International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299

Special Issue: Techno-Xtreme 16 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

STREET LIGHT INTENSITY CONTROL BY DETECTING VEHICLE

MOVEMENT

Aniket A. Sonkusare1, Pravin K. Umate2, Pooja K. Patki3

Prof. Mrs. Padmini G. Kaushik4

1
Final year student, Electronics and telecommunication department, J.D.I.E.T. Yavatmal,
[email protected]
2
Final year student, Mechanical department, J.D.I.E.T. Yavatmal,
[email protected]
3
Final year student, Electronics and telecommunication department, J.D.I.E.T.
Yavatmal,[email protected]
4
Associate Professor, Electronics and telecommunication department, J.D.I.E.T.
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
This paper refers to the control to intensity of street light. During the whole night the street lights on the
highways or bridges remains ON which is the total wastage of electricity. There is a need to save the
electricity as sources of energy is decadent. We can save this electricity by sensing the approaching
vehicle then switches on the block of street light ahead of the vehicle.
This can be achieved with the use of microcontroller, IR transmitter and receiver, we can control the
intensity of street light. Presently HID lamps are used which is more power consumable and we
cannot control the intensity. To overcome this problem we will use LEDs, which is low power
consumable.
As the vehicle is sensed by the IR sensor, it sends command to the microcontroller to glow the LEDs at full
intensity. The intensity of the LEDs can be done by using pulse width modulation. As vehicle passes
by the intensity of trailing lights will becomes 10% after some delay.
Further this can be implemented by using appropriate sensors for detecting the failed street light and then
sending a SMS to the control room via GSM circuitry for appropriate action.

Keywords: Street light, HID lamps, IR sensor

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------

1. INTRODUCTION
This system provides a solution for energy saving. This is achieved by sensing an approaching
vehicle and then switches ON a block of street lights ahead of the vehicle. As the vehicle passes by, the trailing
lights switch OFF automatically. Thus, we save a lot of energy. So when there are no vehicles on the highway,
then all the lights remain OFF.

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Special Issue: Techno-Xtreme 16 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

However, there is another mode of operation where instead of switching OFF the lights
completely, they remain ON with 10% of the maximum intensity of the light. As the vehicle approaches, the
block of street lights switch to 100% intensity and then as the vehicle passes by, the trailing lights revert back to
10% intensity again. High intensity discharge lamp (HID) presently used for urban street light are based on
principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not controllable by any voltage reduction. White Light Emitting
Diode (LED) based lamps are soon replacing the HID lamps in street light.

Intensity control is possible by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) generated by the

microcontroller. Sensors used on either side of the road senses vehicle movement and sends logic commands to
microcontroller to switch ON/OFF the LEDs. Thus this way of dynamically changing intensity ON/OFF helps
in saving a lot of energy. The project uses 8051 microcontroller.

1.1 PREVIOUS TECHNOLOGY

The existing work is use the High intensity discharge lamp (HID). HID presently used for urban street
light are based on principle of gas discharge, thus the intensity is not been controllable by any voltage reduction
method as the discharge path is broken.

Disadvantages of Previous System:

HID lamps consume more power.

The life time of the HID lamps is very less.

It cannot be used in all outdoor applications.

1.2 EXISTING TECHNOLOGY

The LED technology is preferred as it offers several advantages over other traditional technologies
like energy saving due to high current luminous efficiency, low maintenance cost, high colour rendering index,
rapid start up speed, long working life etc.

White Light Emitting Diode (LED) based lamps are soon replacing the HID lamps in street
light.

As these LEDs can switch faster than HID lamps we can apply PWM concept to these LEDs.

LEDs consume less power compared to HID lamps.

Life time of LEDs is also more.

Fig.1: Different LEDs

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Special Issue: Techno-Xtreme 16 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

2. BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig.2: Block Diagram Of Automatic Street Light

3. PRINCIPLE BEHIND THIS SYSTEM

The system consists of Atmega8 microcontroller, LDR, PIR sensor and RTC. This system controls the street
lights using light dependent resistor and PIR sensor..street lights are switched on depending on the intensity of
the Sun light on LDR. If the intensity of Sunlight on light dependent resistor is low, its resistance value is high.
This value increases and becomes high when it is completely in dark. This resistance value decides when the
street lights are required to switch ON.As the resistance value is maximum in the midnights, real time clock
comes into the play. The controller checks peak time during which there is no traffic and switch OFF the lights.
When there is any vehicle on the road, it is detected by the PIR sensor..Whenever PIR sensor is detected it just
indicates the microcontroller to switch on the street lights. Then lights are switched on for 2 to 3minutes and
switched off automatically..Another way to this approach is, one can maintain minimum intensity without
completely switching off the lights by using PWM and switch them on to maximum intensity whenever it
detects the vehicle. But in this article the circuit is designed in such a way that lights are completely switched
OFF and will be switched ON only when there is any vehicle.

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Special Issue: Techno-Xtreme 16 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

4. MICROCONTROLLER (AT89S52/AT89S51)
The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-
system programmable Flash memory. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash
on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and
cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard
features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit
timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and
clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and
supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but
freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

Fig.7: Pin Diagram

5. PHOTO DIODE
A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending
upon the mode of operation..Photodiodes are similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be
either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical fibre connection to allow
light to reach the sensitive part of the device.

Fig.8: Symbol Of Photodiode

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Special Issue: Techno-Xtreme 16 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

6. INFRARED LED (IR LED)

An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of
760 nm wavelength.Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They,
along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors.The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the
human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is
working or not, unlike a common LED.To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The
camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

Fig.9: IR LED

7. PWM (PULSE WIDTH MODULATION)

The term duty cycle describes the proportion of on time to the regular interval or period of time; a low duty
cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in
percent, 100% being fully on. The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very
low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on, there is almost no voltage drop
across the switch. PWM works also well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily
set the needed duty cycle. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the power supplied
to the load is.

Fig.10: PWM Cycle

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Special Issue: Techno-Xtreme 16 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

8. OPERATION OF SYSTEM

There are two basic modes of operation,

1. Transition of streetlights from dark to bright state.

2. Transition of streetlights from dim to bright state.

In the first mode of operation, when the vehicle is not present, all the streetlights will be in dark state. When a
vehicle is sensed then the streetlights is illuminated in front of the vehicle.

In the second mode of operation, initially when the vehicle is not sensed, all the streetlights will be in dim state.
This is achieved by use of pulse width modulation technique through the program stored in the microcontroller.
When a vehicle is not present on the highway, then the streetlights are made to glow for about 1ms and then for
100ms they are switched off. Thus, we get streetlights with less brightness. When a vehicle is sensed, all the
streetlights are illuminated for 1ms and the streetlights are illuminated for 100ms. Thus we have a PWM wave
of 99% duty cycle.

9. APPLICATIONS

This circuit can be used in real time street lights and highways also.
This can be used for lights in parking areas of industries, hotels, restaurants, etc.
This circuit uses LED Bulbs, so it is very low cost and it has more life span.
Maximum energy can be saved.
Garden Lights.
Township Management.
Museums.

9.1 ADVANTAGES

Complete elimination of manpower

Reduced energy costs
Reduced maintenance costs
Higher community satisfaction
Higher security aspects
Fast payback

9.2 DISADVANTAGES:

The only disadvantage of this project is that the Capital Cost is high.

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 International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering e-ISSN: 2394-8299
Special Issue: Techno-Xtreme 16 p-ISSN: 2394-8280

9.3 CONCLUSION

Street-lights are a large consumer of energy for cities using up to 50 percent of a city's energy
budget. If every city installs the proposed system then a lot of power can be saved. This system is power saving
mechanism for street lights by using LED lamps as replacement of normal lamps and using special power
savings mechanism for microcontroller. It turns out most reliable and time efficient way to switch ON/OFF
street-lights. It provides an effective measure to save energy by preventing unnecessary wastage of electricity,
caused due to manual switching or lighting of street-lights when it is not required. It adopts a dynamic control
methodology for traffic flow. This system is especially appropriate for street lighting in remote urban and rural
areas where the traffic is low at times. The system is versatile, extendable and totally adjustable to user needs.

9.4 REFERENCE
The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice Gillispie
Mazidi , Pearson Education.

ARM Assembly Language: Fundamentals and Techniques by William Hohl.

Schwab, R.N., Walton, N.E., Mounce, J.M., and Rosenbaum, M.J. (1982) Synthesis of Safety Research
Related to Traffic Control and Roadway Elements-Volume 2, Chapter 12: Highway Lighting. Report
No. FHWA-TS-82-233. Federal Highway Administration.
Commission International de l'clairage. (1992) Road Lighting as an Accident Countermeasure1.
Reinhard Mllner, Andreas Riener, (2011) "An energy efficient pedestrian aware Smart Street Lighting
system", International Journal of Pervasive Computing and Communications, Vol.7 Iss: 2, pp.147
161
IJREAT paper
Electrical Safety of Street Light Systems, Giuseppe Parise, Fellow, IEEE, Luigi Martirano, Senior
Member, IEEE, and Massimo Mitolo, Senior Member, IEEE, VOL. 26, NO. 3, JULY 2011.
Design and fabrication of automatic street light control system, M. A. Wazed, N. Nafis, M. T. Islam
and, Vol. 5, No. 1,June 2010, pp 27-34
ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

www.atmel.com

www.beyondlogic.org

www.wikipedia.org

www.howstuffworks.com

www.alldatasheets.com

www.electronicshub.com

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