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    Lecture 05 Networks I PDF

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    Lecture 05 Networks I PDF

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    Lecture_05_Networks_I.pdf

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    Lecture 05 Networks I PDF

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    Zammad

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    of 4

    Networks

    What is a Network?
    ! A system containing at least two components
    that can communicate
    Networks, Part 1 ! Communication done via point to point links
    ! Most networks have shared links
    March 6, 2001 ! Lower cost, assuming sufficient bandwidth
    ! Tradeoff - Introduces complexity

    Networks, cont. Networks, cont.

    Isynchronous Networks Asynchronous Networks


    ! Connections are set up and torn down ! No explicit connections, no explicit state
    ! Fixed-length messages sent at regular intervals ! Variable-length messages, sent at any time
    ! Messages don't need source/destination ! Messages need to be addressed, and possibly
    addresses broken down into smaller units
    ! Predictable bandwidth, reliable transport ! No guarantees - "best effort" delivery of data,
    variable latency
    Works great for voice Works better for bursty traffic (e.g., the
    Internet)
    3 4

    1
    Networks, cont. Networks, cont.
    Store and Forward Network
    ! A type of asynchronous network Problem: Congestion
    ! Packet Switchers receive and route packets ! Happens when a packet switchers buffer
    through a network interconnect overflows
    ! Computers attach to the interconnect via well- ! High-cost solutions: increase buffer size, add
    defined Network Access Points more links
    ! Queuing delay - how long a packet is held ! Inexpensive solution: Drop packets
    before it is transmitted ! Tradeoff: Dropped packets vs. busy signals
    ! Queuing theory predicts delay will increase
    End to End design - sometimes dropping
    exponentially as network utilization
    increases packets matters, sometimes it doesn't
    5 6

    Networks, cont. Networks, cont.


    Network Layering Open Systems Interconnection Layers
    ! Problem: Reduce the complexity of dealing with a Layer Description Examples
    network Application Protocols that are designed to meet the communication requirements of
    specific applications, often defining the interface to a service.
    HTTP,FTP , SMTP,
    CORBA IIOP

    ! Approach: Network layering


    Presentation Protocols at this level transmit data in a network representation that is Secure Sockets
    independent of the representations used in individual computers, which may (SSL),CORBA Data
    differ. Encryption is also performed in this layer, if required. Rep.

    ! A network layer is an abstraction over the Session At this level reliability and adaptation are performed, such as detection of
    failures and automatic recovery.
    Transport This is the lowest level at which messages (rather than packets) are handled. TCP, UDP
    underlying layer Messages are addressed to communication ports attached to processes,
    Protocols in this layer may be connection-oriented or connectionless.
    ! Still have the same ol' network underneath Network Transfers data packets between computers in a specific network. In a WAN
    or an internetwork this involves the generation of a route passing through
    IP, ATM virtual
    circuits
    routers. In a single LAN no routing is required.
    ! New layer presents a different network protocol Data link Responsible for transmission of packets between nodes that are directly
    connected by a physical link. In a WAN transmission is between pairs of
    Ethernet MAC,
    ATM cell transfer,

    ! Protocol - a contract by which all users of a network Physical


    routers or between routers and hosts. In a LAN it is between any pair of hosts.
    The circuits and hardware that drive the network. It transmits sequences of
    PPP
    Ethernet base- band
    binary data by analogue signalling, using amplitude or frequency modulation signalling, ISDN
    must abide of electrical signals (on cable circuits), light signals (on fibre optic circuits)
    or other electromagnetic signals (on radio and microwave circuits).

    ! e.g., Ethernet, TCP/IP, Appletalk, 802.11b 7 8

    2
    Networks, cont. Networks, cont.

    Simplify Into Three Layers Link Layer


    ! Link - Connect packet switches to each other ! Typical approach to implementation:
    and to end users ! A phase-locked loop to read the signals
    ! Network - Get packets from source to ! An encoding that creates signal transitions for
    destination the PLL (e.g., 1 as 01, 0 as 10)
    ! End-to-End - Builds application-specific ! Framing - separate packets (e.g., 6 1's + bit
    abstraction over the "best efforts" network stuffing)
    ! Error detection/correction - use checksums

    9 10

    Networks, cont. Networks, cont.

    Link Layer, cont. Network Layer


    ! Provide link multiplexing and multi-network ! Implements store and forward to/from
    protocol support for network layer computers on the network
    ! Transmission properties: simplex, duplex, half- ! Implements a notion of network addresses
    duplex, full-duplex, broadcast ! Must help route packets (where to next?)
    ! Pushes packet up to end-to-end layer when
    packet reaches destination
    Link layer supports lots of different types of
    physical links

    11 12

    3
    Networks, cont.

    Network Layer, cont.


    ! Must help route packets (where to next?)
    !optimizing routing is non-trivial
    ! A linear table does not scale
    ! A hierchical approach scales much better
    !What about mobility?
    ! Internet uses 4 8-bit addresses, but that's too
    few

    13

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