1

Ready Reckoner Work Book-1

BEE-Exam Guide Book-1

General Aspects of Energy Management and Audit

For Quick & Smart Practices

1. All Formulas (Chapter wise)

2. All Objective Type Questions and

Solutions (Chapter wise)

3. All Short Numerical Problems and

Solutions (Chapter wise)

4. All Long Numerical Problems and

Solutions (Chapter wise)

5. Model Test: Question Paper-I

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Ready Reckoner Work Book-1

BEE-Exam Guide Book-1

General Aspects of Energy Management and Audit

Section - 1
Important Numerical formulas
and Units
(Chapter wise)

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Section -I: All Important Numerical

formulas and Units-Chapter wise

1. ENERGY SCENARIO
i) Standard units and Values

1 Tonne = 1000 kg
1kg oil equivalent = 10,000 kcal
1 kWh = 860 kcal

ii) One tonne of oil equivalent (toe) = 1 x 107 kcal = 11630 kWh = 41868 MJ

Unit Conversion
1000 kg x 10,000 k.Cal/kg = 1 x 107 kcal
1 x 107 kcal /860 K.Cal = 11630 kWh
11630 kWh x 3600 KJ/kwh = 41868 MJ

iii) R/P Ratio = Reserve/Production in years

Ex India coal Reserves =60600 Million Tons

India coal production per year = 605.1 Million Ton
R/P Ratio of coal for India = 605.1/60600 = 100 years

iv) 1 barrel= 160 liters

v) What is the percentage share of coal consumption in India, if Total primary energy
consumption for the year 2014 is 595 Mtoe and coal consumption is 324.3 Mtoe?

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Percentage share of coal consumption = 324.3/595= 54.5%

vi) What is the total clean energy cess tax if a plant is purchased 150 Ton of coal
from Indian mines and imported 100 ton from south Africa/year ?

Total Coal consumption = 150 +100 = 250 Ton

Total cess tax =250 Ton x Rs 100 tax/ton = Rs.25000 per year

vii) What is the unit of per capita energy consumption of a country?

Per capita energy consumption = kWh consumption of country/year
Total Population of country

viii) What is the Energy Intensity Ratio?

Energy Intensity,

Where:
EI = Energy intensity, national level, toe per million US $
FC = Total final consumption, national level, toe
GDP= Gross domestic product, million US $

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2. ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT-2001 AND RELATED

POLICIES
i) What is the limit of building connected load for commercial Building definition?

Electrical load = connected load of 100 kW or contract demand of 120KVA

.

Ii) What is the minimum annual energy consumption for a Chlor-Alkali Industry for covering
DC Units under PAT audit scheme?

= 12,000 TOE and above

Electrical load = connected load of 100 kW or contract demand of 120KVA

iii) In a textile plant the average monthly energy consumption is 7,00,000 kWh of purchased
electricity from grid, 40 kL of furnace oil (specific gravity =0.92) for thermic fluid heater, 60 tonne
of coal for steam boiler, and 10 kL of HSD ( sp.gravity = 0.885) for material handling equipment.

Given Std data:

1 kWh = 860 kcal,
GCV of coal= 3450 kcal/kg,
GCV of furnace oil= 10,000 kcal/kg,
GCV of HSD= 10,500 kcal/kg,
1 kg of Oil Equivalent: 10000 kcal
1 Metric Tonne of Oil Equivalent (MTOE): 1 x 107 kcal

a) Calculate the energy consumption in terms of b) Calculate the percentage share of

energy sources used based on consumption in MTOE basis.

Metric Tonne of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) for the plant. =

a) (40000 x0.92x 10000) + (60000 x 3450) + (7,00,000 x 860) + (10,000x 0.885 x 10,500)
b) MTOE = (36.8 x 107) + (20.7 x 107) + (60.2 x 107)+ (9.2925 x 107)
107
= 127 Metric Tonnes of Oil Equivalent per month

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3. BASICS OF ENERGY
Nuclear energy (En) = mass x speed of light squared= m c2 (where c= 3x108 m/s)

Kinetic energy (Ek) = ½ mv2 = half x mass x velocity squared = 1/2 x m x v2

Work, Energy and Power

Power in watts, P = W/t

Where W is the work done or energy transferred in Joules and t is the time
in seconds.
Energy, in joules, W = Pt
1 kWh = 3600KJ =3.6MJ

Electricity Basics

Resistance, in ohms ,R = Volts /Amp = V/I

The reciprocal of resistance is called conductance and is measured in

siemens (S). Thus, conductance, in mho or Siemens G = 1/R, where R is
the resistance in ohms.

Electrical Energy

Power, in watts P = VI
Electrical energy = Power x time= = V x I x t Joules

1 kWh = 1000 watt hour

= 1000 x 3600 Watt seconds or Joules
= 3,600,000 J
Energy = power x time,
Power = Energy / time

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Power Factor kW = kVA cos 

kVA = kW/ cos 
kVAR = kVA sin
PF = cos 

Relationships between Power, Voltage, and Current

For a balanced three-phase load,

Power, Watts = 3 VL x IL Cos

For a balanced single-phase load,

Power, Watts = VL x IL Cos
Where, VL = Line Voltage ; IL = Line current.

Which applications use single-phase power in an industry?

Single-phase power is mostly used for lighting, fractional HP motors and electric
heater applications.
Electricity consumption (kWh) = V x I x Cos Φ x No of Hours

Motor Loads
Motor loads are usually specified by horsepower ratings. These may be converted to
kVA, by use of Equation

kVA = (HP x 0.746 )/( x PF)

Where,
 = Motor efficiency
P.F. = Motor power factor
HP = Motor horsepower (i.e. Rated Output power).

Motor loading (%) = Measured kW = 6.0 x 100 = 51.2 %

Rated Input kW 11.8

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Thermal Energy Basics

Temperature

Conversion of the degree Celsius into Fahrenheit = (degrees C x 1.8) + 32

Conversion of the Fahrenheit into degree Celsius = (degrees F - 32) / 1.8
Degrees Celsius (C) to degrees Kelvin (K) = (C) + 273 = (K)

Pressure

P = F/A = ma/A = mg/A (when g=a)

P is the pressure in N/m2 or Pascals
F is the force in Newtons (N)
a is the acceleration in m/s2
g is the acceleration due to gravity in m/s2

Absolute pressure

The absolute pressure (ps) is total or true pressure. It is measured relative to

the absolute zero pressure - the pressure that would occur at absolute vacuum. All
calculation involving the gas laws requires pressure to be in absolute units and
temperature in Kelvin.

The gauge pressure can be expressed as pg = ps - pa

where
pg = gauge pressure
ps = system pressure (absolute)
pa = atmospheric pressure

Standard Atmospheric Pressure (atm) is used as a reference for gas densities

and volumes.
The Standard Atmospheric Pressure is defined at sea-level at 273oK (0oC) and
is 1.01325 bar or 101325 Pascal (absolute). The temperature of 293oK (20oC) is also
used.
1 atm = 1.01325 bar = 101.3 kPa= 760 mmHg =10.33 meter H2O = 1013 mbar =
1.0332 kgf/cm2

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Heat

Calorie is the unit for measuring the quantity of heat. It is the quantity of heat, which
can raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C.
1 Calorie = 4.187 J  4.2 J

Specific Heat

Specific heat is defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg
of a substance through 1°C or 1 K. Specific heat is expressed in terms of kcal/kgoC or
J/kg K. Specific heat varies with temperature.

Sensible Heat

Sensible heat = mass x specific heat x change in temperature

Q = m Cp  T

Latent heat of fusion

The latent heat of fusion of a substance is the quantity of heat required to convert 1 kg
solid into liquid state without change of temperature. It is represented by the symbol
hif. Its unit is Joule per kilogram (J/Kg) Thus, QL (ice) = 335 KJ/kg.

QL = m x hif
Where QL = The quantity of latent heat in kilojoules
m = The mass in kg
hif = The latent heat of fusion in kJ/kg

It is also denoted by the symbol QL and its unit is J/kg. The latent heat of vaporization
of water is 2257 kJ/kg. When 1 kg of water at 100oC vaporizes to form steam at
100oC, it absorbs 2257 kcal/kg (540 kcal/kg) of heat.

QL = m x hfg
Where,
QL = The quantity of latent heat in kilojoules
m = The mass in kg
hfg = The latent heat of vaporization in kJ/kg

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Condensation

When 1 kg of steam at 100 condenses to form water at 100°C, it gives out 2260 kJ of
heat.
quantity of heat required to vaporize 2 m3 of water at 0oC 100°C if the latent heat of
vaporization of water at that temperature is 2257 kJ/kg, QL = 2000 kg x 2257 kJ/kg =
4514000 kJ

Super Heat

X=dryness factor of steam =in 1 kg of water-steam mixture, x kg is mass of steam and (1-x) kg is
mass of water. Thus the zone in right side of X=1.0 line represents the superheated region of steam.

Humidity

The unit for humidity is kg of moisture / kg of dry air.

Dew Point

It is equal to the saturation temperature at the partial pressure of the water vapour in the mixture.

Specific Humidity or Humidity Ratio

It is the mass (kg) of the water vapor in each kg of dry air (kg/kg).

Relative Humidity (RH)

 It is the ratio of mass of water vapour actually held by the air in a given volume to that which air
could hold at the same temperature if the air were saturated.
 It is expressed as a percentage. Warmer air will hold more water vapour and saturated air cannot
hold any more water vapour.
 Relative humidity affects comfort conditions. An air sample that is at 50% RH is holding half the
moisture it is capable of holding at the same temperature (at dew point or saturated.)

Dry bulb and Wet bulb Temperatures

 Dry bulb measures sensible heat content in air-vapour mixtures.

 RH does not influence dry bulb temperature.
 It is the temperature recorded by the thermometer with a dry bulb.

 Wet bulb thermometer has wick saturated with distilled water enveloping the bulb of the
thermometer.
 The evaporation of water lowers temperature, taking the latent heat from the water-soaked wick-
thus decreasing the temperature recorded.

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 Wet bulb temperature takes into account RH.

 If relative humidity is 100%, dew point, wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures are all the same

Enthalpy of air

 It is the measure of total heat content of air and water vapor mixture measured from pre-
determined base point.
 It is expressed as kcal/kg or Joules/kg..

Fuel Density

 Density is the ratio of the mass of the fuel to the volume of the fuel at a stated temperature.
 Density is expressed in kg/m3.

Specific gravity of fuel

 The specific gravity of fuel is the ratio of density of fuel to that of water.
 The specific gravity of water is defined as 1.
 As it is a ratio there are no units.
 Higher the specific gravity, higher will be the heating values..

Viscosity

 The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its internal resistance to flow. All liquid fuels decrease in
viscosity with increasing temperature.
 Viscosity is measured in Stokes / Centistokes. Sometimes viscosity is quoted in Engler, Saybolt
or Redwood.

Energy Content in Fuel

 Energy content (Calorific Value) in an organic matter

 It is expressed as Gross Calorific Value (GCV) or Net Calorific Value (NCV).
 The difference between GCV and NCV is the heat of vaporization of the moisture and atomic
hydrogen (conversion to water vapour) in the fuel.

Heat transfer

The rate of energy transfer, more commonly called heat transfer, is measured in Watts (J/s)

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Enthalpy of steam

Enthalpy of a system is defined as the mass of the system - m - multiplied by the

specific enthalpy - h - of the system and can be expressed as:

H=mh
Where,
H = enthalpy (kJ)
m = mass (kg)
h = specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)

Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Water

Specific enthalpy of saturated water - hf

The value depends on the pressure.
For saturated water at standard atmosphere -the specific enthalpy - hf - is 419 kJ/kg. At
standard atmosphere - 1 bar (14.7 psi) - water starts boiling at 100 oC (212 oF).

The specific enthalpy of water (in SI units) can be calculated from:

hf = cw (tf - t0)

Where,
hf = enthalpy of water (kJ/kg)
cw = specific heat of water = 4.19 (kJ/kg.oC)
tf = saturation temperature (oC)
t0 = refer temperature = 0 (oC)

Specific Enthalpy of Saturated Steam

For saturated steam at standard atmosphere - the specific enthalpy - hg - is 2676 kJ/kg.
The specific enthalpy of evaporation can be calculated from:
he = hg - hf
Where,
he = specific evaporation enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Specific evaporation enthalpy for water at standard atmosphere is:
he = (2676 kJ/kg) - (419 kJ/kg) = 2257 (kJ/kg)

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Specific Enthalpy of Superheated Steam

The specific enthalpy of superheated steam can be calculated from:

hs = hg + cps (ts - tf )
Where,
hs = Enthalpy of superheated steam (kJ/kg)
cps = Specific heat of steam at constant pressure = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC)
tf = Saturation temperature (oC)
ts = Superheated steam temperature (oC)
c = 1.860 (kJ/kg oC) at standard atmosphere..

Temperature Units

Conversion of the degree Celsius into Fahrenheit = degrees C x 1.8 + 32

Conversion of the Fahrenheit into degree Celsius = (degrees F - 32.) / 1.8
Degrees Celsius (C) to degrees Kelvin (K) = (C) + 273.15 = (K)
Energy Units and Conversions

1 Joule = 1 Watt/s
1 kW = 1000 W
1 kWh = 3.6 x 106 J
= 3.6 million
Joules
1 Mega-joule =278 Wh
1 Watt-hour (Wh) =3600 Joules
1 British thermal unit =252 Cal
(BTU)
1 BTU =1055 J
1 Btu/h =0.293071 Wh
1 Kilocalorie/hour =1163 Wh
(kcal/h)
1 HP =745.7 Watts

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Energy Conversion values used for working out annual energy consumption in
terms of metric tone of oil equivalent (as per Gazette of India Part II Sec 3 Sub-
sec (ii) 19-03-2007)

 1 kWh - 860 kilocalories (kcal)

 1 kg. Coal/Coke - Gross Calorific Value as per supplier’s (coal company's)
latest certificate
 1 kg. Charcoal - 6,900 kcal or as per supplier's latest certificate
 1 kg. Furnace Oil/RFO/LSHS/NAPTHA - 10,050 kcal (density = 0.9337
kg/litre) or as per supplier’s latest certificate
 1 kg. HSD - 11,840 kcal (density = 0.8263 kg/litre) or as per supplier’s latest
certificate
 1 kg. Petrol - 11,200 kcal (density = 0.7087 kg/litre) or as per supplier’s latest
certificate
 1 kg. Kerosene - 11,110 kcal (density of SKO = 0.7782 kg/litre) or as per
supplier’s latest certificate.
 1 kg. LPG - 12,500 kcal or as per supplier's latest certificate
 1 M3 Natural Gas - 8,000-10,500 kcal (Actual calorific value as per supplier’s
latest certificate may be considered. In case of non-issue of certificate by the
supplier, average of the range 8000 -10,500 kcal/m3 may be considered).

For the purpose of this table

 1 kg of Oil Equivalent: 10,000 kcal
 1 Metric Tonne of Oil Equivalent (MTOE) : 10 x 106 kcal
 In case of coal, petroleum products and other fuels in absence of
supplier certificate, GCV of the above fuel (fuel sample) will be
considered as per the test Certificate from a NABL Accredited Lab or
State Government Lab or Gov. recognized Lab

For different type of fuel these following formulas can be used for MTOE conversion:

1. For solid fuel,

(Quantity of solid fuel used in kg X GCV of fuel used in kcal/kg)/107
2. For Liquid fuel,
(Quantity of liquid fuel used in kg or liters X GCV of fuel used in kcal/kg or
liters)/107
3. For gaseous fuel,
(Quantity of gaseous fuel used in kg or Nm3 X GCV of fuel used in kcal/kg or
Nm3)/107

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4 ENERGY AUDIT
EnerPlant Energy Performance
Production Factor, Production factor is the ratio of production in the
current year to that in the reference year.

Production factor = Current year’s production

Reference year’s production

Reference Year Equivalent Energy Use

The reference year’s equivalent energy use is the energy that would have
been used to produce the current year’s production output.
Reference year equivalent = Reference year energy use x Production factor

Plant energy performance = Reference year equivalent – Current

year’s energy x 100
Reference year equivalent

The energy performance is the measure of energy saved at the current rate
of use compared to the reference year rate of use. The greater the
improvement, the higher the number will be.

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5 MATERIAL AND ENERGY BALANCE

Mass In = Mass Out + Mass Stored
Raw Materials = Products + Wastes + Stored Materials.
Energy In = Energy Out + Energy Stored

Raw Materials = Products + Waste Products + Stored Products + Losses

Where, Losses are the unidentified materials.
Just as mass is conserved, energy is conserved in process operations. The energy
coming into a unit operation can be balanced with the energy coming out and the
energy stored.

Energy In = Energy Out + Energy Stored

ΣER = ΣEP + ΣEW + ΣEL + ΣES
Where
ΣER = ER1 + ER2 + ER3 +. = Total Energy entering with raw materials
ΣEp = EP1 + EP2 + EP3 +. = Total Energy leaving with products
ΣEW= EW1 + EW2 + EW3+. = Total Energy leaving with waste materials
ΣEL = EL1 + EL2 + EL3 +. = Total Energy lost to surroundings
ΣES = ES1 + ES2 + ES3 +. = Total Energy stored

Energy balances are often complicated because forms of energy can be inter-
converted, for example mechanical energy to heat energy, but overall the quantities
must balance.

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7 FINANCIAL MGT
Capital cost
Simple Payback period 
Annual net savings

Return on Investment (ROI)

Annual net cashflow

ROI  100
Capital cost

The relationship between present and future value is determined as follows:

FV = NPV (1 + i)n or NPV = FV / (1+i)n

Where, FV = Future value of the cash flow
NPV= Net Present Value of the cash flow
i = Interest or discount rate
n = Number of years in the future

The net present value (NPV) of a project is equal to the sum of the present values of
all the cash flows associated with it. Symbolically,
CF0 CF1 CFn n CFt
NPV = _ ------------- + -------------- + - - - + ------------- =  -----------
(1 +  )0 ( 1 +  )1 ( 1 +  )n t = 0 ( 1 +  )t

Where NPV = Net Present Value

CFt = Cash flow occurring at the end of year ‘t’ (t=0,1,….n). (As per our
convention, net savings or inflows are represented by + sign and net costs or outflows
are represented by – sign. Since capital investment is an outflow, it will be treated as
negative (-) as per our convention.)
n = life of the project
 = Discount rate

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Internal Rate of Return Method

The internal rate of return (IRR) of a project is the discount rate, which makes its net
present value (NPV) equal to zero.
It is the discount rate in the equation:

CF0 CF1 CFn n CFt

0 = __
------------- + -------------- + - - - + ------------- =  -----------
(1 +  )0 ( 1 +  )1 ( 1 +  )n t = 0 ( 1 +  )t

Where, CFt = cash flow at the end of year “t”

 = discount rate
n = life of the project.

CFt value will be negative if it is expenditure and positive if it is savings.

If this discount rate is greater than current interest rate, the investment is sound.

Calculating savings

Both organisation and ESCOs must agree on how to calculate the energy and cost
savings resulting from the project.
Once the baseline and adjustments are determined, the energy savings is calculated as:

Energy Saved = Baseline – Current +/- Adjustment

Where,
Energy saved is the energy saved over a period of time from project start to a set point
in time
Baseline is the baseline energy consumption (say in kWh)
Current is the current energy consumption (determined by metering or the utility
energy bill)

Adjustments are any adjustments, positive or negative, that need to be made to the
baseline to bring energy use at the current point in time to the same set of conditions
as the baseline set.

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8 PROJECT MGT
The critical path can be identified by determining the following four parameters for each activity:

 ES - Earliest start time: the earliest time at which the activity can start given that its
precedent activities must be completed first.
 EF - Earliest finish time: equal to the earliest start time for the activity plus the time required
to complete the activity.
 LF - Latest finish time: the latest time at which the activity can be completed without
delaying the project.
 LS - Latest start time, equal to the latest finish time minus the time required to complete the
activity.

 The total float (slack time) for an activity is the time between its earliest and latest start time,
or between its earliest and latest finish time.
 Slack is the amount of time that an activity can be delayed past its earliest start or earliest
finish without delaying the project.

 The critical path is the path through the project network in which none of the activities have
slack, that is, the path for which ES=LS and EF=LF for all activities in the path

Unlike CPM where times can be estimated with relative certainty, confidence, PERT uses 3 time
estimates.

Tm= most likely time estimate

To = optimistic time estimate
Tp = pessimistic time estimate

Expected time = (Optimistic + 4 x Most likely + Pessimistic) / 6

Expected Time (Te) = (To + 4Tm +Tp) /6
Standard Deviation () = (Tp – To) / 6
Variance (V) = ((Tp – To) / 6) 2

 Measurement and Verification (M&V), sometimes also referred to as monitoring and

verification, is a process, which is used to determine energy and demand savings.
 Energy or demand savings are determined by comparing measured energy use or demand before
and after implementation of an energy savings program.

 In general:
Energy Savings = Base year Energy Use – Post-Retrofit Energy Use ± Adjustments

Adjustments
 Conditions commonly affecting energy use are weather, occupancy, plant throughput, and
equipment operations required by these conditions. Adjustments may be positive or negative.

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9. ENERGY MONITORING AND TARGETING

Linear Regression Analysis
 Linear regression analysis is a statistical technique which determines and quantifies the
relationship between variables.
 Regression analysis overcomes the limitation of time-dependent analysis by removing the 'time'
element from the analysis and focusing on the variables which influence energy consumption.

 It is a versatile technique which can be used to analyse a wide variety of applications

o Furnace Oil consumption versus the number of units of production.
o Electricity consumption versus the number of units of production.
o Water consumption versus the number of units of production.

a) Single Independent Variable

a standard performance equation for energy monitoring and targeting purposes.

The generic equation for a straight-line graph can be represented as:
y = c + mx
Where
y is the dependent variable (e.g. energy consumption),
x is the independent variable (e.g.production),
c is the value at which the straight-line curve intersects the 'y' axis, and
m is the gradient of the straight-line curve.

In other words
Energy consumed for the period = C + m x production for the same period

b) Multi-variable analysis

Often energy consumption can be influenced by several different variables. When this is the case
the relationship can be described by the equation:

y = c + m l x 1 + m2x2 + …… + mnxn

where, x1, x 2 . . . . . x n are the variables that influence y.

It is difficult to solve multivariable analysis by hand calculation. It is therefore advisable to use

specialist computer software which can be employed to determine the statistical relationship between
the variables.

CUSUM Charts
CUSUM charts can be particularly useful why diagnosing why energy is occurring.
This is principally because they identify the date of any change in energy performance.
this helps to pin-point the problem and further analysis can then be made to determine its root cause.

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10. ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND CLIMATE CHANGE

one chlorine atom can destroy from 10,000 to 100,000 ozone molecules before it is finally removed
from the stratosphere.
A single CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. The chemistry of ozone depletion
process

Table Increasing Concentration of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases

Lifetime in
Current
Greenhouse gas Baseline GWP atmosphere
level
(years)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 280 ppm 395 ppm 1 5-200
Methane (CH4) 700 ppb 1893 ppb 23 12
Nitrous oxide (N2O) 275 ppb 326 ppb 300 114
Ozone - - - Days/weeks
Chloroflurocarbons
(CFC) and related 0 ppt levels 4000-8000 5-100
chemicals
Perfluromethane, one
of the Perfluorcarbons 40 ppt 80 ppt 5700 50000
(PFC)
Sulphur hexafluoride
0.01 ppt 7.79 ppt 22000 3200
(SF6)
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Centre (CDIAC) Data
1 ppm = 1g in 1000 kg,
1 ppb = 1 g in 1000 tonnes,
1 ppt = 1 g in 1000 000 tonnes

Carbon Dioxide: It is also persistent with atmospheric lifetime of over 100 years. GWPs take into
account the absorption strength of a molecule and its atmospheric lifetime. Therefore, if methane has
a GWP of 23 and carbon has a GWP of 1 (the standard),

The atmosphere is composed mainly of 21% Oxygen, 78% Nitrogen, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and
Argon 0.04% by volume. In addition, water vapour and several gases are present in very small
amounts.

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11. NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Solar Energy
Solar Constant - Solar constant is the rate at which solar energy, at all wavelengths, is received per
unit area at the top level of Earth's atmosphere.

 The solar constant averages about 1,368 W/m2..

Solar Insolation - Solar Insolation is the amount of solar energy that strikes a square metre of the
earth's surface in a single day.
 The average incoming radiation is known as solar insolation and is one-fourth the solar constant,
or 342 W/m2.

 Solar Window is the period, typically 9 AM - 3 PM, when maximum sunlight is available.

 India receives solar energy in the region of 5 to 7 kWh/m2 for 300 to 330 days in a year.

 Flat-plate collectors heat the circulating fluid to a temperature of about 40-60°C.

 Evacuated tube collector can reach high temperatures upto 150°C.

Parabolic Trough Collector

 Because of their parabolic shape, troughs can focus the sun at 30-60 times its normal intensity on
the receiver pipe. Heat transfer fluid (such as water) in the receiver is heated to a temperature of
about 400oC.

 One silicon cell generally produces 0.5 Volts. 36 such cells connected together are called a PV
module and it has enough voltage to charge 12 V battery and run pump and motor

 The energy conversion efficiency is a measure of how much of the solar energy is
converted into electrical energy.

 The calculation for the energy conversion factor is,

η = (Pm / (E * A)) * 100
Where,
η = Energy conversion factor, percent.
Pm = Maximum power output, watts.
E = Solar energy, insolation, watts per square meter.
A = Area of the solar cell, square meters.

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Wind Energy
Average Wind Speed m/s Suitability for Power
(km/h) generation
Upto 4 (15) No good
5 (18) Poor
6 (22) Moderate
7 (25) Good
8 (29) Excellent
Rotor Efficiency:
 The ability of a turbine rotor to extract the wind’s power depends upon its “efficiency”.
 The coefficient of performance of blades (Cp) varies with speed and generally varies
between 0.33 -0.59.

Rated Speed: .
 The rated wind speed is chosen to fit the local site and wind regime and is often 1.5 times the
site mean wind speed.

Cut-out Speed (Furling Speed):.

 The wind speed at which shut down occurs is called the cut-out speed.
 Cut-out speed is also known as furling speed. Cut-out speeds vary by manufacturer from
about 20 to 30 m/s

Betz Limit
 The theoretical maximum amount of energy in the wind that can be collected by a wind
turbines rotor is approximately 59%.
 This value is known as the Betz limit. Considering the Betz limit and the efficiency losses
through the generator, gearbox, etc, will result in only about 15-25% of the wind energy
being converted into useful power

Power Available from the wind turbine: Power extracted by wind turbine is proportional to the
cross sectional area of the wind intercepted by wind turbine and cube of the wind speed.

Kinetic Energy from the wind = ½ * Mass * Velocity2

Mass = ρ *A * V
P = 0.5 *ρ *A * Cp * Ng * Nb * V3
Where
P = Power produced by the generator, watts
ρ is air density in kg/m3
A is cross sectional area of the wind intercepted by the wind turbine, m2
Cp = Coefficient of performance of the blades
Ng = Generator efficiency
Nb = Gearbox efficiency
V is wind speed in metres/sec

ENSAVE ACADEMY 2021

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Biomass Energy
Gasification of Biomass
Average conversion efficiency of a gasifier is given by the following formula:

Calorific value of gas/kg of fuel

ηGas = ------------------------------------------
Avg. calorific value of 1 kg of fuel

Biomethanation of Biomass (Anaerobic Process)

 The producer gas has relatively low calorific value, ranging from 1000 to 1200 kCal / Nm3.
 The conversion efficiency of the gasification process is the range of 60-70%.
 When gas is used in dual fuel DG set, it can result in 65-85% diesel savings
 Biogas produced through anaerobic process (in the absence of air) using cow dung

Hydro Power

Water into Watts

To determine the power potential of the water flowing in a river or stream

Power = Head x Flow x Gravity
Theoretical power (P) = Flow rate (Q) x Head (H) x Gravity (g)
Where, Q is in cubic metres per second, H in metres and g = 9.81 m/s2 then,
P = 9.81 x Q x H (kW)

ENSAVE ACADEMY 2021

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Ready Reckoner Work Book-1

All Guide Book Problems and
Solutions

Guide Book-1: Problems and

Solutions

2. ALL Objective Type Questions and Solutions

Interactive MCQ @ Ensave Portal

3. All Short Numerical Problems and Solutions

Video Lecture@ Ensave Portal

4. All Long Numerical Problems and Solutions

Video Lecture@ EnSave Portal

5. Model Test: Question Paper-I

ENSAVE ACADEMY 2021