Comments On Design Report: A. STAAD Modelling

Comments on Design Report
The report is not in order and following is the suggested recommendations at the preliminary stage.
A. STAAD Modelling
1.0 Deck Modelling
Step 1
Idealize the bridge into slab and beam elements (See figure 1)
Step 2
Calculate section properties (Area, J, Ixx, and Iyy) (Refer 2.0)
Step 3
Model the longitudinal beams and transverse beams as prismatic element with properties given in Step 2.
Step 4
Model the plate element.
Step 5
Mesh the plate element and give the mesh properties such that moving loads will fall on the mesh nodes.
Suppose the moving load increment is 0.1, than the mesh size also should be 0.1.
Step 6
Connect the mesh nodes using dummy beam elements. (Check for formation of duplicate beams) SeeFig1
Step 7
Apply permanent loads and variable loads other moving load in separate load cases in the bridge deck.
Provide the equivalent bending moment of braking load and vehicular wind load.
Amendment 2 IRC 6 2014 (Table 3.2 & Table 3.3) Pg. 44-45 & Pg. 46 respectively.
Step 8
Make a new load case with combining all the above loads using repeat command.
Step 9
Apply the moving load in the model such as that it should fall on the grid points.
Step 10
Apply wind load and earthquake load separately. (Refer 4.0 for the following)
Step 11
Apply the load combination as per IRC 6 2014 .Check Amendment 2 IRC 6 2014 (Table 3.2 & Table
3.3) Pg. 44-45 & Pg. 46 respectively.
Load Combinations are given in B.
Dummy
Cross Girders
Plate
Longitudinal Girder
Figure 1 Bridge Diagram
2.0 Section Property Calculation

b1
beff 1
d1
d1
A1
Actual Section
d1
Idealized Section b 2
b2
b2
A2
d2
d2
d4
d4
A4
d4
b4
beff4
Where A1, A2 and A4 are the areas of sections.

Guide lines for computing the moment of inertia and torsional constant:
1) Moment of inertia (Izz and Iyy) is computed about the centroid of the cross section.
An important point to remember is that while dividing the section into parts the depth should
remain constant.
So convert this A1 and A4 into equivalent rectangle keeping the depth same as that of trapezoidal
section such that the area remains constant and compute the equivalent widths beff 1 and beff4.
2) Torsional constant can be computed by the following formula
J1 3 b1 3 d13 / 10 b 1 2 d12
J 4 3 b 43 d 43 / 10 b 4 2 d 4 2
J 2 b2 d 23 / 3
For rectangle whose opposite faces have notation cut

Where b is the longer dimension
And d is the shorter dimension
Total J =J1+J2+J4
3.0 Load Case Definitions

Step 1
Define Dead Load (D.L.), Live Load (L.L.) ,Super Imposed Dead Load (S.I.D.L.),Braking Load
(B.L.),Wind Load (W.L.) ,Earth quake Load (E.Q.) in Separate Load Cases.
Step 2
Based on the load combinations, add these loads using repeat command in staad.
Step 3
Define moving loads with predefined load cases from step 2 as per Load Combination.
Define N number of moving loads as per the load combination requirement.
Please follow the sample given below for the 1.35(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1.5(L.L. +Moving Load) +0.9
(W.L.)
Load Case 1- D.L.

Load Case 2-L.L.
Load Case 3 - S.I.D.L.
Load Case 4- B.L.
Load Case 5- W.L.
Load Case 6- E.Q.
Load Case 7- Repeat
-
1.35 D.L.
1.35 S.I.D.L
1.5 L.L.
0.9 W.L.
Load Case 8- 1.5 Auto Generated Moving Load +Predefined Load= Load Case 7
4.0 Clauses for Various Loads

Carriageway Live Load
1)
2)
3)
4)
IRC 6 2014 Cl 204.1 (Pg. 8-14) Details of IRC Loading

IRC 6 2014 Cl 204.3 (Pg. 14-18) Live Load Combination
IRC 6 2014 Cl 208 (Pg. 24-27) Impact Factor
IRC 6 2014 Annex A(Pg. 67-70) Notes for Load Classification Chart
Pedestrian Live Load

1) IRC 6 2014 Cl 206.3 (Pg. 20) Calculation of Pedestrian Live Load
Wind Load
1) (IRC 6 2014) Cl 209.2 (Pg. 27-29) Basic Wind Speed and Pressure
2) (IRC 6 2014) Cl 209.3 (Pg. 31-32) Design Wind Force on Superstructure
3) (IRC 6 2014) Cl 209.4 (Pg. 32-34) Design Wind Force on Sub structure
Longitudinal Force
1) (IRC 6 2014) Cl 211.2 (Pg. 37) Calculation of Braking Force
Take Tractive Effort equal to Braking Force
Seismic Force
1) (IRC 6 2014) Cl 219.4 (Pg. 51-52) Combination of Components Motion
2) (IRC 6 2014) Cl 219.5 (Pg. 53-54) Calculation of Horizontal Seismic Force
3) (IRC 6 2014) Cl 219.5.2 (Pg. 55-56) Live Load Components
For calculation of time period refer IITK RDSO Guidelines on Seismic Design of Bridges
Chapter 9 (Pg. 41-47), Examples 1-4 (Pg. 132-154)
B. Load Combinations
Load
Com
binat
ion
Stren
gth
Crite
ria
Basic (ULS)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.35(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1.75(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)+
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
1.35(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1.75(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

33
34
35
36
1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1.75(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1(Earth pressure)

Note
Blue stands for Permanent , Green stands for live load surcharge ,Red stands for leading
variable load , Violet stands for accompanying variable load
D.L. Dead Load S.I.D.L. Super Imposed Live Load
Prestress has to be added with every combination with factor of 1
Load Combination
Strength Criteria
Accidental (ULS)
1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Back fill Weight)+1(Earth pressure)+0.75(Carriage Way

Live Load, associated load(braking,tractive and centrifugal) and Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load
Surcharge)+1(Vehicle Collision)
Note
Blue stands for Permanent , Green stands for live load surcharge ,Red stands for leading
variable load
Load Combination
Strength Criteria
Seismic (ULS)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

+0.2(Carriage Way Live Load, associated load(braking, tractive and centrifugal) and
Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(Eq(+Longitudinal)+0.3Eq(+Transverse))
+0.2(Carriage Way Live Load, associated load(braking,tractive and centrifugal) and
Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(Eq(+ Longitudinal)+0.3Eq(-Transverse))
Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(Eq(-Longitudinal)+0.3Eq(+Transverse))
Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(Eq(-Longitudinal)+0.3Eq(-Transverse))
Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(0.3Eq(+Longitudinal)+Eq(+Transverse))
Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(0.3Eq(+Longitudinal)+Eq(-Transverse))
Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(0.3Eq(-Longitudinal)+Eq(-Transverse))
Pedestrian)+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(0.3Eq(-Longitudinal)+Eq(+Transverse))
1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)+0.2(Carriage

Way Live Load, associated load(braking,tractive and centrifugal) and Pedestrian)
+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(Eq(+Longitudinal)+0.3(Eq(+Transverse))
+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(Eq(+Longitudinal)+0.3(Eq(-Transverse))
+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(Eq(-Longitudinal)+0.3(Eq(+Transverse))
+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(Eq(-Longitudinal)+0.3(Eq(-Transverse))
+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(0.3(Eq(+Longitudinal))+(Eq(+Transverse))
+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(0.3(Eq(+Longitudinal))+(Eq(-Transverse))
+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(0.3(Eq(-Longitudinal))+(Eq(+Transverse))
+0.2(Live Load Surcharge)+1.5(0.3(Eq(-Longitudinal))+(Eq(-Transverse))
Note
Blue stands for Permanent , Green stands for live load surcharge ,Red stands for variable load
and seismic load
Load Combination (SLS)

Serviceability Criteria
Rare Combination
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

+1(Settlement) backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+1(Settlement)+1(vehicle load and
pedestrian load)+0.50(Thermal Load)
+1(Settlement) +1(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.60(Wind Load
(+ve Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))
+1(Settlement) +1(vehicle load and pedestrian load )+0.60(Wind Load
(+ve Longitudinal and -ve Transverse))
+1(Settlement) +1(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.60(Wind Load (ve Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))
+1(Settlement) +1(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.60(Wind Load (ve Longitudinal and -ve Transverse))
+1(Settlement) +0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.60(Thermal
Load)
+1(Settlement) +0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+1(Wind Load
(+ve Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))
+1(Settlement) +0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+1(Wind Load
(+ve Longitudinal and -ve Transverse))
+1(Settlement) +0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+1(Wind Load (ve Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))
+1(Settlement) +0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+1(Wind Load (ve Longitudinal and -ve Transverse))

11 +0(Settlement) +1(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.50(Thermal Load)
12 (+ve Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))
13 (+ve Longitudinal and -ve Transverse))
+0(Settlement) +1(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.60(Wind Load (14 ve Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))
+0(Settlement) +1(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.60(Wind Load (15 ve Longitudinal and -ve Transverse))
+0(Settlement) +0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.60(Thermal
16 Load)
Note
Blue stands for Permanent , Green stands for live load surcharge ,Red stands for variable load
and seismic load
Vehicle Load means Carriage Way Live Load, associated
load(braking,tractive and centrifugal)
D.L. Dead Load , S.I.D.L. Super Imposed Dead Load
Live Load Surcharge has to be added with every load case with factor of .80

Frequent Combination

+1(Settlement)+0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.50(Thermal Load)
1
2
+1(Settlement)+0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.50(Wind Load (+ve

Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))
Longitudinal and -ve Transverse))
3
+1(Settlement)+0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.50(Wind Load (-ve
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11
12


13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

21
22


23
24
25
26
+1(Settlement)+0.2(vehicle load and pedestrian load )+0.60(Wind Load (+ve
27
28
29
30

31
32


33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Note
Vehicle Load means Carriage Way Live Load, associated load(braking,tractive and centrifugal)
Blue stands for Permanent ,Red stands for leading variable load , Violet
stands for accompanying variable load

Note
Quasi Permanent Combination
1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+1(Settlement)

+0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.50(Thermal Load)
1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+1(Settlement)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+0(Settlement)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+0(Settlement)

Vehicle Load means Carriage Way Live Load, associated load(braking,tractive and centrifugal)
Blue stands for Permanent ,Red stands for variable loads
C. Design Compliance of Super (and Sub) Structures

Design of super- (and sub-) structure should comply with the requirement laid down in IRC 1122011. For example:
1. Material properties are as per Section 6
2. Analysis guidelines and prestress loss are as per Section 7
3. Longitudinal and cross girder are as per Section 8
4. Deck slab is as per Section 9
5. Regardless of the cases, shear reinforcement should be designed as per Section 10
6. Deformation at ULS should be comply with the Section 11, if applicable.
7. SLS should be checked in compliance with Section 12
8. Structural detailing should comply with the provisions laid down in Sections 15, 16 and 17.
9. Foundation design should comply with the requirements of IRC 78-2014
D. Overall Assessment
The design report contains only the design of substructure and also without any detailing.
Importantly, the design of superstructures is not included and without which design force
resultant of the substructures cannot be assessed. Therefore, our recommendation is to
follow the usual top-down approach. We suggest focusing on the detailed design of
superstructure with appropriate code compliance. Guidelines on modeling, analysis and
load combinations are detailed above for the convenience. Once, the super-structure
design and detailing is over, design force for the substructure can be estimated from the
superstructure and with additional computation. Substructures should be designed
complying the appropriate load combination for ULS and SLS.

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Comments on Design Report

Figure 1 Bridge Diagram

2.0 Section Property Calculation

Where A1, A2 and A4 are the areas of sections.

For rectangle whose opposite faces have notation cut

3.0 Load Case Definitions

Load Case 1- D.L.

4.0 Clauses for Various Loads

IRC 6 2014 Cl 204.1 (Pg. 8-14) Details of IRC Loading

Pedestrian Live Load

1.35(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1.75(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

1.35(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1.75(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1.75(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1(Earth pressure)

1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Back fill Weight)+1(Earth pressure)+0.75(Carriage Way

1.35(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1.75(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)

1(D.L+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1.50(Back fill Weight)+1.5(Earth pressure)+0.2(Carriage

Load Combination (SLS)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

Load Combination (SLS)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

+1(Settlement)+0.75(vehicle load and pedestrian load)+0.50(Wind Load (+ve

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)

Longitudinal and +ve Transverse))

Load Combination (SLS)

Quasi Permanent Combination

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+1(Settlement)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+1(Settlement)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+0(Settlement)

1(D.L.+S.I.D.L)+1.2(Surfacing)+1(Earth pressure backfill)+1(Shrinkage)+0(Settlement)

C. Design Compliance of Super (and Sub) Structures

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