Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 35 views

    CVEN303 ELearn Lec 11 - Intro To Leveling

    Uploaded by

    jonathan
    The document introduces leveling concepts and methods. It discusses direct differential leveling where the line of sight is horizontal and elevation differences are measured directly. It also covers leveling instruments, benchmarks, reference surfaces, types of leveling including direct differential and trigonometric leveling, closure errors, and standards for first, second, and third order surveys based on closure error and route length.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    CVEN303 ELearn Lec 11 - Intro To Leveling

    Uploaded by

    jonathan
    35 views3 pages
    The document introduces leveling concepts and methods. It discusses direct differential leveling where the line of sight is horizontal and elevation differences are measured directly. It also covers leveling instruments, benchmarks, reference surfaces, types of leveling including direct differential and trigonometric leveling, closure errors, and standards for first, second, and third order surveys based on closure error and route length.

    Original Description:

    checking

    Original Title

    CVEN303 ELearn Lec 11_Intro to Leveling

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document introduces leveling concepts and methods. It discusses direct differential leveling where the line of sight is horizontal and elevation differences are measured directly. It also covers leveling instruments, benchmarks, reference surfaces, types of leveling including direct differential and trigonometric leveling, closure errors, and standards for first, second, and third order surveys based on closure error and route length.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views3 pages

    CVEN303 ELearn Lec 11 - Intro To Leveling

    Uploaded by

    jonathan
    The document introduces leveling concepts and methods. It discusses direct differential leveling where the line of sight is horizontal and elevation differences are measured directly. It also covers leveling instruments, benchmarks, reference surfaces, types of leveling including direct differential and trigonometric leveling, closure errors, and standards for first, second, and third order surveys based on closure error and route length.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    CVEN303 ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT

    Lecture 11 Introduction to Leveling Direct Differential Leveling


    (Ch. 2) - 2013

    horizontal Line of Sight

    BS FS

    Elv

    Developed by Nasir G. Gharaibeh, Ph.D., P.E.
    Zachry Department of Civil Engineering
    Texas A&M University 1 From Univ. of WF 2

    Instruments for Measuring Elevation


    Direct Differential Leveling Rod Reading (Altitude)
    Read this leveling rod measurement.
    Common Leveling Instruments:
    Automatic level
    Laser levels
    Other instruments:
    Total station
    GPS

    From Joiana Nascarella 3 4

    Leveling Concepts Leveling Process

    5 6

    1
    Leveling Errors Effects of Curvature and Refraction

    ( R c) R K
    2 2 2

    K2 K2
    c
    2R c 2R
    Curvature error (c): divergence between a level line and
    For R=6,370 km,
    horizontal line over a specified distance
    c = 0.0000785 K2, where K and c in km .Eq. 1
    Refraction error (r): all sight lines are refracted downward by
    the earths atmosphere. c = 0.0785 K2, where K in km and c in meters .Eq. 2

    7 8

    Effects of Curvature and Refraction Curvature and Refraction Errors--


    Example
    C Calculate the error due to curvature and refraction for 100 ft, 200 ft, 300 ft, 400ft,
    500 ft, 1,000 ft, and 1 mile.
    K

    Distance, ft Distance, 1000ft (c+r), ft


    100 0.1 0.000
    200 0.2 0.001
    300 0.3 0.002
    It is generally accepted that r is one-seventh of c, 400 0.4 0.003
    r = 0.14cEq. 3 500 0.5 0.005
    By substituting c from Eq. 2 into Eq. 3 and then adding Eq. 2 & 3: 1,000 1 0.021
    1 mile 5.28 0.574
    c+r = 0.0675 K2, where ( c+r) in meters and K in kilometers
    2
    c+r = 0.574 K , where ( c+r) in feet and K in miles
    9 10
    c+r = 0.0206 M2, where ( c+r) in feet and M in thousands of feet

    Benchmark (BM) Reference Surface


    Benchmark: Permanently
    affixed object with
    recorded elevation Mean seal level (MSL), as modeled by:
    (altitude) and/or location. Station Name -
    These objects are replaced with a National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD)
    usually small brass or unique a

    aluminum disks that are


    Permanent North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88)
    Identifier (PID)
    permanently attached to
    a stable foundation. NAVD 88 is a refined version of NGVD
    Elevation is almost never Year of More than 500,000 benchmarks are included in NAVD 88.
    written on BM. placement

    Why?

    There are some websites that allow you to search for benchmarks:
    http://www.geocaching.com/mark/
    http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/datasheet.prl
    12
    11

    2
    Types of Leveling Closure Error
    Direct differential leveling: Line of sight
    is horizontal, so the difference in Closure error: discrepancy between the known elevation of a benchmark
    elevation is measured directly. (BM) and its measured elevation at the end of the survey route
    Advantage: Most accurate leveling
    method
    Disadvantage: it can be time
    consuming to move the level
    many times.
    Trigonometric Leveling: Line of sight is
    not horizontal, so the difference in
    elevation is computed from vertical
    angle and slope distance.
    Advantage: Less time in hilly
    areas. Acceptable closure error is computed as a function of the length of the
    Disadvantage: low to moderate leveling route or as a function of the number of instrument setups.
    precision
    13 14

    1st, 2nd, and 3rd Order Surveys


    First-order surveys
    Closure error 3mm (K)0.5 to 5mm (K)0.5

    Second-order surveys
    Closure error 6mm (K)0.5 to 8mm (K)0.5

    Third-order surveys
    Closure error 12mm (K)0.5

    where K = length of leveling route in km.

    15

    You might also like