International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015

ISSN 2091-2730

MODIFIED SELECTED MAPPING TECHNIQUE TO REDUCE PEAK TO

AVERAGE POWER RATIO FOR OFDM SIGNALS
Tanvir Ahmed, Foisal Ahmed, Sifat Hossain
Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
Islamic University of Technology
Gazipur, Bangladesh

Abstract High peak to average power ratio of the transmitted signal is the major limitation of the orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing technique. The aim of this paper is to approach for a new modified selected mapping (SLM) technique. The modified
technique has the inclusion of the idea of sub-block partitioning of signals. Then, from a comparative analysis between the
conventional SLM scheme and the modified SLM scheme, it is shown that the modification gives better complementary cumulative
distributive function (CCDF) of the PAPR of transmitted signal. All the simulations works are done in matlab.

Keywords Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF),
Peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), Selected mapping technique (SLM), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), Phase Rotation,
Sub-block.
INTRODUCTION

At present, high data rate and speedy communication has become the ultimate goal of any communication-research work.
Multiplexing of different message signal bits into one data stream plays an important role in sending information to the receiver. There
are several multiplexing techniques like time division multiplexing (TDM), frequency division multiplexing (FDM), space division
multiplexing, and code division multiplexing (CDM). Third generation systems use Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access
(WCDMA) as the carrier modulation scheme [1] and can achieve data rate upto 64 kbps-2Mbps [2]. But applications like high
definition TV, computer network applications, online video streaming require more data rate (2-100 Mbps). Thus evolution of fourth
generation technology with maximum quality of service (QOS) and optimum spectral efficiency at low cost is expected most.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a potential candidate to achieve these goals and it has the potential to surpass the
capacity of CDMA system. This OFDM scheme transmits data through a channel or multipath environment using several orthogonally
overlapped subcarriers. Though the idea of OFDM is not a very recent issue [3-7], still it has some major drawbacks like high
sensitivity to carrier offset and high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). The peak to average power ratio of the input signal plays an
important role in determining the efficiency of high power amplifier (HPA). As the HPA is usually operated at or near the saturation
region to achieve the maximum output power efficiency, and so the memory-less nonlinear distortion due to high PAPR of the input
signals will be introduced into the communication channels. If the HPA is not operated in linear region with large power back-off, it is
impossible to keep the out-of-band power below the specified limits. It results into very inefficient amplification and expensive
transmitters. High PAPR problem may nullify many potential benefits of multicarrier transmission systems in case of different lowcost applications [8].
So undoubtedly, it is important and necessary to research on the characteristics of the PAPR including its distribution and reduction in
OFDM systems in order to utilize the technical features of the OFDM. As one of characteristics of the PAPR, the distribution of
PAPR, which bears stochastic characteristics in OFDM systems, often can be expressed in terms of Complementary Cumulative
Distribution Function (CCDF). Some researches are done on determination of the PAPR distribution based on different models and
hypotheses [9][13]. Besides, various techniques have also been proposed to reduce the PAPR [14]. Selected mapping technique is
one of the promising techniques among them which affiliate the idea of scrambling signals.
In this study, firstly we discuss about the characteristics of the OFDM signals. We penetrate through the CCDF distribution of PAPR
of the OFDM signals at the later part. Then, we totally lock our focus on selected mapping technique as a very convenient way for the
reduction of PAPR. Finally, a new modified SLM technique is proposed and a comparative analysis is done to achieve the goal of
finding a better PAPR performance.
20

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730

CHARACTERISTICS OF OFDM SIGNAL

In OFDM transmission scheme, the information signals from multiple stations are combined into a single multiplexed stream of data.
This data is then transmitted using an OFDM ensemble that is made up from a dense packing of many subcarriers. These multiple
subcarriers overlap in the frequency domain, but do not cause Inter-Carrier Interference (ICI) due to the orthogonal nature of the
modulation. The orthogonal nature of the transmission is a result of the peak of each subcarrier corresponding to the nulls of all other
subcarriers.
An OFDM transmitter maps the message bits into a sequence of PSK or QAM symbols and converts it into N parallel streams. Each of
N symbols from serial-to-parallel (S/P) conversion is carried out by the different subcarrier. We consider X l [k ] denote the lth
transmit symbol at the kth subcarrier where k=0,1,2,3N-1. Due to the S/P conversion, the duration of transmission time for N
symbols is extended to NTs, which forms a single OFDM symbol with a length of Tsym . If l .k (t ) denote the lth OFDM signal at the
kth subcarrier, which is given as

l .k (t ) {e

j 2 f k ( t lTsym )

when 0 < t < Tsym

(1)

Then the passband and baseband OFDM signals in the continuous-time domain can be expressed respectively as
1
xl (t ) Re{
Tsym

N 1

l 0

k 0

{ X [k ]
l

l .k

(t )}}

(2)

The continuous-time baseband OFDM signal can be sampled at t= lTsym nTs with Ts Tsym N to yield the corresponding discrete-time
OFDM symbol as
N 1

xl [n] X l [k ]e

j 2 fkn

for n=0, 1 n-1

(3)

k 0

CONCEPT OF PAPR

The ratio between the maximum power and the average power of the complex passband signal
is,
{

)|

{|

)| }

{|

is represented by PAPR [15], that

(4)

| }

The maximum power occurs when all of the N subcarrier components are added with identical phases in case of OFDM. The
| }
maximum power will be equivalent to N times the average power that is PAPR=N for the assumption {|
. Whereas, the
probability of the occurrence of the maximum power signal increases as decreases [16]. Considering
OFDM signals with the
maximum power among
OFDM signals, the occurrence probability of the largest
is
/
, that turns out to be 4.7
-38
x 10 in the case of OFDM with =64. [17]. This indicates rare occasion of largest PAPR. While the input signals of -point IFFT
have the uniformly distributed independent and finite magnitudes which are for QPSK and QAM, we can assume that the real and
imaginary parts have asymptotically Gaussian distributions for a sufficiently large number of subcarriers by the central limit theorem.
The amplitude of the OFDM signal
then follows a Rayleigh distribution. Let { } the magnitudes of complex sample {|

|} - .Assuming that the average power of

| }
is equal to one, that is, {|
, then{ } are the independent and identically
distributed Rayleigh random variables normalized with its own average power, which has the following probability density function:
-

where {
21

. If

(5)

denote the crest factor, the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of

www.ijergs.org

is given as:

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730

( where

(6)
-

In order to find the probability that the crest factor (CF) exceeds z, considering the following complementary CDF (CCDF):

- -

(7)

Since earlier equations are derived assuming that N samples are independent and N is sufficiently large, they do not hold for the band
limited or for oversampled signals. However, deriving the exact CDF for the oversampled signal is difficult and therefore, the
following simplified CDF will be used:
( -

where has to be determined by fitting the theoretical CDF into the actual one. The PAPR defined earlier deals with the passband
signal with a carrier frequency of in the continuous time domain. However, the PAPR for the discrete-time baseband signal
may
not be the same as that for the continuous-time baseband signal
.For an L-times-interpolated signal, the PAPR is can be redefined
as

|
{|

| }

CONVENTIONAL SLM TECHNIQUE

Selected Mapping (SLM) technique is one of the most promising reduction techniques to reduce Peak to Average Power Ratio
(PAPR) of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system. PAPR reduction through SLM scheme was brainchild of
Bauml, Fischer and Huber [18].The basic idea of this technique is based on the phase rotation. The lowest PAPR signal will be
selected for transmission from a number of different data blocks which have independent phase sequences but same information at the
transmitter. Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of SLM scheme [19]. The total selected mapping procedure can be divided into a number of
steps. First of all, the transmitter generates a set of sufficiently different candidate data blocks where all of them represent the same
information as the original data block; we assume input data set is X [ X 0 , X1 , X 2 , X 3 ,........ X N 1 ]T . In the next step, each data
block is multiplied by U number of different phase sequences which can be denoted as
P(u ) [ P0(u ) , P1(u ) , P2(u ) , P3(u ) ,........PN(u)1 ] , both the input data and phase sequence have the same length N. After multiplication, we

get U no of modified data blocks. To include the unmodified data block in the set of modified data blocks, we set P(1) as the all-one
vector of length N. Let us denote the modified data block for the uth phase sequence as

22

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730

Fig. 1: Conventional SLM block diagram

X (u ) [ X 0 Pu ,0 , X1Pu ,1 , X 2 Pu ,2 , X 3 Pu ,3 ,....., X N 1Pu , N 1 ]T u = 1, 2 U. After applying SLM to X, the multicarrier signal becomes

x (u ) (t )

1
N

N 1

X
n 0

Pu ,n .e j 2 nft , 0 t NT , u 1, 2,...U (10) Among the modified data blocks

X (u ) , u = 1, 2 U, the one with the

lowest PAPR is selected for transmission. For implementation, the SLM technique needs U number of IDFT operations, and the
number of required side information bits is log2 U for each data block. This approach is applicable with all types of modulation and
any number of subcarriers. The amount of PAPR reduction for SLM depends on the number of phase sequences U and the design of
the phase sequences.

Fig. 2: Modified SLM scheme block diagram

MODIFIED SLM SCHEME

Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of the proposed modified SLM scheme. In this modified scheme, first of all, a sufficient number of
modulated data are generated and then data sets first are divided into a number of sub-blocks say P1 , P2 , P3 ,..., PM . Then, the
successive operations like in conventional scheme such as multiplication with the phase sequence, inverse fast Fourier transforms are
done to the data.
23

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730

After phase sequence multiplication, we get S1 , S2 , S3 ,..., SM . The Fourier transformed data are denoted as

x1, x2 , x3 ,..., xM at the

end, these data are combined and their peak to average power ratio is calculated. The signal with lowest PAPR value is chosen.
Dividing the generated data into sub-blocks and add them at end after several operations are some similar approaches that are applied
in another signal scrambling technique called Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) . But the main difference between these two techniques
is that in case of PTS technique, after sub-dividation, instead of multiplying the partitions with phase sequences which is done in the
proposed modified scheme, ifft operation is done and then the signal streams are multiplied with some assigned weighted values.

SIMULATIONS AND DISCUSSION

Matlab software has been used to plot the described conventional and modified schemes. Fig. 1 shows the PAPR performance of
conventional SLM scheme. We take ten thousand data from the generated quadrature amplitude modulated data. The number of subbands we choose for our cases in this paper is 64. Phase factor possible values are taken as 1,-1, j, -j. The number of OFDM symbol
candidates is sixteen with the mentioned sub-band numbers and the phase sequence. Data are oversampled with factor 4. Now, firstly,
the PAPR of original PAPR is plotted using the equation (). The green solid line in Fig. 3 is indicating that original OFDM PAPR
performance. The PAPR value (db) is found as 8.5, 9.8, 10.6, 11.2 for the CCDF values at .1,.01,.001,.0001 respectively. After
applying SLM technique to the original signal, we get improved PAPR performance as 6.4,6.7,6.9,7.2 for the corresponding CCDF
points. In case of our modified scheme, we applied sub-block partitioning. The simulation is conducted for 4, 8, and 16 sub-blocks.
The 4-block scheme performance which is illustrated in Fig. 3(b), is remarkably less than the previous performance. For more number
of sub-block partitioning like 8 and 16 sub-blocks in Fig. 3(c) and Fig. 3(d), even better performance with less PAPR value has been
achieved. Values tabulated in Table I indicates the comparison of different simulated schemes

CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])

10

Original OFDM
SLM
10

10

10

10

-1

-2

-3

-4

8
9
PAPR0 [dB]

( a)

24

www.ijergs.org

10

11

12

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730
0

10

CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])

Original OFDM
Modified SLM (4 block)
-1

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

8
PAPR0 [dB]

10

12

(b)
0

10

CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])

Original OFDM
Modified SLM (8 block)
-1

10

-2

10

-3

10

-4

10

6
PAPR0 [dB]

10

12

(c)

10

CCDF (Pr[PAPR>PAPR0])

Original OFDM
Modified SLM (16 block)

10

10

10

10

-1

-2

-3

-4

6
PAPR0 [dB]

10

12

(d)
Fig. 3: PAPR reduction performance of different schemes (a) CCDFs of PAPR of conventional scheme (b) CCDFs of PAPR of modified scheme (4 block partitions) (c)
CCDFs of PAPR of modified scheme (8 block partitions) (d) CCDFs of PAPR of modified scheme (16 block partitions)

25

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730

TABLE I
PAPR VALUES AT DIFFERENT CCDF

Normal scheme
(equitional value)

Normal scheme
(experimental value)

Modified scheme (4
sub blocks)

Modified scheme (8
sub blocks)

Modified scheme (16

sub blocks)

101

8.58

6.455

4.89

4.33

2.4

102

9.82

6.765

5.88

5.4

3.03

103

10.62

6.98

6.7

5.9

3.4

104

11.225

7.18

7.243

6.39

3.91

CONCLUSION

This paper presented a modified version of selected mapping technique to reduce PAPR of OFDM signals based on the idea of subblock partitioning. The conducted simulations show that with the increment of the number of sub-block partitions, better result can be
achieved though the computational complexity increases with the number of partitioning. Thus, it can be concluded that when the
system is desired to be efficient in spectral transmission rather than cost effective ness, the proposed scheme can be a preferable one.

REFERENCES:
[1] S. Dehghan, D. Lister, R. Owen, P. Jones, W-CDMA capacity and planning issues, IEEE Electronics and Communications
Engineering Journal, Vol. 12, No. 3, June 2000, pp. 101 118
[2] P. LAWREY, Adaptive Techniques for Multiuser OFDM PhD Thesis, December, 2001.
[3]R.W. Chang, Synthesis of Band-Limited Orthogonal Signals for Multichannel Data Transmission, Bell Sys. Tech. J., vol. 46, no.
12, Dec. 1966, pp. 177596.
[4] B. R. Saltzberg, Performance of an Efficient Parallel Data Transmission System, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 15, no. 6, Dec.
1967, pp. 80511.
[5] R. W. Chang and R. A. Gibby, A Theoretical Study of Performance of an Orthogonal Multiplexing Data Transmission Scheme,
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 16, no. 4, Aug. 1968, pp. 52940.
[6] S. B. Weinstein and P. M. Ebert, Data Transmission by Frequency-Division Multiplexing Using the Discrete Fourier Transform,
IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 19, no. 5, Oct. 1971, pp. 62834.
[7] L. J. Cimini, Jr., Analysis and Simulation of a Digital Mobile Channel using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, IEEE
Trans. Commun., vol. 33, no. 7, July 1985, pp. 66575.
[8] T. Jiang, Y. Wu, An Overview: Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Techniques for OFDM Signals IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON BROADCASTING, VOL. 54, NO. 2, JUNE 2008

26

www.ijergs.org

International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science Volume 3, Issue 3, May-June, 2015
ISSN 2091-2730

[9] H. Ochiai and H. Imai, On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals, IEEE Trans. Communications,
vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 282289, Feb. 2001.
[10] N. Dinur and D. Wulich, Peak-to-average power ratio in high-order OFDM, IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 49, no. 6, pp.
10631072, Jun. 2001.
[11] S. Litsyn and G.Wunder, Generalized bounds on the crest-Factor distribution of OFDM signals with applications to code
design, IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 9921006, Mar. 2006.
[12] S. Q. Wei, D. L. Goeckel and P. E. Kelly, A modem extreme value theory approach to calculating the distribution of the peakto-average power ratio in OFDM Systems, in IEEE International Conference on Communications, Apr. 2002, vol. 3, pp. 16861690.
[13] T. Jiang, M. Guizani, H. Chen, W. Xiang, and Y. Wu, Derivation of PAPR distribution for OFDM wireless systems based on
extreme value theory, IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications, 2008.
[14] S.H. Han and J.H. Lee, An Overview Of Peak-To-Average Power Ratio Reduction Technique For Multicarrier Transmission
Wireless Communications, IEEE, Vol.12, Issue 2, pp.5665, April, 2005.
[15] J. Palicot and Y. Lout, Power ratio definitions and analysis in single carrier modulations. EUSIPCO, Antalya, Turkey, Sep.
2005.
[16] H. Ochiai and H. Imai, Block coding scheme based on complementary sequences for multicarrier signals. IEICE Trans.
Fundamentals, E80-A (11), 21362143.
[17] H. Ochiai and H. Imai, On the distribution of the peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM signals. IEEE Trans. Commun., 49(2),
282289.
[18] R. Bauml, R. Fischer, and J. Huber, Reducing the peak-to-average power ratio of multicarrier modulation by selected mapping
IEEE Electronics Letters, vol. 32,pp. 2056-2057, 1996.
[19] P. K. Sharma, Power Efficiency Improvement in OFDM System using SLM with Adaptive Nonlinear Estimator World Applied
Sciences Journal 7 (Special Issue of Computer & IT): 145-151, 2009

27

www.ijergs.org