IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 58
PEAK-TOAVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION OF OFDM SIGANLS

Nilofer SK
1
, Shaik. Umar Faruq
2

Student (M,Tech), ECE Department, QUBA College of engineering and Technology, AP, India,[email protected]
Assoc Prof, ECE Department, QUBA College of engineering and Technology, AP, India,[email protected]

Abstract
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of multicarrier modulation technique with high spectral efficiency and
immunity to interference. Despite of many advantages the main disadvantage of OFDM is that the time domain of OFDM signal
which is a sum of subcarrier sinusoids leads to high Peak-to-Average power ratio (PAPR). A simple technique used to reduce the
PAPR of OFDM signals is to clip the signal to a maximum allowed value, at the cost of bit error rate(BER) degradation and out -of-
band radiation. The other method is Selective mapping method(SLM) technique which is a probabilistic technique for PAPR reduction
with aim of reducing the occurrence of peaks in a signal. In this project partial transmit (PTS) scheme along with the threshold
technique has been simulated using Matlab and the simulation results shows that the technique performs better. To compare the
results SLM and clipping methods are also simulated.

I ndex Terms Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Peak-to-Average power ratio (PAPR), Inverse
Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT), Partial Transmit Scheme (PTS), Selective
Mapping Method (SLM) and Bit Error Rate (BER) degradation.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In the last years wireless communications have experienced a
fast growth due to the high mobility that they allow. However
wireless channels have some disadvantages like multipath
fading and inter channel interference (ICI). The modulation that
effectively deals with multipath fading is OFDM. As OFDM is
a Multicarrier modulation technique splits the high rate data
stream into N sub streams of lower data rate. The parallel
systems divide the available bandwidth into N non overlapping
sub channels. Each sub channel is modulated with a separate
symbol and then the N sub channels are frequency multiplexed.
The OFDM modulated signal can be expressed as

x(t)=

exp(2)
1
0
for (0<t<T
s
) [1]

whereT
s
is the duration of an OFDM symbol 1/T
s
is the
distance between sub carriers(or sub channel space) in
frequency domain ( f) and S
n
a block of N data complex
symbols chosen from a signal constellation like QAM or PSK.
Each sub carrier is located at

f
n
=nT
s
for (0<n<N-1) [2]

In order to maintain the orthogonality between the OFDM
symbols, the symbol duration and sub channel space must meet
the condition T
s
=1.This way inter channel interference is
eliminated but it leads to poor spectral efficiency. In order to
use the spectrum efficiently overlapping of the sub channels


Figure1: Block diagram of OFDM



Figure2: OFDM spectrum for N sub carriers

is done but problem is that it introduces crosstalk between sub
carriers which is eliminated by introducing orthogonal between
the sub carriers which is a precise mathematical relationship
between the frequencies of the carriers of the system.
Frequency selective channels are characterized either by their
delay spread or by the channel coherence bandwidth. In a single
carrier system a single fade or interference can cause the whole
link to fail but in multi carrier systems only a few of the total
sub carriers will be affected. In this way multipath fading is
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 59
eliminated. The main disadvantage of OFDM is the high peak-
to-average power ratio (PAPR). When the OFDM is
transformed to time domain the resulting signal is the sum of all
the sub carriers and when all the subcarriers add up in phase the
result is a peak N times higher than the average power. High
PAPR degrades performance of OFDM signals by forcing the
analog amplifier to work in nonlinear region, distorting the
signal and making the amplifier to consume more power.

In this paper, a clipping method, selective mapping method and
partial transmit scheme along with the threshold technique and
binary code has been simulated. The methods have been
simulated with Matlab and the simulation results show that
proposed technique performs better than the existing ones with
low computational complexity.

2. PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
Peak power occurs when modulated symbols are added with the
same phase. So PAPR is the ratio of maximum power to the
average power of the signal. It is given as

[3]

PAPR reduction techniques are two types. They are Distortion
based techniques and Redundancy based techniques. In
distortion based techniques the time domain signals are directly
supressed for which the power signal exceeds a certain
threshold level. Some of the examples of this type are clipping
method, PTS method etc. In Redundancy based techniques
number of candidate signals are generated and then selects the
one candidate signal which will have lowest PAPR for actual
transmission. Some of the examples of this type are SLM
method, Tone reservation method, Tone rejection method, etc.

3. CLIPPING METHOD
Clipping is one of the most simple and effective methods of
PAPR reduction. In this method when the large peak that
exceeds a certain threshold level value and occurs infrequently
is clipped deliberately. The value of the threshold is chosen in
such a way that it provides good PAPR reduction with less
BER. Clipping is a non-linear process and may cause
significant in-band distortion that causes BER; out-band
distortion causes degradation in spectral efficiency. Let the
complex base band of signal is clipped such that the maximum
absolute value of x is A that is x= A, taken absolute of each
element of x that is x
1,
x
2,
x
3,
x
4
x
n
and if any xs
exceeds A, it is clipped so that maximum absolute value of xs
is A.



Figure3: Block diagram of clipping method

Clipping is accomplished by

x = A if x > A

x = x if x A [4]

After clipping let x be the received signal (assuming no
addition of external noise) but due to clipping, there is certain
bit error rate (BER).

PAPR
1
=
max {
2
}
[
2
]
[5]

4. SELECTIVE MAPPING METHOD
SLM is a probabilistic technique for PAPR reduction with the
aim of reducing the occurrence of peaks in a signal. In this
method a set of candidate signals is generated. Before
transmitting the signal, its PAPR is calculated and the one with
least value of PAPR is transmitted. The actual transmit signal
lowest PAPR is selected from a set of sufficiently different
signals which all represents the same information. SLM method
is very flexible as they do not impose any restriction on
modulation applied in the subcarriers or on their number, but
the only disadvantage is increased computational complexity
and increased overheads of side information. Lets data stream
after serial to parallel conversion as X = [ X
0
, X
1, .
X
n
]
T
.



Figure4: Block diagram of SLM Method

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 60
Initially each input each

can be defined as equation

[6]

and

can be written as

= [
0

,
1

.
1

][7]

Where u = 0,1,2..U to make the U phase rotated OFDM data
blocks. All U phased rotated OFDM data blocks represented
the same information as the unmodified OFDM data block
provided that the phase sequence is known. Output data of the
lowest PAPR is selected to transmit. PAPR reduction effect
will be better as the copy block U is increased. SLM method
effectively reduces PAPR without any signal distortion but it
has higher system complexity and computational burden.

5. PARTIAL TRANSMIT SCHEME
PTS method is a distortion less phase optimization scheme
provides reduction of PAPR with a small amount of
redundancy. The input data is divided in to number of disjoint
sub blocks and they are weighted by a set of phase factors to
create a set of candidate signals. Finally the candidate signal
with the lowest PAPR with the help of threshold is chosen for
transmission.



Figure5: Block diagram of Partial Transmit Scheme

Let N denote the number of subcarriers used for parallel
information transmission and x
k
(0kN-1) represent the k
th

complex modulated symbol in a block of information symbols.
As shown in the figure for PAPR reduction using PTS scheme,
the frequency domain vector X is partitioned into disjoint V sub
blocks, which are represented by X
v
, v= 1,2,3V. Hence

=

=1
[8]

Where X
v
= [
0

,
1

,
2

] with

or 0 (1vV).
let b=b
v
=exp(j), v=1,2,3V be the set of phase factors
which are applied to the sub blocks X
v
. The substitute
frequency domain signals are

X

, (

= exp()

=1
)[9]

Note that these partial sequences are independently rotated by
phase factors b, taking the IDFT of the above equation and
using the linearity property of the IDFT, the time domain
partial transmit sequences can be expressed as

x

= IDFT( X

) =

=1
=

=1

[10]

The objective is to optimally combine the V sub blocks to
obtain the time domain OFDM signals with the lowest PAPR.
Without any loss of performance, one can set b
1
=1 and observe
that there are (V-1) sub blocks to be optimized. Consequently,
to achieve the optimal phase factor for each input data sequence
(assume that there are W phase vectors in the phase set), W
v-1

combinations should be checked in order to obtain the
minimum PAPR. Therefore, the search complexity for an
optimum set of the phase factors increases exponentially with
the number of sub blocks.

6. PROPOSED PTS SCHEME WITH LOW
COMPLEXITY
A PTS scheme is presented based on listing the phase factors
into multiple subsets table and utilizing the correlation among
the phase factors in each subset, in order to reduce the
computational complexity. Here, we firstly introduce the
concept of basis vector of the phase factors: for a PTS based
OFDM system with V=2 and W=2, we can list all phase
factors: b
1
= [1, 1], b
2
= [1,-1]. For this reason, we can take
B
1
=[1,1] as the basis vector of the phase factors, provided the
sign of the elements is not considered. As for V=2 and W=4, all
phase factors are b
1
=[1,1], b
2
=[1,-1], b
3
=[1,j], b
4
=[1,-j], so the
basis vectors of the phase factors can be written as B
1
=[1,1],
B
2
=[1,j] (see as a real number).
Then, list all phase weighting vectors in the table subject to the
following rules:

i. Find the basis vectors of all phase weighting vectors
and put them in the first row, note that only one
element in the adjacent basis vectors is different.
ii. In each column, the phase weighting vectors have the
same basis vector.
iii. For the adjacent phase weighting vectors in the same
column, only the sign of one element is different.
iv. The sign of the last phase weighting vectors in one
column is the same as the first weighting vectors in the
next column.

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 61
7. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
By employing the threshold to the PAPR reduction techniques
the computational complexity is reduced. The computational
complexity of a PTS based can also be reduced by reducing the
number of candidate signals, but the computational complexity
is reduced at the cost of performance loss for PAPR reduction.
Unlike these methods without the loss of performance PAPR
can reduced based on the threshold so that if the required PAPR
is threshold is fixed, then the candidate signal of the lowest
PAPR is only transmitted. The sub block partition method that
is used is interleaved partition.

RESULTS


Figure6: SLM Method



Figure7: SLM method when Phase shift is 11



Figure8: Basic PAPR in the OFDM systems



Figure9: Reduced PAPR using Clipping Method



Figure10: Reduced PAPR using PTS scheme with threshold

IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163

__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 01 Issue: 01 | Sep-2012, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 62
CONCLUSIONS
High PAPR of transmitted signal is one of the major drawbacks
of OFDM systems. In the PTS scheme, the computational
complexity that has been increased extensively with the number
of sub blocks, in order to reduce this complexity has been
reduced by utilizing the correlation among the candidate
signals. In addition to that with the addition of Threshold
technique, the PAPR value has been reduced. On comparison
with the Clipping method and SLM method the proposed
method has given the best PAPR results required.In the OFDM
systems the orthogonality can be obtained using the Walsh
Hadmard codes, IIFT instead of IDFT.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express sincere thanks to our project guide
Mr.Farukumarshaik[Ph.d], M.Tech,The HOD, Department of
Electronics and communication Engineering, Quba college of
Engineering, Nellore. I would like to express my thanks to
P.Praveen, M.Tech, The Engineer at Qualcomm, Hyderabad
who gave me the ideas to the project. Finally I would like to
thank all teaching, non-teaching staff, colleagues and my
parents for their sincere help to complete my project without
any problem.

REFERENCES
[1] XueLi,Vasu.D.Chakravarthy Spreading Code Design of
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[2] Henrik Schulze and Christian Luders. Theory and
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Communications. Wiley, 2003.
[3] Y.Wu and W. Y. Zou, Orthogonal frequency division
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399, Aug. 1995.
[4] N. Dinur and D. Wulich, Peak-to-average power ratio
in high-order OFDM, IEEE Trans. Communications,
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BIOGRAPHIES
Nilofer.SKhas Received B.tech in
Electronics and Communication Engineering
(ECE) from JNTU, Anantapur, India in
2009. She is persuingherM.Tech in
Qubacollege of engineering and technology,
JNTUA, Anantapur.


Shaik. Umar Faruq is working as an
Associate Professor in QUBA College of
engineering and Technology, Nellore. He has
9 years teaching experience both at UG and
PG level and 1 year industrial experience.