CAIRO UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering
Irrigation and Hydraulics Department

FLUID MECHANICS
2ND Year Civil Eng.
2010 - 2011

Sheet 4 Model Answer

Problem 1
U = 3x4yt2
V = -6x3y2t2
a)

b)

c)

u v

0 to satisfy real flow

x y
u
12x3yt2
x
v
-12x3yt2
y
u v

0 , the flow is real flow

x y
u
6x4yt 0
t
v
-12x3y2t 0
t
The flow is Unsteady

u
v
0&
0 , the flow is Non Uniform flow
x
y

d) 2-Dimensional Flow
e) Incompressible Flow
Acceleration
u
u u
ax u v
x
y t
= ( 3x4yt2 )(12x3yt2) + (3x4t2) (-12x3yt2) + 6x4yt
At (1,1)
= (3t2) (12t2) + (3t2) (-12t2) + 6t = 6t

ay u

v
v v
v
x
y t

= (3x4yt2)(-18x2y2t2) + (-6x3y2t2)( -12x3yt2) + -12x3y2t

At (1,1)
=(3t2)(-18t2) + (-6t2)(-12t2) + -12t = 18t2 -12t

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Problem 2

i) Ideal flow
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 /
25 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + v22 / 2 g v2 = 22.147 m/sec
Q = A2 v2 = /4 (0.04)2 * 22.147 = 0.0278 m3/sec
Q = AA vA = AB vB = /4 (0.15)2 * vA = 0.0278 m3/sec
vA = vB = 1.575 m/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & B
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = ZB + vB2 / 2 g + PB /
25 + 0 + 0 = 0 + vB2 / 2 g + PB / PB = 24.873 m of water
Apply B.E bet. 1 & A
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = ZA + vA2 / 2 g + PA /
25 + 0 + 0 = 20 + vA2 / 2 g + PA / PA = 4.873 m of water

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ii) Real flow

hlnozzle = 0.5 m
hlAB = 5 m
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / +hl
25 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + v22 / 2 g +5.5 v2 = 19.56 m/sec
Q = A2 v2 = /4 (0.04)2 * 19.56 = 0.02458 m3/sec
Q = AA vA = AB vB = /4 (0.15)2 * vA = 0.02458 m3/sec
vA = vB = 1.391 m/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & B
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = ZB + vB2 / 2 g + PB / +hl
25 + 0 + 0 = 0 + vB2 / 2 g + PB / + 5

PB = 19.9 m of water

Apply B.E bet. 1 & A

Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = ZA + vA2 / 2 g + PA /
25 + 0 + 0 = 20 + vA2 / 2 g + PA / PA = 4.901 m of water
Problem 3
Qact = V/ t = 13.6 / ( 3 * 60 ) = 0.07756 m3/sec
Qth= vth* aorifice
= /4 (0.1)2 2 * 9.81 * 12 22.147 = 0.121m3/sec
Qact= Cd * Qth Cd = 0.627
aact= Cc * ath
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/4 (0.08)2 = Cc /4 (0.1)2 Cc = 0.64

Cd = Cc * Cv

Cv = 0.98

Problem 4
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 /
2 + 50/9.81 + 0 = h + 0 + 0
h = 7.097m
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z3 + v32 / 2 g + P3 /

2 + 50/9.81 + 0 = 4 + 0 + v3 / 2 g
v3 = 7.795 m/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 4
2

50
KN/m2

h
2

Z1 + v1 / 2 g + P1 / = Z4 + v4 / 2 g + P4 /
2 + 50/9.81 + 0 = 0 + (7.795)2 / 2 g + P4 /

Air 1

4m

P4 = 4 m of water

Water
3

Problem 5
P1 = 0.7 kg/cm2 = 0.7 * 104 kg/m2
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 (Ideal)
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 /
0 + (3)2/2g + 0.7 * 104 /1000 = 0 + v22 / 2 g + 0
v2th = 12.1 m/sec
v2act = Cv * v2th = 11.86 m/sec
Q = A1 v1 = /4 (0.1)2 * 3 =0.024 m3/sec
Q = A2 v2 = /4 d2 * 11.86 =0.024 m3/sec
d = 0.05m
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 (Real)
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 /
0 + (3)2/2g + 0.7 * 104 /1000 = 0 + 0 + (11.86)2 / 2 g + hl
hl = 0.3 m
Power Lost due to friction = Q hl = 9810 * 0.024 * 0.3 = 70.632 watt

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2m

Problem 6
P1 = Psurface + O hO

Air

= 70 + 0.8 * 9.81 * 2
2m

= 85.696 KN/m2
P2 = - 0.65 kg/cm2 = - 0.65 * 104 kg/m2
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2 (Ideal)
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 /

Oil
(0.8)

- 0.65
Kg/cm2

1
2

5m

Water

5 + 0 + 85.696 / 9.81 = 3 + v22 / 2 g + (- 0.65 * 104 )/1000

v2th = 18.35 m/sec

L
2

Qact = Cd Aorifice v2th = 0.6 * /4 (0.05) * 18.35 =0.0216 m /sec

d = vo t + a t2
In Y dir.

2 = 0 + g t2 t = 0.639 sec

In X dir.

L = v2act t + 0

Assume Cv = 0.95

v2act = Cv * v2th

L = 0.9 5 * 18.35 * 0.639 = 11.13 m

Problem 7
Applying B.E. between 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 /
1.8 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + v22 / 2 g
V2 theo = 5.943 m/sec
Q theo = (0.0406)2/4 * 5.943 *1000 = 7.6936
lit/sec
Cd = Qact / Q th = 7 / 7.6936 = 0.9
Applying B.E between 1 & 3
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + Patm / = Z3 + v32 / 2 g + P3 /
Patm / = 10.33 m
1.8 + 0 + 10.33 = 0 + v32 / 2 g + 0.5
v3 = 15.1056 m/sec
A2v2 = A3 v3
(0.0406)2/4 * 5.943 = (D)2/4 * 15.1056
D = 1.597 cm

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Problem 8
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 /
v22 / 2 g - v12 / 2 g = ( P1- P2 ) / = 0.2
Q2 / 2(/4 D2)2g - Q2 / 2(/4 (0.1)2)2g = 0.2
Q = 1.556 / (1/D4 10000)

Problem 9
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g +
P2 /

v22 / 2 g - v12 / 2 g = ( P1- P2 ) / = 0.2

Q2 / 2(/4 D2)2g - Q2 / 2(/4 (0.1)2)2g =
0.2
Q = 1.556 / (1/D4 10000)

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Problem 10
v = Q / A =0.22/ (/4 (0.2)2) = 7 m/sec
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / + hl
5 + 0 + 0 = 0 + 0 + (7)2/2g + hl
hl = 0.50 m
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 3
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z3 + v32 / 2 g + P3 / + hl
5 + 0 + 0 = 8 + (7)2/2g + P3 / + 2/3 * 0.5
P3 / = - 7.833 m
P3 = - 7.833 m of oil = -61474.6 N/m2

Problem 11
A1 = /4 (0.3)2 = 0.07069 m2
A2 = /4 (0.15)2 = 0.01767 m2
Cd = 0.96
H = d ( / 1 ) = 0.2 (13.6 / 0.9 1 )
= 2.82 m
Q = Cd ( A1 A2 ) / ( A12 A22 ) 2g H
= 0.1358 m3/sec
( Z1 + P1 / ) - (Z2 + P2 / ) = H
( 0 + P1 / ) ( 0.30 + P2 / ) = 2.82
( P1 - P2 ) / = 2.82 + 0.30 = 3.12 m
P = 3.12 m of oil

When the pipe is shifted to the horizontal position

with the same discharge the reading of the
manometer will not be affected.

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Problem 12
A1 = /4 (0.15)2 = 0.01767 m2
A2 = /4 (0.075)2 = 4.418 * 10-3 m2
Cd = 0.96
Q = 0.04 m3/sec
Q = Cd ( A1 A2 ) / ( A12 A22 ) 2g H
= 0.04 m3/sec
H = 4.25 m
i) H = ( Z1 + P1 / ) - (Z2 + P2 / )
H = ( 0 + P1 / ) - (0 + P2 / ) = 4.25 m
P = 4.25 m of oil
H = d ( / 1 ) = d(13.6 / 0.8 1 ) = 4.25

ii) d = 0.266 m

iii) v1 = Q / A1 = 2.264 m/sec & v2 = Q / A2 = 9.054 m/sec

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2 / + hl
hl = ( Z1 + P1 / ) - (Z2 + P2 / ) + (v12 - v22 ) / 2g
= 4.25 + (2.264)2 (9.054)2 ) /2g = 0.333 m

Problem 13
P1 = 3.6 KN/m2
A1 = /4 (0.15)2 = 0.01767 m2
A2 = /4 (0.075)2 = 4.418 * 10-3 m2
H = d ( / 1 )
= 0.31 (13.6 / 1 1 ) = 3.906 m
Q = Cd ( A1 A2 ) / ( A12 A22 ) 2g H = 0.026 m3/sec
Qmax results when P2 becomes minimum (P2 = Pvapor)
P2 = Pvapor = 1.8 KN/m2 (abs)
P1 = PAtm + 3.6 = 101.3 + 3.6 = 104.9 KN/m2 (abs)
Page 8 of 11

Hmax = ( Z1 + P1 / ) - (Z2 + P2 / )
= ( 0 + 104.9/9.81 ) ( 0 + 1.8/9.81) = 10.51 m
Qmax = Cd ( A1 A2 ) / ( A12 A22 ) 2g Hmax = 0.043 m3/sec

Problem 14

(a) water is flowing in the pipe

Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g +
P2 /
v12 / 2 g =(P1 - P2 )/ = d ( / 1 )
= 0.1 ( 13.6 / 1 1) = 1.26
vth = 2 * 9.81 * 1.26 = 4.97 m/sec
vact = Cv * vth = 0.99 * 4.97 = 4.92 m/sec
a) mercury is flowing in the pipe
Apply B.E bet. 1 & 2
Z1 + v12 / 2 g + P1 / = Z2 + v22 / 2 g + P2
/
v12 / 2 g =(P1 - P2 )/ = d (1- / )
= 0.1 (1 - 1/13.6) = 0.0926
vth = 2 * 9.81 * 0.0926 = 1.348 m/sec
vact = Cv * vth = 0.99 * 1.348= 1.335 m/sec

Problem 15
(a) When neglecting the approach velocity
Q0 = 2/3 Cd B 2g H1.5
=2/3 * 0.6 * 0.3 2g (0.18)1.5 = 0.0406 m3/sec
(b) When considering the approach velocity
Q0 = 2/3 Cd B 2g ((H + va2/2g )1.5 - ( va2/2g )1.5 ) (1)
The above equation will be solved by the Trial and Error.
1st trial
Assume Q1 = Q0 = 0.0406 m3/sec
va1 = Q1/ Achannel = 0.0406 / (0.5 * 0.3) = 0.2706 m/sec Sub. In (1)
Q2 = 0.04174 m3/sec
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2nd trial
va2 = Q2/ Achannel = 0.04174 / (0.5 * 0.3) = 0.2783 m/sec Sub. In (1)
Q3 = 0.0418 m3/sec
3rd trial
va3 = Q3/ Achannel = 0.0418 / (0.5 * 0.3) = 0.2787 m/sec Sub. In (1)
Q4 = 0.0418 m3/sec

Problem 16
(i) Q = 8/15 Cd 2g tan(/2) H2.5
dQ = 8/15 Cd 2g tan(/2) 2.5H1.5 Dh
dQ/Q = 2.5 dH/H
If dH/H = 1% ------- dQ/Q = 2.5 %
(ii) Q = 8/15 Cd 2g tan(/2) H2.5
20/1000 = 8/15 * 0.6 2g tan(45) H2.5
H = 18.312 cm
dQ/Q = 2.5 dH/H
If dH = 2 mm ------- dQ/Q = 2.5 * 0.2/18.312 = 2.73 %

Problem 17

Part A
Q dt = - A dh
Cd a 2g h dt = - 20 * 8 dh
dt = - 160 / (Cd a 2g) h-0.5 dh
T1 = - 160 / (Cd a 2g) h-0.5 dh
T1 = - 160 / (Cd a 2g) [ h0.5/2 ] = 5442.98 sec

Part B

Q dt = - A dh
Cd a 2g h dt = - 20 * 8h dh

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dt = - 160 / (Cd a 2g) h0.5 dh

T2 = - 160 / (Cd a 2g) h0.5 dh
T2 = - 160 / (Cd a 2g) [ h15/1.5 ] = 4380.17 sec
T = T1 + T2 = 9823.15 sec = 2.729 hr

Problem 18

Q dt = - A dh
8/15 Cd 2g tan(/2) h2.5 dt = - 2 * 6 dh
dt = - 12 / (8/15 Cd 2g tan(/2) ) h 2.5 dh
T = dt = - 12 / (8/15 Cd 2g tan(/2) ) h 2.5 dh
144 = - 12 / (8/15 Cd 2g tan(/2) ) [-h 1.5 /1.5 ]
Cd = 0.6

Problem 19
Tank 2.6 m x 9.5 m

P = O HO = 0.87 * 1.9 = 1.653 t/m3

Hw = P / w = 1.653 m of water
Q dt = - A dh
Cd a 2g h dt = - 2.6 * 9.5 dh
dt = - ( 2.6 * 9.5 ) / (Cd a 2g) h-0.5 dh

1.9 m

Oil
(0.87)

0.7 m

Water

T = - ( 2.6 * 9.5 ) / (Cd a 2g) h-0.5 dh

T = - ( 2.6 * 9.5 ) / (Cd a 2g) [ h0.5 * 2 ] = 6428.44 sec

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