Jodha et al. (1977)
forthcoming.
Upper Volta and Niger are included (see Matlon 1980a, 1980b; McIntire
1981a, 1981b for more information). The potential which these studies
The ten villages of the Village Level Studies (VLS) in India are drawn
from five districts located among four states. These villages contain
maries of information about each caste are contained in ifhles 3A-H, J-K
_
in the! Appendix. The castes in these tables have been listed in seven
adjusted rank groups (ADJRANK) in each village, to allow for comparison
of social and economic' standing across villages and areas. In these
. Jodha et al. (1977), blit the additional sources discussed in the follow-
paragraphs should be consulted.
' This work includes such items as political histories of the subregions
inch to one mile and two cm to one km. sheets, are listed in the map
Indian states of South Asia are particularly valuable for regional ethno-
graphic and socioeconomic information, despite the sometimes inappropriate
interpretations and value, judgements provided with those data. (Opinions
'regarded as such no matter how badly dated they may be.) Schwartzberg
4.
covering what are now the sample districts. The*Gazetteer of the Bombay,
Presidency edited by Campbell covers Sholapur (1884), and the VLS area
of Sabarkantha District is covered in the article on Prantij Taluka in
the Ahmedabad volume (1879). What is now Raisen District was covered in
the Gazetteer for the independent Bhopal State (see Schwartzberg and
10
in .the gazetteers, there are several works covering the tribes and castes
of each region of India, giving the same sorts of information more com-
pletely and with more ethnographic detail, while focusing special articles
on each caste or tribal group found in a major region. These volumes are
11
on customs and language, and on relations with other groups. The value of
these works persists despite the fact that some of the ethnological con-
clusions and authors' opinions which they contain have either been super-
Among the various series on tribes and castes, the Akola and Raisen areas
are covered in Russell and Hiralal (1916). Syed Siraj-ul-Hassan (1920)
covers old Hyderabad State and thus Mahbubnagar, while some of the material
: should be compared.
earlier, reports on Karnataka but gives a very good general view of the
from that of other regions and villages, local political and economic
positions are not exactly equivalent even for castes that may be consider-
the determination of caste rank within a given village (P.M: Mahar 1959,
personal status independently, and then to show how these combine to yield
A common finding of these and other studies is that both socially and
cognitively castes are clustered in rank groups, rather than being clearly
separated from one another. Clustering occurs despite the fact that endog-
assures that in the .last analysis, each caste is separate from all
other local castes when the matter is one of basic alliances and inheritance.
In her study Mahar identified 7 distinct sets of rules for social interaction.
13
The application of these rules, which were rationalized by her village infor-
dual's placing of any one caste sometimes differed from the placing indi-
cated by others on the 18-member panel, Mahar (1959:141) found that for
these 15 castes any individual respondent's answers agreed with approxi-
mately 80% of the other respondents' answers.
.Hiebert also found clustering among the caste ranks provided by his
panel: Application of a binomial test indicated the presence of 9 signi-
sence of, 4 significant, achieved rank groups among eighteen village men
well-known by the respondents.
Xions have been used, for convenience and in broad agreement with findings
agrees with the findings of Miller (1956) that seven, plus or minus two,
,is consistently indicated by psychological tests to be the maximum number
of distinct positions which human subjects can separate easily along the
same continuum.
nature of the question under investigation and the needs of the analyst
for different ways of ordering data, the various coding systems can be
used to provide nominal systems for identification only; and they can
rank measures used. Based on the information below, new methods of rank-
In constructing the ranking systems used here the attempt has been to
data from several related but different viewpoints. Unlike the work of
P.M. Mahar and of Hiebert, there has not been any attempt to provide statis-
regional validity were sought. In order to rank the sample castes, and
in a village in the region he reported on, and each had been resident for
at least one year in the village where he collected VLS sample data on
rank groups after these had been calculated arithmetically for,the sample
castes appearing in his village. Ranks were on the basis of overall socia l,
religious rank.
the same time there. is high evident correlation between the results of the
procedures used and the ethnographic literature for the particular
regions. The measures also have proved useful as applied in a number of
VLS studies (13idinger 1981, Ryan 1982 e.g.). Thus the systems discussed
the Indian Constitution). Over the years, however, the term has
acquired somewhat pejorative connotations.
, Where it was used by census-
.takers and thus appears in the VLS records it has been retained for some
(see Southworth 1974). The latter term comes from the names of these
The original VLS censuses , in Villages A-F were carried out before anthro-
pological input was available to the team.
16
the term Harijan it has acquired derogatory.meaning; in the , same way, how-
particular group whatever the group's status, and to choose the variant
preferred by that group itself. Thus, as noted in Table 3B below, Yaedav
is preferred to Golla as a caste name by a number of Mihbubnagar shepherds..
J.M. Mahar 1972). In order to find one's way through the ethnographic
In several of the tables below, Muslims are ranked along with the
other groups despite the fact that Islamic ideals deny the validity of
caste. Ethnographers in many areas of India have met with comments from
deal with them separately, Muslims are included here on the same scale
partly for convenience' sake. They are also included on practical grounds
live.
, jnformation is contained in a master tape for the VLS-C census and demo-
,graphic records, which was put into its present form during August-September
1982, and which is updated from time to time. Table 1 in the Appendix
,
lists the data categories and their positions in the taped record. Table
. .',,2 contains a list of villages, village codes CVILCODE), and census 'ds.
Besides the codes relating to caste, discussed below, the tape contains
Tables 3A-H,' J-K in the Appendix contain information on the castes in each
of the VLS villages, and the number of households in each caste. Among the
villages where the VLS began in 1975, recounts of the numbers of house-
holds in each caste were made for villages A and E in early 1980.
18
which were not recorded by name earlier. Nevertheless, comparison .of the
movement out of the village to urban areas. The Mahars, although still
organization than castes of similar status at the village level, and thus
they have more mobility to seek changes in their social and economic
situation.
the fact that particular cases suggest some change for some groups sug-
gests that the reasons for these changes should be sought. It also
.,
19
VLS villages and the social and economic changes they are undergoing.
The codes are listed, along with the names of the castes to which they
refer, in Appendix Tables 4K-1-1, J-K. In April of 1978, castes with mem-
bers which appeared then in samples in the original six VLS villages were
listed and were assigned individual codes (codes 1-12). The same process
- ,
was carried out in October, 1982 for sample castes in the four villages .
;A) A
in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh (codes 1-13). Code numbers: in the series
20, 21, ..., etc., have been assigned to be used for castes not actually
appearing
t.
in the active samples reviewed in April 1978 or in October
'1982. These castes were assigned codes in the series 20,21, etc.,
later within broad groups, can be coded as may be necessary, using this
same series. Where all members of a caste belong to the same subcaste
will often prove to be the best strategy. In such a case, ranking will be
Taken together with the village code (VILCODE, listed in Table 2) the
As noted above, when the VLS economic investigators prepared the lists
of castes appearing in their village samples they were asked to list them in
rank order, as they perceived it, with the highest caste listed first on a
favor of religious, rank was exercised. Thus, if the analyst wishes, the
caste codes may be used to define a unique rank order, village by village,
for the April 1978 or October 1982 sample castes. These orders were used
in the construction of sample rank scores (SAMRANK; see below).
When caste codes were assigned in April 1978 and in October 1982 the same
number of sample castes was not found in each village. The number of indi
vidual caste ranks was cumbersome for some purposes and too fragmentary
for others; nor was it possible to compare ranks across villages using
for each caste, corresponding to what its rank would be if there were
only seven rank positions in each village. This number corresponds to the
number of functional social groups reported by P.M. Mahar for the village
she studied, and to what (as noted above) psychologists have determined
21
Tables SA-H, J-K give caste codes (series 1-13) in rank order, the percent-
age steps into which these ranks translate and the adjusted rank groups
into which they fall. All castes not in the sample when caste codes were
assigned (CASCODEs 20, 21, ...; etc.) were assigned lattr to adjusted rank
column for each village, but these castes have not been assigned percentage
ranks.
of ;households within the VLS samples of one or more villages, when analyses
based on individual castes would not provide enough observations for
22
SAMRANK measure properly indicates the degree of exclusivity and high rank
of agricultural households of a given high caste vis-a-vis farmers and . carm
laborers of lower castes. It does'not take into account caste fellow
the caste composition of the whole village, including both agricultural and
in Tables 3A-H, J-K for each of the ten villages. The measure is based on
the original censuses except in the case of village A, where it was neces-
sary to use the 1980 recensus in order to have'a better count of some
castes.
on the individual rank listing of codes for sample castes. The system was
analyses in which systems dividing the sample into smaller groups would not
allow for enough observations per group to run valid statistical tests
(see Table 11 below; cf. Table 10 also). As with the CASCODE or ADJRANK.
systems, CONRANK codes can be used either for simple identification or
to divide the sample into ordered rank groups. Here as elsewhere the ranks
refer to overall social, religious, and economic standing, not to standing '
The CONRANK codes for the April 1978 and October 1982 sample castes
were assigned on,the basis of inspection of descriptive data on occupation
and socioeconomic condition of the individual castes, as recorded by the
investigators and reported in Tables 3A-H, J-K. CONRANK codes for castes
coded in the series 20, 21, ..., etc., wero determined on the basis of
the information in the ADJRANK Tables SA-H, J-K, where all non sample
-
castes are arbitrarily held equal to the lowest caste in their ADJRANK
group.
VSD:kms9111982
REFERENCES
26
REFERENCES
Baden-Powell, Baden H.
1892 The Land Systems of British India : 3 Vb1s. Oxford.
Bailey, F.G.
1968 Asian society : South Asia. In David L. Sills, ed.,
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences:
Vol.l. New York:Macmillan.
Basham, A.L.
1959 The Wonder that was.India. New York:Grove Press.
Berreman, Gerald D.
1960 Caste in India and the United States. American Journal
of Sociology, Vol. 66:120-127.
1972 Hindus of the Himalayas (2nd edition). Berkeley:Univer-
sity of California Press.
.Beteille, Andre
1969 Castes : Old and New. Bombay:Asia Publishing House.
Bose, N.K.
1975 The Structure of Hindu Society. New Delhi:Orient Longmans.
27
Burghart, Richard
1978 Hierarchical models of the Hindu social system. Man (N.S.),
Vol. 13:519-36.
Campbell, James M.
1879 Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency : Vol.4, Ahmedabad.
.
Crooke, William'
1906 Tribes and Castes of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh:
4 Vols. Calcutta.
Das,. Veena
1977 , Structure and Cognition : Aspects of Hindu Caste and
Ritual. Delhi:Oxford University Press.
Dube,. S.C.
1955 Indian Village. London:Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Dumont, Louis
1970 Homo Hierarchicus : The Cate System and. Its Implications.
London:Weidenfield and Nicholson.
Enthoven, Reginald E.
1920 The Tribes and Castes of Bombay: 3 Vols. Bombay.
Fried, Morton H.
1968 The Evolution of Political Society. New York:Random
House.
.von Filrer-Haimendorf, Christoph
"1945 The Reddis of the. Bison Hills. London:Macmillan.
Hiebert, Paul G.
1971 Konduru : Structure and Integration in a South Indian
Village. Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
Jacobson, Jerome
19.78 Ethnohistory and archaeology in eastern Malwa. In
Sylvia Vatuk, ed., American Studies in the Anthropology
of India. New Delhi:Manohar Publications.
Karve, Irawati
1968 Hindu Society : An Interpretation (2nd ed.). Poona:
Deshmukh Prakashan.
Khan, Mirza M.
1909 Imperial Gazetteer of India : Provincial Series,
Hyderabad State. Calcutta:Superintendent of Government
Printing.
Klass, Morton
1980 Caste : The Emergence of the South Asian Social System.
Philadelphia:Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
Kolenda, Pauline
1978 Caste in Contemporary India : Beyond Organic Solidarity.
Menlo Park, California, U.S.A.:Benjamin/Cummings.
29
Leach, E.R.
1971 Introduction to E.R. Leach, ed., Aspects of Caste in South
India, Ceylon and North-West Pakistan. Cambridge:Cambridge
University Press.
Mahar, Pauline M.
1959 A multiple scaling technique for caste ranking. ' Man in
India, Vo1.39:127-47:
Matlon, Peter J.
1980a Profile of farm units in two villages of Central Upper Volta.
Ouagadougou, Upper Volta:Economics Program, International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
1980b Local varieties, planting strategies, and early season farm-
ing activities in two villages of Central Upper Volta.
Ouagadougou, Upper Volta:Economics Program, International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
Mayer, Adrian C.
1960 Caste and Kinship in Central India : A Village and its
Region. Berkeley:University of California Press.
McIntire', John
' 1981a Reconnaissance surveys in north and west Upper Volta..
Ouagadougou, Upper Volta:Economics Program, International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics.
Mencher, Joan P.
1974 The caste system upside down or the not-so-bysterious East.
Current Anthropology, Vol. 15, No. 4:469-493.
Miller, G.A.
1956 The magical number seven, plus or minus two : some limits
on our capacity for processing information. Psychological
Review, Vol. 63:81-97.
Orenstein, Henry
1965 Gaon : Conflict and Cohesion in An Indian Village. Princeton:
Princeton University Press.
Rajagopal, M.V.
1976 Gazetteer of India : Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers,
Mahbubnagar. Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh:Government Central
Press.
Rajyagor, S.B., ed.
1974 Gujarat State Gazetteers : Sabarkantha District. Ahmedabad:
Government Printing, Stationery, and Publications, GoVern-
ment of Gujarat. -
Ryan, J.G.
1982 Wage functions for daily labor market participants in
rural south India. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India:
Economics Program, International Crops Research Institute
.
Scholberg, Henry
1970 The District Gazetteers of British India : A Bibliography.
Zug, Switzerland.
Schwartzberg, Joseph
1978 A Historical Atlas of South Asia. Chicago:University of
Chicago Press.
Srinivas, M.N.
1962 Caste in Modern India and Other Essays. Bombay:Asia
Publishing House.
31
Date through
Original Date
whole which VLS house-
demographic holds pet
State District VILCODE village tape updated
census caste
(as of Oct recounted.
date 1982)
Maharashtra Sholapur C Apr 1975 Jun 1980
D Apr 1975 Jun 1980 v
TABLE 3 A (1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village - A*
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations No. of
.Households
tions in this in this Village
Area 1975 1980
ADJRANK 1**
TABLE 3 A (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or No..of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village.
Area 1975 . 1980
ADJRANK 2
Padmasale Weavers Involved in business as 16 20,
or Sale cloth Merchants. A few do
tailoring, farming, and
agricultural labor. At
least one does some weaving.
Velama Agridulture Landowners concentrating on 10 10
farming. A few lease in
land for cultivation.
26 30
(.057) (.056)
ADJRANK 3
ADJRANK 4
Contd.
37
TABLE 3 A (3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or.
No.. of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village
Area 19.75 1980
.,ADJRANK 5
Boya Farmers, Shopkeepers. One person 1
hunter-gathers, works as office attendant
watchmen, and and guard for the village
laborers school.
ADJRANK 6
Contd.
38
TABLE 3A(4)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or No. of
Main Occupations in Households
Caste Occupations this Village
in this Area 1975 1980
No clear, distinction was made among Mala Dasari, Mala, Baindla and Madiga
in the - 1975.census. Where these groups are concerned, 1975 records show
the term "Harijan" in 98 cases, and "Mala" in 22 cases. Overall, these
four groups were recorded as 120 households in 1975 and 143 in 1980. For
purposes of demographic comparison aline is added in brackets [ ion'ihe
next page, in which households for ADJRANK 6 and 7 are totaled together,
and the percentages for 1975 and 1980 are compared. Very little difference
is seen in proportional representation on the two census dates.
TABLE 3A(5)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
ADJRANK 7
Baindla Agricultural Madiga priests. Beat drums at
labor, Madiga the time of other villagers" mar-
priests riages and other ritual's. Agri-
cultural laborers.
TABLE 3 B (1)
CASTE. DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or No. of
Caste.Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area
ADJRANK 1
Bhatrajulu 'Bards at Farming, business and teaching.
marriages, etc. All of the families have low
incomes.
Brahmin Priests Village Accountant (Patwari), 1
priest, and farming.
ADJRANK 2
TABLE 3 B (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or NO, of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area
ADJRANK 3
ADJRANK 4
Contd.
42
.TABLE 3 B (3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupa-: Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area
ADJRANK
Chakali Washermen Washing clothes, farming. All ,
are, poor.
Yaedav or Shepherds Shepherds, farming. Only two 28
Golla* families are well-off.
37
(.115)
ADJRANK 6
Mangali Barbers Barbers, farming, playing music 6
for marriages. All are poor.
Yerukala Hunter-gatherers, Pig raising, basket and mat 4
.
pig raising, making, snake catching, farming.
basketmaking All are poor.
10
(.031)
ADJRANK 7
Madiga Agricultural Shoemaking, farming, village 1**
labor, leather- watchmen, farm and nonfarm
workers, village labor. Only three households
servants are well-off.
322
(1.000)
* The term Yaedav is preferred by the group itself.
** In the 1975 census, as for Village A, a number of Madiga and Mala households
were lumped together under the cover term "Harijan".
43
TABLE 3 C (1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupa- No. of
Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village
Area 1975
ADJRANK 1
TABLE 3 C (2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area
ADJRANK 2
Wan i Merchants Three families are engaged in
(Lingayat) trading-(2 households have grain
and sundries shops while one
runs a teashop). One household's
three sons are employed
as teacher's. Two families own
land and farm. Altogether the
. group is of average economic
condition.
4
(.013)
ADJRANK 3
ADJRANK 4
Contd.
45
TABLE 3 C (3) .
CASTE. DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or
Caste Occupa- No. of
Main Occupations
Households
tions in this in this Village . 1975
Area '
* Bangle sellers in this area are known Kasars; the religion of this family
is Jainism. Jains are members of a reformist religion which arose and
split off from Hinduism at about the same time as Buddhism. They are
common in Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh (see Tables 314, J, K, and L below).
** These households are of the same caste but are called by different names
depending upon their occupation.
46
TABLE 3 C (A)
CASTE- DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this in this Village 1975
Area
ADJRANK 5
ADJRANK 6
Contd.
47
TABLE 3 C (5)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS ,
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Oceupa- Main Occupations Households
tions in this - in this Village 19 75
Area
Contd.
48
TABLE 3 C (6)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupa- Main Occupations
in this Village Households
tions in this
Area 1975
297
(.999)
49
TABLE 3D(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Main Occupations in House-
Caste Occupations this Village
. in this Area holds
1975
ADJRANK 1.
Brahmin Priest They no - longer work as priests, , 10
but as farmers. The majority are
well-to-do and are educated. They
do not participate in the labor
market.
ADJRANK 2'
Wani Merchants The economic condition of these 18
(Lingayat*) people is fair; their main occu-
pation is farming followed by
trading. A few households have
members employed outside the
village.. 18
(.043)
The Wani and also the Koshti families in this village and in Village C
are Lingayats. Two households included on this line were listed in 1975
only by religious sect, as Lingayat, but are probably merchant (Wani)
families.
Sti
TABLE 3D(2)
.CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations Main Occupations in House-
in this Area this i' 1 1ge holds
1975
ADJRANK
Mali Farming Only 10% of the households are well- 38
to-do and the rest are poor. The
main occupation of these people is
farming. Men of some of the poor
families serve as permanent farm
servants (mainly with. Koshtis and
Marathas), while others do wage work. 38
(.090)
ADJRANK 4
Kumbhar Potters Some are engaged in pot making while 4
others are laborers. Some households
have land but lease it out.
Sonar Goldsmiths Only one family is fairly well-off,
the others are poor. The poor fami-
lies do not cultivate their land but
lease or share it out. One family
farms its land and also works as
goldsmiths. One household head is
Police Patel of the village. 7
(.017)
ADJRANK 5
Berad Farmers, hunter- Economically poor. Main occupations
gatherers,, watch- are as watchmen and laborers.
men, laborers
Dhangar. Shepherds About 10% of the households are eco- 49
nomically sound, while others are
fair to poor. Their main occupa-
tions are farming and agricultural
labor. Some households raise sheep_
and goats, in addition to farming.
Some households have members as
permanent farmservants for other
families. Relatkiely low literacy.
Gosavi Religious Begging; family also work as labor-
mendicants ers. This household is very poor.
Kasar : Bangle sellers Sell bangles in the village,, but their
(Jain) main source of income is labor wages. '
Koli Fishing, water Economically poor. They serve as 6
suppliers water carriers and as farm laborers.
Lohar Blacksmiths Poor households. Their main occupa- 2
tion is as blacksmiths. They also
work as laborers.
cont'd.
51
TABLE 3D(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Main Occupation House-
Caste Occupations in this Village
in this Area holds
1975
ADJRANK 6
Waddar Stoneworkers Economically poor. Their main occu- 8
pation is stone breaking. They also
undertake masonry work. A few house-
holds own land but they lease out
the land to others. They also work 8
.as laborers. (:019)
cont'd.
52
TABLE 30(4) '
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations Main occupa, louse-
in this Area holds
in this Village 1975
ADJRANK 7
423
(1.001)
53
TABLE 3E(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
ADJRANK 1
ADJRANK 2
TABLE 3E(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS .
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No.of,
Main Occupation in Households
Caste Occupations this Village
in this Area 1975 1980
ADJRANK 3
Muslim Farmers and farm laborers; the 10
(Fakir) Farming and
government women do not work in the fields. 15
Muslim servants Two family heads are shopkeepers 6
(Sheikh) while three are engaged in the
dairy business. About 25% of the
families are economically poor.
Sonar. Goldsmiths Two are e ngaged in farm: 3 5
ing and one is still doing his tradi-
tional business. One family owns a
shop; a woman from this family also
works as a recruiter of farm labor
in the village. One family is well
off.
ADJRANK 4
TABLE 3E(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations Main Occupations.in Households
in this Area this Village 1975 980
ADJRANK 6
ADJRANK 7
="177 195
(.999) (1.000)
===== ====
56
TABLE 3F(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations Main Occupations in House-
in this Area this Village holds
1976
ADJRANK 1
Kunbi \.; Farmers; a few are poor and work, as
(Tirale agricultural laborers. One family
Farming
and owns a shop and a flour mill in the 46
Gh4tod) village. Only a few households are
rich while others are economically
medium and poor households.
46
(.319)
ADJRANK 2
Kalar Distillers Farming; one family.is well off and
-
c ont'd.
57
TABLE 3F(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
ADJRANK 4
Gowari Cattle heider All are economically poor; they 26
work as farmers and agricultural
. laborers. 26
(.181)
ADJRANK 6
Beldar Earthen wall They continue their traditional 8
construction occupation of construction of
house walls with mud. They work
as laborers when they do not
have construction work. 8
(.056)
onto&
58
TABLE 3F(3)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
Traditional or No. of
Main Occupations. in House-
CaSte Occupations this Village
in this Area holds
1975
ADJRANK 7
Mahar ' Farm labor, Agricultural labor and some farming. 9
village The economic condition of one
'servants, family is medium while all others
farming are poor. 9
(.063)
144
(1.001)
TABLE 3G(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
No. of
Traditional or Main Occupations in House-
Caste Occupations this Village holds
in this Area 1980
ADJRANK 1
Baniya Merchants Shopkeepers.
(Shah)
V Baniya Merchants Shopkeepers.
(Swetambar
Jain)
Brahmin Priests Farming, family priests, private
.(Tapodhan) medical practitioner. One family
is well-off.
ADJRANK 3
Thakur Farmers Farming, farm labor. 6
(Khant) (0.034)
ADJRANK 4
KuMbhar Potters Farming, potters. Fairly well-off.
Some shopkeeping.
Luhar Blacksmiths Farm labor, farming. Low income.
Suthar Carpenters Carpentry, farming. 4
(0.073)
* Thakur,.a word meaning roughly "leader", is used as an overall. caste
name by a number of subcaste groups claiming descent from kshatriya
or warrior varna ancestors.
61
TABLE 3H(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village H (KrA)
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
Traditional or No. of
Main Occupations in HouSe-
Caste Occupations this Village
'in this Area' holds
1980 .
ADJRANK 1
Baniya Merchants Merchants; well off.
(Digambar
Jain)
ADJRANK 2
Suthar . Carpenters Carpentry, farming, animal husbandry.
Well-off. (0.008)
ADJRANK'
Gurjar Potters**; Farming, animal husbandry, shop- 3
bringing keeping. (0.023)
water at
village and
private
social
celebra- '
tions
ADJRANK 4
Darji Tailors Tailors.
Luhar Blacksmiths Farming, government employment, work - 3
for cooperative dairy society, black-
smiths.
Targara 'Dramatists Dramatists; government employment. Low 2
income.
Valand or Barber Barbers, farming. Low income. 3
Nai
10
(0.078)
'* Patel is not only a title .(roughly meaning "officer" or "headman") but is used
as a caste name, most often by Kunbi groups.
** More information is needed regarding this group. If they are the same as the
Gujars, who are known generally as cattle herders and farmers, their occupa-
tion as potter's in this village would -seem to be only a local enterprise.
4
TABLE 3G(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village G
4
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
ADJRANK 6
Vankar Cotton Farm labor. 10
weavers (0.056)
ADJRANK 7
Bhangi Sweepers Sweepers. 2
Bhunetar Farm labor Farm labor. 1
Chamar Laborers and Farm labor; all are poor. .7
leather-
workers
Astrologers Traditional work and farm labor.
and family All. are low income. Some have
priests for government jobs.
scheduled
castes.
Farm labor Farm labor. 3
18
(0.101)
4=7=1
178
(0.999)
* It is not certain whether or not this group is the same as the Kathiya
group in Yilkage H Cp.62).
TABLE 3J(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
ADJRANK 1
Brahmin Priest Farming; all are well-off.
(Sanadya)
OW. Farming Farming; all are well-off. ;4
Kurmi Farming Farming, farm labor, village 17 ,
Patel. Well-off.
3-7
'( 0,343)
ADJRANK 2
Chadhar Carpentry. Farming, carpentry. Well-off. 9
Yadav or i Animal usr Farming, milk selling. 13
Ahir bandry and
milk soiling
(0.204)
ADJRANK 3
Baniya Merchants Farming, merchants, government
(Gupta) emp1oyment, hold private tui-
tion classes for school child,
rep in village.
Namdev or Tailors Farming, tailoring, village
Patwari, shopkeeping. Well-off.
Tell Shopkeepers Farming, farm labor.
(Sahu) (earlier
oilpressers) lr
(0.045) .
ADJRANK 4 '
platest*
1 !/ Disposable plates used fuf feasts and large gatherings, for offerings
gt StIrines etc.
cont 1 1.
64
TABLE 3J(2)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
t .. No. of
Traditional or Main Occupations, in .
Caste Occupations . .this Village House-
in this Area holds
1981
ADJRANK 5 .
Blacksmiths Farming 3
ADJRANK 7'
Khagar Permanent Permanent servant. 1
servant (0.009)
108
(1.001)
.t*
* Country cigarettes with leaf instead of paper wrappers.
TABLE 3K(1)
CASTE DESCRIPTIONS
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Traditional or No. of
Main occupations in Hous e
Caste Occupations this village
in this Area holds
1981
ADJRANK 1!
Baniya Merchants Merchants,farming, shopkeepers, 18
(Parwar village Patel, government employees,
Digambar teachers.
Jain)
Lodhi or Farmers Farming, government employees, 76
Lodhi regUlar and daily wage laborers.
Thakur la
(. 547)
ADJRANK 2
Baniya Merchants Shopkeeping, merchants, teaching,
(Gupta) farming.
Brahmin Priests *Priests, farming, Low income. .'7
(Sanadya) U.
(.070)
ADJRANK 3
Guj ar or Farming Farming,
Gujar
Thakur
Luhar or Carpenters and Carpenters, blacksmiths, farming,
Karigar or blacksmiths government employment.
Vishwakarma
Yadav or Grazing animals Grazing animals, regular farm labor .. ' 8
Ahir and daily labor. Low income.
13
.076)
ADJRANK 4
Dhimar or Water car- Water carriers, farming, regular
Barau or riers farm labor and daily labor. Low
Raikwar income.
Khabas Barbers Barbers, farming, government
or Nai. employees, daily wage work.
Kumhar or Potters Pottery,,farming i regular farm labor,
Prajapati and daily labor. Low income. .
(.052)
66
TABLE 3K(2)
CASTE' DESCRIPTIONS
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Traditional or No. of
Caste Occupations ' ' Main Occupations in HouSe-
'in this Area this Village holds
1975'
ADJRANK S
Chadhar Village Village watchman, farming, regular 7
or Kotwar watchman farm labor and daily labor. Low
income.
172
(1.001)
67
TABLE 4A
CAS CODE
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
qowda M4041 ?6
Wa.dla Boya 27
Chakali Kummari 20
Kurma 10 Mangali 29,
. .
Yerukala 14
Baindla 3S
TABLE 4 B
CASCODE
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
.
Ileddi s 1 Brahmin 20
Bhatrajulu 2 Komati 21
Kammari 3 Hausala 22
Jogi 4 Wadla 23
Musti 5 Muslim 24
Yaedav 8 Sale 27
Mangali . 9 Medari 28
Yerukala 10 Gondla 29
Madiga* 11 Chakali 30
Mala* 31
* The term Harijan occurs in Table 3 B, but is not coded here since any
Harijan household in the sample now or at a later date would be further
identifiable as either Madiga or Mala.
'69
TABLE 4 C
CASCODE
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Muslim 6 Koli 25
Mahar 7 Kumbhar 26
Huler 8 Lohar or Sutar 27
Parit 28
Teli 29
.
Warik 30.
Berad 31.
Kaikadi 32
Waddar 33
Chambhar 34
Mang 35
'""'' 1 r....177100..... ormuktz
70
TABLE 4 D
CASCODE
3
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
Maratha 1 Brahmin 20
Koshti. 2 Jangam 21
Mani 3 Barad 22
Mali 4 Gosavi - 23
Kumbhar .6 Koli 25
Waddar' 8 Muslim 27
Mahar 9 Parit 28
Shimpi 29
Sutar 30
Tell 31
Warik 32
Chambhar 33
Mang 34
7,1
TABLE 4 E
CASCODE
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
. 1'
72
TABLE 4 F
CASCODE
Village P
Akola Distritt, Maharashtra
Kalar 3 Kumbhar 22
Sutar 4 Navhi 23
Dhangar S
Gowari 6
Muslim 7
Tirmol i 8
Beldar . - 9
Mahar 10
73
TABLE 4 G
CASCODE
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
Castes and Subcastes Coded in Other Castes and Subcastes
October 1982 Sample List .(not in rank order)
"(in rank order)
Caste CASCODE Caste CASCODE
Luhar Suthar . 24
Kumbhar . Barot 25
Valand 7 Darji 26
Vankar Goswami 27
Rabari 29
Bhangi 30
Bhunetar 31
Chamar. 32
Parmar 33
74
TABLE 4 H
CASCODE
Village H
Sabarkantha DiStrict o Gujarat M
Luhar Darji 23
Kathiya 7
75
TABLE 4 J
CASCODE
Village J
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Namdev 6 Bhoj 25
Khabas 7
Baretha 8
Luhar 9
Muslim 10
Chamar 11
Gond 12
Khagar 13
76
TABLE 4K
CASCODE
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Lodhi 2 Kumhar 21
Yadav 6 Silawat 25
Dhimar 7 Malvik 26
Khabas 8 Mehatar 27
Kachhi 9
Chadhar 10
Baretha 11
Chamar 12
Basod 13
77
TABLE 5 A
ADJRANK
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
100.0 1 100.0
2 91.6 20-22
85.7 3 83.3
4 75.0
71.5 5 66.6 .
6 . 58.3 23-25
57.2 50.0 26
42.9 8 41.7
33.3 27-29
28.6 10 25.0
11 16.7 30-34
14.3 12 8.3 35
** Percentage values noted in this column apply only to April, 1978 and
October, 1982 sample castes.
78
TABLE p B
ADJRANK
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
100.0 1 100.0
2 90.9 20',21
2 85.7 3 81.8
4 72.7 22 , 23
57.2 6 54.5
7 45,5 28-29
42,9 8 36.4 30 -
28.6 9 , 27.3
10 18.2
7 14.3 11 9.1 31
79
TABLE 5 C
ADJRANK
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
100.0 1 100.0
2 87.5 2,21
85.7 3 75.0
71.5 4 62.5
42.9 6 37.5 31
80
TABLE 5 D
ADJRANK
Village D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
100.0 1 100.0
2 88.9 20,21
85.7 3 77.8
71.5 4 66.7
57.2 5 55.6
6 44.4
28.6 8 22.2
TABLE S E
ADJRANK
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
100.0 1 100.0
2 91.6
85.7 3 83.3
4 75.0
71.5 5 66.6
58.3 20-22
57.2 7 50.0
42.9 8 41.7
. -
33.3 23
28.6 10 25.0
11 16.7
14.3. 12 8.3
82
TABLE 5 F
. ADJRANK
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra.
100.0 1 100.0
2 '90.0
. '
71.5 70.0
60.0
,"
57.2 6 50.0
42 .9 7 40.0
8 30.0 22,23
28.6 9 20.0
14.3 10 10.0
83
'TABLE 5 G
ADJRANK
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
ADJRANK
CASCODE Sample Caste
ADJRANK October 1982 . Rank Other
(%) sample) GASCODEs :
(%)
100.0 1 100.0
2 88.9 20-22
85.7 3 77.8 23
71.5 4 66.7
57.2 5 55.6
44.4 24
28.6 8 22.2
TABLES H
ADJRANK
Village H
Gabarkantha District,, Gujarat
85.7 2 85.7
71.5 3 71.5
. 42.9 :5 42.9
28.6 6 28.6
14.3 7 14.3
85
TABLE 5 J
. ADJRANK
Village J NIkt,
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
100.0 1 1V
100.0 .
I..
2 92.3
. ,..20, .
t.
I.
85.7 3 84.6
4 76.9
71.5 5 69.2 :
6 61.5 '
57,2 .7 53.8
8 46.1
42.9 9 38.5
10 30.8 2'
28.6 11 23.1
12 15.4 24,25
14.3 13 7.7
'
86
1.
"4 .-
TABLE 5 K
ADJRANK
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
100.0 1 100.0
.4
2 92.3
85.7 3 84.6
4 76.9
ti!
71.5 69.2
61.5 20
57.2 7 53.8
46.1 21
42.9 . 9 38.5
10 30.8 22-24
28.6 11 23.1
12 15.4 25
TABLE 6 A
SAMRANK
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
April 1978
No. of Mean m
'CASCODE . Range
families SAMRANK..
0 1 I .11 g
n s40
88
TABLE 6B
SAMRANK
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
April 1978
No, of Mean =
CASCODE 'Range
families SAMRANK.
40 :
89
TABLE 6 C
SAMRANK
Village C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
April 1978
No. of Mean =
CASCODE Range SAMRANK
families
40
TABLE 6 D .
EMBANK
Village D
Akola District, Maharashtra
April 1978
r-ASCODE
2 .7 No: of
families Range
Mein %fa
SAMRANK
* At the time individual caste ranks were identified for the Village D
sample, one household had dropped out of the study and was yet to be
replaced.
4'
91
TABLE 6 E
SAMRANK
Village E
Akola District, Maharashtra
April 1978
No. of , Mean
CASCODE Range,
families SAMRANK
. ,
17.5 82.S 91.25 ,
2.5 80.0 - 82.5 .81.25
3 7.5 72.5 - 80.0 76.25
14 35.0 37.5 - 72.5 SS.00
1 2.5 35.0 - 37,5 36.25
1 2.5 32.5 - 35.0 33.75
1 30.0 - 32.5 31.25
2 5.0* 25.0 - 30.0 27.50
1 2.5 22.5 - 25.0 23.75 :
1 2.5 20.0 - 22.5 21.25
7 17.5 2.5 - 20.0 11.25
1 2.5 0.0 - 2.5 1.25
92
A4n 'I
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
April 1978
No of Moan
.CAS CODE Range SAMRANK
families
TABLE 6 G
SAMRANK
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
October 1982
CASCODE
No. of Range .
Mean ='.
families % SAMRANK
= 40
94
TABLE 6 IL
SAMRANK
Village ii
Sabarkantha District, Gufarat
October 1982
No . of Mein =
CSSCODE. '
families
Range
SAMRANK
40
96
TABLE 6 K
SAMRANK
Village K
Raisen District, Madhya Pradesh
Octpher 1982.
. No. of Mean
CASCODE Range
families SAMRANK
n =40
97
TABLE.? A
VILRANK
Village A
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Tradesh
No. of Mean =
ADJRANK - households Range
1979* VILRANK
n1= 535
* The 1979 recensus has been used in the case of Village A in order to
have data identifying the separate castes which make up ADJRANK nos. 6
and 7.. driginal censuses are used for the other villages in this
series of tables.
98
TABLE 7 B
VILRANK
Village B
Mahbubnagar District, Andhra Pradesh
No. of Mean =
ADJRANK households Range VILRANK
1975
= 322
99
TABLE 7 C
VILRANK
Villige C
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
No. of Mean
ADJRANK households Range
1975 VILRANK
24 8.08 0.00 -
. 8.08 4.04
297
100
TABLE 7 D
V I LRANK
Village .D
Sholapur District, Maharashtra
. ... .
= 423
'0 1130,4 0
101
TABLE7 E
VILRANK
Village E
Akola District,'Maharashtra
-No.'of Mean is
ADJRANK houieholds Range VILRANK
1975
169
102
TABLE 7 F
VILRANK
Village F
Akola District, Maharashtra
No.- , of
ADJRANK Range Mean =
households VILRANK
19 75
= 144
103
TABLE 7G
VILRANK
Village G
Sabarkantha District, Gujarat
No. of
ADJRANK households Mean *
Range
1980 VILRANK
178
104
TABLE 7 H
VILRANK
Village H
Sabarkentha District; Gujarat
NO. of Mean =
. API 44:14 0 h01!4 % Range VILRANK .
P59
129
... . . . + 1
105
TABLE 7J
VILRANK
Village J.
Raison District, Madhya Pradesh
No. of
ADJRANK households Mean is
Range' VILRANIC.
1981
V. n = 108
i
106
TABLE 7.K
VILRANK
Village K
Baisen District, Madhya Pradesh
No. of
ADJRANK households Range Moan ci
r.
1981 VILRANK
i(?)
TABLE S
CONRANK
Date Village 2. 3
Sample CASC,ODEs.
4-6 7-9
3,4 5
1 2-4 5,6 7
TABLE 9 .
CONRANK
Village 2 3
Additional CASCODEs
20 22
- 23 25
- 26-29 30-35
20,21 A2,23:
20-22 23-25
20 21-23 24,25
20-24 25-27
109
v.
'TABLE 10
Date ADJRANK
Village
2 3 4 S 7
April 1978 9 2 2 10 6
9 11 4 2 6
24 1 1 9 1 3 1
21 2 3 2- 8 1 2
.E. 8 17 2 1 3 8 1
F 13 2 9 G 4 3 1
October 1982 G 21 7 1 :5 :3
14 1 1 2 1 '20 1
J 10 10 12 1
11 25 2 4
K
.Totals 154 46 . 30 53 29 65 22