2016 WE3 Lec18 OpenChannelReviewPart1

WATER ENGINEERING
& DESIGN IIIS2

LECTURE 18
REVIEW OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW #1
DR JINZHE GONG
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The PowerPoint slides used in this lecture are

developed based on the original slides prepared by
Dr Aaron Zecchin at the University of Adelaide.
REFERENCES
Subramanya, K. (2009). Flow in Open Channels,
3rd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, India.
REFERENCES
Subramanya, K. (2009). Flow in Open Channels,

3rd Ed., Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, India.
Chapter 1: Flow in Open Channels
Chapter 2: Energy-Depth Relationships
Not 1.6-1.8
Not 2.4-2.5
Chapter 3: Uniform Flow
3.1, 3.4, 3.6, 3.9, 3.10, 3.16
WHAT IS OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
A flow that has a free surface and is driven by

gravity
Rivers, streams
Canals (irrigation or water supply)
Drainage networks (sewer, storm)
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
River Murray, 1956 flood

More information at http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/1956floods/collection/index.htm
Waterfall Gully
WHY STUDY OPEN CHANNEL

FLOW?
Open Channel Flow
design of formal sections (rectangular,...)
design of less formal sections (natural)
design of energy dissipation structures
assessment of existing channels and sections
flood plain mapping
use of standard computer programs
e.g. Hydrologic Engineering Centres River Analysis System

(HEC-RAS)
OVERVIEW OF THE TWO REVIEW LECTURES
Fundamentals
Classification of open channel flows
1-D conceptual model
Real open channel systems
Energy, mass and momentum equations
Uniform Flow
Normal depth
Manning's equation
Specific energy
Sub- and super-critical flows

Transitions
FUNDAMENTALS OF OC FLOW
1.
Open channel flow is
driven by gravity, and
subject to external forces and changes in

momentum
2.
3.
due to fluid pressure, friction, and obstructions.
Open channel flow can be understood in terms

of the energy associated with the flow and
how that changes along the channel.
The keys are therefore:
fluid pressure, friction, momentum, and energy.
MAIN VARIABLES
Flow rate Q, Depth y
CLASSIFICATION OF OC FLOW
Flow properties, such
as the depth or
discharge, at a section
do not change with
time.
Flow properties
remain constant
along the length
of the channel
CLASSIFICATION OF CHANNELS
Prismatic and Non-prismatic Channels
Prismatic channels: the cross sectional shape and size and

also the bottom slope are constant
Rigid and Mobile-boundary Channels
Rigid channels: the boundary is not deformable; geometry

and roughness are essentially constant over time
FUNDAMENTALS OF OC FLOW:
OUTLINE 1-D CONCEPTUAL MODEL
For engineering analysis of OC flow, we

use a 1-D conceptual model
Hydraulic variables (uniform at cross-section)
velocity (V) or flow (Q); and depth (y or d)
Channel variables
Shape
(depth to wetted perimeter
and area relationships)
Slope
Roughness
Fig - http://www.pipeflow.co.uk/public/control.php?_path=/497/595
FUNDAMENTALS OF OC FLOW:
OUTLINE 1-D CONCEPTUAL MODEL
Use model to answer questions like:
What happens to the fluid depth if the bed

elevation/slope/cross-section changes?
?
d,v
What is the head-discharge relationship of a weir?

What forces will an obstacle
in the flow experience?
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Flow within open channels follows a complex velocity

distribution
How to deal with this within a 1-D framework?

Velocity dip
Narrow channels B/y0 5
VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS
Deal with cross-sectional averages

Assume an average V (or a Q) and
Apply correction factors a and b to account for velocity
distribution
V2
velocity head (kinetic energy) a
2g
Mass conservation is not affected
momentum flux b QV
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
We assume the pressure distribution is hydrostatic
p y
This is applicable when:
V = 0; no vertical accelerations; small slope; gradually-varied

flow
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Conservation of Mass
Flow In Flow Out = Change in Volume
For Steady Flow (for a given point, velocity is constant over time)
As flow is steady in time, Change in Volume = 0

Q1 = Q2 or V1A1 = V2A2
V1, A1
V2, A2
ENERGY EQUATION (BERNOULLI)
Recall: For a pipe, energy can be

separated into
Pressure head, p/
Velocity head, V2/(2g)

Elevation head, z
V2/2g
p/
Horizontal datum
ENERGY EQUATION (BERNOULLI)
What about for an open channel?

Velocity head, V2/(2g)
Bed elevation, z
Like elevation head
Water depth, d
Like pressure head
Bernoulli Equation
V
H Z d
2g
ENERGY EQUATION
Taking account of the velocity distribution, the total energy
(Bernoulli) becomes
2
V
H Z d a
2g
is the Kinetic Energy Correction Factor
When we have straight prismatic channels (same crosssection and slope throughout the length of channel) with
gradually-varied flow, we assume = 1.0
ENERGY EQUATION
Conservation of Energy implies

E1 = E2 + Losses
What processes
would cause losses?
ENERGY EQUATION
Losses hl = he + hf
Eddy losses, he
Frictional losses, hf
In a prismatic channel:
he = 0 (parallel streamlines)
Frictional losses
Channel roughness
Length of channel
Velocity of flow
Compound channels
are complicated
MOMENTUM EQUATION
For steady flow use force-momentum flux equation:

Sum of forces on CV = change in momentum flux across CV
Momentum flux??
Rate of transport of momentum through an area
M V V A V A QV
2
Momentum
per unit
volume
Rate of
transport of
momentum
Cross-sectional area
MOMENTUM EQUATION
Forces = Momentum Flux
F1 - F2 - F3 + F4 = M2 M1
F1, F2 are pressure forces,
F3 is frictional resistance,
F4 is the force of gravity
M QV V A
2
MOMENTUM EQUATION
For a short control volume in a prismatic horizontal (or

small-slope) channel with steady flow
F3 is negligible, F4 = 0 or negligible
Momentum equation becomes F1 - F2 = M2 - M1
Momentum Correction Factor, > 1.0
M bQV bV A
2
For straight prismatic channels with gradually-varied flow, =

1.0
UNIFORM FLOW
Uniform flow is unchanging in time and space
Constant water depth, constant velocity
Is achieved in practice in a very long channel

The water depth converges to the
Normal Depth
(the depth of flow at which a given discharge flows as
uniform flow in a given channel)
UNIFORM FLOW
MANNINGS FORMULA
Popular equation for uniform flow
1 2/3 1/2
V R S0
n
or
1
2/3 1/2
Q AR S0
n
where n is a roughness coefficient, known as Mannings

number
Can be derived from the momentum equation
R = hydraulic radius
(cross-sectional area/wetted perimeter)
S0 = bottom slope
UNIFORM FLOW
MANNINGS N
Concrete
0.013 0.017
Tiles
0.016 0.018
Brick
0.014 0.017
Earth (clean)
0.016 0.020
(grass)
0.022 0.033
Rock
0.025 0.045
Rivers with trees etc.
0.125
(Bigger for rougher sections)
UNIFORM FLOW
NORMAL DEPTH AND MANNINGS FORMULA
For a given Q, it is possible to determine normal depth

d using Mannings equations:
1
2/3 1/2
Q A(d ) R(d ) S0
n
This equation is typically implicit in d
So root finding methods are required

Newtons method, bisection method, method of successive
substitutions
Or goalseek
See also Section 3.11 in Subramanya
UNIFORM FLOW
So what is significant about uniform flow?
Why be concerned with normal depth?
UNIFORM FLOW
Applying momentum equation to the CV:
P1 W sin Ff P2 M 2 M 1
UNIFORM FLOW
Given that y1 = y2, then P1 = P2
Given that V1 = V2, then M1 = M2
So we are left with
P1 W sin Ff P2 M 2 M 1
Which becomes
Ff W sin
Frictional force
(resists motion)
Gravitational force
(drives motion)
UNIFORM FLOW
So normal depth represents the depth that, for a given

Q, the gravitational force is balanced by the frictional
force
UNIFORM FLOW
How do we deal with natural channels of a complex

geometry, and varying roughness?
A typical approach is to use equivalent roughness
where P1, P2, PN are the lengths of the N parts of the

perimeter, and n1, n2, , nN are the representative
roughness coefficients
UNIFORM FLOW
EQUIVALENT ROUGHNESS
It can be shown that:
2/3
3/ 2
i
i
2/3
More to discuss in the next lecture
(Hortons formula)
UNIFORM FLOW
What if the cross-section is a little complex?
UNIFORM FLOW
COMPOUND CHANNELS
Divided channel methods can be used

Vertical, horizontal, or diagonal divisions
More to discuss in the next lecture
See also section 3.16 in Subramanya
END OF LECTURE

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WATER ENGINEERING

& DESIGN IIIS2

The PowerPoint slides used in this lecture are

Subramanya, K. (2009). Flow in Open Channels,

Chapter 1: Flow in Open Channels

Chapter 2: Energy-Depth Relationships

Chapter 3: Uniform Flow

3.1, 3.4, 3.6, 3.9, 3.10, 3.16

WHAT IS OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

A flow that has a free surface and is driven by

OPEN CHANNEL FLOW

River Murray, 1956 flood

WHY STUDY OPEN CHANNEL

e.g. Hydrologic Engineering Centres River Analysis System

OVERVIEW OF THE TWO REVIEW LECTURES

Sub- and super-critical flows

Open channel flow is

driven by gravity, and

subject to external forces and changes in

due to fluid pressure, friction, and obstructions.

Open channel flow can be understood in terms

Flow rate Q, Depth y

Prismatic and Non-prismatic Channels

Prismatic channels: the cross sectional shape and size and

Rigid and Mobile-boundary Channels

Rigid channels: the boundary is not deformable; geometry

For engineering analysis of OC flow, we

Use model to answer questions like:

What happens to the fluid depth if the bed

What is the head-discharge relationship of a weir?

Flow within open channels follows a complex velocity

How to deal with this within a 1-D framework?

Narrow channels B/y0 5

Deal with cross-sectional averages

Mass conservation is not affected

V = 0; no vertical accelerations; small slope; gradually-varied

As flow is steady in time, Change in Volume = 0

Recall: For a pipe, energy can be

Velocity head, V2/(2g)

What about for an open channel?

Like elevation head

Like pressure head

Conservation of Energy implies

For steady flow use force-momentum flux equation:

Rate of transport of momentum through an area

Forces = Momentum Flux

For a short control volume in a prismatic horizontal (or

Momentum Correction Factor, > 1.0

For straight prismatic channels with gradually-varied flow, =

Uniform flow is unchanging in time and space

Constant water depth, constant velocity

Is achieved in practice in a very long channel

where n is a roughness coefficient, known as Mannings

For a given Q, it is possible to determine normal depth

This equation is typically implicit in d

So root finding methods are required

Applying momentum equation to the CV:

So normal depth represents the depth that, for a given